 | Urbanization Without Cities — NotesBy Murray Bookchin |
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| Urbanization Without Cities — NotesBy Murray Bookchin |
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Father of Social Ecology and Anarcho-Communalism
: Growing up in the era of traditional proletarian socialism, with its working-class insurrections and struggles against classical fascism, as an adult he helped start the ecology movement, embraced the feminist movement as antihierarchical, and developed his own democratic, communalist politics. (From: Anarchy Archives.)
• "...anarchism is above all antihierarchical rather than simply individualistic; it seeks to remove the domination of human by human, not only the abolition of the state and exploitation by ruling economic classes." (From: "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism," by Murray Book....)
• "The historic opposition of anarchists to oppression of all kinds, be it that of serfs, peasants, craftspeople, or workers, inevitably led them to oppose exploitation in the newly emerging factory system as well. Much earlier than we are often led to imagine, syndicalism- - essentially a rather inchoate but radical form of trade unionism- - became a vehicle by which many anarchists reached out to the industrial working class of the 1830s and 1840s." (From: "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism," by Murray Book....)
• "The social view of humanity, namely that of social ecology, focuses primarily on the historic emergence of hierarchy and the need to eliminate hierarchical relationships." (From: "The Crisis in the Ecology Movement," by Murray Bo....)
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Notes
{1} George Orwell: 1984 (New York: Signet; 1950), p. 156.
{2} James Melaart: Çatal Hüyük (London: Thames and Hudson; 1967), pg. 58.
{3} Ferd Wendorf, Romuald Schied, and Angela E. Close: “An Ancient Harvest on the Nile,” Science 82, November, 1982, pg. 68.
{4} Ibid., p. 73.
{5} Karl Polanyi: Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economics: Essays of Karl Polanyi, George Dalton, ed. (Boston: Beacon Press; 1968), p. 81.
{6} Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract (New York: Everyman Edition; 1950), p. 15.
{7} Aristotle: Politics (London: Loeb Classical Library; 1932), 1326a30- 40. Translation modified by author.
{8} Ibid., 1280a-1280b.
{9} Aristotle, op. cit., 1252a3. Translation modified by author.
{10} Lilly Ross Taylor: Roman Voting Assemblies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1966), p. 2.
{11} Ibid., p. 3.
{12} Ibid., p. 3
{13} Jean-Jacques Rousseau, op. cit., p. 94.
{14} Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince (New York: The Modern Library Editions; 1940), pp. 45–46.
{15} Henri Frankfort: The Birth of Civilization in the Near East (New York: Doubleday & Co.; 1956), p. 77.
{16} M.I. Finley: Democracy-Ancient and Modern (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press; 1973), p. 22.
{17} Claude Mosse: The Ancient World at Work (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; 1969), pp. 27–28.
{18} Alfred Zimmern: The Greek Commonwealth (New York: The Modern Library Editions; n.d.), p. 59.
{19} Plutarch: “Solon” in The Rise and Fall of Athens (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd.; 1960), p. 54.
{20} Ibid., p. 62.
{21} Quoted in Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (New York: Modern Library Editions; 1944), pp. 121–22.
{22} T.B.L. Webster: Life in Classical Athens (London: B.T. Batsford, Ltd.; 1969), p. 87.
{23} W.G. Forrest: The Emergence of Greek Democracy (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1966), p. 214.
{24} Aeschylus: Oresteia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1953), 735–40.
{25} Ibid., 681–706
{26} W.G. Forrest, op. cit., p. 204; George Thomson: Aeschylus and Athens (New York: Grosset & Dunlop; 1968).
{27} M. Rostovtzeff: Rome (London: Oxford Univerity Press; 1960), p. 104.
{28} Ibid., p. 100.
{29} Ibid., p. 104.
{30} Heinrich Heine: Reisebilder, quoted by Ian Scott-Kilvert in Makers of Rome: Nine Lives by Plutarch (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1965), p. 12.
{31} Chester Starr: Civilization and the Caesars (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; 1965), p. 90.
{32} Ibid., p. 105.
{33} John H. Mundy and Peter Riesenberg: The Medieval Town (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.; 1958), p. 18.
{34} Lauro Martines: Power and Imagination (New York: Vintage Books; 1980).
{35} John H. Mundy in “Introduction” to Henri Pirenne: Early Democ- racy in the Low Countries (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.; 1963), p. xxii fn.
{36} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 27.
{37} John H. Mundy: Europe in the High Middle Ages (London: Longman Group Ltd.; 1973), p. 409.
{38} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 35–36.
{39} Ibid., p. 37.
{40} Daniel Waley: The Italian City Republics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1969), p. 63.
{41} Ibid., p. 63.
{42} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 49.
{43} Ibid., p. 52.
{44} Quoted in John H. Mundy: Europe in the High Middle Ages. op. cit., p. 408.
{45} Ephraim Emerton: The Beginnings of Modern Europe (New York: Ginn and Co.; 1917), p. 207.
{46} Daniel Waley, op. cit., p. 221.
{47} Ibid.
{48} Benjamin Barber: The Death of Communal Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1974), p. 263.
{49} F. Furet, C. Mazauric, and L. Bergeron: “The Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution” in New Perspectives on the French Revolution, Jeffry Kaplow, ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1965), p. 235.
{50} Ibid., pp. 234–35.
{51} Cited in Daniel Guerin: Class Struggles in the French Revolution (London: Pluto Press; 1977), pp. 32–33.
{52} R.R. Palmer: The Age of Democratic Revolutions (Princeton: Prince- ton University Press; 1959).
{53} Jacob Burckhardt: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Phaidon Publishers; 1950), p. 2.
{54} J.A.O. Larsen: Greek Federal States (London: Oxford University Press; 1967), p. 27.
{55} Peter Kropotkin: Mutual Aid (Montreal: Black Rose Books; n.d.).
{56} Ibid., pp. 204–5
{57} Ibid., p. 205
{58} F. Grenfell Baker, The Model Republic (New York, 1892) p. 308. Quoted in Benjamin Barber, op. cit., pp. 14–15.
{59} Lewis Mumford: The City in History (New York: Harcourt Brace and World; 1961), pp. 339–40.
{60} Daniel Waley, op. cit., p. 126.
{61} Perez Zagorin: Rebels and Rulers. 1500–1600, Vol. I (New York: Cambridge University Press; 1982), p. 232.
{62} Fredrich Engels: The Peasant War in Germany (New York: International Publishers; 1926), p. 150.
{63} Cf.Joseph R. Strayer: On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1970).
{64} Cf. Eric Hobsbawn: Primitive Rebels (Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1959).
{65} Perez Zagorin, op. cit., p. 93.
{66} Karl Marx: “Preface” to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Selected Works, (Moscow: Progress Publishers; 1969), Vol. I, p. 504.
{67} Perez Zagorin, op. cit., p. 243.
{68} Ibid., p. 244.
{69} Mary Beard: A History of Business, Vol. I (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1938), p. 50.
{70} R.S. Lopez: “The Evolution of Land Transport in the Middle Ages,” Past and Present, April, 1956, p. 17.
{71} Ibid., p. 18
{72} Ibid., p. 17.
{73} Cf. Paul Sweezy: “A Critique” and “A Rejoinder” in The Transition From Feudalism to Capitalism, Rodney Hilton, ed. (London: New Left Books; 1976), pp. 33–56, 102–8.
{74} Cf. Immanuel Wallerstein: Historical Capitalism (London: Verso Editions; 1983).
{75} Fredrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 in Marx-Engels Collected Works, Vol. 4 (New York: International Publishers; 1975), p. 320.
{76} Ibid., p. 308.
{77} Ibid., p. 398.
{78} Ibid., p. 319.
{79} Jane Jacobs: Cities and the Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House; 1984), pp. 31, 32.
{80} H. Mooseburger: Die Bundnerische Allemande (1891), p. 5. Quoted in Benjamin Barber, op. cit., p. 112.
{81} Benjamin Barber, ibid., p. 15.
{82} Ibid., p. 49.
{83} Ibid., p. 100.
{84} Herman Weilenman: Pax Helvetica: Oder Die Demokratie der Kleinen Gruppen, (Zurich, 1951). Quoted in Benjamin Barber, ibid., p. 101.
{85} T.H. Breen: Puritans and Adventurers (New York: Oxford University Press; 1980), p. 3.
{86} Ibid., pp. 4–5.
{87} Massachusetts Centinal, June 24, 1786. Quoted in David P. Szat· mary: Shays’ Rebellion (Amherst: University of Massachusetts; 1980), p.l.
{88} George Richard Minot, quoted in Jackson Turner Main: Political Parties Before the Constitution (New York: Norton; 1974), p. 96 fn.
{89} David P. Szatmary, op. cit., p. 6–7.
{90} Robert A. Gross: The Minutemen and Their World (New York: Hill and Wang; 1976), pp. 10–11.
{91} David P. Szatmary, op. cit., pp. 10–11.
{92} Ibid., p. 11.
{93} James Warren, letter to John Adams, January 28, 1785, in Warren-Adams Letters, Vol. II (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society; 1925), p. 249. Quoted in David Szatmary, ibid., p. 11.
{94} Max Horkheimer: The Eclipse of Reason (New York: Oxford University Press; 1947), p. 135.
From : TheAnarchistLibrary.org
Father of Social Ecology and Anarcho-Communalism
: Growing up in the era of traditional proletarian socialism, with its working-class insurrections and struggles against classical fascism, as an adult he helped start the ecology movement, embraced the feminist movement as antihierarchical, and developed his own democratic, communalist politics. (From: Anarchy Archives.)
• "...a market economy based on dog-eat-dog as a law of survival and 'progress' has penetrated every aspect of society..." (From: "The Crisis in the Ecology Movement," by Murray Bo....)
• "The social view of humanity, namely that of social ecology, focuses primarily on the historic emergence of hierarchy and the need to eliminate hierarchical relationships." (From: "The Crisis in the Ecology Movement," by Murray Bo....)
• "The historic opposition of anarchists to oppression of all kinds, be it that of serfs, peasants, craftspeople, or workers, inevitably led them to oppose exploitation in the newly emerging factory system as well. Much earlier than we are often led to imagine, syndicalism- - essentially a rather inchoate but radical form of trade unionism- - became a vehicle by which many anarchists reached out to the industrial working class of the 1830s and 1840s." (From: "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism," by Murray Book....)
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