{1} George Orwell: 1984 (New York: Signet; 1950), p. 156.

{2} James Melaart: Çatal Hüyük (London: Thames and Hudson; 1967), pg. 58.

{3} Ferd Wendorf, Romuald Schied, and Angela E. Close: “An Ancient Harvest on the Nile,” Science 82, November, 1982, pg. 68.

{4} Ibid., p. 73.

{5} Karl Polanyi: Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economics: Essays of Karl Polanyi, George Dalton, ed. (Boston: Beacon Press; 1968), p. 81.

{6} Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract (New York: Everyman Edition; 1950), p. 15.

{7} Aristotle: Politics (London: Loeb Classical Library; 1932), 1326a30- 40. Translation modified by author.

{8} Ibid., 1280a-1280b.

{9} Aristotle, op. cit., 1252a3. Translation modified by author.

{10} Lilly Ross Taylor: Roman Voting Assemblies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1966), p. 2.

{11} Ibid., p. 3.

{12} Ibid., p. 3

{13} Jean-Jacques Rousseau, op. cit., p. 94.

{14} Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince (New York: The Modern Library Editions; 1940), pp. 45–46.

{15} Henri Frankfort: The Birth of Civilization in the Near East (New York: Doubleday & Co.; 1956), p. 77.

{16} M.I. Finley: Democracy-Ancient and Modern (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press; 1973), p. 22.

{17} Claude Mosse: The Ancient World at Work (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; 1969), pp. 27–28.

{18} Alfred Zimmern: The Greek Commonwealth (New York: The Modern Library Editions; n.d.), p. 59.

{19} Plutarch: “Solon” in The Rise and Fall of Athens (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd.; 1960), p. 54.

{20} Ibid., p. 62.

{21} Quoted in Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (New York: Modern Library Editions; 1944), pp. 121–22.

{22} T.B.L. Webster: Life in Classical Athens (London: B.T. Batsford, Ltd.; 1969), p. 87.

{23} W.G. Forrest: The Emergence of Greek Democracy (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1966), p. 214.

{24} Aeschylus: Oresteia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1953), 735–40.

{25} Ibid., 681–706

{26} W.G. Forrest, op. cit., p. 204; George Thomson: Aeschylus and Athens (New York: Grosset & Dunlop; 1968).

{27} M. Rostovtzeff: Rome (London: Oxford Univerity Press; 1960), p. 104.

{28} Ibid., p. 100.

{29} Ibid., p. 104.

{30} Heinrich Heine: Reisebilder, quoted by Ian Scott-Kilvert in Makers of Rome: Nine Lives by Plutarch (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1965), p. 12.

{31} Chester Starr: Civilization and the Caesars (New York: W.W. Norton & Co.; 1965), p. 90.

{32} Ibid., p. 105.

{33} John H. Mundy and Peter Riesenberg: The Medieval Town (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.; 1958), p. 18.

{34} Lauro Martines: Power and Imagination (New York: Vintage Books; 1980).

{35} John H. Mundy in “Introduction” to Henri Pirenne: Early Democ- racy in the Low Countries (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.; 1963), p. xxii fn.

{36} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 27.

{37} John H. Mundy: Europe in the High Middle Ages (London: Longman Group Ltd.; 1973), p. 409.

{38} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 35–36.

{39} Ibid., p. 37.

{40} Daniel Waley: The Italian City Republics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1969), p. 63.

{41} Ibid., p. 63.

{42} Lauro Martines, op. cit., p. 49.

{43} Ibid., p. 52.

{44} Quoted in John H. Mundy: Europe in the High Middle Ages. op. cit., p. 408.

{45} Ephraim Emerton: The Beginnings of Modern Europe (New York: Ginn and Co.; 1917), p. 207.

{46} Daniel Waley, op. cit., p. 221.

{47} Ibid.

{48} Benjamin Barber: The Death of Communal Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1974), p. 263.

{49} F. Furet, C. Mazauric, and L. Bergeron: “The Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution” in New Perspectives on the French Revolution, Jeffry Kaplow, ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1965), p. 235.

{50} Ibid., pp. 234–35.

{51} Cited in Daniel Guerin: Class Struggles in the French Revolution (London: Pluto Press; 1977), pp. 32–33.

{52} R.R. Palmer: The Age of Democratic Revolutions (Princeton: Prince- ton University Press; 1959).

{53} Jacob Burckhardt: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (New York: Phaidon Publishers; 1950), p. 2.

{54} J.A.O. Larsen: Greek Federal States (London: Oxford University Press; 1967), p. 27.

{55} Peter Kropotkin: Mutual Aid (Montreal: Black Rose Books; n.d.).

{56} Ibid., pp. 204–5

{57} Ibid., p. 205

{58} F. Grenfell Baker, The Model Republic (New York, 1892) p. 308. Quoted in Benjamin Barber, op. cit., pp. 14–15.

{59} Lewis Mumford: The City in History (New York: Harcourt Brace and World; 1961), pp. 339–40.

{60} Daniel Waley, op. cit., p. 126.

{61} Perez Zagorin: Rebels and Rulers. 1500–1600, Vol. I (New York: Cambridge University Press; 1982), p. 232.

{62} Fredrich Engels: The Peasant War in Germany (New York: International Publishers; 1926), p. 150.

{63} Cf.Joseph R. Strayer: On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1970).

{64} Cf. Eric Hobsbawn: Primitive Rebels (Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1959).

{65} Perez Zagorin, op. cit., p. 93.

{66} Karl Marx: “Preface” to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Selected Works, (Moscow: Progress Publishers; 1969), Vol. I, p. 504.

{67} Perez Zagorin, op. cit., p. 243.

{68} Ibid., p. 244.

{69} Mary Beard: A History of Business, Vol. I (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1938), p. 50.

{70} R.S. Lopez: “The Evolution of Land Transport in the Middle Ages,” Past and Present, April, 1956, p. 17.

{71} Ibid., p. 18

{72} Ibid., p. 17.

{73} Cf. Paul Sweezy: “A Critique” and “A Rejoinder” in The Transition From Feudalism to Capitalism, Rodney Hilton, ed. (London: New Left Books; 1976), pp. 33–56, 102–8.

{74} Cf. Immanuel Wallerstein: Historical Capitalism (London: Verso Editions; 1983).

{75} Fredrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 in Marx-Engels Collected Works, Vol. 4 (New York: International Publishers; 1975), p. 320.

{76} Ibid., p. 308.

{77} Ibid., p. 398.

{78} Ibid., p. 319.

{79} Jane Jacobs: Cities and the Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House; 1984), pp. 31, 32.

{80} H. Mooseburger: Die Bundnerische Allemande (1891), p. 5. Quoted in Benjamin Barber, op. cit., p. 112.

{81} Benjamin Barber, ibid., p. 15.

{82} Ibid., p. 49.

{83} Ibid., p. 100.

{84} Herman Weilenman: Pax Helvetica: Oder Die Demokratie der Kleinen Gruppen, (Zurich, 1951). Quoted in Benjamin Barber, ibid., p. 101.

{85} T.H. Breen: Puritans and Adventurers (New York: Oxford University Press; 1980), p. 3.

{86} Ibid., pp. 4–5.

{87} Massachusetts Centinal, June 24, 1786. Quoted in David P. Szat· mary: Shays’ Rebellion (Amherst: University of Massachusetts; 1980), p.l.

{88} George Richard Minot, quoted in Jackson Turner Main: Political Parties Before the Constitution (New York: Norton; 1974), p. 96 fn.

{89} David P. Szatmary, op. cit., p. 6–7.

{90} Robert A. Gross: The Minutemen and Their World (New York: Hill and Wang; 1976), pp. 10–11.

{91} David P. Szatmary, op. cit., pp. 10–11.

{92} Ibid., p. 11.

{93} James Warren, letter to John Adams, January 28, 1785, in Warren-Adams Letters, Vol. II (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society; 1925), p. 249. Quoted in David Szatmary, ibid., p. 11.

{94} Max Horkheimer: The Eclipse of Reason (New York: Oxford University Press; 1947), p. 135.