,GA/ON ,LEVAL ,C,N,T ,RADICAL1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/1 & ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ,HI/ORIAN ,OCTOB] #b1 #ahie -- ,APRIL #h1 #ai< ,DESCRIPTION 3 ,HE WAS A ,FR5* AN>*I/ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & WAS ! SON ( A ,FR5* ,COMMUN>D4 ,LEVAL1 HIMSELF WAS A ,FR5* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANT & A P>TICIPANT 9 ! F\NDATION CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,LABOR ,UNIONS FROM ,JUNE-,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a4 7,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES7 ,TAGS 3 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 MILITIA1 HI/ORIAN1 SPANI% REVOLUTION1 SPANI% CIVIL W>1 ANTI-W>1 ANTI-DRAFT1 CNT1 SPANI%1 AN>*I/4 ,QUOTES 3 0,! ME?ODICAL POLICE T]ROR1 ! .<,BOL%EVIK.> ,P>TY'S TIIES :O ?\TY ALL PROV$ ?AT WE W]E ON ! ROAD TO A NEW DESPOTISM ?AT WAS NOT M]ELY POLITICAL BUT ALSO 9TELLECTUAL1 M5TAL & MORAL1 REM9ISC5T ( ! D>KE/ DAYS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES40 7,FROM 3 0,AN>*I/S ,BEH9D ,B>S10 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,SUMM]1 #a#i#b#a47 0444! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN WORK]S CO-ORD9ATE & RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION 9 A MU* MORE SATISFACTORY WAY ?AN ,CAPITALISM HAD DONE4 ,& ,I LAY SPECIAL /RESS ON ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( SMALL UNHEAL?Y & CO/LY WORK%OPS & FACTORIES1 BESIDES ! CORRECT USE ( MA*9]Y = ! WORK MO/ SUIT$ TO IT40 7,FROM 3 0,COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA910 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 #a#i#d#e47 0444! MEANS ( PRODUCTION REMA9$ UNUS$ 9 ! B>NS ( ! RI*1 :IL/ ! POOR PEASANTS WORK$ ! L& ) ROMAN PL[S DRAWN BY WORN \T DONKEYS & MULES60 7,FROM 3 0,COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA910 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 #a#i#d#e47 ,BIOGRAPHY 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL #a ,P$RO ,R4 ,PILL]1 BORN 9 #a#h#i#e1 W5T UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,GA/ON ,LEVAL4 ,HE WAS A ,FR5* AN>*I/ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & WAS ! SON ( A ,FR5* ,COMMUN>D4 ,LEVAL1 HIMSELF WAS A ,FR5* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANT & A P>TICIPANT 9 ! F\NDATION CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,LABOR ,UNIONS FROM ,JUNE-,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a4 ,LEVAL WORK$ AS A DELEGATE FROM ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T & HIS NEGATIVE REPORT AB\T :AT HE HAD SE5 9 ,RUSSIA L$ ! ,C,N,T TO REFUSE TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,DUR+ HIS TIME 9 ,MOSC[1 ,LEVAL'S ATT5TION TURN$ TO ! FATE ( IMPRISON$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,LEVAL WAS /ILL A Y\NG DELEGATE TO ! ,PR(9T]N ,CONGRESS AT ! TIME & WAS GRANT$ ACCESS TO VISIT ,VOL9 9 PRISON4 ,SPEAK+ 9 FLAWLESS ,FR5*1 ,VOL9 REGAL$ HIM = SOME TIME ) ! /ORY ( HIS TRAVELS 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,LEVAL SOON BECAME A POLITICAL PRISON] HIMSELF1 AFT] AVOID+ ! DRAFT DUR+ ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 SP5D+ MANY YE>S 9 ! PRISONS ( ,SPA9 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,BEL[ IS A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY CONTRIBUT$ BY ,]NE ,B]?I] ,9 #aiae ,GA/ON ,LEVAL REFUS$ TO FI & W5T TO ,B>CELONA ) FALSE ,I,D PAP]S UND] ! NAME ( ,JOSEP ,V5UTTI4 ,HE WAS !N #ah YE>S OLD4 ,HE HAD ?\*I/S & ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S W\LD HAVE ANSW]$ ! MOBILIZATION ORD]S BY A G5]AL /RIKE & AN 9SURRECTION4 ,MANY ( ?OSE :O1 BEH9D ! BLACK FLAG1 HAD ADOPT$ H]OIC ATTITUDES W5T TO ! FRONT4 ,9 ,B>CELONA HE CONTACTS O!R ,FR5* AN>*I/S BUT V]Y QUICKLY HE /OPS SE+ !M = !Y ALL1 DIRECTLY OR NOT1 WORK$ = ! W> 9DU/RY4 ,LAT] HE MEETS ,PI]RE ,GALY1 A ,FR5* DES]T] :O HAD F\CELONA4 ,GALY WAS A PR(ESSOR 9 PHILOSOPHY :O 9CULCAT$ 9 ,LEVAL ! TA/E = /UDY2 9 RETURN1 ,LEVAL CONV]T$ HIM TO AN>*ISM4 ,GALY WROTE 9 ! LIB]T>IAN PRESS UND] ! NAME ( 0,LYG04 0,HE WAS ! ONLY MA/] ,I HAD 9 MY LIFE0 WROTE ,LEVAL 9 #aifb :5 ,GALY DI$ 7,CAHI]S DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE1 _?#h#c74 ,AT ?AT P]IOD ,SPA9 KNEW A GREAT SOCIAL UNRE/ DUE TO MANY /RIKES4 ,9 ,B>CELONA HE SP5T FIVE MON?S 9 PRISON = 0LACK ( ,I,D PAP]S04 ,HE !N W5T TO ,S>AGOSSA & !N RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA :]E HE WORK$ 9 A =GE UNTIL #a#i#a#i4 ,HE WROTE QUITE REGUL>LY 9 ! AN>*I/ PAP]S4 ,AT ! 5D ( #aiai HE ONCE MORE HAD PROBLEMS ) ! POLICE & W5T TO ,VAL5CIA :]E HE WAS ASK$ TO PUBLI% A LIB]T>IAN PAP]1 0,LA ,GU]RA ,SOCIAL04 ,! POLICE F\ND HIM QUICKLY & HE SP5T ?REE MON?S 9 PRISON4 ,!RE W]E MANY /RIKES 9 ,B>CELONA AT ?AT TIME & ! AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( POLICE REPRESSION4 ,?\S&S ( AN>*I/S W]E !N 9 JAIL4 ,AS WAS ! CASE = MANY ACTIVI/S AT ?AT TIME1 PRISON GAVE HIM ! OPPORTUNITY TO READ & /UDY4 ,:5 HE LEFT PRISON1 HE W5T BACK TO ,B>CELONA :]E ! AN>*I/S W]E GREATLY PREOCCUPI$ ) ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,HE MET ,VICTOR ,S]GE4 ,GA/ON %[$ A GREAT SKEPTICISM CONC]N+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!RE=E1 ! F$]ATION ( AN>*I/ GR\PS ( ,B>CELONA APPO9T$ HIM AS DEPUTY DELEGATE ( ! ,C,N,T & HE W5T TO ,MOSC[ 9 #aiba TO TAKE P>T 9 ! CON/ITUTIVE CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ UNIONS 9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS 9 ?AT P]IOD ?AT HE *OSE ! PSEUDONYM ( ,GA/ON ,LEVAL4 ,AT HIS >RIVAL 9 ,MOSC[1 HE CONTACT$ A GR\P ( ,FR5* COMMUNI/S AMONG :OM WAS ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 ,ALFR$ ,ROSM] & ,M>CEL ,BODY4 ,M4 ,BODY WAS A ,FR5* SOLDI] :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* EXP$ITION>Y >MY 9 ,RUSSIA1 DES]T$ & JO9$ ! BOL*EVIK P>TY4 ,HE BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BUT LAT] GAVE UP COMMUNISM1 BECAME AN AN>*I/ & TRANSLAT$ ,BAKUN9 9 ,FR5*4 ,HE WORK$ AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE = ! ,9/ITUTE ( SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,AM/]DAM1 :I* PUBLI%$ ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN94 ,M>CEL ONCE TOLD US ?AT ?REE MON?S AFT] !Y HAD SEIZ$ P[]1 ! BOL*EKIK LEAD]S MADE AN 5ORM\S P>TY TO CELEBRATE ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD LA/$ AS LONG AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,?IS WAS TO EXPLA9 ?AT !Y W]E CONSCI\S !IR P[] WAS EXTREMELY FRAGILE & ?AT ANY?+ C\LD OV]?R[ !M4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ,GA/ON ASK$ A LOT ( QUE/IONS1 P>TICUL>LY AB\T ! ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S :O W]E 9 JAIL4 ,HE MET ,VOL9E1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN :O TELL HIM AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,HE TOLD US AB\T HIS MEET+S ) ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 :O WAS AFRAID ( ,B\KH>91 ,Z9OVIEV & ,TROTSKY4 ,HE TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! O!R DELEGATIONS TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! IMPRISONM5T ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ ACTIVI/S4 ,DUR+ ! CONGRESS1 C]TA9 DELEGATIONS ASK V]Y PRECISE QUE/IONS TO ! HEAD ( ! ,KOM9T]N & P>TICUL>LY ,B\KH>9 :O1 CONSID]+ !M TOO EMB>RASS+1 ORD]S ! ,R$ ,GU>D TO PROTECT ! TRIBUNE AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( ! 0AN>*I/0 SYNDICALI/S :O D>$ ASK ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SOVIET WORK]S ACC\NTS = !IR ACTIONS4 ,?IS 9ITIATIVE PRODUCES A GREAT UPRO> 9 ! CONGRESS ROOM4 ,GA/ON & A GR\P ( COMRADES CLIMB ON ! TRIBUNE1 DEM&+ ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,R$ GU>D4 ,! ,SPANI% DELEGATION WAS 9 A V]Y /RANGE POSITION4 ,9 FACT ! MAJORITY ( ! ,SPANI% DELEGATION AGRE$ ) ! JO9+ ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,KOM9T]N4 ,!Y HAD NOT BE5 APPO9T$ BY A CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE ! REPRESSIVE CONTEXT 9 ,SPA9 =BADE ! CALL+ ( A CONGRESS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE HAD BE5 A CL&E/9E PL5UM 9 ,L]IDA1 :I* HAD BE5 9FILTRAT$ BY ! COMMUNI/S4 ,9 HIS BOOK L',9S\MIS1 ,GA/ON WRITES3 0,F\R NEWCOM]S HAD COME1 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 S\RCE ( SO MANY HOPES )9 ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,WE DIDN'T KN[ !M4 ,!Y MADE A GOOD IMPRESSION1 !IR M&ATES W]E VALID1 ?AT WAS 5\<,A@&_?#a#c#g2 ,I ONLY KNEW ! FIR/ ONE 7,>L5DIS7 REC5TLY PASS$ OV] TO BOL*EVISM1 BUT ,I REALIZ$ !N ?AT ! O!R ?REE BELONG$ ALSO TO ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY & HAD TAK5 PR(IT ( ! SITUATION CAUS$ BY \R CL&E/95ESS TO GET APPO9T$ DELEGATES1 DECEIV+ ! CONFID5CE ( ! MEMB]S ON ! NATIONAL PL5UM40 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b#a1 BUT HE FIR/ /AY$ SOME TIME 9 ,P>IS :]E HE WROTE = ! ,LIB]TAIRE A S]IES ( >TICLES ON HIS IMPRESSIONS 9 ,RUSSIA 70,*OSES DE ,RUSSIE0 7,?+S FROM ,RUSSIA71 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE1 #a#a-#a#g ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a74 ,!SE >TICLES WILL CON/ITUTE ! BASIS ( HIS REPORT TO ! CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,S>AGOSSA 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,! 9=MATION HE WILL BR+1 & ?OSE ( ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA WILL LEAD TO ! DEF9ITE SEP>ATION ( ! ,C,N,T FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A LITTLE LAT] ,GA/ON WILL WRITE A PAMPHLET1 0,LOS AN>QUI/AS RUSOS 9 PRISON01 :]E HE DEVELOPS HIS OBS]VATIONS1 D5\NCES ! BOL*EVIK REPRESSION & ! REGRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! BOL*EVIK REGIME4 ,HE TOLD MANY ANECDOTES AB\T HIS /AY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BOL*EVIK (FICIALS HAD ONCE PROPOS$ A VISIT TO A S*OOL4 ,GA/ON NOT$ ?AT ! *ILDR5 W]E V]Y WELL DRESS$ & BEHAV$ LIKE WELL $UCAT$ B\RGEOIS *ILDR51 ! LITTLE GIRLS MAK+ ELEGANT B[S :5 ! DELEGATION PASS$4 ,?AT MADE ,GA/ON SUSPICI\S & HE F9ALLY WAS TOLD ?AT ! S*OOL WAS A SPECIAL S*OOL = *ILDR5 ( BOL*EVIK LEAD]S & MEMB]S ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME :O HAD JO9$ ! REGIME4 ,HE ALSO TOLD US HE HAD MANAG$ TO MEET ,TROTSKY & TOLD HIM AB\T ! AN>*I/ PRISON]S4 ,TROTSKY GOT 9FURIAT$ & ANSW]$ ?AT NO AN>*I/ WAS 9 JAIL BECAUSE ( HIS IDEAS & ?OSE :O W]E W]E 9 FACT B&ITS4 ,GA/ON1 CLO!D AS A WOMAN1 MANAG$ TO SLIP 9 A LONG FILE ( WOM5 :O BR\*I/S :O TOLD HIM AB\T ! REAL SITUATION4 ,?IS IS H[ HE GOT A NUMB] ( AN>*I/S \T ( PRISON1 9CLUD+ ,VOL9E4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S REPORT TO ! CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 #aibb HAD IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES4 ,HE HAD FREQU5TLY TOLD US AB\T ! REP]CUSSION CREAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ON ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS1 BUT P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E !RE W]E MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 :OSE LEAD]S HAD BE5 9 MAJORITY AGA9/ ! W>4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :AT WE CALL 0B\RSES DU TRAVAIL01 HAD BE5 CREAT$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A WELL-KN[N AN>*I/ MILITANT1 ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]4 ,I DON'T KN[ IF !RE IS ANY?+ EQUIVAL5T 9 ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES4 ,A 0B\RSE DU TRAVAIL0 IS A PLACE 7A ROOM1 OR A BUILD+7 :]E LOCAL TRADE UNIONS MEET4 ,IT WAS CONSID]$ AT ?AT TIME ?AT ! WORK]S HAD TO ORGANIZE 9 TWO DIFF]5T TYPES ( /RUCTURES3 V]TICAL 7OR 9DU/RIAL71 & HORIZONTAL 7OR GEOGRAPHICAL71 S9CE ! WORK]S HAD TO FIITY BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES1 COMP>E WAGES1 BUT ALSO TAKE ACTIONS ON EXTRA-WORK+ PROBLEMS SU* AS SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS 7H\S+1 FOOD1 ETC47 7,! TWO ORGANIZATIONS M]G$ 9 #ahie TO =M ! ,C,G,T1 :I* /ILL N[ FUNCTIONS ON ! BASIS ( ! D\BLE ,A@&_?#a#d#d2 V]TICAL & HORIZONTAL ,A@&_?#a#d#d2 /RUCTURE47 ,?IS PRECISION IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE :5 ! REVOLUTION BUR/ \T 9 ,RUSSIA & ! ,FR5* WORK]S W]E TOLD AB\T ! SOVIETS1 !Y IMM$IATELY MADE AN ANALOGY ) !IR 0B\RSES DU TRAVAIL01 & = QUITE A LONG TIME !Y ?\*I/S4 ,N[ TO GET BACK TO \R SUBJECT1 ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T1 AL?\< !RE W]E MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 IT1 MADE A FAVORABLE REPORT CONC]N+ ! QUE/ION ( JO9+ 9 ! ,R$ 9T]NATIONAL4 ,!RE=E1 BOL*EVIK ACTIVI/S PROGRESSIVELY TOOK CONTROL ( ! :OLE ORGANIZATION1 AL?\< !Y HAD MORE DIFFICULTY TO DO SO 9 ! 0B\RSES DU TRAVAIL04 ,)9 A FEW YE>S1 ! :OLE ,C,G,T FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ,SPA91 S9CE ! ,C,N,T HAD DECID$ NOT TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! 9FILTRATION WAS MU* MORE DIFFICULT & ! COMMUNI/S DID NOT SUCCE$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY PRACTICALLY WAS NOT ABLE TO DEVELOP AT ALL 9 ,SPA91 :I* IT DID 9 ,FRANCE PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS CONTROL OV] ! ,C,G,T4 ,! CONTROL OV] ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T WAS ! BASIS ON :I* ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY DEVELOP$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 ,SPA91 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #aicf WAS CON/ITUT$ ( H>DLY A FEW ?\S&S ( MEMB]S1 AMONG :OM A M9ORITY ( WORK]S4 ,AFT] HIS RETURN FROM ,RUSSIA1 ,LEVAL C\LD NOT F9D A JOB SO HE TRAVEL$ 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,SPA9 AS AN IT9]ANT PHOTOGRAPH]1 :I* GAVE HIM ! OPPORTUNITY TO MEET A LOT ( PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ,A/URIAS HE CONTACT$ ! GR\P :I* PUBLI%$ 0,ACCION ,LIB]T>IA0 & WROTE A FEW >TICLES4 ,HE F9ALLY REA*$ ,LA ,COROGNE :]E ! SAILOR'S UNION ( ! ,C,N,T HAD CREAT$ A RATIONALI/ S*OOL1 & HE BECAME A S*OOL TEA*]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! S*OOL WAS CLOS$ UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,LEVAL HAD BE5 M>RI$ = A FEW MON?S & HIS SITUATION WAS DESP]ATE1 SO HE DECID$ TO GO TO ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,HE TRAVEL$ AS A /[AWAY 9 ! HOLD ( A %IP & REA*$ ,MONTEVIDEO1 ) NO ,I,D PAP]S4 ,HE SOON W5T TO ,>G5T9A :]E HE LIV$ = ?REE YE>S 9 ! MO/ EXTREME MIS]Y4 ,HIS DAU*Y ,>*IVES4 ,WORKS 3 ,AU?OR ( ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA9 7,JUNE #c1 #a#i#d#e7 ,AU?OR ( ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON 7,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#g7 ,AU?OR ( ,AN>*I/S ,BEH9D ,B>S 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#b7 ,AU?OR ( ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#g#d7 ,AU?OR ( ,AN ,ANSW] ,REG>D+ ,CUBA 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#f7 ,AU?OR ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM3 ,A ,PRACTICAL ,\TL9E 7,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#e#h7 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,OCTOB] #b1 #ahie 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S ,BIR? ,DAY4 ,APRIL #h1 #ai< 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S ,DEA? ,DAY4 ,NOVEMB] #a#e1 #baf 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S ,UPDAT$4 ,L9KS 3 O ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL ,>*IVE HTTP3_/_/DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U_/,AN>*I/.-,>*IVES_/BRI*I/ ,LIBR>Y3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL HTTPS3_/_/!AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG_/CATEGORY_/AU?OR_/GA/ON-LEVAL O ,WIKIP$IA3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL HTTPS3_/_/54WIKIP$IA4ORG_/WIKI_/,GA/ON.-,LEVAL FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/