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Bibliography



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Index



“Passim” (literally “scattered”) indicates intermittent discussion of a topic over a cluster of pages.



A



abandonment and flight. See flight and abandonment



Abbasid Caliphate, 65



accumulation, 67, 81, 126, 132, 137–41 passim, 149–57 passim. See also power accumulation; status accumulation



Afghanistan, 66



Africa, 29, 56, 59–60, 140–41, 118, 201–2, 207, 227. See also Benin; Congo states; Egypt; Egypt, ancient; Mali, ancient



African Americans, 102, 103, 239



Against His-story, Against Leviathan (Perlman), 12–13



The Agricola and the Germania (Tacitus), 40n4, 46–49 passim, 97–98, 193



agriculture, 43, 49, 80, 139; Americas, 114, 141, 213, 215; ancient Greece, 131; Aryans, 177, 178; Central Europe, 153; Cretans, 149, 150; development of, 221–32 passim; Hawaiian Islands, 173; hierarchy and, 156; Indus Valley, 143; Java, 145; resistance to, 227; stateless peoples, 99, 100, 105–6; tribute systems, 57; West Africa, 117–21 passim; Zapotec, 188–92 passim. See also granaries



Amazonia, 186–87, 227, 235



American Civil War, 103



Americas, 82–83, 140, 141, 187–91, 218; agriculture, 114, 141, 213, 215; British colonialism, 31, 33–34, 115, 116. See also Amazonia; Andes; Native Americans; United States



Anabaptists and Anabaptism, 62, 71



anarchists in Spanish Civil War, 54



anarchist theory, 138, 154, 158



ancestor cults and ancestor worship, 120, 122, 164–66 passim, 178, 198, 201



ancient Egypt. See Egypt, ancient



ancient Greece. See Greece, ancient



ancient India. See Aryans



ancient Mali. See Mali, ancient



ancient Mexico. See Mexico, ancient



ancient Rome. See Roman Empire



Anderson, Benedict, 45



Andes, 82–83, 141, 196, 205, 208, 219, 220



Angles (people), 41



animal sacrifice, 180



Apache, 246



Arabian peninsula, 63, 64



Arabs, 61, 65–66, 144



Arab Spring, 127–28, 236, 237



architecture, 196, 208; social control, 104–5



Arrighi, Giovanni, 89; The Long 20th Century, 85–86, 94



Arthur (legendary figure), 41



artificial scarcity, 161



artisans, 104, 106, 142, 149–52 passim, 176, 181–82, 210, 212. See also high-prestige crafts



Aryans, 119, 144, 163–64, 176–82 passim, 187, 217, 224



Ashanti, 27



assassinations, 36, 38, 65, 224, 245–46



atheism, 193, 195



Athens, ancient, 58



atrocities, 10, 14, 243, 245, 246



authority, rotation of. See rotation of authority



B



Bakuba state, 56, 207



Bakunin, Mikhail, 4–5, 14



Baltic countries and people, 42, 97, 98



Baluba state, 56, 60, 140–41, 207



Balunda people, 56, 140, 201–2



band (word), 75



Banda islands, 22, 144



Banten Sultanate, 147



Bantu, 228



“barbarian invasions” of Europe, 117, 127, 130



Barcelona, 93, 105, 224



Barclay, Harold, 12



Basques, 200, 223



Bastarnae. See Peucini



Batavia, 45, 147, 148



Baum, Richard, 166–67, 170, 171, 209



Beliaev, Dmitri D., 166, 209



bellatores, 79, 81



Benin, 29, 118–24 passim, 177–78



Berbers, 71



Berent, Moshe, 125



Berezkin, Yuri, 140



Bible, 73



Bini people, 118–23 passim, 177–78, 204–5, 224



Bismarck, Otto van, 45



black Americans. See African Americans



boats, 216, 218



Boehm, Christopher, 6, 38n3



Boian culture, 222



Botswana, 22



bourgeoisie, 6, 86, 93, 106, 125, 133, 156, 196; ideology, 242



Bourne, Randolph, 185



Brahmans, 145–46, 178–79, 180, 181, 187



branding of subjects. See tattooing and branding of subjects



Britain. See Great Britain



British colonialism, 19, 22, 27, 34, 35, 99; Africa, 203; Ceylon, 24; Jamaica, 35; Java, 147, 148; North America, 31, 33–34, 115, 116



Bronze Age collapse, 127, 129, 130



bronze technology, 143



brotherhoods. See secret fraternities; warrior brotherhoods



Buddha, 205



Buddhism, 68, 69, 70, 146, 182, 218



building design. See architecture



building projects. See public works, monuments, etc.



Bulgaria, 129, 222



bull-centered rituals, 200



Burma, 19, 70, 182



Bushongo people, 56



Byzantines, 61, 116



C



calendars, 209



Caliban and the Witch (Federici), 86–89 passim



Canaanites, 73



capitalism, 6–7, 85, 139, 140, 154, 238, 241; class and, 162n9; globalization, 29, 148; justice and, 180–81; military and, 95; Romans, 61



capital punishment. See executioners and execution



Carneiro, Robert L., 185; The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1



Carthaginians, 40, 42, 224



Castell, Pau, 87n5



Catalunya, 87n5, 93, 155. See also Barcelona



Cathars, 72



Catholic Church, 37, 61, 62, 71–72, 101, 135



Celts, 89, 223, 224



Ceylon, 23–24, 148



“chaotic decision-making,” 20–21



Cherokee, 30–32



Cherusci, 44–45, 99



chiefdoms, 111–24 passim, 163, 168; Amazonia, 235; Benin, 204–5; caste and, 82; Ceylon, 23; colonial creation of, 19; Egypt, 215–20 passim; Europe, 75, 77, 82, 153; Hawaiian Islands, 173–75 passim; instability, 38; Java, 145, 146; Romans and, 56



chiefdoms (word), 75



China, 9, 78–79, 101, 126, 146, 166–71; calendars, 209; Great Wall, 106; Han dynasty, 19, 116, 171, 228; Hsiung-nu, 116; Ming dynasty, 148; religion, 197–99, 207; Shang dynasty, 165–71 passim, 199, 209; trade, 144, 147, 148, 149; writing systems, 208; Zhou dynasty, 165, 167, 168, 171



Chin people, 22, 99



Chogha Golan, 226, 227–28, 229



Christianity, 37, 62, 68–73 passim, 78, 80, 81, 89, 92; Cherokee, 31–32; resistance to, 118; science and, 94; witch hunts and, 86–88 passim. See also Catholic Church



Cimbri, 223



cities: Andes, 213; architecture, 196–97; Benin, 122, 123; China, 169, 170; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; Egypt, 217, 219; Indus Valley, 142, 143, 144; Roman Empire, 223; walls, 106, 211; Zapotec, 187–91 passim. See also urban zones of evasion



citizen-inhabitant distinction, 156, 157



city-states, 65, 101, 150, 187; ancient Greece, 125–26, 131–35 passim, 168; Sumer, 197, 210–13 passim. See also Athens, ancient



civil war, 54, 65, 127, 128. See also American Civil War; Spanish Civil War



class and caste, 5, 47, 144–45, 162; China, 169; Cretans, 149; democracy and, 157; European Middle Ages, 79–82, 163; French Revolution, 156; Mesopotamia, 211; Roman Empire, 52–53; South Asia, 176–83 passim, 187; temples and 197. See also bourgeoisie; elites; peasant class; priest class; warrior class



Clastres, Pierre, 3, 5, 7–8, 76, 158n3, 160, 227, 235



clientage, 52, 57, 60. See also puppet rulers; reluctant client states



climate change, 241–42



Clovis, 41



Code of Hammurabi. See Hammurabi’s Code



collapse of empires. See empire collapse



collapse of states. See state collapse



collective property. See property: collective



colonization and colonialism, 10, 25–26, 69, 241, 245; agriculture and, 227; Ceylon, 23–25; Haiti, 34, 35–36; Jamaica, 35; North America, 26, 30–34, 102, 113–16 passim; rebel states, 36; Roman, 224; Suriname, 34–35; West Africa, 26–30. See also British colonialism; Dutch colonialism; French colonialism; Portuguese colonialism



colony states, 38, 43–44, 233



commons and commoners, 91–93, 104, 155–57 passim, 162, 240–41; Hawaiian Islands, 175; “spiritual commoning,” 215



community councils, 120, 123, 204–5



Congo states, 29, 56, 59–60, 140–41, 165, 166, 201–7 passim



conquest states, 43–44, 164, 185, 233



consensus, 134, 156, 190, 215. See also decision-making: consensual



consensus-based organization, 50



construction projects. See public works, monuments, etc.



constitutions, Cherokee, 32



Council of One Hundred (Barcelona), 93



courts, 57, 58, 124



corvée, 57



craftspeople. See artisans



Creek. See Muskogee Nation



Creek War, 32



Cretan civilization, 149–51, 200, 208



criminal justice, 58–59, 180–81. See also courts



crusades and crusaders, 37, 41, 65, 68, 71, 72, 82



Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, 221, 222



curiae, 51



D



Dahomey kingdom, 28



Dark Ages, 62, 101, 245



Dasa people, 177, 178, 217



death penalty. See executioners and execution



decision-making, 46; chaotic, 20–21; consensual, 111, 113–14



deforestation, 101, 102, 173, 174, 228, 241



democracy, 51, 91–93 passim, 134, 135, 157, 180, 236–37; Haudenosaunee, 114



Denmark, 41, 42



despotic rule, 36, 38, 46, 53, 86, 171, 212; proscription of, 133–34



determinism, environmental. See environmental determinism



dialectical materialism, 4n3, 5, 9



Diamond, Jared, 9, 10



dictators and dictatorship, 20, 21, 40, 134, 135, 236, 237, 243. See also despotic rule



disobedience, 244



domestication of plants and animals, 143, 226–31 passim



Dorians, 55



Dragging Canoe, 31, 32



dropout culture. See marginality, dropout culture, etc.



dumpster-diving, 104



Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 33, 112–13



Dutch colonialism, 20–27 passim, 34–35, 45, 144–49 passim



Dutch East India Company (VOC), 23–25, 144, 147–49



E



Earle, Timothy K., 173–75 passim



The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs (Grinin, Carneiro, and Korotayev), 2–3n1



Early State Project, 76, 125



economic accumulation. See accumulation



Edo people. See Bini people



education, 106–7. See also universities



Efa people, 119, 122



Egypt: Arab Spring, 236, 237



Egypt, ancient, 72, 130, 142, 206, 208, 215–20 passim



Ehrenreich, Barbara: Witches, Midwives, and Nurses, 88



elders, rule by: Aryans, 177, 179, 180; Banda islands, 144; Bini, 120–24 passim; China, 171; Haudenosaunee, 114; Uruk, 210



elected officials, 31, 177, 211



elites, 10, 16, 23–24, 39, 91–95 passim, 130–33 passim, 163–68 passim, 186; accumulation and, 138; Boian, 222; buildings, 196, 197, 211; Catholic Church and, 61, 72; Cherokee, 32; China, 170, 171, 209; Congo states, 29, 59; Egypt, 218, 237; Europe, 37, 38, 61, 71, 72, 77, 78, 92; Mayan, 209; Middle East, 66, 68; Monte Albán, 187–91 passim; Muscogee, 33; Mycenaean, 195–96; proto-elite, 53, 54; Polonie, 153; Rome, 53, 61, 72; South Asia, 180; Southeast Asia, 70, 146, 147; Sumer, 211, 213; Tiwanaku, 214, 215; Zapotec, 188. See also Brahmans



Emelianov, Vladimir V., 212



emerging states, 141, 154, 174, 213–17 passim, 235



empire collapse, 23; Rome, 40, 46, 78, 89, 91, 101



enfeoffment, 171



England, 41, 157



English, Deirdre: Witches, Midwives, and Nurses, 88



Enlightenment, 80n7, 89, 93–94



environmental determinism, 4n3, 9–10, 11, 98



epidemics and famine, 99, 100



equality, 132–33, 142, 180–81, 202n12. See also inequality



Erligong culture, 170



Erlitou culture, 169, 170



ethnicity, 45, 119



ethnogenesis, 131



Evans, Arthur, 54–55; Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture, 55, 86



evil, 106–8 passim, 200, 235



executioners and execution, 58–59, 87–88, 142, 180



expatriate rulers, 203–4



extended family systems, 114, 118–20, 158, 160



F



famine and epidemics. See epidemics and famine



farming. See agriculture



Federici, Silvia, 94; Caliban and the Witch, 86–89 passim



feminine symbology, 201



Fenni, 97, 99



Fertile Crescent, 53, 210, 211, 225–30 passim. See also Mesopotamia



feudalism, 37, 57, 71, 72, 78–79, 90, 91; China, 171; Ceylon, 23



flight and abandonment, 34–35, 116, 174, 189, 215, 221, 235, 236



foragers. See hunter-gatherers



forest loss. See deforestation



forts, 151, 152, 153, 222



France, 40, 71, 72, 156, 157. See also French colonialism



France, Anatole, 181



Franks, 41, 65, 66, 78, 118



fraternities. See secret fraternities; warrior brotherhoods



French colonialism, 20, 27, 31, 34, 35–36, 203



Friesland, 41, 169n17



G



Gaelic people, 41



Gallic federations, 223



Gallo-Romans, 41



gambling, 179



“gender complementarity,” 202–3



gender relations, 47, 54, 89; division of labor, 49, 88, 97, 221



generosity, 156–57, 161



Genghis Khan, 118



genocide, 22, 30, 32, 34, 115, 144, 245



The Germania (Tacitus). See The Agricola and the Germania (Tacitus)



Germanic peoples, 22, 32, 37–51 passim, 55, 62, 78, 97, 168; gender relations, 89; Illyrians and, 223; slavery, 30



Germany, 32, 42, 45, 228



Geronimo, 246



gerontocracy. See elders, rule by



gift economy, 138–39, 214



gifts, obligatory. See tribute



gifts, ritual, 116, 120, 150, 207, 215, 218–19



Gimbutas, Marija, 221



gleaning, 104, 228



global warming. See climate change



Göbleki Tepe, 230



goddesses, 47, 180, 206, 217



Gorrion, Alex, 94



Goths, 40n4, 44–45



Graeber, David, 50



granaries, 106, 114, 218



Granny Nanny, 35



Great Britain, 41, 86; anti-terrorism wars, 186; Black Act, 104; Dutch relations, 144; Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107. See also British colonialism; England



Great Dismal Swamp, 102



Greece, 40, 129, 238



Greece, ancient, 50, 55, 157, 196, 223–24. See also Athens, ancient; Spartans



Grinin, Leonid E.: The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1



Guarani, 8n9, 235, 236



guerrilla warfare, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35



H



Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107



Haiti, 34, 35–36



Hammurabi’s Code, 180, 211



Hannibal, 40, 224



Haudenosaunee, 112–16 passim, 240



Hawaiian Islands, 173–76



herders and herding, 116, 131, 149, 221, 223, 224



heretics and heresy, 71, 72, 80, 81, 86–89 passim, 102. See also witch hunts



high-prestige crafts, 141, 149, 189



Hill, Gord, 113



Hindus and Hinduism, 67, 70, 145–47 passim, 180, 182



holy father states, 165, 167–68, 178, 185, 234



homosexuality, 55



human sacrifice, 215



Huns, 116



hunter-gatherers, 6–7, 11, 12, 195n, 223–30 passim; belief systems, 194, 195; Bini, 118; Indus Valley, 143; religion, 193–95 passim; San, 22; South Asia, 182



hunting, 78, 100; African American, 103; Cretans, 150; division of labor, 49, 221; Europe, 78, 222; Native American, 32, 112; South Asia, 182; tribute and, 57; by women, 97



I



Iberian Peninsula, 92, 101, 223. See also Spain



Ibers, 223–24



I Ching, 197–98



Illyrians, 223



Imhotep, 208



imitative states, 38, 55–56, 233



immixtio manuum ritual, 57



Inca state, 82–83, 141, 218



India, 148, 182, 200. See also Aryans



indigenous people, 227, 243–46 passim; paternal views of, 8n9; Pyrenees, 223; South Asia, 177. See also Native Americans



Indonesia, 20



Indus Valley civilization, 142, 143, 176, 180, 208



inequality, 92, 142, 143, 156, 157, 161, 162n9, 181. See also class



“inevitability” of agriculture, 226



“inevitability” of states, 39, 106–7, 111, 144



inheritance, 155



intermediaries, political, 19, 26, 27, 124



intermediaries, religious/spiritual, 120, 196, 198, 201



Iran, 225, 226, 239



Iraq, 66, 76, 128, 228, 239



Ireland, 32



Iroquois. See Haudenosaunee



Islam, 63–69 passim, 144. See also Muslim states; shari’ah



Israelites, 72, 73, 74



Italy, 41, 53, 126



J



Jackson, Andrew, 32



Jainism, 182



Jamaica, 34, 35



Japan, 78–79, 148



Jaume I, King of Aragon, 93



Java, 144–49



Jayakarta, 147



Jayawikarta, Prince, 147



Jerusalem, 73



Judah. See Kingdom of Judah



Judaism, 68



K



Kaczynski, Ted, 12



Kandy kingdom (Ceylon), 23, 24



Katsiaficas, George, 129



Khoikhoi, 227



king (word), 77n3



Kingdom of Israel, 73, 74



Kingdom of Judah, 73, 74



King Jaume I. See Jaume I, King of Aragon



King Narmer. See Narmer, King of Egypt



King Purnawarman. See Purnawarman



King Solomon. See Solomon, King of Israel



kinship and state, 155–83 passim



Knossos, 150–51, 200



Korotayev, Andrey V., 75; The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogs, 2–3n1



Kotte kingdom (Ceylon), 23



Kroeber, Alfred, 45



Kropotkin, Pyotr, 62, 156



Kshatriyas, 178, 181, 182



Kuba state, 57–59 passim



Kurds, 239–40, 241



Kurgan culture. See Yamna culture



Kwa people, 118–19



L



labor, 81, 103, 152; aversion to, 227; division of, 49, 88, 97, 159, 221; obligatory, 57, 141. See also labor ethic; slavery; workers’ movement



laboratores, 79, 80



labor ethic, 79–80, 86



Lakota, 39, 227, 246



language, 42, 44; Bini, 118; written, 127, 130, 150, 207–8, 221



Latin League, 53



law, Aryan, 180



law, Islamic. See shari’ah



Le Goff, Jacques, 57, 75–76, 108; Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, 89–90



Lenin, Vladimir, 87n3, 241



Linebaugh, Peter: The Many-Headed Hydra, 86, 138



Lithuanians and Lithuania, 42, 97



Longobards, 78



Longshan culture, 169



The Long 20th Century (Arrighi), 85–86, 94



L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 36



Lua people, 161



Lunda state, 56, 57



Lusitanians, 223, 224



L’vova, Eleonora, 201–2



M



Maalouf, Amin, 65, 66



Magyar, 43



Malacca, 148



Mali, ancient, 67, 102



Maluku archipelago, 144



“Mandala states” (Scott), 77



The Many-Headed Hydra (Rediker and Linebaugh), 86, 138



Mapuche, 9, 39, 159–60, 239



marginality, dropout culture, etc., 103–4, 174



maroons, 34–35



marshes, draining of, 102, 103



Martin, George R.R.: Songs of Ice and Fire, 107–8



Marxists and Marxism, 5, 8, 8–9n9, 11. See also dialectical materialism



massacres, 22, 25, 243, 246



mathematics, 150, 207, 208



matriarchy, 46–47, 114, 149, 201–2, 219–20



matrifocality, 200, 221



matrilocality, 114, 158, 160



Mayan states, 141, 165, 166, 172, 209



Mbuti, 160, 194



McNamara, Robert, 95



McWhorter, John, 42



medicine men. See shamans, medicine men, etc.



megacommunities, 75, 112, 118–24



Mehrgarh, 143



Memphis (Egyptian city), 217, 219



Mencius, 167



men-women relations. See gender relations



Mesopotamia, 12–13, 142, 176, 185, 187, 211



metallurgy and metalwork, 143, 151, 153, 169, 176, 201; bronze, 127, 143, 169, 176, 223



Mexico, ancient, 141, 187–91



middle class. See bourgeoisie



militarism and militarization, 49–55 passim, 74, 86, 118, 246



military brotherhoods. See warrior brotherhoods



mining, removal mining. See mountaintop removal mining



Minoans. See Cretan civilization



Mohawk, 112, 113, 114



monarchy, 6, 73, 154; Aryans, 177–82 passim; Benin, 122–24; Ceylon, 23; China, 167, 171, 199; Dahomey, 28; Europe, 41, 91–93, 125, 152; Hawaiian Islands, 176; Java, 145–47 passim; Southeast Asia, 70; terminology, 77; Wielkopolska, 40



money, 45, 92, 104



Mongols, 116, 118



monotheism, 63, 72, 73, 74, 206



monuments. See public works, monuments, etc.



monsters, 108



Monte Albán, 187–91 passim



Moore, R.I., 86, 90



mountaintop removal mining, 102, 103



Musa I, Sultan of Mali, 67



Muskogee Nation, 32–33



Muslim states, 40, 64, 65, 92, 147



mutual aid, 1, 156, 246



Mycenaeans, 55, 127–33 passim, 149–51 passim, 195–96, 200



N



Naga tribe, 200



Nandas, 183



Nanny. See Granny Nanny



Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 8, 35, 36



Narmer, King of Egypt, 216, 217



nation (word), 89



nationalism, 10, 39, 89–90, 238. See also patriotism



national liberation movements, 39, 238, 239



Native Americans, 7–8, 19, 30–34, 243, 246; Amazonia, 186–87, 227, 235; Andes, 213; California, 22; French relations, 22; defensive warfare, 39; extended family, 158; Great Dismal Swamp, 102; massacres, 22; trade post role, 26; “tribes,” 45. See also Haudenosaunee; Mapuche



necropolises, 195



Needham, Joseph, 197–98



Netherlands, 85, 89, 94–95, 104. See also Dutch colonialism



New Guinea, 174



Nile (river), 217–18



Nile state, 141, 215–20 passim



Nippur, 213



nomads, 7–8, 11, 116–18, 131, 168, 224–29 passim; Amazonia, 186–87; Aryans, 176; “Conquest Theory,” 43; Mbuti, 160; Scythians, 163; Turks, 65, 66, 116



Normans, 41, 44



Novgorod, 126



numerology, 199, 208–9



Nupe people, 28



O



obedience, 107, 172, 186, 207, 213; to authority, 61; to God’s will, 74; split, 78; to state, 171, 244. See also disobedience



offerings. See gifts, ritual



Old English language, 44



opium trade, 148, 149



oratores, 79, 81



original states, 13, 38, 98, 140–41



Others and Otherness, 11, 66, 108, 199



Oyo empire, 28–29



P



pagans and paganism, 37, 68, 70, 82, 89, 101, 201



Pala Empire, 146



Palestine, 65



patriarchy, 14, 47–55 passim, 60, 86–89 passim; ancestor cults, 201; ancient Greece, 132, 133; Aryans, 179–80; Congo states, 202, 203; Cretans, 151; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; Egypt, 219–20; in religion, 43, 89



patrilocality, 158, 160, 177



patriotism, 93, 188



peasant class, 79, 80, 91, 106, 178



peasant rebellions, 61, 71, 91



peasants, 92; Catholic Church and, 61, 80, 81, 101; Cretans, 150; Europe, 32, 61–62, 66, 79–82 passim, 91, 92, 101–2, 152, 156; forced relocation, 141; joke names, 169n17; labor-saving methods, 79–80; morality, 108; tribute, 57. See also peasant class; peasant rebellions



Pere III (Peter the Great), King of Aragon, 93



Perlman, Fredy: Against His-story, Against Leviathan, 12–13, 185



Peucini, 97



pharaohs, 72, 206, 208, 216–20 passim



Phoenicians, 42, 223



pilgrims and pilgrimages, 67, 210, 230, 231, 232, 235



Poland, 39–40, 82



Polanie state, 38, 151–54 passim



poleis. See city-states: ancient Greece



police, 104



political prisoners, 239



politigen (word), 37–38n2, 43



politigenesis (word), 13n12



Polynesia, 172–76



polytheism, 73, 74



population growth, 121, 170, 173, 189, 191; supposed cause of states, 1, 137, 215



Portugal: trade, 147, 148



Portuguese colonialism, 23, 24, 27, 148, 203



poverty, 62, 81, 116–17, 133, 194–95n3



power accumulation, 90, 94, 121, 125, 219, 231, 237, 242



Powhatan confederacy, 33, 115–16



“priestesses.” See women priests



priest class, 139, 197, 201, 205–7 passim, 213, 214; Andes, 83; Cherokee, 31; Israelite, 73, 74; Judah, 73; Sumer, 197. See also Brahmans



primary state formation, 43–44, 137, 163–64, 210, 219, 233



primitivism, 3n3, 10–11



prisons, 24, 70, 196, 236–39 passim



private property, 63, 132, 139, 155, 175, 181, 241; ancient Greece, 132; historiography, 86; Roman law, 94



progressive states, 40, 69, 233



projectual state, 75, 77, 82, 132, 233



property, 155, 179; collective, 63, 132, 161, 162, 179; slaves as, 211. See also private property



protection rackets. See tribute



Protestants, 62. See also Anabaptists and Anabaptism



Proussakov, Dmitri B., 216–17



public works, monuments, etc., 196, 197, 208, 212–13, 220, 230. See also pyramids; theft of monuments; ziggurats



puppet rulers, 22, 23, 25, 31



purification, religion. See religious purification



Purnawarman, 145–46



pyramids, 196–97, 208, 210, 219, 220



Pyrenees, 40, 72, 87n5, 223



Q



qadis and sayyids. See sayyids and qadis



R



racism, 8, 11, 103, 239



raider states, 186, 187, 234



raiding, 100n4, 116, 117, 130, 186–90 passim, 224; by Aryans, 177; by Ibers, 101, 223; punitive, 139, 190; by Sea Peoples, 130; West Africa, 27, 56, 122. See also raider states; slave-raiding



ranked societies, 162



rebellions, 91, 128–33 passim, 235–37 passim; cause of state collapse, 129, 131, 235; Cherokee, 31; Europe, 37, 91, 92; Haiti, 35–36; Java, 147; twenty-first century, 128–29, 236, 237. See also peasant rebellions; slave rebellions



rebel states, 36, 233



reciprocity, 7, 10, 25, 138–39, 159–62 passim, 168, 193, 194; ancient Egypt, 217; Haudenosaunee, 240



Reconstruction (United States), 103



Rediker, Marcus: The Many-Headed Hydra, 86, 138



Redmond, Elsa M., 187, 188



refugees, 52, 116, 145, 156, 174, 216, 217



religion, 42–43, 67–74 passim, 244; China, 197–99, 207; Hawaiian Islands, 174; symbolic power, 193–220 passim; syncretism, 44, 101–2; South Asia, 180, 182; West Africa, 119, 121, 124, 205. See also ancestor cults and ancestor worship; atheism; Hindus and Hinduism; intermediaries, religious/spiritual; salvation religions; state religions



religious hermits, 230–31



religious purification, 72



reluctant client states, 25–26, 233



rent, 47, 93, 104



resistance, 75, 85–89 passim, 102–4 passim, 112, 129, 182–88 passim, 227; Arab Spring, 236; Buddhist, 71; to Christianization, 118; to colonization, 102, 113; guerrilla/armed, 23–24, 32, 113; Haiti, 34–36 passim; Iberian, 40; Java, 147; maroon communities, 34–35; Native American, 31, 32, 102, 113, 159, 240, 246; South Asia, 182–83; spirituality and, 195, 231; to state authority/power, 3, 32, 100, 111, 160, 207; to state formation, 2, 16, 21–22, 32, 72, 98, 204; Zomia, 99, 100; zones of, 103–4, 130–31. See also flight and abandonment



revolution and revolutions, 236, 237; aftershocks, 91; models, 131



Rickahoken, 33–34



rights, 1, 11, 156, 157, 161, 175, 211; ancient Greece, 132; of commoners, 92; of dependent class, 30, 211; Rome, 53



ritual gifts. See gifts, ritual



Rojava, 237, 239, 240



Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church



Roman Empire, 22, 30, 38–72 passim, 82, 99, 116, 118, 224; architecture and, 196; Aryans compared, 178; Catholic Church and, 61; cities, 223; collapse, 40, 46, 78, 89, 91, 101; democracy and, 157; Hadrian’s Wall, 106, 107; Illyrians and, 223; law, 94; numerology, 199; patriarchy, 89; religion and spirituality, 199–200; slave trade, 52



Romania, 221, 222



royal court states, 163–64, 165, 185, 234



royalty, expatriate. See expatriate rulers



rotation of authority, 126



runaways, 35, 116, 131, 174. See also flight and abandonment



Rus people, 38, 44



S



sachems, 113–14, 115



sacred commerce states, 185, 210, 234



sacred sites, 206, 229, 230



sacrifice, 180, 199, 200, 207. See also human sacrifice



sagrera model, 101



Salakanagara, 145



salvation religions, 62, 67–70 passim. See also Christianity; Islam



Sami, 227



San, 22



Sarmatians, 97



Saxons, 41, 78



sayyids and qadis, 63, 64



scarcity, 218. See also artificial scarcity



science, 80, 94



Scots-Irish, 32



Scott, James C., 3, 19–20, 70, 77, 99–102 passim, 140, 160, 161; on tradition of murdering autocrats, 245–46; views of ethnicity, 42, 45



Scythians, 163



Sea Peoples, 130–31



secondary state formation, 13, 43, 98, 137, 185, 233



secret fraternities, 57, 58



self-defense, 39, 46, 54, 92, 116



Service, Elman, 111



Settlement of Westphalia, 85–86, 89



settlers, 22, 30–34 passim, 113, 173



settler states, 34, 233. See also United States



shamans, medicine men, etc., 194, 206, 231



Shanantoah, 33



shari’ah, 62, 63



Shawnee, 31



Shenandoah Valley, 33–34



Shudras, 178, 182, 183



siege techniques, 94



Sitawaka kingdom (Ceylon), 23



Sitones, 46–47



Six Nations confederacy. See Haudenosaunee



slave-raiding, 29, 130, 131, 160, 176, 185, 186



slave rebellions, 35, 103



slavery, 59–62 passim, 66, 102, 109, 139; ancient Greece, 126, 131; Banda islands, 144; Germanic tribes, 47–48; Jamaica, 35; Mesopotamia, 211; Native American, 32; Roman, 224; South Asia, 177



slave trade: Roman Empire, 52; West Africa, 26–30, 56



Slavs, 37–38, 44, 82, 89



snakes, 200



social control, 6, 90, 105, 138, 141, 148, 169n17, 178



social war, 85, 105, 138, 154



Solomon, King of Israel, 73



Songs of Ice and Fire (Martin), 107–8



Southeast Asia, 69, 140, 205, 218. See also Java; Vietnam; Zomia



Spain, 40, 104, 148, 238. See also Catalunya



Spanish Civil War, 54, 243



Spanish colonialism, 34, 35



Spartans, 51, 54–55



Spencer, Charles S., 187, 188



spice trade, 24–25, 144, 147, 148, 149



Spotswood, Alexander, 33–34



Sri Lanka, sixteenth-century. See Ceylon



Srivijaya Empire, 146, 147



state architecture. See architecture



state collapse, 77, 100, 127–29 passim, 146, 167–71 passim, 235, 236; Africa, 118; chiefdoms and, 111; China, 168–69, 171; Java, 144; Mycenaean, 127; United States, 103. See also Bronze Age collapse



state religions, 67, 71, 73, 180, 197, 198



status accumulation, 155, 158, 161, 193



stealing of monuments. See theft of monuments



stratification of society. See class and caste



subsistence, 100–103 passim, 116, 140, 150; Benin, 120, 124; commons and, 156; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 222; extended family and, 120; Hawaiian Islands, 175



Suebi (Schwaben) and Suebia, 44–45, 97



Sultanate of Demak, 147



Sumatra, 146



Sumer, 196–97, 205–13 passim, 219, 220, 228



Sunda kingdom, 147



Sun God, 205, 206, 210, 219



Suriname, 34–35



surnames, 169n17



surplus, 138, 175, 192; hoarding of, 149; religion/spirituality and, 5, 70, 81; theft of, 192; trade of, 142. See also accumulation



surveillance, 104–5, 150, 196



swiddening, 99, 105–6



symbolic power, 193–220 passim



Syria, 65, 239



T



Tacitus, 30, 44–49 passim, 108; The Agricola and the Germania, 40n4, 46–49 passim, 97–98, 193



Tarumanagara kingdom, 145–47



tattooing and branding of subjects, 102



Taurisci, 223



taxation, 64, 72, 92, 93, 103, 141, 169n17; of agriculture, 43; excessive, 167; refusal, 244; religious, 92; resistance, 104; South Asia, 182



technology: agricultural, 80; military, 94–95



temples, 70, 73, 170, 197, 200, 210–18 passim; Mexico, 187, 189, 190



territoriality, 77–78, 228



tertiary state formation, 233



Teutonic Order, 42



Teutons, 223



theft of monuments, 215



Thompson, E.P.: Whigs and Hunters, 86



thrones, 212



Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages (Le Goff), 89–90



Tiwanaku state, 82–83, 206, 208–9, 213–15



trade, 24–28 passim, 40, 67, 90, 139–44 passim, 204; Amazonia, 187; Andes, 213, 214, 215; Bronze Age collapse, 127; Cretans, 151; Cucuteni-Trypillian, 221; pilgrimage conjoined, 210, 231; Zapotec, 189, 190. See also slave trade; spice trade



tribe (word), 45, 75



tribute, 22, 45, 64, 139, 141, 157, 162; ancient Mexico, 191; Ceylon, 23; Congo states, 56–57; Hawaiian Islands, 175; raiding and, 186; South Asia, 182



Tupi-Guarani, 8n9, 235, 236



Turkey, 129, 228, 230, 236, 239



Turks, 65, 116



Turnbull, Colin, 160



Tuscarora, 112, 113



Tymowski, Michal, 117



tyrants and tyranny. See despotic rule



U



Uighurs, 116



Umayyad Caliphate, 65



United Kingdom, 52. See also Great Britain



United States, 30–34 passim, 52, 86, 103, 157, 238; anti-terrorism wars, 186; Hawaiian Islands, 176



universities, 89–90



urban walls. See cities: walls



“urban zones of evasion,” 103–4



Uruk, 197, 210–13 passim



usury, 62, 80



V



Vandals, 44–45



Vascones, 223



Vashiyas, 178



Vedas, 177, 180



Venedi, 97



Vereenigde Ooostindische Compagnie. See Dutch East India Company (VOC)



Vietnam, 20, 148



Vietnam War, 34



Vikings, 41, 43, 44



Virginia (British colony), 31, 33, 34



Visigoths, 40



Vorobyov, Denis V., 115



voting, 50, 51, 238, 244



Vriji confederacy, 181–83 passim



W



Wa people, 39



Waha people, 78



walls, 106, 107–8, 169, 174, 189, 211



war, social. See social war



warlords, 65, 81



warrior brotherhoods, 37, 38, 49, 51, 55, 133, 185



warrior class, 30, 79, 81, 139, 163, 164, 186; Aryans, 176, 178



warriors, 43, 185; Benin, 121, 124; Germanic, 37, 48–51 passim; Haudenosaunee, 114; Hawaiian islands, 175; Monte Albán, 188, 190, 191; Rome, 48–52 passim; Rus, 38; warrior-kings, 78, 92, 210, 221; Yoruba, 122; Zapotec, 190, 191. See also warrior brotherhoods; warrior class



Washington, George, 31, 115



Weber, Max, 167



Wends, 37



West Africa. See Benin; Congo; Mali



West African slave trade. See slave trade: West Africa



Westphalia Settlement. See Settlement of Westphalia



wheat domestication, 231n7



Whigs and Hunters (Thompson), 86



Wielkopolska, 38, 39



Witchcraft and the Gay Counterculture (Evans), 55, 86



Witches, Midwives, and Nurses (Ehrenreich and English), 88



witch hunts, 72, 86–87



women gods. See goddesses



women-men relations. See gender relations



women priests, 149, 150



women’s hunting. See hunting: by women



women’s status, 54, 179. See also gender relations; matriarchy



work. See labor



workers’ movement, 14, 19, 242



written language. See language: written



Y



Yamna culture, 221, 222, 224



Yemen, 63–64, 75



Z



Zapotec state, 141, 187–91



ziggurats, 196, 197, 210, 211, 213, 220



Zinn, Howard, 13



Zomia, 39, 97–109



**Advance praise for Worshiping Power:



“Worshiping Power succeeds in making sense of one of the most baffling anthropological problems: that of origins of state and state-like institutions. This book is testament to Gelderloos’s innovation and engagement with anarchism, state-centered social science and anthropology—a work of ethnographic theory thats suggests stimulating new avenues of empirical research and theoretical inquiry. The book is also an excellent read!”



—Andrej Grubačić, author of Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid



“By questioning the myths we have collectively inherited around the formation of the state, Gelderloos dares to do what most contemporary thinkers blindly refuse. For far too long we’ve been gripped by an unshakable faith in statist politics, where anything beyond this stifled and masochist imagination is dismissed as wishful thinking at best, or savagery at worst. Gelderloos cuts through the rhetoric that has us bend and bow to the predation, elitism, and parasiticism of the state, not as a politics of exploring terra incognita, but as a recognition of how alien these ideas were to the world we once knew. Worshiping Power is not just a reclamation of our history, it offers a glimpse into the reconvening of our humanity.”



—Simon Springer, author of The Anarchist Roots of Geography: Toward Spatial Emancipation



“Worshiping Power is an insightful, sweeping analysis of how and why states have arisen (or haven’t), delivered in sparklingly clear prose. It is everything that an anarchist history should be: heretical, tentative, and provocative, as well as deeply researched, persuasive, and above all, relevant.”



—Kenyon Zimmer, author of Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America



“Contemporary radical state theory owes much to an anarchistic ethos. Gelderloos important little book surveys and reinterprets this literature, and then gives it a coherent anarchist politics.”



—Alex Prichard, Department of Politics, University of Exeter

Publisher notes:



Worshiping Power: An Anarchist View of Early State Formation



© ٢٠١٦ Peter Gelderloos



This edition © 2016 AK Press (Chico, Oakland, Edinburgh, Baltimore)



ISBN: 978-1-84935-264-2



E-ISBN: 978-1-84935-265-9



Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941988



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