,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ PUBLI%$3 AS ,KAK BORYUTSYA RABOTNITSY ZO SVOI PRAVA1 ,MOSC[2 
,TRANSLAT$3 FROM ! ,RUSSIAN BY ,CELIA ,BRITTON1 ,BRI/OL1 ) AN 9TRODUCTION & NOTES BY ,%EILA ,R[BO?AM & ,SUZIE ,FLEMM+2 

,PR9T$ & PUBLI%$ BY ! ,FALL+ ,WALL ,PRESS 9 ASSOCIATION ) MEMB]S ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T  

,FIR/ $ITION ,OCTOB] #aiga ,SECOND $ITION ,NOVEMB] #aiga 7,C7 ,FALL+ ,WALL ,PRESS 1 #gi ,RI*MOND ,ROAD1 ,MONTPELI]1 ,BRI/OL ,B,S#f #e,E,P4 ,! PUBLI%]S WI% TO ?ANK ,T$ ,BRAUN = HIS $ITORIAL HELP ) ?IS PAMPHLET2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,DAMON ,MAXWELL4 

,9TRODUCTION BY ,%EILA ,R[BO?AM 
,E>LY YE>S 

,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI WAS BORN 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 #a#h#g#b1 ! DAU<T] ( A ,RUSSIAN G5]AL4 ,%E M>RI$ AN 5G9E]1 ,VLADIMIR ,KOLLONTAI1 BUT F\ND H]SELF MOV+ AWAY FROM HIM AS %E BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9T]E/$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,H] E>LY 9TELLECTUAL IMPETUS T[>DS RADICALISM WAS ?R\< ! /UDY ( *ILD PSY*OLOGY & $UCATIONAL !ORY - AN 9T]E/ :I* REMA9$ ) H] LAT]4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD1 MANY Y\NG WOM5 FROM L&[N+ & MIDDLE CLASS FAMILIES S\<T !IR EMANCIPATION ?R\< TEA*+1 & ,FROEBEL'S $UCATIONAL ME?ODS & K9D]G>T5S BECAME CLOSELY ALLI$ ) RADICALISM4 ,IT SEEM$ A NATURAL & USEFUL WAY TO 'GO TO ! PEOPLE'4 

,T]RORISM AS A /RATEGY WAS PROV+ 9CREAS+LY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! #ahif TEXTILE /RIKES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG M>K$ AN IMPORTANT TURN+ PO9T4 ,ORGANIZ$ LABOR WAS A MORE EFFECTIVE =CE = *ANGE ?AN VILLAGE COMMUNES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TRI$ TO RECRUIT WORK]S4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 :O W]E AT !IR /RONGE/ 9 ,G]MANY1 BELIEV$ ?AT REAL DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT BE FULLY REALIZ$ )\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & ?AT ?IS W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE :5 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E CONTROLL$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE & NOT BE PRIVATE EMPLOY]S4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>X1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ! CRUCIAL AG5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,!IR ATTITUDE TO ORGANIZ+ WAS M>K$ BY E?ICAL HUMANIT>IAN IDEAS :I* RESEMBL$ ! E>LY ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S'4 

,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A GR\P ( Y\NG ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 9CLUD+ ,L591 WAS /UDY+ ,M>X4 ,SOME WORK+ WOM51 LIKE ! TAILORESS ,GRIGORGEVA1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ALREADY1 & WOM5 WORK]S W]E COM+ 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ?R\< 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,9 #ahif WOM5 TEXTILE WORK]S D[N$ TOOLS ) ! M51 & WOM5 CIG>-MAK]S DE/ROY$ MA*9]Y & RESI/$ ! POLICE4 

,KOLLONTAI WAS OBVI\SLY AFFECT$ BY ALL !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 = :5 %E W5T TO ,ZURI* 9 #ahih IT WAS TO /UDY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & 9 H] ,HI/ORY ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T .<UNTRANSLAT$.>1 %E DESCRIBES ! MILITANCY ( ! WOM5 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ! MID #a#h#iS4 

,ABROAD1 %E BEGAN TO LE>N AB\T ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,ZURI* %E MET ,KAUTSKY & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 PROM95T 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,MOVEM5T1 & 9 #ahii VISIT$ ,5GL& & TOOK A DIM VIEW ( ! ,WEBBS4 ,)9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY %E WAS ALIGN$ TO ! GR\P :O W]E KN[N AS ,M5%EVIKS1 R\ND ! OLD M>XI/ ?9K] ,PLEKHANOV4 ,%E REMA9$ ) ! ,M5%EVIKS AFT] ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS SPLIT 9 #a#i#c1 WANT+ A MU* TI<T] & MORE PR(ESSIONALLY ORGANIZ$ P>TY ,AFT] ! FIR/ SPLIT1 NEW CONFLICTS KEPT ! GR\PS AP>T4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS SAID ,L59 WAS FOI/+ A H>% B>RACK ROOM DISCIPL9E ONTO SOCIALISM1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW ,PLEKHANOV AS A 'S(T' ACADEMIC READY ONLY ,PROPAG&A WORK4 ,H[EV]1 9DIVIDUALS MA9TA9$ CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & AS EV5TS MOV$ FA/] & FA/] 9 ,RUSSIA1 SOME ( ! ,M5%EVIKS BEGAN TO DRIFT T[>DS WORK+ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECAUSE ! LATT] APPE>$ TO BE MORE DECISIVE4  

,PREOCCUPATION ) !SE 9T]NAL SPLITS MEANT ?AT :5 9 E>LY #aie A HUGE CR[D ( WORK]S C>RY+ RELIGI\S ICONS1 L$ BY A PRIE/ CALL$ FA!R ,GAPON & FULL ( FAI? 9 ! ,CZ>1 TRI$ TO PRES5T A PETITION TO ! ,CZ> & W]E FIR$ UPON1 NEI!R ,M5%EVIKS NOR ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD 9T]V5E4 ,/RIKES 9 PROTE/ FOLL[$ ',BLOODY ,SUNDAY'1 & W]E FOLL[$ BY PEASANT REVOLT & A MUT9Y ON ! ,BATTLE%IP ,POTEMK94 ,! ,CZ> COMPROMIS$ & AGRE$ TO CALL A ,CONSULTATIVE ,ASSEMBLY 7,DUMA74 ,AL?\< ! WORK]S W]E NOT REPRES5T$1 ?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT BREAK ) ABSOLUTE RULE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! YE> !RE WAS A G5]AL RIS+ 9 ,MOSC[ :I* WAS DEFEAT$1 & FROM !N ON ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS BEGAN TO SUBSIDE4 ,! LESSON WAS NOT LO/ ,IT SEEM$ CLE> TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?AT SPONTANE\S REVOLT L$ TO DEFEAT4 ,! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ !IR CONSCI\S DIRECTION4 ,BY #aig ! ,CZ>'S POLICY ( COMPROMISE HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ONE ( SEV]E REPRESSION1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ONCE MORE =C$ UND]GR\ND4 

,9 #a#i#e1 ! NEWLY =M$ ,RUSSIAN FEM9I/ MOVEM5T PLANN$ A L>GE MEET+4 ,! FEM9I/S WANT$ TO BR+ ALL WOM5 TOGE!R1 BUT ON A BASIS :I* OBSCUR$ ! CLASS EXPLOITATION ( WORK+ WOM54 ,?\< ! ,M5%EVIKS SUPPORT$ ?IS MOVE1 ,KOLLONTAI WAS SUFFICI5TLY CLOSE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO BE 9 OPPOSITION4 ,& 9 #a#i#f1 ) SOME O!R WOM5 COMRADES1 %E />T$ TO ORGANIZE A CLUB = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! WOM5 /UDI$ P>TICUL> QUE/IONS :I* W\LD HELP !M SECURE ! RE=MS !Y WANT$1 & PRACTIC$ SPEAK+ UNTIL A GR\P C\LD SPEAK ON V>I\S TOPICS4 ,9 AN ACC\NT :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,WOMAN ,WORK] .<,FOOTNOTE %\LD READ3 ,I AM REF]R+ H]E TO AN >TICLE BY ,GEORGIA ,PE>CE 5TITL$1 ,A ,RUSSIAN ,EXILE1 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI & ! ,RUSSIAN ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,5GLI% NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 ( ,MAY #a#i#i4 ,?IS NEWSPAP] IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK PAP] ( ! SAME NAME1 TO :I* ,KOLLONTAI REF]S 9 H] FOOTNOTE TO P4 #b#f4.> 9 #aih ,KOLLONTAI WROTE3- 

,DUR+ \R PREP>ATIONS = !SE ,CONGRESS SPEE*ES1 & AT ! ,WOM5'S ,C\NCIL MEET+S1 \R DREAD ( ! POLICE WAS V]Y GREAT ,WE ALWAYS HAD TO F9D SOME QUIET LITTLE ROOM1 & IT AN AL>M WAS GIV51 ! WOM5 W\LD ?R[ A H&K]*IEF OV] ! FACE ( ! SPEAK] & GET H] AWAY QUICKLY4 

,AS A RESULT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 #de ( ! #g WOM5 :O ASSEMBL$ AT ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS 9 #aih W]E SOCIALI/S4 #c ( !SE #de FACTORY WORK]S1 SOME /ILL SC>CELY ABLE TO READ4 

0,!Y W]E ALL V]Y FRI<T5$1 YET DID WELL1 HOLD+ ! FIELD 9 ALL CASES = AT LEA/ FIFTE5 TO TW5TY M9UTES & A/ONI%+ ! ,CONGRESS4440 -9 #aig %E HAD TO FLEE FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,ABROAD %E CONT9U$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 ATT5D+ ! ,CONGRESS AT ,/UTTG>T M5TION$ 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,! REGUL> SESSIONS ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E PREC$$ BY A CONV5TION ( WOM5 FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES TO DEBATE QUE/IONS :I* RELAT$ P>TICUL>LY TO WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,! MO/ HEAT$ DEBATE >OSE BETWE5 ! ,AU/RIAN SOCIALI/S & ! RE/ OV] WOM5'S SUFFRAGE4 ,9 ,AU/RIA MALE WORK]S W]E /ILL DIS5FRAN*IZ$ & ! ,AU/RIAN WOM5 SUGGE/$ WAIT+ UNTIL ! M5 C\LD VOTE BE=E PRESS+ = WOM5'S SUFFRAGE4 ,CL>A ,ZETK9 & MO/ ( ! O!R WOM5 W]E COMPLETELY AGA9/ ?IS COMPROMISE4 ,9 ! G5]AL ,CONGRESS ! MA9 DEBATE WAS OV] MILIT>ISM & ! W>-! ISSUE :I* WAS F9ALLY TO CRACK ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,9 EXILE ,KOLLONTAI BECAME FRI5DLY ) ! 'LEFT' SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,LIEBKNE*T & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SOME ( !IR IDEAS 9FLU5C$ H] & BR\<T H] TO A 'LEFT' POSITION )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LAT]4 ,%E LECTUR$ AT A ,RUSSIAN M>XI/ S*OOL 9 ,ITALY - A K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y FREE UNIV]SITY1 & />T$ TO /UDY PROTECTIVE MAT]NITY PROVISION BECAUSE %E HAD BE5 ASK$ TO S5D A DRAFT = A LAW BY Y\NG SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ,RUSSIA TO PRES5T TO ! ,DUMA4 ,?IS WAS F9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aiae AS ,SOCIETY & ,MAT]NITY4 .<UNTRANSLAT$.> 

,9 ,M>* #aiaa %E HELP$ TO ORGANIZE ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY :I* IS /ILL CELEBRAT$4 ,%E WAS ACTIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ /RIKES 9 ,P>IS & 9 ! NOR? ( ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#a#a1 9CLUD+ ONE ( H\SEWIVES OV] HI< PRICES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 %E WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL ( ! CAUTI\S1 BUREAUCRATIC OLD GU>D 9 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :O W]E MORE 9CL9$ TO EMPHASIZE ! LONG T]M 9EVITABILITY ( COMMUNISM1 ?AN ! %ORT T]M NE$ TO DO SOME?+ AB\T BR++ IT AB\T4 ,H] CRITICISMS BR\<T H] /ILL CLOS] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 #aiac %E W5T TO ,5GL& AGA91 & LE>N$ AB\T WOM5 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aiaf %E WAS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & AT ,L59'S REQUE/ WAS COLLECT+ 9=MATION AB\T ! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* %E 9TRODUC$ ,L59 TO ! WRIT+S ( ! SOCIALI/-SYNDICALI/ ,DANIEL DE ,LEON1 :O BELIEV$ 9 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM - ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ 9TO ONE BIG UNION TO TAKE OV] & RUN PRODUCTION4  
,! ,REVOLUTION 

,:5 A G5]AL UPRIS+ & ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME W]E FOLL[$ BY ! =MATION ( ! ',PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T' 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 ,KOLLONTAI RETURN$ HOME & BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,%E WAS AMONG ! PEOPLE :O GREET$ ,L59 :5 HE >RIV$ BACK 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! ,F9L& ,/ATION4 ,L59 SPOKE TO A MEET+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! FOLL[+ DAY1 D5\NC+ ! ,M5%EVIKS BECAUSE !Y ?\<T IT WAS TOO E>LY TO SPEAK ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 7,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT AFT] ! 'B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION' ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE TO PASS ?R\< A CAPITALI/ PHASE UND] B\RGEOIS RULE BE=E !RE C\LD BE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION47 ,L59 PRAIS$ ! ANTI-MILIT>ISM ( ,LIEBKNE*T1 & ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 0MAJORITY ( ! (FICIAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAVE BETRAY$ SOCIALISM10 .<,I4 ,DEUTS*]1 ,/AL93 A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 P4#a#d#i.> SO ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS %\LD H5CE=? DI/+UI% !MSELVES BY ! NAME ( ,COMMUNI/S4 ,MO/ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E %OCK$ & /UNN$3 ONLY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI VOT$ = ,L59'S UNOR?ODOX ',APRIL ,!SES'4 ,SOME ,BOL%EVIKS LEFT ! P>TY ALTOGE!R1 O!RS CAME R\ND TO ,L59'S POSITION SL[LY4 ,IT WAS ! RADICALS1 ?OSE :O WANT$ TO C>RY ?R\< DIRECTLY SOCIALI/ MEASURES1 :O V]Y QUICKLY SUPPORT$ ,L594 ,KOLLONTAI WAS ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY AT ! TIME ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 & BECAME ,M9I/] = ,SOCIAL ,WELF>E2 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS %E BECAME RESPONSIBLE = $UCATION4 

,KOLLONTAI'S LIFE REFLECT$ ! POLITICAL TURNS ( ! REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS H] FAME S9CE H] DEA? HAS FLUCTUAT$4 ,N[ HONOR$1 N[ DISGRAC$1 N[ SMO!R$ 9 SIL5CE1 N[ RESPECT$ AS A FIGUREHEAD4 ,L\ISE ,BRYANT1 AN ,AM]ICAN J\RNALI/ :O WROTE ( A VISIT TO ,RUSSIA SOON AFT] ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SIX ,R$ ,MON?S 9 ,RUSSIA1 PRAIS$ ,KOLLONTAI'S WORK]S' CONTROL ME?ODS 9 H] ,M9I/RY4 ,KOLLONTAI H]SELF MOV$ GRADUALLY T[>DS ! POSITION ( ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' GR\P4 ,H] P]SONAL LIFE AS WELL AS H] POLITICAL LIFE WAS /ORMY4 ,9 H] =TIES %E FELL 9 LOVE ) ,DUB5KO1 A MAN MU* Y\NG] ?AN H]SELF :O HAD BE5 ) ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS :5 !Y MUT9I$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T - A REVOLT :I* WAS H>%LY REPRESS$ BY ,TROTSKY4 ,) O!RS %E =MULAT$ ! CRITICISMS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' PAMPHLET4 .<,REPUBLI%$ REC5TLY AS A ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET4.> ,! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' GR\P CRITICIZ$ C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRACY 9 G5]AL1 BUT CRITICIZ$ P>TICUL>LY ,TROTSKY'S S*EME = CONTROL OV] ! ,TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' WANT$ ! TRADE UNIONS TO CONTROL 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 :]E ,TROTSKY FELT ?AT ! /ATE %\LD HAVE CONTROL4 ,! CRUX ( ! ISSUE WAS ! DEGREE ( AUTONOMY :I* C\LD BE ALL[$ TO SPECIFIC GR\PS )\T FRAGM5T+ ! ALREADY %AKY REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 & LEAD+ TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,9 #aibb ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' W]E CONDEMN$ AS A FACTION BUT NOT EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' ( AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION WAS NEV] RESOLV$4 ,BY A T]RIBLE IRONY ,/AL9 WAS ABLE TO USE ,TROTSKY'S [N >GUM5TS AGA9/ HIM LAT]4 

,KOLLONTAI'S 9FLU5CE 9 DOME/IC POLITICS WAS NEGLIGIBLE FROM ?IS PO9T4 ,%E JO9$ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 9 #a#i#b#c1 & BETWE5 #aibc & #aibe WAS 9 ,NORWAY1 !N 9 ,MEXICO1 ,NORWAY AGA9 FROM #aibg TO #aic & 9 ,SW$5 FROM #aic TO #a#i#d#e4 ,9 #aidc %E WAS MADE AN AMBASSADOR1 & ! FOLL[+ YE> WAS RESPONSIBLE = NEGOTIAT+ ! ,SOVIET-,F9NI% >MI/ICE4 ,AL?\< H] PHOTOGRAPH WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,AM]ICA1 ALONG ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! E>LY ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE :O HAD DI$ 9 ,/AL9'S PURGES1 OV] ! CAPTION 'MISS+'1 & IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT %E WAS RE/RA9$ 9 V>I\S WAYS1 H] SURVIVAL WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT %E RAIS$ NO MORE AWKW>D QUE/IONS1 & BECAUSE %E WAS SAFELY \T ( ! WAY 9 A PRE/IGI\S DIPLOMATIC POSITION4 ,%E DI$ AT ! AGE ( EI<TY 9 #a#i#e#b1 TWO DECADES BE=E 9T]E/ 9 H] IDEAS REVIV$ AGA9 9 ,EUROPE4 
,! RELEVANCE ( H] IDEAS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & N[ 

,! =TUNES ( H] WRIT+S HAVE BE5 MO/ CURI\S4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY HAVE NOT BE5 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ORIG9AL ,RUSSIAN4 ,MANY ( !M SIT DU/ILY 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ PRODUC$ ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' PAMPHLET1 NO D\BT TO ,L59'S 9T5SE IRRITATION4 7,%E WAS ONE ( ! PEOPLE HE LABEL$ AS '9FANTILE' LEFTI/S47 ,?IS PAMPHLET HAS REC5TLY BE5 REISSU$ BY ',SOLID>ITY'4 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY HAS LONG BE5 \T ( PR9T4 ,BUT IT WAS AMONG ! TEXTS RECOMM5D$ BY ! ,CZE* M>XI/ REBELS 9 #a#i#f#h1 & WAS REPUBLI%$ REC5TLY BY ! SOME:AT H]ETICAL ,AU/RALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & 9 ,BRITA9 IS BE+ REPUBLI%$ BY ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,9T]E/ 9 ,KOLLONTAI HAS BE5 SL[LY GR[+ 9 ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY AS WELL AS ,BRITA91 BECAUSE H] >GUM5TS ) ! LEFT ON ! NE$ = ! SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION ( WOM51 H] /RESS NOT ONLY ON POLITICAL EMANCIPATION1 & WORK1 BUT ALSO ON ! FAMILY & ! PYS*OLOGICAL EFFECT ( C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION ON WOM5'S CONSCI\SNESS1 >E V]Y MU* \R CONC]NS AS WELL4 ,H] EMPHASIS ON CONTROL FROM BEL[1 H] DI/RU/ ( ! ABSOLUTE ,P>TY1 H] UND]/&+ ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! CREATION ( A NEW CULTURE & ! CONNECTION BETWE5 P]SONAL EXP]I5CE & POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 >E P>TICUL>LY RELEVANT )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 :]E WE CONFRONT !SE QUE/IONS N[4 ,KOLLONTAI REPRES5TS A CURR5T )9 M>XISM 9 RELATION TO ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 :I* HAS BE5 SUBM]G$ & :I* WE NE$ TO R$ISCOV] & DEVELOP4 

,KOLLONTAI'S 9FLU5CE ON ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION WAS CRUCIAL4 ,AS SOON AS !Y W]E 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9TRODUC$ V]Y IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 ! POSITION ( WOM51 NOT ONLY AT WORK BUT 9 EV]Y >EA ( LIFE4 ,! ,DECREE ON ,9SURANCE 9 ,CASE ( ,SICKNESS1 ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#g1 MEANT ?AT AN 9SURANCE FUND WAS SET UP )\T D$UCTIONS FROM WAGES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah ! ,DEP>TM5T = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,MO!RHOOD & ,9FANCY WAS SET UP AS ! RESULT ( ,KOLLONTAI'S E>LI] WORK4 ,)9 SIX MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! *UR*'S CONTROL ( M>RIAGE WAS 5D$ & )9 A YE> COMPLETE LEGAL EQUALITY ( RI<TS WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,M>RIAGE WAS SIMPLY A MUTUAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 TWO P>TN]S & WAS EASILY DISSOLV$4 ,!SE W]E V]Y BASIC RE=MS1 BUT !Y W]E EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT ( SEV]E OPPRESSION4 

,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANT & ,WORK+ ,WOM5 WAS HELD ON ,NOVEMB] #a#i? #a#i#a#h4 ,A SPECIAL COMMITTEE WAS SET UP TO HELP WOM5 UND]/& :AT !IR NEW RI<TS W]E & H[ TO USE !M4 ,?IS = ,KOLLONTAI WAS A REAL ADVANCE1 & A V9DICATION ( H] AGITATION = A SEP>ATE WOM5'S SECTION )9 ! ,P>TY :I* %E HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ S9CE #a#i#f4 ,A YE> AFT] ?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT SOME?+ MORE WAS NE$$ BECAUSE ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 W5T SO DEEP4 ,! ,WORK+ & ,PEASANT ,WOM5'S ,DEP>TM5T 7,G5OTDEL7 ?US REPLAC$ ! COMMITTEE4 ,?IS NEW DEP>TM5T WAS NOT JU/ TO $UCATE WOM5 9 M>XISM1 BUT TO MOBILIZE !M = PRACTICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,EV5 ?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT MASCUL9E ATTITUDES ( SUP]IORITY DISSOLV$ EASILY4 ,JESSICA ,SMI? 9 ,WOM5 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA 7#a#i#b#h7 DESCRIBES CONFLICT BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 WORK]S 9 FACTORIES1 & ,R4,S*LES+] 9 ,*ANG+ ,ATTITUDES 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA RECORDS DEBATES 9 :I* PEASANT WOM5 ACCUSE ! M5 9 ! ,P>TY ( CONDESC5SION & PATRONAGE4 ,! ',G5OTDEL' BECAME SOME?+ ( AN EMB>ASSM5T1 & IT WAS DISSOLV$ 9 #aibi ) ! (FICIAL EXPLANATION ?AT AN 9DEP5D5T WOM5'S MOVEM5T WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 #a#i#a#h1 IT WAS H>D TO 5VISAGE ,/AL9ISM & ! CONSEQU5CES ( SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY1 & ?AT ,KOLLONTAI1 FULL ( ! 5?USIASM ( ! REVOLUTION UND]-E/IMAT$ ! RESILI5CE ( ! OLD ATTITUDES & CULTURE BO? )9 ! ,P>TY & )\T4 ,%E IMAG9$ ?AT ! OLD FAMILY & H\SEWORK W]E ON ! PO9T ( WI!R+ AWAY1 BECAUSE ( ! DRAMATIC *ANGES 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! OLD FAMILY1 :I* %E DESCRIBES 9 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY AS ! FAMILY 9 :I* 0! MAN WAS EV]Y?+ & ! WOMAN NO?+10 %[$ A CAPACITY TO SURVIVE ! UPHEAVALS ( REVOLUTION1 CIVIL W> & FAM9E4 ,! FAMILY EM]G$ AFT] ! CRISIS & ISOLATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! HORRORS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ) A NEW /R5G? AS ! SYMBOL ( SECURITY & RETREAT4 ,?\< WOM5 HAVE A*IEV$ MU* GREAT] EQUALITY AT WORK & 9 $UCATION1 AT HOME ! OLD DIVISION ( LABOR CONT9UES & ) IT SOME ( ! OLD SUBORD9ATION4 

,= US N[1 ! LIMITATIONS ON H[ F> IT WAS POSSIBLE = ,KOLLONTAI TO GO >E AS CLE> AS ! RELEVANCE ( H] IDEAS = \R DILEMMAS4 ,MANY ( H] ATTEMPTS TO GO BEYOND ! IDEAS ( ,5GELS & ,BEBEL W]E ( NECESSITY !ORETICAL RA!R ?AN PRACTICAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FACTORY WOM5 CRITICIZ$ H] :5 %E WANT$ ! /ATE TO PAY A ?IRD ( ! CO/ ( ALIMONY1 SAY+ IT W\LD 5C\RAGE M5 TO S$UCE WOM5 & LEAVE4 ,?IS WAS A NATURAL 5\< FE> :5 CONTRACEPTION WAS /ILL NOT RELIABLE OR WIDESPREAD4 ,KOLLONTAI'S BELIEF 9 FREE RELATION%IPS WAS 9EVITABLY PROBLEMATIC :5 IT WAS /ILL IMPOSSIBLE = MO/ WOM5 TO CONTROL !IR FAMILIES4 ,! PEASANT WOM5 KNEW ALL TOO WELL ?AT1 AS !Y PUT IT1 IF Y\ LIKE TOBOGGAN+ Y\ HAVE TO BE READY TO PULL Y\R SL$GE UP HILL4 ,?IS CAN /ILL BE TRUE (4 C\RSE1 BUT IT'S NO LONG] 9EVITABLE4 

,BECAUSE IDEAS 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION COME FROM \R [N LIVES1 IT =CES US NOT TO GLOSS OV] ! COMPLICAT$ QUE/IONS4 ,IT W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE = ANYONE N[ 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION TO BE AS DISMISSIVE ( ! RI<TS ( *ILDR5 AS ,KOLLONTAI IS 9 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY1 OR TO BE SO CONFID5T ?AT '! /ATE'1 SOCIALI/ OR NOT1 IS A RELIABLE P>5T4 ,WE >E MU* MORE 9VOLV$ 9 ! 9TRICACY ( P>TICUL> FAMILIES1 & ! SPECIFIC WAY 9 :I* !Y CONTA9 US4 ,OBVI\SLY TOO1 H] DISCUSSION AB\T ! FAMILY IS 9 A PO/ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,\R PROBLEM IS H[ TO ORGANIZE R\ND ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 9 ! FAMILY 9 CAPITALISM4 ,KOLLONTAI SAW ! MOD]N FAMILY AS A PLACE ( CONSUMPTION & CONDITION+1 AS A MEANS ( MA9TA9+ ! OLD CULTURE )9 A NEW SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>G>ET ,B5/ON'S ,! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION1 .<,PUBLI%$ BY ,NEW ,5GL& ,FREE ,PRESS4.> SOME PEOPLE M WOM5 S LIB]ATION HAVE SE5 ! FAMILY ALSO AS A =M ( PRODUCTION4 

,KOLLONTAI'S >GUM5T = ! SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT WOM5 AS MO!RS HAVE SPECIAL DEM&S >IS+ FROM !IR BIOLOGICALLY DI/9CT MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,%E /RESSES ?AT ! /RATEGY WE MAKE HAS TO BE BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL1 ( WOM5 9 P>TICUL> SOCIETIES4 ,%E SEES ?IS AS ! CRUCIAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 WOM5 :O >E SOCIALI/S & ! FEM9I/S4 ,FEM9ISM %E DEF9ES NOT ONLY 9 ! /RAI<T=W>D S5SE ( DEF5D+ ! POSITION ( WOM5 & SEEK+ TO IMPROVE IT1 BUT AS ! 9SI/5CE ON AB/RACT EQUAL RI<TS )\T REG>D = ! ACTUAL PR$ICAM5T ( WOM54 ,%E ?US ID5TIFIES A *>ACT]I/IC ( 'EQUAL RI<TS' FEM9ISM 9 ! E>LY ,TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,%E APPE>S NOT TO KN[ AB\T ! ,FEM9ISM :I* HAD APPE>$ E>LI] 9 ! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T - ?\< %E M5TIONS 9DIVIDUAL WOM5 :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IRONICALLY H] CRITICISM ( ! FEM9I/S WAS TO BE US$ AGA9/ H] LAT] 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 BECAUSE WOM5 9 ! EA/ & PEASANT WOM5 W]E SO REMOTE FROM H] IDEAS ( LIB]ATION4 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT FEM9ISM 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION N[ HAS ASSUM$ A DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL =M & :E!R WE >E CRITICAL ( ?IS OR NOT IT IS WRONG TO SUB/ITUTE FEM9ISM ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY :I* ,KOLLONTAI TALKS AB\T = FEM9ISM 9 ! #a#i#gS4 

,H[EV]1 ,KOLLONTAI'S CRITICISM ( AN AB/RACT APPROA* IS /ILL USEFUL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE HAVE TO BE C>EFUL :5 ?9K+ AB\T PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION OR AB\T ANTI-DISCRIM9ATION BILLS TO TAKE EXI/+ CLASS & SEX 9T]E/S 9TO ACC\NT = !SE >E ! CONTEXT 9 :I* LEGISLATION OP]ATES4 ,! IDEA ( AB/RACT EQUALITY :5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE CAN (T5 MEAN ?AT ! WOM5 9 ! WEAKE/ POSITIONS LOSE \T4 

,KOLLONTAI'S IMPLACABLE HO/ILITY TO FEM9ISM WAS BECOM+ G5]AL AMONG WOM5 :O W]E SOCIALI/S IMM$IATELY BE=E & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,RA!R E>LI] !RE HAD BE5 A MU* MORE OP5 & CONNECT$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 FEM9ISM & ! LEFT4 ,UND\BT$LY IT WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ! SUFFRAGE MOVEM5T1 & ! MOVE RI<TW>DS ( ! SUFFRAGETTE LEAD]%IP T[>DS PATRIOTISM & IMP]IALISM 9 ,BRITA91 :I* PRODUC$ ! HO/ILITY4 ,ALMO/ C]TA9LY N[ AS PEOPLE DIG BEL[ ! SURFACE !Y WILL F9D ?AT ! WOM5 :O NEV] BECAME PROM95T HAD DIFF]5T SYMPA?IES1 & AN UND]/&+ ( ! NE$ = *ANGE :I* W5T MU* WID] ?AN ! VOTE4 ,KOLLONTAI RELUCTANTLY ACKN[L$GES ! /R5G? ( ! SUFFRAGETTES1 & ! REMOVAL ( WOM5 :O W]E SOCIALI/S FROM ! MASS ( WORK+ WOM54 ,IRONICALLY %E %[S ?AT IT WAS HE SUFFRAGE MOVEM5T1 & ! POSSIBILITY ?AT WOM5 C\LD VOTE4 :I* L$ ! M5 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO SEE ! IMPORTANCE ( RECRUIT+ & 9VOLV+ WOM56 ,! P>ALLEL ) ! EFFECT ( WOM5'S LIB]ATION ON ! LEFT GR\PS IS APP>5T4 ,IT IS CURI\S ?AT AT ?IS /AGE ,KOLLONTAI SEEMS NOT TO HAVE KN[N AB\T ! ,EA/ ,LONDON ,F$]ATION ( ,SUFFRAGETTES 9 :I* ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ WAS WORK+4 ,!IR COOP]ATIVE TOY FACTORY1 ! CRE*E 9 ! PUB - ',! ,MO!RS ,>MS' - & !IR AGITATION ON A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES1 FROM EQUAL PAY1 TO PREV5T+ ! >RE/ ( GIRLS WALK+ ALONE AS PRO/ITUTES1 W\LD HAVE 9T]E/$ H]4 ,IT LOOKS AS ?\< EV5 ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! IMPRESSIVE NUMB]S ( WOM5 ORGANIZ$1 !Y HAD \R DIFFICULTY 9 CIRCULAT+ 9=MATION4 

,:5 ,KOLLONTAI WAS WRIT+ ?IS PAMPHLET ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S GR\PS W]E BECOM+ ABSORB$ )9 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 AS SEP>ATE SECTIONS ( POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,%E SEES ?IS AS AN ADVANCE TAK+ !M BEYOND PROPAG&A WORK1 & DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT )\T AN EXPLICIT SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ !ORY1 & )\T ! B>GA9+1 P[] ( AN AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION1 ! SPECIFIC OPPRESSION ( WOM5 W\LD BE OV]LAID BY ! M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]1 & ?US ! AUTONOMY ( ! WOM5'S ORGANIZATION TRANS=M$ FIR/ 9TO TOK5 9DEP5D5CE & !N CLOS$ D[N ALTOGE!R4 

,WOM5'S LIB]ATION AS A MOVEM5T HAS RAIS$ AGA9 ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( SUBORD9ATE GR\PS TO DOM9ANT GR\PS )9 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT \R ORGANIZATIONAL REALITY IS NOT H]S4 ,= ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 '! ,P>TY' REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ ORGANIZATIONAL CREATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IT EMBRAC$ ! MO/ DEVELOP$ !ORY & PRACTICE EXI/+ AT ! TIME1 IT G5]ALIZ$ & EXT5D$ ! P>TICUL> EXP]I5CE NOT ONLY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ( EV]Y OPPRESS$ SECTION ( SOCIETY4 ,! LEGACY ( ,/AL91 ! DISSOLV+ ( ! MONOLI?IC ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AS ! SOLE >BIT] ( CORRECT /RATEGY1 ! GR[? ( NUM]\S SMALL REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEI61 HAS MEANT ?AT EV5TS HAVE TURN$ FULL CIRCLE4 ,:ILE ,KOLLONTAI WAS WRIT+ ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS PAMPHLET1 NEGOTIATIONS W]E GO+ ON 9 ,BRITA9 BETWE5 V>I\S SMALL M>XI/ GR\PS & ! ,RUSSIANS TO =M ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT SEEM$ TO ,KOLLONTAI ?AT !RE WAS A G5]AL MOVEM5T T[>DS A COMMON POSITION4 

,= US ! SITUATION IS MU* LESS CLE>4 ,!RE >E NO COMMONLY HELD ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS :I* CAN ACT AS A MEANS ( E/ABLI%+ A UNIFI$ /RATEGY - NOT ONLY BETWE5 WOM5'S LIB]ATION & ! SOCIALI/ GR\PS1 BUT )9 ! LEFT 9 G5]AL4 ,?US = 9/ANCE ,KOLLONTAI WAS ABLE TO ASSUME ?AT H] /ATEM5T ?AT ! WOM5'S CLUBS W]E UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P>TY W\LD BE G5]ALLY ACCEPTABLE4 ,N[ 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION IT W\LD HAVE S9I/] & MANIPULATIVE IMPLICATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 WE FACE ! SAME IMPORTANT PROBLEM - H[ TO ORGANIZE EFFECTIVELY1 & H[ TO RELATE \R MOVEM5T TO ! SPECIFIC OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,KOLLONTAI DESCRIBES ! 'GEOLOGICAL %IFT' :I* SEP>AT$ ! IDEAS ( ORGANIZ+ 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE >E SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL BY A :OLE S]IES ( %IFTS & TREMORS1 AS WELL AS A FEW E>?QUAKES1 & IT IS ABSURD TO LIFT ! IDEAS ( #aiah 9 A FUNDAM5TALI/ WAY ONTO ! DILEMMAS ( #a#i#g#a4 

,NEV]!LESS IT IS /ILL APPROPRIATE ?AT ,KOLLONTAI'S PAMPHLET ON ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S %\LD BE TRANSLAT$ = ! ,SECOND ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION ,CONF]5CE 9 ,BRITA94 ,WE HAVE GR[N & DEVELOP$ 9 ! ONE & A HALF YE>S S9CE ! ,OX=D ,CONF]5CE1 NOT ONLY H]E 9 ,BRITA91 BUT 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,IF WE >E TO GO FUR!R1 AN ESS5TIAL TASK WILL BE ! R$ISCOV]Y ( \R [N HI/ORY - ! HI/ORY :I* HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ & NEGLECT$1 JU/ AS ! SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( WOM5 HAVE BE5 OBSCUR$ & NEGLECT$1 )9 ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ALSO1 SADLY1 )9 ! MALE DOM9AT$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4"9  

,%EILA ,R[BO?AM ,OCTOB] #aiga 

"9 ,IF Y\ WANT TO F9D \T MORE AB\T ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 Y\ C\LD READ AN >TICLE BY ME 9 ,! ,SPOKESMAN ( ,JUNE & ,JULY #a#i#g1 :I* WAS ACTUALLY WRITT5 9 AUTUMN #a#i#f#i4 ,IT'S CALL$ ',WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LOVE' & HAS A LI/ ( MO/ ( ! MAT]IAL PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ,KOLLONTAI1 AS WELL AS BOOKS :I* CONTA9 9=MATION AB\T H]4 ,SEE ALSO ! PAMPHLET1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION1 PUBLI%$ BY ,SOLID>ITY & ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY1 :I* HAS JU/ BE5 REISSU$ 9 ,BRITA9 BY ,PLUTO ,PRESS ) AN 9TRODUCTION BY ,DI ,HAT*ETT4 7,IT IS ALSO AVAILABLE 9 ,AU/RALIA1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) AN 9TRODUCTION BY ,MAVIS ,ROB]TSON47 ,A TRANSLATION ( ,KOLLONTAI'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS DUE \T SOON4 ,! FOLL[+ BOOKS W]E USEFUL AS A BACKGR\ND = ?IS 9TRODUCTION3 ,A4 ,BALABANOV1 ,MY ,LIFE AS A ,REBEL 7#a#i#c#h72 ,M4 ,DRA*KOVIT* 7$471 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONALS 7#a#i#f#f72 ,I4 ,DEUTS*]1 ,/AL91 A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY 7#a#i#f#f72 ,W4 ,K5DALL1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 7#a#i#f#i72 ,N4 ,KRUPSKAYA1 ,MEMOIRS ( ,L59 7#a#i#c7 - PLUS WORK ,I DID = ! *APT] ON ,RUSSIA 9 MY BOOK1 ,WOM53 ,RESI/ANCE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* IS TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 SPR+ #a#i#g#b4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/