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,=MS ( ,ORGANISATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,! =MS :I* HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES >E SO V>IEGAT$ & IDIOSYNCRATIC ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE !M 9 A %ORT & CURSORY \TL9E4 ,! V>IETY ( !SE =MS IS DUE1 9 ! MA91 TO ! DI/9CTIVE PECULI>ITIES ( ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY2 IT ALSO DEP5DS 9 P>T ON ! CONSCI\S P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES IS /ILL 9 ITS =MATIVE P]IOD & !RE=E DEP5DS TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ON ! ATMOSPH]E ( 0SYMPA?Y0 OR 09DIFF]5CE0 :I* IT MEETS AMONG ITS CLASS COMRADES :O HAVE ALREADY PROGRESS$ A LONE WAY ALONG ! ROAD ( ! /RUGGLE = ! BETT] FUTURE4 

,! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! FOLL[+ MO/ TYPICAL =MS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL TRADE UNIONS1 :I* FALL 9TO TWO GR\PS - MIX$1 ?AT IS CONSI/+ ( M5 & WOM51 & PURELY WOM5'S UNIONS4 ,! FIR/ TYPE IS ! OLD] & ! MO/ WIDESPREAD4 ,AS E>LY AS #ahbd ! ,LANCA%IRE WOM5 WEAV]S 5T]$ ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( WEAV]S1 & AL-?\< WOM5 DID NOT EV5 HAVE EQUAL RI<TS ) M5 7= A LONG TIME !Y C\LD TAKE NO P>T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS1 !Y C\LD NOT BE ELECT$ = UNION PO/S1 & SO ON71 ALL ! SAME !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE HAD AN 5ORM\S $UCATIVE SIGNIFICANCE & PREP>$ ! GR\ND = ! LAT] SOCIALI/ WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 

,! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! SECOND TYPE1 ?AT IS WOM5 ONLY1 N\RI%$ MA9LY ON ! SOIL ( MALE WORK]S' HO/ILE ATTITUDES T[>DS ! RIVALRY ( FEMALE LABOR1 & AT ! SAME TIME W]E NURTUR$ BY ! EMANCIPATION MOVEM5T ( ! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,AS E>LY AS ! SEV5TIES ,MRS4 ,PATT]SON ORGANIZ$ ! ,LEAGUE = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,WOM5'S ,LABOR1 :I* = A LONG TIME WORK$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! B\RGEOIS EQUAL RI<TS CAMPAIGN & ONLY LAT] WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A LEAGUE ( WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS2 9 LAT] YE>S ! ,LEAGUE JO9$ ! G5]AL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S & IS GRADUALLY FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! FEM9I/S4 

,TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS CONF9$ TO WOM5 >E F\ND 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FRANCE1 ,SW$51 ,D5M>K1 ,G]MANY & SO ON7 AL?\< GRADUALLY & 9EVITABLY !Y >E =C$ \T BY TRADE UNIONS ( ! MIX$ TYPE4 ,TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS HAVE A DEF9ITE TASK-TO /RUGGLE = ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 MOREOV]1 IT IS PRECISELY !SE1 ?AT IS ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 :I* = ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT ( BO? SEXES >E ! SAME & 9SEP>ABLE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ANY SEP>ATION ON ! BASIS ( SEX IS >TIFICIAL2 IT RUNS ABSOLUTELY C\NT] TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK] & CAN ONLY DAMAGE ! IMM$IATE AIMS ( ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,AS ! PROLET>IAN1 ON ! BASIS ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE1 BECOMES IMBU$ ) ! REALIZATION ( ?IS UNITY & ALL[S WOM5 WORK]S ACCESS TO HIS ORGANIZATIONS1 & MORE ?AN ?AT - TAKES SPECIAL /EPS TO 5LI/ !M-!N IT WILL NO LONG] MAKE ANY S5SE TO HAVE SEP>ATE TRADE UNIONS = WOM54 .<,BUT :]EAS ! ORGANIZATIONAL DIVISION ( ! UNIONS 9TO MALE & FEMALE H>MS ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ON ! O!R H& ! SEP>ATION (F ( AGITATIONAL WORK AIM$ AT ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT IS DESIRABLE EV5 )9 ! RANKS ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS PRACTICE 9 O!R C\NTRIES HAS %[N1 ?IS IS ! ONLY RELIABLE ME?OD ( 5LI/+ ! SUPPORT ( ! MORE RECALCITRANT ( ! UNIONS' FEMALE MEMB]S4.> 

,IF !Y REMA9$ UP UNTIL N[1 IT IS EI!R 9 ?OSE TRADES :]E ONLY WOM5 >E EMPLOY$1 OR IT HAS BE5 UND] ! 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM1 :I* IS ALWAYS H>MFUL TO ?OSE FI<T+ = CLASS UNITY4 

,! SECOND =M :I* ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T CAN ADOPT IS ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 PURSU+ POLITICAL & G5]AL CLASS GOALS4 ,?IS =M TOO ( WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T FALLS 9TO TWO GR\PS3 FIR/LY1 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S1 SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION1 CLUBS = WOM5 WORK]S1 5LI<T5M5T SOCIETIES1 & SO ON1 :I*1 EXI/+ \T-SIDE ! ,P>TY1 NEV]!LESS WORK 9 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) IT1 & >E UND] ITS IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP4 ,SOME ORGANIZATIONS ( ?IS TYPE1 LIKE ! '$UCATIONAL SOCIETIES = WOM5 & GIRLS ( ! WORK+ CLASS'1 :I* UNTIL #aih W]E SO WIDESPREAD 9 ,G]MANY1 OR ! ,WOM5'S ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 OR WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS 9 ,SW$51 SEE !IR AIMS AS C>RY+ \T PROPAG&A MA9LY AMONG ! MO/ IGNORANT & BACKW>D MASSES1 !REBY RECRUIT+ NEW MEMB]S = ! ,P>TY4 ,O!RS1 LIKE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5'S ,CLUBS ( ,HOLL&1 BR+ TOGE!R WOM5 WORK]S :O >E ALREADY POLITICALLY CONSCI\S1 BUT GIVE !M A DEEP] !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PREP>ATION = G5]AL P>TY WORK4 ,BO? !SE TYPES ( ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* >E DY+ \T1 >E 9EFFICI5T & DO NOT RESPOND TO ! REVOLUTION>Y %IFT :I* IS BR++ TOGE!R & RALLY+ ! PROLET>IAT ( BO? SEXES4 

,! SECOND TYPE ( SOCIALI/ WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS CONSI/S ( ?OSE :I* >E DIVISIONS ( ! P>TY ITSELF1 ?AT IS1 EXI/+ NOT \TSIDE BUT )9 IT AS SPECIAL ORGANS - COMMISSIONS1 COMMITTEES1 BUREAUX OR SECRET>IATS1 TO :OM ! ,P>TY 5TRU/S ! SPECIAL TASK ( S]V+ ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS IS ! VITAL & ACCEPTABLE TYPE4 ,EXT5SIVE & MANY-SID$ ACTIVITIES HAVE FALL5 TO ! LOT ( !SE SPECIAL COLLECTIVES1 ACTIVITIES :I* >E ESPECIALLY V>I$ 9 ,G]MANY4 

,! BASIC 'LOOS5+ ( ! SOIL' = ! SOCIALI/ H>VE/ ALSO BELONGS H]E1 AS DOES ! PREP>ATION ( Y\NG =CES = ! ROLE ( FUTURE 'WOM5 LEAD]S'1 & ! PUBLI%+ ( A WOM5'S P>TY J\RNAL1 & ! CONC]N AB\T ! FATE ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7= EXAMPLE ! ,COMMISSION = ! ,DEF5SE ( ,*ILDR5 9 ,G]MANY1 OR ! ,5GLI% COMMITTEES1 CONC]N$ ) ! FATE ( S*OOL*ILDR51 ! 'HOT D9N]S'1 SUMM] COLONIES1 & SO ON71 & F9ALLY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( SPECIAL POLITICAL ACTIONS RELAT$ TO VOT+ RI<TS = WOM51 SU* AS TOOK PLACE #a#i#h-#i 9 ,PRUSSIA A PROPOS ( ! ELECTORAL RE=MS4 ,! WOM5'S BUREAUX1 COMMISSIONS' & SECRET>IATS ALSO UND]TAKE ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5'S MEET+S1 SPECIAL C\RSES1 ! CALL+ ( WOM5'S SOCIALI/ CONF]5CES1 ! PUBLICATION ( BRO*URES & PAMPHLETS1 9 BRIEF1 ! BROADLY BAS$ WORK ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ! PRES5T TIME !RE IS PRACTICALLY NO C\NTRY 9 :I* ! ,P>TY W\LD NOT ASSIGN WORK ) WOM5 TO A SPECIAL BRAN* ( ITS ACTIVITY4 ,! NECESSITY ( ?IS SEP>ATION IS FELT BY SOCIALI/S ALL OV] ! WORLD & IS DICTAT$ BY SIMPLE EFFICI5CY4 ,! EXCLUSIVE POSITION ( WOM5 9 MOD]N SOCIETY NOT ONLY GIVES RISE TO SPECIAL DEM&S ON ! P>T ( ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT 7SECURITY = MAT]NITY & *ILDHOOD1 GA9+ CIVIL & POLITICAL EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 RE=MS 9 H\SEKEEP+1 & SO ON71 BUT IT ALSO NECESSITATES SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATIONS 9 ! ME?OD ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ?IS DOES NOT DE/ROY ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ITS LEAD]%IP1 ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 LIKE A FRE% /REAM P\R+ ITS WAT]S 9TO A MI<TY RIV]1 FUZES ) IT & RAISES ITS LEVEL4 

,9 ! PRES5T TIME WORLD SOCIAL DEMOCRACY NO LONG] CONTE/S ! NECESSITY & DESIRABILITY ( SPECIAL WORK ) WOM54 ,BUT = A LONG TIME ! 'FE> ( FEM9ISM' =C$ NOT ONLY SOCIALI/S1 BUT ALSO SOCIALI/ WOM51 TO %UN ANY SU* DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,?\< IT EM]G$ 9 !ORY & 9 PR9CIPLE AS A SUPPORT] ( WOM5'S RI<TS1 & ALSO TOOK PRACTICAL /EPS TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( WOM5 WORK]S1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 NEV]!LESS1 = MANY YE>S MADE NO EF=TS1 NOR EMPLOY$ ANY MEANS TO >\SE ! DR[SY1 SUBMISSIVE MASSES ( WOM5444 IF ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S DID W9 BETT] CONDITIONS ( WORK & LIFE = ! WOM5 WORK]S1 !N !Y DID ?IS NOT ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WOMAN WORK] H]SELF1 BUT ON H] BEHALF444 & ?IS WAS !IR MA9 MI/AKE4 

,ONLY SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 SU* AS ,L\ISA ,OTTA 9 ,G]MANY1 :O 9 #ahdh ADDRESS$ ! 'BRO!RLY UNION' ( WORK]S & 9DICAT$ ! NECESSITY ( 9VOLV+ WOM51 TOO1 9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 OR ! EX-WORK] ,H5RIETTA ,LAW1 ! ONLY WOMAN MEMB] 9 ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :O ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE WOMAN WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 %[$ ANY 9ITIATIVE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,BUT !IR ATTEMPTS W]E DEFEAT$ AS MU* BY ! 9DIFF]5CE ( !IR [N COMRADES AS BY EXT]NAL OB/ACLES ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS !RE WAS ?AT HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! RIVALRY ( FEMALE LABOR1 :I* = A LONG -TIME HELD SWAY AMONG ! MALE PROLET>IAT1 & :I* =C$ MANY TRADE UNIONS TO CLOSE !IR DOORS TO WOM54 ,?IS HO/ILITY1 ?IS MI/AK5 & N>R[-M9D$ CONCEPTION ( !IR 9T]E/S HAS NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ EV5 N[ - ONE /ILL COMES ACROSS E*OES ( IT 9 ,5GL&1 9 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 9 ,FRANCE & EV5 9 ,G]MANY2 S\ND NOTIONS ( ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 >E ONLY GRADUALLY MAK+ HEADWAY4 

,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 IT IS ONLY A SMALL ?+ TO OP5 UP WORK+ ORGANIZATIONS TO WOM52 TO AWAK5 WOM5'S CONSCI\SNESS1 TO GIVE SCOPE TO ITS ACTIVITY1 NEW ME?ODS & A NEW APPROA* TO ! MASSES ( WOM5 W]E NE$$4 ,G]MANY WAS ! FIR/ TO PROGRESS ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL'S BOOK1 ,WOMAN & ,SOCIALISM - ! GOSPEL ( EV]Y WOMAN SOCIALI/ - DID MU* TO ASSESS ! QUE/ION & ELUCIDATE IT CORRECTLY4 ,HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! 'WOMAN QUE/ION' DEP5D$ ON ! SOLUTION ( G5]AL SOCIALI/ PROBLEMS ( \R TIMES1 IT NEV]!LESS NOT$ ! SPECIFIC PECULI>ITIES ( ! POSITION ( WOM5 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* ( !MSELVES DEF9E ! NECESSITY ( SEP>ATE WORK ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,IT IS USUALLY ?\<T ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY WAS MADE NECESS>Y BY EXT]NAL REASONS1 5=C$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( LAWS :I* =BADE WOM5 ACCESS TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS RADICALLY WRONG4 ,ONE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT AFT] #ahib ! RE/RICT+ P>AGRAPH ONLY REF]R$ TO WOM5'S P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ACCESS TO TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS WAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 P]FECTLY FREE4 ,MOREOV] 9 ! N9ETIES 9 ,G]MANY IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ! TRADE UNIONS ?AT SEP>ATE1 SPECIAL1 AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT WAS BE+ C>RI$ \T1 PREP>+ ! GR\ND = SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,TO CITE ?IS ILL-/>R$ P>AGRAPH ( ! ,G]MAN ,IMP]IAL ,LAWS IS ALSO 9APPROPRIATE BECAUSE1 :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE & ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY DEM&$ IT1 MEANS W]E F\ND TO GET R\ND ! EMB>RASS+ P>AGRAPH AS WELL AS EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

,F9ALLY :5 ! LAW =BIDD+ WOM5 TO TAKE P>T 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS WAS REPEAL$1 !RE WAS NO LONG]1 9 #a#i#h1 ANY VALID EXT]NAL REASON = DIVID+ ! PROLET>IAT ACCORD+ TO SEX4 ,! ORGANIZATION BECAME G5]AL BUT ! NECESSITY ( SPECIAL WORK ) WOM5 WAS BY NO MEANS MADE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AT ! ,NUREMBURG ,CONF]5CE 9 #a#i#h1 :5 !Y W]E WORK+ \T NEW P>TY RULES1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS RECOGNIZ$ ! NECESSITY ( RETA9+ SPECIAL WORK ) WOM51 SEP>ATE WOM5'S MEET+S1 WOM5'S [N LOCAL & C5TRAL REPRES5TATION1 ! WOM5'S C5TRAL NEWSPAP]1 WOM5'S CONF]5CES1 & SO ON4 

,TWO ESS5TIAL MOM5TS - ECONOMIC & POLITICAL - 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T DEF9$ ! NECESSITY = SEP>ATE WORK ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S GREW1 AS !Y REPRES5T$ MORE 9T5SIFI$ COMPETITION ON ! LABOR M>KET1 ! QUE/ION ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS = WOM5 WORK]S BECAME VITAL & ACUTE4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 9 ! NAME ( ! SUCCESSES ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 'R5D] H>MLESS' !SE SCATT]$ DISP]S$1 & UNCONSCI\S ELEM5TS1 :I* APPE>$ AS A S]I\S H9DRANCE TO ! MOVEM5T2 9 O!R WORDS1 WOM5 TOO HAD TO BE DRAWN 9TO ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,9 #ahie ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,G]MANY F\ND$ A ,WOM5'S ,AGITATION ,COMMISSION1 S\<T \T NEW ME?ODS ( APPROA*+ ! FEMALE MASSES & C>RI$ \T SPECIAL AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,& ?R\<\T ! N9ETIES ,GLEI*HEIT APPE>$ AS ! SPOKESWOMAN = A WOMAN'S MOVEM5T :I* WAS PR$OM9ANTLY TRADE UNION-ECONOMIC & NOT POLITICAL4 

,! SECOND MOM5T :I* DET]M9$ ! NECESSITY = SEP>ATE WORK AMONG WOM51 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 WAS ! POLITICAL MOM5T4 ,9 A :OLE RANGE ( C\NTRIES OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S ! QUE/ION ( ELECTORAL RE=M1 ( ! FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE SY/EM1 HAD BECOME MORE & MORE URG5T & ACUTE4 ,UND] ?IS 9FLU5CE1 !RE WAS A NOTICEABLE *ANGE 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S' ORGANIZATION TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE !ORETICALLY ACKN[L$G+ ! ADVANTAGE ( ATTRACT+ ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 9TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ,P>TY HAD NOT FELT 9 ?IS ! SAME S5SE ( URG5CY AS HAD 5C\RAG$ ! TRADE UNIONS TO LOOK = NEW WAYS & ME?ODS1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A WAY 9TO ! M9D & HE>T ( ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,9 ! N9ETIES NOT ONE WORK]S' P>TY ?R\<\T ! WORLD HAD MANIFE/$ ITS ACTIVITY 9 ! FIELD ( ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AL?\< AT ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,GO?A1 9 #a#h#i#f1 AT ! 9SI/5CE ( A GR\P ( WOM5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IT HAD CONFIRM$ ! PO/ ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5T' :O W\LD UND]TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ALL WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY1 :5 IT DREW UP ITS NEW P>TY RULES 9 ,MA9Z 9 #a#i1 =GOT TO 9CLUDE ?IS PO9T444 BUT ALL IT TOOK WAS = ! QUE/ION ( ELECTORAL RE=M 9 ! ,G]MAN ,L&TAGS TO COME ONTO ! 'AG5DA'1 & !IR ATTITUDE TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T *ANG$4 

,! ,P>TY'S 9DIFF]5CE TO ?IS QUE/ION HAD DEEP & VITAL ROOTS 9 ! FOLL[+3 :ILE WOM5 W]E DEPRIV$ ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( WOM5 9 ! P>TY CADRES HAD 9COMP>ABLY LESS SIGNIFICANCE = ! IMM$IATE SUCCESSES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ?AN 5]GETIC WORK AMONG ! MALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S WAS SOMEH[ 9TANGIBLE - IT WAS WORK1 NOT = ! 0PRES5T0 .<#b#b.>1 BUT ONLY = ! REMOTE FUTURE4 ,! QUE/ION ( RADICAL RE=M ( ! ELECTORAL SY/EM BR\<T WOM5 TOO 9TO ! CIRCLE ( ! POLITICAL FI<T4 ,GETT+ WOM5 WORK]S1 !SE POSSIBLE FUTURE VOT]S1 9TO P>TY LIFE ACQUIR$ A TOPICAL 9T]E/444 ,! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY BEGAN TO MAKE RAPID PROGRESS FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 S9CE FROM !N ON IT MET ) FULL SYMPA?Y FROM P>T ( ! ,P>TY2 ?AT IS PRECISELY ! MOM5T :5 ! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M WAS FL>+ UP 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,WE OBS]VE ! SAME PICTURE 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,5GL& ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES T[>DS ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SUCCESS ( ! ,SUFFRAGETTES AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ,SUFFRAGETTES W]E ! ONLY ACTIVE SPOKESWOM5 = ! POLITICAL DEM&S ( WOM54 ,BUT ! REVIVAL ( ! QUE/ION ( ! RADICAL RE=M ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION 9 ,5GL& ALSO G5]AT$ AN 9T]E/ 9 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aif ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE WAS =M$1.<#b#c.> PRES5T+ ITSELF AS ! WOM5'S W+ ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & SETT+ ITSELF ! AIM FIR/LY ( UNIT+ ALL ! =CES ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 & !N GA9+ ! EQUALITY ( POLITICAL RI<TS = WOM54 ,9 #aii ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,5GL& SET UP A SEP>ATE COMMITTEE = C>RY+ \T SPECIAL PROPAG&A AMONG WOM53 MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY1 PR$OM9ANTLY WOM51 RAIS$ ! CAMPAIGN = UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE1 TO C\NT]BALANCE ! DEM&S ! ,SUFFRAGETTES W]E MAK+ = ELECTORAL QUALIFICATION47#b#d7 

,! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 SPITE ( ! REMOVAL FROM ! AG5DA ( ! FIF? >TICLE ( ! ELECTORAL RULES1 ACT$ AS A SPUR TO ! REVIVAL ( P>TY PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 & L$ TO ! DEF9ITE & SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATION ( ?IS SPECIAL BRAN* ( P>TY WORK4 

,9 ,BELGIUM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T DATES FROM ! TIME ( ! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E MANY 'URG5T CLASS PROBLEMS' FL>$ UP BE=E ! WORK]S & :]E ! MOVEM5T CON/ANTLY /UMBL$ AGA9/ OB/ACLES :I* W]E CONNECT$ ) ! FLAWS 9 ! WORN \T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 ! DRAW+ ( WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ACTIVE POLITICAL /RUGGLE WAS DICTAT$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY4 ,9 #aih ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,AM]ICA ORGANIZ$ A WOM5'S COMMITTEE = AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,FRANCE OR ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E QUE/IONS ( FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE SY/EM W]E NOT BE+ RAIS$1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS ONLY WEAKLY DEVELOP$4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ONE CANNOT HELP NOT+ ?AT 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 7EXCEPT ,G]MANY7 ! MAJORITY ( WOM5'S CELLS 7COMMISSIONS1 BUREAUX1 & SO ON7 )9 ! P>TY /RUCTURE >E ( V]Y REC5T ORIG91 HAV+ CRY/ALLIZ$ DUR+ ! FIVE OR SIX YE>S IMM$IATELY BE=E ! W>4 ,! PROGRESS MADE DUR+ !SE LA/ YE>S 9 DRAW+ WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ! P>TY IS ALL ! MORE /RIK+ & ! ,WOM5 ,WORK]S' ,CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 WAS A BRI<T TE/IMONY ( ?IS4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ) ! HELP ?AT ! WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT IS N[ RECEIV+ FROM ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL GO =W>D AT AN EV5 FA/] RATE444 

,! P>TICIPATION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 A G5]AL PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS CEAS$ TO BE 'A LUXURY'1 & HAS BECOME A BASIC NECESSITY = ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

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