,:Y ,! ,BLA/8 

#aiaf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TAGS 3 S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 CIVIL W>1 EMMA GOLDMAN1 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 LEO VOL9E1 ALEX&] B]KMAN1 LIB]T>IAN Y\?1 CNT MEMB]1 M>* #a#i#d#c1 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ANTONY "9"9"9 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN DI$ #fa YE>S AGO ON ,JUNE #b#h?1 #a#i#c#f4 
    ,WE 5CLOSE H]E HIS $ITORIAL = ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,! ,BLA/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO 
    ON #a#e? ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#f4 
     

,:Y ,! ,BLA/8 
     

,DO Y\ MEAN TO DE/ROY8 

    ,DO Y\ MEAN TO BUILD8 

    ,!SE >E QUE/IONS WE HAVE BE5 ASK$ FROM ANY QU>T]S1 BY 9QUIR]S SYMPA!TIC & 
    O!RWISE4 

    ,\R REPLY IS FRANK & BOLD3 

    ,WE MEAN BO?3 TO DE/ROY & TO BUILD4 
     

,=1 SOCIALLY SPEAK+1 ,DE/RUCTION IS ! BEG9N+ ( 
    ,CON/RUCTION4 
     

,SUP]FICIAL M9DS SPEAK SNE]+LY ( DE/RUCTION4 ,O1 IT IS 
    EASY TO DE/ROY -!Y SAY- BUT TO BUILD1 TO BUILD1 ?AT@&_?#a#d#f2S ! IMPORTANT WORK4 
     

,ITS NONS5SE4 ,NO /RUCTURE1 SOCIAL OR O!RWISE1 CAN 5DURE 
    IF BUILT ON A F\NDATION ( LIES4 ,BE=E ! G>D5 CAN BLOOM1 ! WE$S MU/ BE UPROOT$4 
    ,NO?+ IS !RE=E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN TO DE/ROY4 ,NO?+ MORE NECESS>Y & DIFFICULT4 
     

,TAKE A MAN ) AN OP5 M9D1 & Y\ WILL HAVE NO GREAT 
    TR\BLE 9 CONV9C+ HIM ( ! FALSEHOOD & ROTT5NESS ( \R SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 
     

,BUT :5 ONE IS FILL$ ) SUP]/ITION & PREJUDICE1 
    Y\R /RONGE/ >GUM5TS WILL KNOCK 9 VA9 AGA9/ ! B>R$ DOORS ( HIS BIGOTRY & 
    IGNORANCE4 ,= ?\S&-YE>-OLD SUP]/ITION & TRADITION IS /RONG] ?AN TRU? & 
    LOGIC4 
     

,TO DE/ROY ! ,OLD & ! ,FALSE IS ! MO/ VITAL WORK4 ,WE 
    EMPHASIZE IT3 TO BLA/ ! BULW>KS ( SLAV]Y & OPPRESSION IS ( PRIMAL NECESSITY4 ,IT 
    IS ! BEG9N+ ( REALLY LA/+ CON/RUCTION4 
     

,?US ,! ,BLA/ WILL BE DE/RUCTIVE4 

    ,& ,! ,BLA/ WILL BE CON/RUCTIVE4 

    ,TOO LONG HAVE WE BE5 PATI5T UND] ! :IP ( BRUTALITY & DEGRADATION4 ,TOO LONG HAVE 
    WE CON=M$ TO ! ,DOM9ANT1 ) AN 9EFFECTIVE FI/ HIDD5 9 \R POCKET4 ,TOO LONG WE 
    HAVE V5T$ \R DEP? ( MIS]Y BY 5DLESS DISCUSSION ( ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,TOO LONG HAVE 
    WE BE5 EXHAU/+ \R EF=TS & 5]GY BY SPLITT+ HAIRS ) EA* O!R4 
     

,ITS TIME TO ACT 

    ,! TIME IS ,N,[4 
     

,! BREA? ( DISCONT5T IS HEAVY UPON ?IS WIDE L&4 ,IT 
    P]MEATES MILL & M9E1 FIELD & FACTORY4 ,BL9D REBELLION /ALKS UPON HI<WAY & BYWAY4 
    ,TO FIRE IT ) ! SP>K ( ,HOPE1 TO K9DLE IT ) ! LI<T ( ,VISION1 & TURN PALE 
    DISCONT5T 9TO CONSCI\S SOCIAL ACTION - ?AT IS ! CRY+ PROBLEM ( ! H\R4 ,IT IS 
    ! GREAT WORK CALL+ TO BE DONE4  
     

,TO WORK1 !N1 & BLA/$ BE EV]Y OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY 
    ( ! ,REG5]ATION4 
     

,9 MEMORIAM ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN  
,VANGU>D ,VOLUME #c1 ,NO #c ,AUG-,SEPT #aicf 
     

7,$4 NOTE3 ?IS BRIEF BUT VIVID ACC\NT ( ! LIFE & 
    WORK ( ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN WAS WRITT5 = ! ,VANGU>D BY ONE ( ,B]KMAN@&_?#a#d#f2S 9TIMATE 
    FRI5DS :O PREF]S TO REMA9 ANONYM\S47 
     

,:5 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN@&_?#a#d#f2S TRAGIC 5D WAS ANN\NC$1 
    MANY ( ! OLD] COMRADES1 :O KNEW HIM P]SONALLY1 FELT ?AT HIS DEA? HAD LEFT A SPACE 
    :I* W\LD NEV] BE FILL$4 ,?IS WAS ! LOGICAL FATE ( A MAN :O1 :5 A M]E Y\? ( 
    TW5TY-TWO1 WAS READY TO TAKE ! LIFE ( ANO!R :OSE BRUTAL EGOTISM BR\<T MIS]Y & 
    SUFF]+ TO ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,AT SIXTY-SIX1 HE BR\<T HIS LIFE TO AN 5D :5 HE FELT 
    HE C\LD S]VE LIFE NO LONG]4 
     

,:5 ,B]KMAN />T$ TO AV5GE ! ,HOME/EAD /RIK]S 
    =TY-F\R YE>S AGO HE KNEW A DE$ LIKE ?AT C\LD ONLY BE PAID = BY HIS DEA? & HE 
    WAS READY TO SACRIFICE HIS Y\NG LIFE )\T HESITATION = HIS \TRAG$ S5SE ( 
    JU/ICE4 
     

,NO MATT] H[ ONE EVALUATES HIS DE$1 NONE W\LD D\BT HIS 
    S9C]ITY IF ONE ONLY HAD ! PATI5CE TO DELVE 9TO ! COMPLICAT$ S\L ( HUMANITY & 
    GUESS ITS SECRETS4 ,:5 A P]SON1 P>TICUL>LY A Y\NG MAN :OSE LIFE /ILL HAS EV]Y?+ 
    TO (F]1 IS READY TO RISK HIS ALL )\T HOPE ( RETURN1 HE MU/ NOT BE EVALUAT$ BY 
    ORD9>Y /&>DS4 ,?IS IS A DE$ :I* CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ :5 ITS MOTIVES >E 
    APPRECIAT$4 ,HE :O DOES NOT UND]/& H[ ONE C\LD GIVE EV]Y?+ = A CAUSE :I* 
    BORE = HIM ! :OLE MEAN+ ( LIFE1 WILL NEV] UND]/& A P]SON LIKE ,B]KMAN4 ,! 
    AV]AGE PHILI/9E :O CALCULATES HIS LIFE BY PR(IT & LOSS1 & :OSE H>D5$ S\L 
    CANNOT UND]/& ANY ACTION :I* IS NOT MOTIVAT$ BY ! DESIRE = PR(IT1 WILL NEV] 
    SEE 9 PEOPLE LIKE ,B]KMAN O!R ?AN BRUTAL =CE :O M5ACE ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY4 
    ,!Y WILL NEV] COMPREH5D ?AT IT WAS NOT CRUD5ESS ( S5TIM5T ?AT MADE ,B]KMAN COMMIT 
    HIS DE$1 BUT ?AT IT WAS HIS LOVE = HUMANITY1 HIS RESPECT = HUMAN LIFE1 ?AT IMPELL$ 
    HIM TO TAKE A LIFE4 ,?IS R>E TRAIT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,B]KMAN TO HIS V]Y 5D & WAS 
    ! KEY TO HIS P]SONALITY4 
     

,IT IS NOT ONE@&_?#a#d#f2S POLITICAL BELIEFS BUT ! 9N] 
    FEEL+S :I* %APE *>ACT]4 ,B]KMAN WAS EV]Y?+ BUT A MAN ( =CE3 HE WAS A MAN ( 
    GREAT K9DL9ESS1 A S9C]E FRI5D & A SPL5DID COMRADE1 ONE :O LIV$ ?R\< ! 
    HAPP9ESS & SORR[S ( HIS FELL[ HUMANS4 ,HIS CLE> ?9K+1 COLOR$ BY A SOME:AT 
    NAIVE S5TIM5TALITY1 MADE EV]YBODY LOVE HIM4 ,9 ?IS LIES ! ELEM5T>Y GREATNESS ( 
    HIS P]SONALITY1 ! ROOT ( HIS MORAL 9FLU5CE4 ,HE WAS NO SECT>IAN & C\LD TOL]ATE 
    ANY S9C]ELY PRES5T$ OP9ION1 BUT HE ALWAYS KNEW H[ BE/ TO EXPRESS HIS [N IDEAS :5 
    ! OCCASION >OSE4 
     

,B]KMAN CAME TO ,AM]ICA AS A V]Y Y\NG MAN 9 A P]IOD 9 
    :I* ! Y\NG WORK]S MOVEM5T HAD ONE ( ITS TRAGIC MOM5TS4 ,LIKE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 
    ,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 & SO MANY O!RS1 HE WAS DRAWN 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS 
    A RESULT ( ! ,HAYM>KET TRAG$Y 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,IT WAS ! FI]Y AGITATIVE P[]S ( ,JOHANN 
    ,MO/ :I* ATTRACT$ HIM TO ! PR9T+ %OP ( ,MO/S ,FRE$OM :]E HE LE>N$ 
    TYPESETT+4 ,AT ?AT TIME HE C>RI$ ) HIM ! ?\<T ( RETURN+ TO ,RUSSIA TO FI<T 
    9 ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T1 BUT ! BLOODY HAPP5+S 9 ,HOME/EAD BR\<T A SUDD5 5D 
    TO HIS PLANS4 ,B]KMAN WAS S5T5C$ TO TW5TY-TWO YE>S1 A TREM5D\S S5T5CE :I* HAD 
    BE5 APPLI$ ONLY BY A M]CILESS /RET*+ ( ! LAW4 
     

,! FAILURE ( ! ATT5TAT SAV$ A PRECI\S LIFE :I* 9 
    ! T]RIBLE YE>S ( IMPRISONM5T MATUR$ TO GREATNESS4 ,B]KMANS ,PRISON ,MEMOIRS ( AN 
    ,AN>*I/ IS ONE ( ?OSE R>E BOOKS :I* ONCE READ IS NEV] =GOTT54 ,9 ?IS BOOK ALL 
    ! SUFF]+ & PA9 ( A C\RAGE\S SPIRIT /RUGGL+ AGA9/ GREAT ODDS IS TOLD 9 A 
    BACKGR\ND ( DRAB PRISON LIFE4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE UPON :OM FATE HAS PLAC$ SU* TRIALS BREAK 
    D[N UND] ! PRESSURE ( P]SONAL SORR[4 ,BUT A MAN :O CAN SURVIVE ! LONG YE>S ( 
    HOPELESS IMPRISONM5T )\T SWAY+ FROM HIS OP9IONS1 OR BE+ MORALLY EXT+UI%$ IS 
    A *>ACT] ( UNCONQU]ABLE 9TEGRITY & 9N] /R5G?4 ,B]KMAN WAS SU* A MAN4 ,9 ! 
    GRAY1 EVIL-=EBOD+ DAYS !RE WAS NO?+ TO CONSOLE HIM4 ,HE EXP]I5C$ ?+S :I* 
    ! AV]AGE MAN W\LD H>DLY BELIEVE POSSIBLE4 ,ONLY V]Y FEW REALIZE H[ SADI/ICALLY MAN 
    CAN BEHAVE T[>DS MAN4 
     

,= F\RTE5 YE>S HE REMA9$ 9 ?AT HELL4 ,F\RTE5 
    YE>S6 ,V]Y FEW CAN IMAG9E :AT AN ACCUMULATION ( PA9 & SORR[ >E HIDD5 B5EA? 
    ?IS DRY NUMB]4 ,ON RETURN+ TO LIFE1 HE F\ND EV]Y?+ *ANG$4 ,IT WAS NOT EASY TO 
    F9D A PA?WAY 9 ?IS NEW WORLD4 ,NOT)/&+1 HE F\ND IT & AGA9 DI/+UI%$ 
    HIMSELF 9 ! FI<T = FRE$OM4  
     

,TOGE!R ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN HE PUBLI%$ ,MO!R ,E>?4 ,HE 
    WORK$ PR9CIPALLY 9 ! RANKS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR & AMONG ! UNEMPLOY$ ( ! 
    METROPOLIS4 ,B]KMAN HAD NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ! MORAL QUALITIES ( ! WORK]4 ,HE KNEW ?AT 
    ! MAJORITY ( !M %>$ ! SOCIAL PREJUDICES ( O!R CLASSES4 ,BUT HE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ 
    ?AT ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! WORK] WAS ! CREATIVE P[] 9 LIFE1 ?AT IT MADE HIM 
    ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ANY SOCIAL *ANGE & ?AT ?IS WAS ! LEV] TO BE US$ TO 
    PRY UP ! DECAY+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 
     

,!N CAME ! P]IOD :5 HE $IT$ ! ,BLA/ ON ! 
    ,PACIFIC COA/4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,B]KMAN WAS ! FIR/ 
    TO COME TO ! AID ( ,MOONEY & ,BILL+S4 ,HE TRAVEL$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 SPOKE AT 
    9NUM]ABLE MEET+S & MOV$ HEAV5 & E>? TO >\SE ! WORK]S TO PROTE/4 ,AT ?IS 
    TIME NONE DREAM$ ( US+ ! CASE = P>TY PROPAG&A4 ,9 !IR D$ICATION >TICLES 
    ,B]KMAN@&_?#a#d#f2S NAME IS NOT M5TION$4 ,P]HAPS SOMEONE FELT ?AT ?IS MAN :O HAD SUFF]$ 
    F\RTE5 YE>S IMPRISONM5T = HIS PR9CIPLES WAS TOO EXALT$ TO BE TURN$ TO ! USES ( 
    N>R[ POLITICAL 9T]E/S :I* /OOD TO PR(IT BY ! MIS=TUNE ( O!RS4 
     

,!N CAME ! YE>S ( ! ,WORLD ,W> :5 ,B]KMAN & HIS 
    FRI5DS TRI$ !IR BE/ TO /IR UP PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ ! PREVAIL+ HY/]IA4 ,BUT 
    ! UNTIR+ EF=TS ( ?IS SMALL M9ORITY C\LD NOT CONQU] ! OV]:ELM+ TIDE ( 
    MISDIRECT$ HUMAN PASSION1 & IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,B]KMAN & SO MANY 
    O!RS W]E S5T TO PRISON = !IR ANTI-CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN4 ,FOLL[$ TWO T]RIBLE 
    YE>S AT ,ATLANTA P5IT5TI>Y4 ,B]KMAN M5TION$ MANY TIMES LAT] ?AT HIS TWO YE>S 9 
    ?AT PRISON W]E WORSE ?AN ?OSE HE HAD SP5T 9 ! JAIL AT ,PITTSBUR<4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE 
    \R BRAVE COMRADE C\LD NOT TOL]ATE ! 9JU/ICES DONE TO O!RS ?AT HE SUFF]$ SO 
    MU* DUR+ ?IS 9C>C]ATION4 ,IT WAS HIS TEM]ITY 9 *AMPION+ ! CAUSE ( OPPRESS$ 
    ,NEGRO PRISON]S 9 A LYN* /ATE LIKE ,GEORGIA ?AT L$ TO HIS DISFAVOR ) ! PRISON 
    AU?ORITIES4 ,BUT HE TOOK EV]Y SLAP ( FATE ) /OIC RESIGNATION4 
     

,UND] ! BL[S ( ! 5RAG$ MASSES ,CZ>ISM BROKE ITS 
    T]RIBLE HOLD ON ,RUSSIA4 ,! HE>T ( ,B]KMAN BEAT ) HOPE :5 HE ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & 
    ! RE/ ( HIS COMRADES W]E DEPORT$ FROM ,AM]ICA & />T$ ! TRIP TO HIS NATIVE 
    HOME ON ?AT R5[N$ DEA? %IP4 ,!Y ALL WANT$ TO COOP]ATE 9 ! BUILD+ ( A NEW 
    WORLD1 ( SOCIALISM & FRE$OM4 ,BUT ! EXP]I5CES ( \R COMRADE 9 ,RUSSIA W]E ! 
    GREATE/ DISAPPO9TM5T ( HIS UNSELFI% LIFE4 ,HE SAW ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 
    GR[ 9TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY OV] ! PROLET>IAT & ALL ,RUSSIAN PEOPLES4 ,LONG 
    HE F\<T AGA9/ ! SUSPICIONS :I* /IRR$ )9 HIM4 ,HE S\<T TO UND]/&1 TO 
    RATIONALIZE1 TO COMPREH5D & EXPLA9 !SE HAPP5+S :I* W]E 9 CONFLICT ) HIS 
    FREE SPIRIT4 ,F9ALLY ! COLD-BLOOD$ SLAU<T] ( ! SAILORS ( ,KRON/ADT PUT AN 5D TO 
    ALL HIS D\BTS4 ,HIS PLACE C\LD NOT BE ON ! SIDE :I* RU?LESSLY KILL$ ! PIONE]S ( 
    ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 AS DID ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ! #c#e1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 
    ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,HIS BOOK ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? R5D]S HIS 9N] CONFLICTS 9 AN 
    EXPRESSIVE & /RIK+ PORTRAYAL4 ,IT WAS A T]RIBLE %OCK TO ,B]KMAN4 
     

,:5 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN CAME TO ,EUROPE FROM ,RUSSIA1 
    !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 A NEW WORLD FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* !Y HAD 
    KN[N 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,! T]RIBLE RAVAGES ( ! W> W]E EV]Y:]E MANIFE/ & ALL ( ! 
    C\NTRIES W]E %AK5 ) REVOLUTION>Y CONVULSIONS4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO LIVE 9 /RANGE 
    SURR\ND+S BUT H]E AGA9 ,B]KMAN DID ! BE/ HE C\LD4 ,AFT] A %ORT /AY 9 ,SW$51 
    HE W5T TO ,G]MANY & CONTACT$ ! Y\NG ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T !RE4 ,HIS WORKS1 
    ,! ,RUSSIAN ,TRAG$Y1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELLION1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,COMMUNI/ 
    ,P>TY1 & HIS ,PRISON MEMOIRS W]E ALL TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,G]MAN4 ,TOGE!R ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 
    HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S 9 ,]FURT & E/ABLI%$ CLOSE 
    RELATIONS ) HIS COMRADES4 ,MO/ ( HIS WORK AT ?IS TIME WAS = ! IMPRISON$ COMRADES 
    9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE ORGANIZ$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AID ,FUND & $IT$ ! ,BULLET9 9 BEHALF ( 
    ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S 9 ! PRISONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 
     

,F9ALLY HE W5T TO ,FRANCE BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 
    9 ?AT C\NTRY PRECLUD$ HIS DO+ OP5 WORK =C+ HIM TO RESIGN HIS POSITION AS 
    SECRET>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AID ,FUND4 ,HE WAS DEPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE & ONLY ! HELP ( 
    9FLU5TIAL FRI5DS MADE POSSIBLE HIS RETURN4 ,IT WAS A TORTUR$ EXI/5CE4 ,EV5 ! MO/ 
    BEAUTIFUL SURR\ND+S ( ! ,FR5* ,RIVI]A LO/ ALL !IR GLAM\R = HIM1 LIV+ AS HE 
    WAS1 LIKE A PRISON] AT ! M]CY ( ! SLO?FUL BUREAUCRACY :I* MI<T AT ANY MOM5T 
    *ASE HIM ACROSS ! BORD]4 ,YET1 HE WROTE ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM & CONDUCT$ A 
    PRODIGI\S CORRESPOND5CE ) HIS FRI5DS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,!N CAME ILLNESS & 
    ! CON/ANT FI<T = MAT]IAL EXI/5CE4 ,A FEW MON?S AGO HE WAS RECUP]AT+ FROM A 
    PA9FUL & DANG]\S OP]ATION1 HE HAD A SUDD5 RELAPSE & FELT ?AT ! BE/ ?+ HE 
    C\LD DO WAS TO MAKE HIS ADIEU TO ! WORLD4 ,WE MU/ EMPHASIZE H]E HIS UNWAV]+ 
    FRI5D%IP ) ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN :O LO/ 9 HIM H] BE/ & OLDE/ FRI5D4 ,:AT ?AT MEANS 
    CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY ?OSE :O KN[ ?AT W\NDS EXI/ ?AT NEV] CAN BE HEAL$4 
     

,A R>E P]SON HAS LEFT US1 A GREAT & NOBLE *>ACT]1 A 
    REAL MAN4 ,WE B[ QUIETLY BE=E HIS GRAVE & SWE> TO WORK = ! IDEAL :I* HE S]V$ 
    FAI?FULLY = SO MANY YE>S4 
     

,9T]VIEW ) ,LEO ,VOL9E 
     

,?IRD SON ( ,VOL9E1 ,LEO ,EI*5BAUM 7BETT] KN[N AS ,LEO 
    ,VOL9E7 WAS BORN ON #d ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#g4 ,FROM E>LY ON HE %>$ HIS FA!RS IDEALS & AT ! 
    BEG9N+ ( #a#i#c#g1 HE MADE HIS WAY TO ,SPA91 !RE TO JO9 A CONF$]AL COLUMN ( ! ,C,N,T4 
    ,HIS ACC\NT ( ! DEA? ( ,DURRUTI IS MO/ 9T]E/+4 ,IS ANY FUR!R 9=MATION ON 
    ?IS COMM&O AVAILABLE8 OR IS IT ALL P>T ( ! MY?8 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,H[ DID Y\R FA!R SAMPLE 
    ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION8 
,LEO - ,AS EV]1 AS WAS HIS LIFELONG HABIT1 HE GAVE HIMSELF UP COMPLETELY 
    TO IT3 HE WAS ALWAYS ! SAME WAY1 :E!R IT WAS FAMILY MATT]S OR ANYONE 9 NE$4 ,HE 
    W\LD NOT ALL[ HIMSELF ANY EXCUSE OR WEAKNESS1 EV5 IF HIS LIFE DEP5D$ ON IT4 ,S5T5C$ 
    TO DEA? BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE REFUS$ TO R5EGE UPON HIS IDEAS & GO OV] TO !M 9 
    ORD] TO W9 A P>DON4 ,HE NEV] WANT$ TO PLAY ! LEAD] & /AY BEH9D 9 ,MOSC[ ) 
    ! SALON AN>*I/S4 ,LUCKILY1 HE US$ TO SAY !Y >E NOT ! ONE@&_?#a#d#f2S :O WILL MAKE 
    ! REVOLUTION4 ,& SO IT WAS ?AT HE SET (F TO JO9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5T MOVEM5T 9 
    ! ,UKRA9E1 ONCE HE GOT W9D ( IT4 ,MY FA!R WAS ALWAYS A BIT BACKW>DS 9 COM+ 
    =W>D1 TELL+ ! MASSES3 ,I C\NT = NO?+4 ,IT IS UP TO Y\ TO ACT1 TO DECIDE1 TO 
    ORGANIZE Y\RSELVES4 ,Y\ KN[ Y\R PROBLEMS BE/4 ,I CAN M]ELY (F] ADVICE4 ,HIS RESPECT 
    = EV]Y S+LE 9DIVIDUAL WAS TOTAL4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 EV]YONE WAS GOOD1 &1 IF SOMEONE WAS 
    NOT1 ?AT WAS ! FAULT ( SOCIETY4 ,AS ,I SEE IT1 EV5 IF !RE IS A K]NEL ( TRU? 9 
    ?AT1 HE WAS V]Y (T5 TOO =GIV+4 ,HE NEV] =C$ HIS OP9ION ON ANYBODY4 ,ONE TIME- ,I 
    MU/ HAVE BE5 AB\T F\RTE5 - ,I ASK$ HIM3 ,:AT >E Y\R BELIEFS8 & HE REPLI$3 ,NEV] 
    M9D AB\T MY OP9IONS1 SE>* \T Y\R [N TRU? 74447 ,I ONLY GOT TO KN[ MY FA!R :5 
    ,I WAS AB\T FIVE YE>S OLD & HE WAS HELD 9 ! ,BUTYRKY PRISON 9 ,MOSC[ UND] S5T5CE 
    ( DEA?4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ ON CONDITION ?AT HE LEAVE ! C\NTRY @&_?#a#e2 & ?AT ?ANKS TO 
    A CAMPAIGN LAUN*$ BY A DELEGATION ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S L$ BY ,GA/ON 
    ,LEVAL3 IT KICK$ UP A REAL /9K4 ,SO ,I CANNOT REMEMB] ANY?+ AB\T MY FA!R BE=E 
    ?AT TIME4 ,! ONLY MEMORIES ,I HAVE >E LEFT >E ( \R EV]YDAY LIFE1 ) A VILLAGE AS A 
    BACKCLO? - A VILLAGE CALL$ ,BOBR[1 9 ! NOR!RN ,UKRA9E - & ! TE>S ( MY MO!R1 
    ON H] [N ) ?REE *ILDR51 & )\T ANY NEWS ( MY FA!R1 NO NEWS ( :E!R HE 
    WAS ALIVE OR DEAD4 ,& ! HUNG]444 ,FOOD WAS \R MA9 WORRY1 \R SOLE TOPIC ( 
    CONV]SATION4 ,I RECALL ONE OLD PEASANT WOMAN :O LIV$ ) US & HELP$ MY MO!R4 ,ONE 
    DAY1 \R CAT1 :I* ATE NO?+ BUT MICE- & !RE W]E PL5TY ( ?OSE - TURN$ UP ) 
    A GREAT HUNK ( MEAT 9 ITS JAWS1 FIL*$ FROM :O KN[S :]E4 ,! BABU%KA ATE WELL ?AT 
    DAY4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,H[ COME Y\R FA!R1 :O CAME FROM A B\RGEOIS FAMILY1 W\ND UP 
    BECOM+ A REVOLUTION>Y8 
,LEO - ,HE TOLD 
    ME H[1 AT ! AGE ( AB\T #a#d1 G5]ALLY \TRAG$ BY ! FATE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE & 9 
    P>TICUL> BY ?AT ( !IR [N MAID1 ,ANITA1 A #a#f-YE>-OLD GIRL :O WAS ALWAYS ! FIR/ 
    TO RISE & ! LA/ TO RETIRE AT NI<T1 & :O WAS ONLY 5TITL$ TO V5TURE \TSIDE = 
    TWO OR ?REE H\RS EV]Y ,SUNDAY1 HE ASK$ HIS MO!R H[ %E WAS SUPPOS$ TO MAKE 
    SOME?+ ( H] LIFE & MEET BOYS4 ,TO :I* HIS MO!R REPLI$3 ,DON@&_?#a#d#f2T Y\ CONC]N 
    Y\RSELF ) ?AT OR Y\@&_?#a#d#f2LL W9D UP 9 ,SIB]IA6 ,:I* IS PRECISELY :AT HAPP5$ 
    N9E YE>S LAT]1 DUR+ ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS DEPORT$ = LIFE AT ! AGE ( #b#c4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,H[ DID Y\ LIVE AS EXILES8 
,LEO - ,WE LEFT 
    ,RUSSIA C>RY+ ! M>K ( PRIVATION1 9 /RAI<T5$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ) JU/ TWO 
    SUITCASES = ALL \R WORLDLY POSSESSIONS4 ,Y\ HAD TO HAVE BE5 !RE TO KN[ :AT FAM9E 
    IS1 Y\ HAD TO HAVE SE5 ! CORPSES 9 ! /REETS1 P]I%$ ( HUNG]4 ,POV]TY 
    ACCOMPANI$ US 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,!RE W]E FIVE ( US *ILDR51 ! ELDE/ TWO BELONG+ TO 
    MY FA!RS FIR/ WIFE4 ,WE SETTL$ 9 TWO R5T$ ROOMS NE> ,B]L94 ,WE SAW V]Y LITTLE ( 
    MY FA!R BECAUSE HE WORK$ 9 ! CAPITAL AS A BOOKKEEP]1 ,I SEEM TO REMEMB]4 ,TO 
    SUPPLEM5T HIS E>N+S1 HE GAVE LANGUAGE LESSONS 79 ,RUSSIAN1 ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN74 ,?OSE W]E 
    T\< TIMES BUT WE W]E HAPPY4 ,MY FA!R SEEM$ TO BE LIV+ \T HIS DREAM ( A BETT] 
    SOCIETY & WAS ALWAYS 9 GOOD =M & OPTIMI/IC4 ,H>MONY REIGN$ )9 ! FAMILY & 
    !RE WAS NEV] AN ANGRY WORD4 ,!N1 AFT] ?REE YE>S1 WE MOV$ TO ,B]L94 ,MY FA!R MADE 
    >RANGEM5TS TO LEAVE ,G]MANY = ,FRANCE4 ,WE W]E BEG9N+ TO SEE ,HITL] ,Y\? M>*ES1 
    RALLIES & /REET BRAWL+4 ,MY FA!R WAS (T5 AWAY GIV+ LECTURES4 ,MY MO!R FRETT$ 
    AB\T HIM4 & LIV$ ON H] N]VES4 ,WE /OPP$ GO+ TO S*OOL1 BE+ ON ! PO9T ( 
    DEP>TURE4 ,WE SP5T ! :OLE DAY \TSIDE1 AS WE HAD ONLY ONE ATTIC ROOM 9 :I* WE ALL - 
    EXCEPT = MY TWO OLD] BRO!RS :O W]E /AY+ ) FRI5DS - SP5T ! NI<T4 ,ALONG 
    ) MY SI/] ,NATA%A1 WE SP5T A LOT ( \R TIME ON ! T5NIS C\RTS ADJO9+ \R 
    BUILD+4 ,WEAL?Y ,B]L9]S US$ TO USE !M & WE W\LD BE SCAMP]+ AB\T ALL DAY 
    PICK+ UP BALLS1 :I* GAVE US SOME EX]CISE & 5ABL$ US TO CONTRIBUTE A LITTLE MONEY 
    TO ! H\SEHOLD4 ,\R FA!R KEPT A RECORD = US4 ,LAT]1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 #a#i#b#i1 IT PAID = 
    MY FIR/ BICYCLE4 ,IT WAS #aibe BY ! TIME WE F9ALLY GOT P]MISSION TO GO TO ,FRANCE1 FROM 
    :]E MY FA!R HAD ONCE BE5 EXPELL$4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,?AT WAS BACK 9 #a#i#a#f1 ,I 
    BELIEVE8 
,LEO - ,?ATS RI<T4 ,DISCOV]+ ?AT HE WAS DUE = >RE/ & 9T]NM5T1 
    HAV+ BE5 REPORT$ = DRAFT+ A LEAFLET AGA9/ ! W>1 HE HAD FL$1 REA*+ 
    ,BORDEAUX & F9D+ WORK AS A COAL-TRIMM] ON ! ,LAFAYETTE1 UND] ! NAME ( 
    ,FRANOIS-,JOSEPH ,R\BY4 ,DUR+ ! VOYAGE1 EXHAU/$ & ) H&S BLOODI$1 HE ?\<T ( 
    GO+ TO ! CAPTA9 BUT1 ) HELP FROM ! O!R COAL-TRIMM]S1 HE HELD \T UNTIL !Y 
    DOCK$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 /AY+ !RE UNTIL ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BROKE \T4 ,HE LET 
    MY MO!R BACK 9 ,P>IS KN[ ?AT HE W\LD MAKE HIS WAY BACK TO ,RUSSIA VIA ,JAPAN & 
    ,*9A1 & ASK$ H] TO MEET UP ) HIM !RE4 ,& SO WE SET SAIL FROM ,BRE/ ABO>D ! 
    ,RUSSIAN VESSEL ,DV9SK1 P>T ( A CONVOY1 ON #e ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g4 ,! CONVOY MADE A L5G?Y 
    DET\R1 /EAM+ FIR/ T[>DS ! ,EQUATOR BE=E SW++ \T WIDELY NOR?W>DS1 ONLY TO 
    SAIL PA/ ! NOR? ( ,5GL&1 ! SEAS & OCEANS BE+ 9FE/$ ) ,G]MAN ,U-BOATS4 
    ,!RE WAS ONE %IP EV5 SUNK 5 R\TE & WE >RIV$ 9 ,>KHANGELSK ON #b ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,& H[ DID ?+S GO 9 
    ,FRANCE8 
,LEO - ,:5 WE RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#b#e1 AT FIR/ WE HAD TO BE TAK5 9 
    BY SOME OLD FRI5DS ( MY FA!RS1 ! ,FU*S1 9 ! ,RUE ,LAM>CK 9 ,P>IS1 JU/ LONG 
    5\< = US TO F9D LODG+S4 ,MY FA!R NEV] FANCI$ LIV+ 9 L>GE CITIES ON ACC\NT 
    ( ! *ILDR5S HEAL?4 ,?ANKS TO ,H5RI ,SELLI]1 ! MAYOR & S5ATOR = ,SURESNES1 WE 
    F\ND LODG+ 9 ! NEWLY-BUILT G>D5 CITY ( ,G5NEVILLI]S4 ,\R LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E 
    /ILL QUITE /RAI<T5$4 ,I REMEMB] ?AT ONE DAY MY FA!R BUR/ \T LAU<+3 ,W]E FIVE 
    C5TIMES %ORT ( ! PRICE ( A LOAF6 ,BUT HE 9SI/$ ?AT WE /AY AT S*OOL NO MATT] 
    :AT1 ESPECIALLY AS SOME ( HIS COMRADES REPROA*$ HIM = HAV+ *ILDR51 & HIM A 
    MILITANT6 ,! TWO OLDE/ BOYS - NONE TOO FOND ( S*OOL - TRUE1 !Y HAD >RIV$ AT ! 
    AGES ( #ac & #ae 9 A L& :OSE LANGUAGE !Y DID NOT KN[ @&_?#a#e2 OPT$ TO LE>N A TRADE 
    9 A S*OOL = ME*ANICS4 ,NATA%A OPT$ TO BE A DANC]3 H] TEA*] WAS ! FAM\S 
    ,RUSSIAN BALLET /> :O W5T ON TO BECOME ! ,PR9CESS ,KSI%9SKAYA1 MI/RESS ( CZ> 
    ,NI*OLAS ,I,I4 ,MY FA!R MET H]1 & AFT] A L5G?Y CONV]SATION WAS MU* TAK5 BY H]1 
    BUT TOLD H]3 @&_?#a#d#e2,MY BELIEFS DO NOT COME 9TO IT4 ,MY DAU<T] WI%ES TO DANCE4@&_?#a#d#f2 ,AS 
    = ME1 ,I WAS A GREAT H&YMAN & ,I US$ TO TAKE EV]Y?+ TO PIECES1 EV5 MY MO!RS 
    SEW+ MA*9E1 JU/ TO SEE H[ IT WORK$4 ,SO ,I WAS /E]$ T[>DS TE*NOLOGY & PROV$ 
    A DAB H&4 ,MY FA!R WORK$ AS A BOOKKEEP]3 HE SUPPLEM5T$ ?AT ) SOME MOROCCO 
    LEA!R WORK FROM HOME4 ,HE & MY MO!R FREQU5TLY SAT UP ?R\< ! NI<T F9I%+ AN 
    ORD]4 ,SO1 BE+ A QUICK LE>N]1 ,I US$ TO L5D !M A H& ( AN EV5+1 UNTIL ! DAY 
    CAME ,I MADE UP MY M9D TO QUIT /UDY+ & LOOK = WORK4 ,I WAS A RADIO TE*NICIAN = 
    SEV]AL FIRMS UNTIL ! W> BROKE \T 9 ,SPA94 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,& Y\ F\<T 9 IT4 ,H[ DID 
    ?AT COME AB\T8 
,LEO - ,= ME ! ISSUE WAS /RAI<T=W>D3 S9CE ,I WAS CAMPAIGN+ = A 
    LIB]T>IAN =M ( SOCIETY1 JO9+ ?OSE FI<T+ = JU/ SU* A SOCIETY WAS ! 
    LOGICAL NEXT /EP4 ,SOME ,SPANI% (FICIALS CAME TO ! H\SE & ,I WAS PRES5T AT !IR 
    MEET+S ) MY FA!R4 ,(T5 ! TOPIC WAS >MS PUR*AS+1 BUT ! MONEY HAD FIR/ TO 
    BE RAIS$ FROM ! SALE ( BONDS & O!R VALUABLES RETRIEV$ FROM ,SPANI% BANKS4 ,I W\ND 
    UP /ROLL+ >\ND ,P>IS ) ! BE>]S ( !SE VALUABLES1 ) A GUN 9 MY POCKET4 ,IT 
    WAS ALL V]Y ,HOLLYWOOD4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f1 SEE+ ?AT ?IS W> WAS NO TRIFL+ AFFAIR1 ,I 
    DECID$ TO SET (F = IT4 ,MY FA!R TOLD ME3 ,N[ ?9K ?IS ?R\<1 BECAUSE IT WILL TURN 
    Y\R :OLE LIFE UPSIDE D[N4 ,IT TOOK SOME TIME TO MAKE ALL MY >RANGEM5TS & (F ,I SET 
    ON #ad ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g4 ,I HAD JU/ TURN$ #b4 ,9 FACT1 VIRTUALLY ! :OLE ( ! SMALL 
    LIB]T>IAN GR\P 9 ! #a#e? >RONDISSEM5T ( ,P>IS SET (F3 FIVE GUYS & ONE GIRL4 ,! 
    ,C,G,T-,S,R SAW TO ! TRAVEL >RANGEM5TS4 ,!RE WAS A SO-CALL$ ID5TITY *ECK AT ! BORD]1 
    BUT ! ,FR5* POLICE HAD BE5 ORD]$ TO LET ALL !SE UNDESIRABLES SLIP ACROSS4 
     

,I HAD NO BELIEF AT ALL 9 ! SUCCESS ( ! ,REPUBLICAN 
    =CES4 ,I ALWAYS RECKON$ ?AT NO POLITICAL P>TY1 NO GOV]NM5T1 NO C\NTRY C\LD 
    C\NT5ANCE ! VICTORY ( A PR$OM9ANTLY LIB]T>IAN =CE4 ,LAT] ,I SAW JU/ H[ 
    ACCURATE ?AT WAS4 ,!Y ALL BETRAY$ US3 FROM ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ?AT )HELD >MS 
    FROM ! PEOPLE1 ?R\< ! ,COMMUNI/S :O HAD \R UNITS 5CIRCL$ BY ! FASCI/S :5 
    !Y OP5$ UP ! FRONT L9ES4 ,ONLY #ecb ( US \T ( MY UNIT ( #d"4 M5 W]E LEFT TO 
    BREAK \T ( ! 5CIRCLEM5T ON #f ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#h1 AFT] #bd H\RS ( BATTLE4 ,NOT 5\< HAS 
    BE5 MADE ( ! ,AM]ICAN SUPPLIES ?AT W5T TO ,FRANCO1 :IL/ ,5GL& & ,FRANCE1 9 
    CAHOOTS ) ,RUSSIA1 PREA*$ NON9T]V5TION4 74447 
     

,:5 WE REA*$ ,B>CELONA1 \R LITTLE GR\P WAS SURR\ND$ 
    BY A GANG ( ,COMMUNI/S AS SOON AS WE /EPP$ (F ! TRA93 !Y WELCOM$ US ) OP5 
    >MS & %EPH]D$ US 9TO !IR UNITS4 ,LUCKILY1 A GR\P ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? - :O 
    W]E V]Y /RONG 9 ,CATALONIA - W]E ALSO WAIT+ = US & SAW !M (F4 ,GIV5 MY 
    BACKGR\ND AS A RADIO- NAVIGATOR1 ,I HAD IT 9 M9D TO JO9 ! ,REPUBLICAN AIR =CE4 ,AFT] 
    A FEW OV]TURES W]E MADE1 ,I WAS S5T TO ,VAL5CIA = 9DUCTION4 ,PRES5T+ MYSELF 9 ! 
    APPROPRIATE (FICE1 ,I WAS GREET$ BY A CIVIL S]VANT SITT+ BEH9D HIS CA% REGI/]4 
    ,JU/ !N1 ?REE SUP]IOR (FIC]S :O HAD >RIV$ OV]HE>D ME &1 SMIL+LY1 CLAPP$ ME 
    ON ! %\LD] & TOLD ME 9 ,FR5*3 ',GREAT6 ,WELL TAKE Y\ RI<T N[6' ,I V]Y QUICKLY 
    RETORT$3 ',TAKE ME :]E8' ,ANSW]8 ',TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES6' ,I LEAN$ BACK T[>DS 
    ! DOOR1 SAY+ ',) ! ,COMMUNI/S8 ,NO ,WAY6' ,HAV+ TAK5 SOME S\ND+S1 ,I LE>N$ 
    ?AT AN AN>*I/ COLUMN WAS DUE TO GO TO ! FRONT V]Y %ORTLY TO RELIEVE ! ,IRON 
    ,COLUMN :I* HAD BE5 PRETTY WELL DECIMAT$ DUR+ A SIX MON? T\R ( DUTY AT ! FRONT4 
    ,SO ,I REPORT$ TO AN (FICIAL 9 ORD] TO 5LI/ 9 A ,C,N,T COLUMN1 ! ,CONF$]AL ,COLUMN1 
    UND] ! NAME ( ,LEO ,VOL9E4 ,!Y W]E PLEASANTLY SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I WAS ONE ( ! SONS ( 
    MY FA!R4 ,& SO1 AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g1 ) HUNDR$S ( Y\NG PEOPLE PACK$ 9TO 
    LORRIES1 ,I WAS (F TO ! ,T]UEL FRONT ALONG IMPOSSIBLE ROADS1 S++ AN>*I/ AN!MS 
    & REVOLUTION>Y SONGS4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,& H[ DID Y\R FA!R /& 
    ) REG>D TO ! W> 9 ,SPA98 
,LEO - ,MY FA!R WAS TOTALLY COMMITT$ TO ACTION ALONGSIDE ! ,SPANI% 
    MOVEM5T4 ,HE WAS 9 ONGO+ CONTACT ) (FICIALS1 ESPECIALLY AS HE WAS BUSY $IT+ ! 
    NEWSPAP] ,L@&_?#a#d#f2,ESPAGNE ANTIFASCI/E FROM ,P>IS4 ,?US EV]Y DAY HE RECEIV$ 
    REPORTS ON CURR5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,& SO1 ON #ba ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f1 HE GOT A TELEGRAM :I* 
    READ3 ,DURRUTI MURD]$ ON ! ,MADRID FRONT BY ,COMMUNI/S4 ,ONE H\R LAT]1 A SECOND 
    TELEGRAM >RIV$ 7JU/ AS MY FA!R WAS SETT+ \T = ! PR9T%OP7 SAY+3 ,CANCEL 
    FIR/ TELEGRAM1 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE UNITY ( ACTION4 ,:I* WAS ! ABSOLUTE OBSESSION ( 
    ! TIME4 ,LAT]1 9 PRISON 9 ,C]BRE1 ,I CAME ACROSS A Y\NG ,CORSICAN LAD1 MAK+ HIS WAY 
    HOME AS ,I WAS1 DI%E>T5$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & HE ADMITT$ TO ME ?AT HE HAD BE5 A 
    MEMB] ( ! COMM&O ?AT SLEW ,DURRUTI4 ,HE WAS V]Y EMOTIONAL & %\T$ TO ME3 ,BUT ,I 
    SWE> TO Y\1 ,LEO1 ,I NEV] FIR$ A %OT6 ,HIS NAME WAS ,&RE ,P>IS4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,LOTS ( PEOPLE US$ TO VISIT 
    Y\ 9 ORD] TO SEE Y\R FA!R8 
,LEO - ,!RE WAS A NEV]-5D+ /REAM1 A T]RIBLE SITUATION = MY 
    MO!R4 ,:]E MY FA!R WAS CONC]N$1 \R DOOR WAS NEV] %UT4 ,LOTS ( FREELOAD]S US$ 
    TO COME1 BASICALLY TO CADGE A FREE MEAL1 )\T A ?\<T = ! PROBLEMS ?AT POS$ = 
    US4 ,SOME MADE A HABIT ( IT & US$ TO TURN UP REGUL>LY = A MEAL4 ,I HAVE NEV] 
    =GOTT5 MY MO!RS LOOK :5 %E SAW !M COM+4 ,SOMETIMES !Y W]E =EIGN FUGITIVES1 
    P]SECUT$ = !IR BELIEFS1 S5T TO ,VOL9E BY ,FR5* COMRADES4 ,!RE WAS A NUMB] ( 
    REASONS = ?AT3 MY FA!R SPOKE SEV]AL LANGUAGES1 & HE ALSO HAD CONNECTIONS :I* HE 
    NEV] CALL$ UPON = HIS [N B5EFIT BUT :I* PROV$ V]Y USEFUL 9 PULL+ O!RS \T 
    ( A HOLE4 ,HE KNEW ,H5RI ,SELLI]1 ! S5ATOR-MAYOR ( ,SURESNES2 & ,LEON ,BLUM2 & ! 
    ,P>IS PREFECT ,JEAN ,*IAPPE 7:OSE LIFE ONE ( MY FA!RS FRI5DS1 ,PAUL ,FU*S1 HAD ONCE 
    SAV$ & :O HAD PROMIS$ HIM HELP ANY TIME HE MI<T NE$ IT74 ,!RE WAS ! LAWY] ,H5RY 
    ,TORRES TOO4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,SOME ( !SE PEOPLE W\LD 
    HAVE BE5 FREEMASONS LIKE Y\R FA!R WAS8 
,LEO - ,YES1 MAYBE4 ,BY NATURE ,I AM V]Y RES]V$4 ,SO !RE >E TOPICS ?AT 
    ,I NEV] BROA*$ ) MY FA!R1 EXCEPT ONE TIME :5 ,I ASK$ HIM :Y HE WAS A FREEMASON4 
    ,HE REPLI$ ?AT HE HAD HESITAT$ ON ACC\NT ( C]TA9 RITES ) :I* HE WAS NOT 9 
    AGREEM5T1 BUT RECKON$ ?AT ?OSE W]E ! CIRCLES 9 :I* ONE MI<T SPREAD ONE@&_?#a#d#f2S 
    IDEAS WIDELY1 GIV5 ?AT HIS LODGE WAS ALREADY V]Y LEFTI/4 ,I ALSO HAPP5 TO KN[ ?AT 
    ?R\< ?OSE CONNECTIONS HE WAS ABLE TO GIVE LOTS ( PEOPLE A HELP+ H&4 ,:5 COMRADES 
    9 DIFFICULTY %[$ UP1 MY FA!R W\LD USE HIS CONNECTIONS TO /RAI<T5 ?+S \T = 
    !M1 F9D !M PAP]S1 RESID5CE P]MITS1 LODG+S & WORK4 ,IT WAS (T5 V]Y H>D4 
    ,SOMETIMES PEOPLE LIV$ ) US :ILE !Y WAIT$4 ,LUCKILY !RE W]E ALSO G5U9E FRI5DS 
    :O DID !IR DAMN$E/ DISCREETLY TO LOOK AFT] ! *ILDR51 LAY ON A P>TY1 DRESS UP AS 
    ,FA!R ,*RI/MAS4 ,I RECALL ESPECIALLY ! ,GOLD5B]GS1 ,S5YA ,FLE%9E & ,MOLLIE ,/EIM]1 
    ! ,D\B9SKYS1 ,>%9OV & O!RS4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,& DID ,MAKHNO & ,>%9OV 
    COME TOO8 
,LEO - ,YES1 ,>%9OV & HIS WIFE1 ALONG ) !IR LITTLE LAD1 ,&RE1 
    VISIT$ = YE>S RI<T UP UNTIL !Y LEFT = ,RUSSIA4 ,MY FA!R US$ TO SAY TO HIM3 
    ,M>9444 ,I HAVE NO IDEA :Y HE CALL$ HIM ?AT4 ,I REMEMB] ESPECIALLY ONE SONG ?AT !Y 
    US$ TO S+ TOGE!R ) ,MAKHNO1 :I* REF]R$ TO ,BATKO 7,MAKHNO71 ,UNCLE ,M>9 
    7,>%9OV7 & ,VOL9E4 ,:5 ,>%9OV CALL$ TO ! H\SE 9 ,G5NEVILLI]S 9 #a#i#b#g1 P9+ 
    = HOME - ,I WAS JU/ A KID ( AB\T T5 - MY FA!R US$ TO SAY OV] & OV] TO HIM3 
    ,M>91 Y\ MU/ NOT GO4 ,!Y WILL %OOT Y\4 ,DO NOT KID Y\RSELF1 !Y WILL NEV] =GIVE 
    Y\4 ,BUT HE W5T ALL ! SAME 9 #a#i#c#b1 & !Y %OT HIM 9 #a#i#c#g4 ,MAKHNO US$ TO COME 
    (T5 :5 WE LIV$ 9 ,B]L9 9 \R ATTIC4 ,I US$ TO LI/5 KE5LY TO HIM1 = ALL HIS 
    TALK WAS ( HIS BATTLES1 HIS D>+ C\PS1 HIS GUILE 9 DEAL+ ) ! 5EMY - A REAL 
    WE/]N = A LAD ( BETWE5 #g & #i LIKE ME4 ,!1 9 ,FRANCE1 WE LIV$ WAY \T ON ! 
    \TSKIRTS3 HE WAS WORN \T1 AIL+ & H&ICAPP$ BY HIS MANY W\NDS & WE SAW LESS & 
    LESS ( HIM UNTIL HE DI$ 9 #a#i#c#d4 
     

,IT9]AIRE - ,Y\ DID SEE Y\R FA!R 
    AGA91 9 #a#i#d1 9 ,M>SEILLES4 ,:AT WAS HE UP TO !N8 
,LEO @&_?#a#e2 ,?AT@&_?#a#d#f2S RI<T4 ,DEMOBB$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aid 7,I HAD BELONG$ TO 
    A SKI TROOP UNIT 9 ! ,ALPS71 ,I MET UP ) MY FA!R 9 ,M>SEILLES ON #bh ,OCTOB]4 ,9 ! 
    9T]IM1 WAIT+ TO SEE H[ ?+S W\LD TURN \T G5]ALLY 7,P>IS WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! 
    ,G]MANS7 ,I HAD GONE GRAPE-PICK+ & V>I\S O!R ?+S4 ,!RE W]E A MILLION & A 
    HALF REFUGEES FROM ! OCCUPI$ ZONE 9 ! ,M>SEILLES >EA4 ,WORK WAS V]Y H>D TO COME 
    BY4 ,MY FA!R1 ALREADY H>D HIT BY MY MO!RS DEA? & LIV+ FROM DAY TO DAY1 WAS /ILL 
    ACTIVE3 MEET+S1 LECTURES1 PROPAG&A4 ,WE TALK$ AB\T IT A BIT1 BUT1 BECAUSE ( MY 
    RES]VE WE DID NOT GET TOO F>4 
     

,COMMUNICATION BETWE5 FA!R & SON IS NOT V]Y EASY3 ,I 
    /ILL FELT TOO MU* ( A *ILD BESIDE HIM4 ,IT WAS A LOT LAT] ON1 ONCE ,I HAD GA9$ SOME 
    EXP]I5CE & GREAT] KN[L$GE ( PEOPLE1 ?AT ,I %\LD HAVE LIK$ TO *AT ) HIM4 ,BUT 
    BY !N HE WAS NO LONG] >\ND4 ,TAK5 9 BY ONE ( HIS BE/ FRI5DS1 ,FRANCISCO ,BOTEY1 :O 
    7ALONG ) HIS WIFE ,PAQUITA7 HAD FL$ ,SPA9 = ! ,M>SEILLES >EA1 HE HAD COMPANY & 
    C>E 9 ?OSE T\< TIMES1 BUT PASS$ AWAY1 EXHAU/$ & GRAVELY ILL1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#e4 
     

,LEO ,VOL9E 9T]VIEW$ BY ,IT9]AIRE $ITORS4 ,I,T,9,],A,I,R,E 
    #a#c1 PP #b#a-#b#d4 
     

,SOME ,MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T 
     

,9 L9E ) ITS POLICY ( RESCU+ MILITANTS FROM ! 
    OBLIVION ( HI/ORY1 ! ,K,S,L IS PR\D TO PRES5T !SE BRIEF LIFE SUMM>IES ( SOME ,C,N,T 
    ACTIVI/S4 ,ANY EXTRA 9=MATION ON !SE - OR O!R - COMRADES IS WELCOME4 
     

,MAC>IO ,ILL]A ,TEJADA 
     

,BORN 9 ,VITORIA 9 #a#i#a#c1 9TO A V]Y POOR FAMILY1 HE SP5T 
    SOME TIME 9 ! WORKH\SE4 ,AT ! AGE ( #ad HE JO9$ ! >MY AS A DRUMM] BOY & WAS 
    BAS$ 9 ! ,Z>AGOZA MILIT>Y ACADEMY 9 ! DAYS :5 ,FRANCO WAS ! DIRECTOR !RE2 
    :5 ! ACADEMY WAS %UT D[N UND] ! ,REPUBLIC1 HE TRANSF]R$ TO AN 5G9E]S 
    REGIM5T1 FIR/ AS A DRUMM] & LAT] AS A RIFLEMAN4 ,PO/$ TO /& GU>D ON ! PRISON 
    9 ,Z>AGOZA1 HE F\ND HIMSELF JAIL$ = TALK+ TO ! 9MATES1 & A %ORT TIME LAT] HE 
    HAPP5$ TO ATT5D A ,C,N,T MEET+ 9 ! CITY 79 #a#i#c#b74 ,?IS MADE A DEEP IMPRESSION ON HIM 
    & DECID$ TO JO9 ! AN>*I/ RANKS4 ,A LITTLE LAT] HE CROSS$ SWORDS ) HIS 
    S]GEANT & WAS DIS*>G$ FROM ! >MY4 ,9 #aicc HE WAS LIV+ 9 ,VITORIA1 A ,C,N,T MEMB] 
    & :5 ! FASCI/S CAPTUR$ ! CITY 9 #aicf HE FL$ 7#b#d ,JULY7 9TO ! M\NTA9S & 
    MADE HIS WAY TO ,BILBAO4 ,HE F\<T 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/I51 ,TOLOSA & ,IRUN & LAT]1 HAV+ 
    5LI/$ ) ! ,BAKUN9 ,BATTALION1 9 ,*IV>TE1 ,SOLLUBE & ,MURGUIA AS WELL1 RI<T UP 
    UNTIL ! ,BILBAO FRONT COLLAPS$1 AT :I* PO9T HE LEFT = ,SANT&] :]E 7?ANKS TO 
    TREA*]Y BY ! ,BASQUE NATIONALI/S7 HE WAS >RE/$ ALONG ) SEV]AL ?\S& O!RS 
    9 ,AUGU/ #aicg & TAK5 TO ,SANTONA4 ,?IS WAS ! />T ( A L5G?Y S]IES ( CALAMITIES 
    7:I* 9CLUD$ BE+ S5T5C$ TO DEA?7 & A VOYAGE ?R\< ! PRISONS ( ,BILBAO & 
    ,BURGOS1 UNTIL HE WAS RELEAS$ ON P>OLE 9 ,M>* #aidc & BANI%$ TO ,B5IC>LO 7,C]V]A7 
    :]E HE BECAME A GOA!RD4 ,AFT] SOME MON?S HE MADE HIS WAY BACK TO ,VITORIA1 TRI$ HIS 
    H& AT A NUMB] ( TRADES & ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! UND]GR\ND /RUGGLE 7BECOM+ A 
    MEMB] ( ! ,ALAVA COM>CAL COMMITTEE74 ,9 #aidg HE TRI$ TO ESCAPE TO ,FRANCE BUT WAS 
    >RE/$ 9 ,NAV>RE & WAS JAIL$ = SOME MON?S 9 ,PAMPLONA & ,VITORIA4 ,SICK5$ BY 
    ! WORK]S LACK ( FI<T1 HE DECID$ TO SWIT* TRADES & BECAME A BOOT-BLACK1 KEEP+ 
    ! TOR* ( AN>*ISM AL(T = MANY A YE> 9 ,VITORIA1 :]E HE BECAME AN EXCEPTIONALLY 
    POPUL> FIGURE4 ,FROM #aifg ON1 A S]IES ( ?ROMBOSES SAPP$ HIS /R5G? BUT ?IS DID NOT 
    /OP HIM FROM BE+ ONE ( ! FIR/ TO VOLUNTE] HIS HELP :5 ! ,C,N,T />T$ TO REBUILD 
    9 ,VITORIA4 ,A ,TOL/OYAN ADVOCATE ( A PACIFI/ LIB]T>IANISM1 TREM5D\SLY /RONG-WILL$ 
    & IMP]VI\S TO LOSS ( MORALE1 HE WAS UNB5D+ 9 HIS PR9CIPLES :I* L$ HIM TO 
    REPUDIATE CONSUM]ISM4 ,HE WAS ! V]Y SYMBOL ( ! TIRELESS MILITANT ( 9DE/RUCTIBLE 
    FAI?4 
     

,JOAQU9 ,PALL>ES ,TOMAS 
,JOAQU9 ,PALL>ES ,TOMAS WAS BORN 9 ,B>CELONA-,LA ,TORRASA 9 #aibc & WAS ! 
    LEAD] ( AN ACTION GR\P :I* />T$ ITS OP]ATIONS ALMO/ AS SOON AS ! CIVIL W> 
    5D$ 9 #a#i#c#i1 9 & >\ND ,HOSPITALET1 ,SANTA ,EULALIA1 ,SANS & ,LA ,TORRASA 7!SE BE+ 
    VILLAGES & DI/RICTS 9 & >\ND ,B>CELONA74 ,AMONG ! OP]ATIONS CR$IT$ TO IT WAS 
    ! EXECUTION ( ! *IEF 9SPECTOR ( ! ,HOSPITALET POLICE 7ON #c ,APRIL #a#i#c#i71 AS WELL 
    AS A NUMB] ( 9CID5TS 9 :I* POLICE W]E DIS>M$ OR %OT1 & ROBB]IES W]E C>RI$ 
    \T4 ,HIS GR\P WAS MADE UP ( ,CATALANS1 PLUS SOME ,>AGONESE FROM >\ND ,HUESCA4 ,9 
    ADDITION TO GU]RILLA ACTIVITY1 !Y DID REM>KABLE WORK ON ! REORGANIZATION ( ! 
    ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ( ,CATALONIA1 SETT+ UP ! FIR/ PO/W> REGIONAL COMMITTEE & 
    ,B>CELONA LOCAL COMMITTEE4 ,AT ! TIME ( !IR >RE/1 ?REE ( ! GR\PS MEMB]S 
    7,PALL>S1 ,ALV>EZ & ,RUIZ7 HELD POSITIONS ON ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? REGIONAL COMMITTEE4 
    ,!Y W]E CAPTUR$ BY ! POLICE 9 ,M>* #aidc & TORTUR$2 )9 DAYS1 ,JOAQU9 
    ,PALL>ES @&_?#a#e2 :O DISPLAY$ GREAT 9TEGRITY - WAS EXECUT$ 7ON #bi ,M>* #a#i#d#c7 ALONGSIDE 
    ,FRANSISCO ,ALV>EZ1 ,F]N&O ,RUIZ1 ,FRANCISCO ,AT>ES1 ,JOSE ,S]RA1 ,B5ITO ,SANTI1 ,JUAN 
    ,AQUILLA1 ,>GUELLES & ,TRESOLS2 O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P - ,V9C5TE ,IGLESIAS1 ,JOS ,URREA1 
    ,MANUEL ,GRACIA1 ,RAFAEL ,OLALDE & ,HIL>IA ,FOLDEVILLA - HAD !IR LIVES SP>$4 ,! 
    ,PALL>ES GR\P WAS ONE ( ! V]Y FIR/ ANTI-,FRANCO URBAN GU]RILLA GR\PS4 
     

,JOSE ,SILICEO ,VICTORIO 

    ,BORN 9 #aif 9 ,BI5V5IDA 7,BADAJOZ PROV9CE1 ,SPA97 & DI$ 9 #aicd 9 ,ORAN 7,ALG]IA74 
    ,MEMB] ( ! AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT :ILE HE WAS LIV+ 9 
    HIS NATIVE VILLAGE HE TOOK NO P>T 9 ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITIES :I* HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ 
    BY ,OLEG>IO ,PA*ON2 HIS COMMITM5T TO AN>*ISM CAME :5 HE MOV$ TO ,SEVILLE %ORTLY 
    BE=E ! COM+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT] SETTL+ !RE HE JO9$ ! 
    ATTACK GR\PS1 JO9+ ONE ?AT ALSO 9CLUD$ ,MIGUEL ,>CA & ,J]ONIMO ,MISA4 ,!Y SOON 
    BECAME ! MO/ =MIDABLE AN>*I/ GR\P _/CONF$]AL DEF5SE GR\P 9 ! YE>S :5 ! 
    ,C,N,T 9 ,SEVILLE WAS CAU<T UP 9 VIOL5T CONFLICT 7) ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/ FI<T+ 
    = CONTROL ( ! ,SEVILLE ,C,N,T & 9 CLA%ES ) ! BOSSES74 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT HE 
    TOOK P>T 9 MANY OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S & ?AT HE ASSASS9AT$ ! PRESID5T 
    ( ! ,&ALUSIAN EMPLOY]S1 ,C>AVACA1 :5 ! LATT] REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ,C,N,TS 
    UNION4 ,9 #a#i#b1 HE WAS PRES5T AT AN ,F,A,I RALLY 9 ,SEVILLE ) ,DURRUTI & O!RS4 ,9 ! 
    5SU+ MON?S HE CAME 9 = A LOT ( H>ASSM5T1 AS A RESULT ( :I* HE EXT5D$ HIS 
    OP]ATIONS \TSIDE ( ,SEVILLE1 BE=E EV5TUALLY BE+ =C$ TO FLEE TO ,MOROCCO & 
    ,ALG]IA4 ,HE DI$ 9 ,ORAN FOLL[+ A GUN BATTLE ) ,FR5* G5D>MES4 ,HE WAS ! MO/ 
    CELEBRAT$ ( ! ACTIVI/S 9 S\!RN ,SPA9 PRIOR TO ! CIVIL W>4 
     

,! ',LOS ,QU]OS ,GU]RILLA' 
    B&4 

    ,! ,LOS ,QU]OS GR\P OP]AT$ 9 ! CITY ( ,GRANADA & 9 ITS 5VIRONS 9 ! YE>S 
    FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>1 9FLICT+ HEAVY LOSSES ON ! ,FRANCOI/ GOV]NM5T 
    =CES & !IR COLLABORATORS4 ,! MA9 MEMB]S ( ! GR\P W]E ! F\R ,QU]O ,ROBLES 
    BRO!RS 7,ANTONIO1 ,FRANCISCO1 ,JOSE & ,P$RO7 & !Y HAD PL5TY ( BACK-UP4 ,! ,QU]OS 
    BRO!RS W]E ! SONS ( A F>M LABOR] :O W5T ON TO BECOME A WAT*MAN & EV5TUALLY 
    A BUT*] 9 ,GRANADA4 ,?IS LATT] TRADE WAS PLI$ 9 ,ALBAIC9 & HE HAD ! HELP ( HIS 
    OLD] SONS4 ,:5 ! CIVIL W> ]UPT$ 9 #a#i#c#f1 & AFT] ,GRANADA FELL TO ! REBELS1 ! 
    FAMILY WAS T>GET$ = P]SECUTION4 ,A BRO!R 9 LAW WAS %OT1 ! FA!R WAS JAIL$1 
    ETC4 & SOME ( ! BRO!RS 7,P$RO1 ,ANTONIO & ,JOS7 ESCAP$ 9TO ! REPUBLICAN ZONE4 
    ,:5 ! CIVIL W> 5D$1 ,P$RO W\ND UP 9 ! ,B5ALUA DE ,GU>DIX CONC5TRATION CAMP1 
    RETURN+ TO ,GRANADA AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$4 ,H[EV]1 HE WAS SOON =C$ TO GO 9TO HID+ 
    AFT] SUFF]+ P]SECUTION :5 IT BECAME KN[ ?AT DUR+ ! CIVIL W> HE HAD S]V$ 
    ) A SPECIAL S]VICES 7GU]RILLA7 UNIT1 & ! FAMILY HAD TO PUT IT AB\T ?AT HE HAD 
    FL$ TO ,FRANCE4 ,YE>S LAT] HE EM]G$ FROM HID+ TO JO9 HIS BRO!RS 9 !IR GU]RILLA 
    ACTIVITY4 ,JOSE & ,ANTONIO HAD ALSO BE5 JAIL$ AFT] ! W> 5D$ BUT HAD SUCCESSFULLY 
    BROK5 \T ( ! ,LA ,CAMPANA PRISON 9 ,GRANADA & JO9$ =CES ) O!R GU]RILLAS 
    7,M$9A1 ,SALC$O1 ,VILLA1 ,EL ,TITO47 ,! F\R? GU]RILLA BRO!R1 ,FRANCISCO1 WAS BEAT5 UP 
    BY ! VICTORS 9 ! CIVIL W>1 UNTIL HE TOOK TO ! HILLS 9 #a#i#d#a4 ,! F\R ,QU]O 
    BRO!RS W]E JO9$ BY O!RS UNHAPPY ) ,FRANCOISM2 PEOPLE LIKE ,ANTONIO ,VELAZQUEZ 
    7FROM ,GUEJ>71 ,MORALES ETC4 ,! ,QU]OS GU]RILLA B& COMM&$ ! RESPECT ( ! 
    ,FRANCOI/ =CES ( LAW & ORD]1 SO MU* SO ?AT !Y (T5 C\LD LIVE FAIRLY OP5LY 9 
    ,GRANADA4 ,AMONG !IR MORE \T/&+ ACTIONS W]E SEV]AL ROBB]IES C>RI$ \T 9 ,LA 
    ,ZUBIA & ,GRANADA 9 #a#i#d#b-#d#c1 ! KIDNAPP+ ( ,G5]AL ,E/RADA 9 #a#i#d#c1 & NUM]\S 
    GUNFI<TS ) POLICE DETECTIVES & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 ! EXECUTION ( 9=M]S1 ETC4 
    ,NEV]!LESS1 FROM #aide ONW>DS1 ! POLICE NOOSE WAS TI<T5+ & ! B& BEGAN TO 
    SUFF] LOSSES2 ,VELAZQUEZ & ,MECANICO DI$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aide :5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D 
    DYNAMIT$ !IR HIDE-\T 9 ,GRANADA2 9 ,JULY IT WAS ,MODE/RO'S TURN4 ,AFT] A FI]CE 
    GUN-BATTLE 9 ,GRANADA ITSELF1 ! ,QU]OS MANAG$ TO ESCAPE BUT )9 DAYS #cf YE> OLD 
    ,P$RO TOOK HIS [N LIFE :5 SURR\ND$ ON ,SACROMONTE1 TAK+ TWO ( ,FRANCOS GOONS ) 
    HIM4 ,9 #aidf ,MORALES & ,FRANCISCO ,QU]O 7#b#c7 W]E KILL$4 ,ANTONIO ,QU]O DI$ ON #bb ,MAY 
    #a#i#d#g4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! F\R? BRO!R WAS KILL$ 9 A %OOT-\T ON #b ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#d4 ,BY 
    #aidg ! ,LOS ,QU]OS' GU]RILLA ACTIVITY 9 ,GRANADA1 ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT LIB]T>IAN 
    GU]RILLAS ALONGSIDE ,EL ,RAYA'S B&1 WAS OV]4 
     

,B5IGNO ,&RADE ,G>CIA 
,KN[N AS ,F\CELLAS AFT] ! VILLAGE 9 ,LA ,CORUNNA :]E HE WAS BORN4 ,9 #aicf 
    HE WAS WORK+ ) A LOCKSMI? 9 ,MESIA & WAS A ,C,N,T MEMB]4 ,COME ! FASCI/ UPRIS+1 
    :I* SUCCE$$ 9 ,GALICIA1 & AFT] FI<T+ ! =CES ( REPRESSION 9 ,CAMBRUY1 HE 
    JO9$ ! RURAL GU]RILLAS 7,NEGREIRO'S GR\P 9 ! M\NTA9\S ,*AM>DE DI/RICT74 ,) 
    ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>1 HE C>RI$ ON ) HIS GU]RILLA ACTIVITIES ALONGSIDE AN 
    AUTONOM\S B& BAS$ 9 ! ,BACELO HILLS1 FI<T+ 9 ! >EA >\ND ,BETANZOS1 ,ORD5ES1 
    ,GUITIRIZ & ,>ZUA1 ) =AYS 9TO ,LA ,CORUNNA & ,EL ,F]ROL 79 #a#i#d#h71 /RIK+ FE> 
    9TO ! FASCI/S4 ,E>LY 9 #a#i#e#b1 HE WAS AMBU%$ 9 ,BETANZOS AS A RESULT ( TREA*]Y & 
    WAS W\ND$ & >RE/$4 ,HE WAS EXECUT$ 9 ,LA ,CORUNNA ON #bf ,JULY #a#i#e#b4 ,( AV]AGE 
    HEI<T1 WELL-BUILT1 FULL ( 5]GY & %REWD1 HE WAS ! MO/ FE>$ ( ! ,GALICIAN 
    GU]RILLAS1 ! UNDISPUT$ LEAD] ( ! GU]RILLAS 9 ,C5TRAL ,GALICIA4 ,HE A*IEV$ 
    CONSID]ABLE POPUL>ITY1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! NAME ,F\CELLAS WAS US$ AS A SYNONYM = 
    GU]RILLA4 
     

,JUAN ,BRELL ,P9OL 

    ,BORN 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 #aih 9TO AN AN>*I/ FAMILY1 HIS *ILDHOOD WAS 'EV5TFUL' DUE TO ! 
    BANI%M5TS & H>ASSM5T 9FLICT$ ON HIS FA!R4 ,HE BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T'S ,WOODWORK]S' 
    ,UNION4 ,BY #aicf HE WAS G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,FOYOS COM>CAL F$]ATION & HE 5LI/$ 
    9 ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS1 COMM&+ ! ,PUEBLA DE ,F>NALS C5TURIA :I* EV5TUALLY 
    JO9$ ! ,IRON ,COLUMN2 AFT] SOME TIME 9 ! RE>GU>D1 HE RETURN$ TO ! FRONT2 HE 
    F\<T 9 ,SOMOSI]RA RI<T UP UNTIL ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W>1 AT :I* PO9T HE WAS 
    CAPTUR$ 79 ,LOMA ,QUEMADA74 ,?IS M>K$ ! />T ( A LONG CALV>Y ?R\< CONC5TRATION 
    CAMPS & PRISONS444 ! MONA/]IES ( ,SANTA ,ESP9A & ,PUIG1 ,LAS ,CORN]AS 7,VALLADOLID71 
    ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA & ,SAN ,MIGUEL DE LOS ,REYES 79 ! LATT] PRISON HE WAS ON DEA? R[1 
    HAV+ BE5 S5T5C$ 9 #a#i#d#a74 ,9 ,OCTOB] #aidf HE WAS RELEAS$ ON P>OLE1 BUT WAS BACK 9 
    JAIL BY ,M>* #a#i#d#g2 HE MANAG$ TO BREAK \T %ORTLY AFT]W>DS &1 UND] AN ASSUM$ NAME1 
    ?REW HIMSELF 9TO 9T5SIVE WORK ON BEHALF ( ! UND]GR\ND ,C,N,T2 ?IS 5D$ ) HIS 
    BE+ >RE/$ 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ ON BAIL & REJO9$ ! /RUGGLE UNTIL HIS 
    ADVANC+ YE>S RUL$ HIM \T ( POSITIONS EXPOS+ HIM TO DANG]4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( 
    ,FRANCOISM1 HE1 LIKE MANY ANO!R AG$ ,C,N,T MEMB]1 DEVOT$ HIS EF=TS TO *AMPION+ ! 
    CAUSE ( P5SION]S4 
     

,JOSE ,L$O ,LIMIA 

    ,GALICIAN AN>*I/ BORN 9 ,LUGO 7SOME S\RCES SAY 9 ,OR5SE7 9 #a#i4 ,HE EMIGRAT$ TO ,RIO 
    DE ,JANI]O 7,BRAZIL7 >\ND ! TIME ( ! GREAT W> & LAT] POPP$ UP 9 ,>G5T9A1 
    ,*ILI1 ,URUGUAY & ,P]U4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 AS A /[AWAY & WAS >RE/$ 9 ,VIGO4 ,HE 
    JO9$ ! >MY 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,ANUAL MILIT>Y DISA/] 7,MOROCCO7 & S]V$ = 
    SEV]AL YE>S AS A GUNN] 9 ,AFRICA 7#a#i#b#a-#b#e74 ,LAT] HE TRAVEL$ TO ,HAVANA & ON TO 
    ,MEXICO 7#a#i#b#e-#b#f7 & WORK$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,P5NSYLVANIA74 ,IT WAS 9 ! ,U,S,A ?AT HE 
    CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ,A4 ,QU9TAS :O 9TRODUC$ HIM TO AN>*ISM4 ,A %ORT TIME AFT] ?AT 
    HE WAS DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 OV] HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,SACCO-,VANZETTI CAMPAIGN4 ,HE >RIV$ 
    9 A ,SPA9 UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A & SP5T SEV]AL MON?S 9 PRISON4 
    ,LAT] HE LIV$ 9 HID+ BUT WAS V]Y ACTIVE 7HELP+ TO SET UP ! SOCIAL ,AT5EO 9 
    ,MADRID74 ,DUR+ ! REPUBLIC HE WORK$ = ! ,TRANSM$IT]RNEA %IPP+ L9E 7TRAVEL+ 
    TO ,BRAZIL1 ,>G5T9A & ,URUGUAY7 ACT+ AS A LIAISON BETWE5 AN>*I/S ON BO? SIDES ( 
    ! ,ATLANTIC 7SMUGGL+ MILITANTS & PROPAG&A MAT]IALS74 ,HE GAVE UP ! SEA AFT] A 
    TRIP TO ,F]N&O ,POO :5 HE NE>LY DI$ ( MAL>IA4 ,HE WAS 9T5SELY ACTIVE !N 9 
    ,B>CELONA & ,MADRID2 ! EV5TS 9 ,A/URIAS 9 #aicd F\ND HIM UP TO HIS NECK 9 ! 
    REVOLUTION & HE WAS JAIL$ ALONG ) ,FOSCO ,FALAS*I & ,B5IGNO ,MANCEBO4 ,HE WAS 
    RELEAS$ ON P>OLE 9 MID-#a#i#c#e 7AL?\< SOME PEOPLE CLAIM ?AT HE WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? 
    & RELEAS$ UND] ! AMNE/Y 9 #a#i#c#f74 ,!REAFT] HE WAS ACTIVE 9 ! CAT]+ UNION 9 
    ,MADRID & 9 ! ,F,A,I4 ,:5 ! CIVIL W> BROKE \T1 HE JO9$ ! ,GALICIAN COLUMN AS ITS 
    TRADE UNION DELEGATE1 FI<T+ ON ! ,MADRID FRONT - & REJECT+ PROMOTION4 ,HE LAT] 
    JO9$ ! ,9VE/IGATION ,BRAN* 79 ,B>CELONA-,MADRID7 :OSE TASK WAS TO C\NT] ! 
    ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#g74 ,AT ?IS TIME HE WAS DISAPPO9T$ AT ! C\RSE BE+ 
    TAK5 BY ! REVOLUTION & WAS BITT] AT ! SI<T ( YE/]DAYS R$-HOT REVOLUTION>IES 
    JOCKEY+ = 'POSITION'4 ,HE HAD A MIRACUL\S ESCAPE FROM CAPTURE BY ! ,FRANCOI/S AT ! 
    5D ( ! W> & CROSS$ 9TO ,FRANCE VIA ,MAT> & ,CAMPRODON1 ONLY TO BEG9 AN ODYSSEY 
    ?R\< CONC5TRATION CAMPS 9 ,>GELES1 ,B>C>ES1 ,/ ,CYPRI5 & ,>LES - FROM :I* HE 
    ESCAP$ SEV]AL TIMES 7HE WAS 9 ,P]PIGNAN 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#i71 BUT TO LITTLE AVAIL4 ,HE WAS 
    S5T TO PUNI%M5T CAMPS & ASSIGN$ TO ! ,SUR-,NIORT LABOR BATTALION4 ,EV5TUALLY HE 
    MADE IT TO ,P>IS :]E1 AFT] SOME H>% CONFRONTATION ) ,C,N,T LEAD]S1 HE SECUR$ A 
    PASSAGE TO ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,9 ,APRIL HE SAIL$ FROM ,LE ,H>VE1 B\ND = ,CUIDAD ,TRUJILLO 9 
    ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,LAT] HE MOV$ ON TO ,QU]ET>O 9 ,MEXICO 9 #a#i#d#b1 :]E HE 
    REMA9$ UNTIL #aife :5 HE SMUGGL$ HIMSELF TO ,PORTUGAL FROM :]E HE WAS =C$ TO FLEE 
    TO ,MEXICO AFT] A %ORT :ILE4 ,9 #a#i#g#d1 SORELY DIS5*ANT$1 HE RETURN$ TO 5D HIS DAYS 
    9 HIS NATIVE L&1 WORK+ ON ! L&4 ,AN 9DEFATIGABLE BATTL]1 NOT MU* GIV5 TO 
    WRIT+ 7?\< HE WAS FRI5DLY ) WELL- KN[N LIB]T>IAN 9TELLECTUALS7 & A BORN 
    ACTIVI/1 HE WAS )\T D\BT ONE ( ! GREATE/ AN>*I/S ( HIS DAY & ONE ( ! 
    ONES :O RESI/$ ! TEMPTATION TO COMPROMISE :I* S$UC$ LOTS ( O!R ,C,N,T MEMB]S 9 
    #a#i#c#f4 ,AMONG HIS FRI5DS W]E ,C>PIO1 ,B4 ,E/EBAN1 ,ODON1 ,TATO1 ,LAMB]ET & ,MANCEBO4 ,YET HE 
    REMA9S A LITTLE-KN[N MILITANT4 
     

,B5IGNO ,MANCEBO 
,BORN 9 ,SAN*ORREJA 7,AVILA1 ,SPA97 9 #aif & DI$ 9 ,MADRID 9 #aid BE=E 
    A FASCI/ FIR+ SQUAD4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ FAMILY1 HE SP5T FIFTE5 YE>S 7#a#i#h-#a#i#b#c7 9 
    ! C>E ( HIS GR&MO!R & SEP>AT$ FROM HIS P>5TS :O HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ! 
    ,AM]ICAS4 ,BY #aibc HE WAS 9 ,>G5T9A :]E HE WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ 
    LABORISM & HE QUICKLY CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ! GR\P PUBLI%+ ! LEG5D>Y 
    AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,LA ,PROTE/A 7ON :I* HE WORK$ AS A TYPESETT]7 & IMPROV$ 
    HIS $UCATION4 ,9 ,>G5T9A HE BECAME A FAN ( ! !AT] 7! ,>TE Y ,NATURA GR\P7 & 
    HE BELONG$ TO ! ,BOOKLOV]S ,GUILD SET UP BY ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLN4 ,>RE/$ BY ! 
    ,>G5T9E MILIT>Y 9 #a#i#c1 HE WAS 9T]N$ ON ! ISL& ( ,DEM>*I & !N 9 ,M>T9 
    ,G>CIA & ! PRISON 9 ,U%UAIA1 ONLY TO BE DEPORT$ ALONG ) HIS FA!R1 ,P$RO1 TO 
    ,SPA94 ,HE HAD SC>CELY >RIV$ !RE :5 HE WAS >RE/$ AS A DRAFT- DODG] & HE WAS 
    S5T TO ,VAL5CIA TO DO HIS MILIT>Y S]VICE2 RI<T AFT] DIS*>GE HE JO9$ ! ,C,N,T & 
    ,F,A,I & LAUN*$ ! IMPORTANT ,MADRID NEWSPAP] ,EL ,LIB]T>IO4 ,HIS J\RNALI/IC 
    ACTIVITY WAS FLE%$ \T ) FREQU5T PIECES WRITT5 = ,C,N,T1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD 
    & ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7AS A RESULT ( :I* HE SAW ! 9SIDE ( ! REPUBLICS 
    PRISONS FAIRLY REGUL>LY74 ,DUR+ ! CIVIL W> HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ACTIVITIES ( ! FIR/ 
    IMPORTANCE2 HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,TS REGIONAL COMMITTEE 9 ,CA/ILE & ( ! 
    COMMISSION GIV5 ! TASK ( PRES]V+ ! NATIONAL H]ITAGE4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aici HE JO9$ 
    ! FAM\S ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C5T]4 ,LAT] HE FL$ TO ,ALICANTE :]E HE WAS 
    >RE/$4 ,HE WAS %OT ON #bg ,APRIL #a#i#d4 ,AL?\< LESS WELL KN[N ?AN O!R ,>G5T9ES1 
    ,B5IGNO ,MANCEBO WAS ONE ( ?AT LEG5D>Y B& ( MILITANTS ) CONNECTIONS TO ,LA 
    ,PROTE/A :O PLAY$ SU* A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,BLA/1 ,VOL4 #a1 ,NO4 #a1 #a#e? ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#f47 

,FROM 3 ,KATE ,%>PLEY ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #aiaf 3 ,:Y ,! ,BLA/8 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #c1 #bag 3 ,:Y ,! ,BLA/8 -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,:Y ,! ,BLA/8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/