,*APT] #d 
,PROP]TY 

#aiagaiag 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,I,V 

,P,R,O,P,],T,Y 

,A,M,O,N,G ! MANY GLOOMY NOVELI/S ( ! REALI/IC S*OOL1 P]HAPS ! MO/ FULL ( GLOOM IS ,GISS+4 ,9 COMMON ) ALL HIS *>ACT]S1 HE LIVES UND] ! WEI<T ( A GREAT OPPRESSION3 ! P[] ( ! FE>FUL & YET ADOR$ IDOL ( ,MONEY4 ,ONE ( HIS TYPICAL /ORIES IS 0,EVE'S ,RANSOM10 :]E ! H]O9E1 ) V>I\S DISCR$ITABLE SUBT]FUGES1 ?R[S OV] ! POOR MAN :OM %E LOVES 9 ORD] TO M>RY ! RI* MAN :OSE 9COME %E LOVES /ILL BETT]4 ,! POOR MAN1 F9D+ ?AT ! RI* MAN'S 9COME HAS GIV5 H] A FULL] LIFE & A BETT] *>ACT] ?AN ! POOR MAN'S LOVE C\LD HAVE GIV5 H]1 DECIDES ?AT %E HAS DONE QUITE RI<T1 & ?AT HE DES]VES TO BE PUNI%$ = HIS LACK ( MONEY4 ,9 ?IS /ORY1 AS 9 HIS O!R BOOKS1 ,GISS+ HAS SET =?1 QUITE ACCURATELY1 ! ACTUAL DOM9ION ( MONEY1 & ! IMP]SONAL WOR%IP :I* IT EXACTS FROM ! GREAT MAJORITY ( CIVILIZ$ MANK9D4 

,GISS+'S FACTS >E UND5IABLE1 & YET HIS ATTITUDE PRODUCES A REVOLT 9 ANY READ] :O HAS VITAL PASSIONS & MA/]FUL DESIRES4 ,HIS WOR%IP ( MONEY IS B\ND UP ) HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( 9W>D DEFEAT4 ,& 9 ! MOD]N WORLD G5]ALLY1 IT IS ! DECAY ( LIFE :I* HAS PROMOT$ ! RELIGION ( MAT]IAL GOODS2 & ! RELIGION ( MAT]IAL GOODS1 9 ITS TURN1 HAS HA/5$ ! DECAY ( LIFE ON :I* IT ?RIVES4 ,! MAN :O WOR%IPS MONEY HAS CEAS$ TO HOPE = HAPP9ESS ?R\< HIS [N EF=TS OR 9 HIS [N ACTIVITIES3 HE LOOKS UPON HAPP9ESS AS A PASSIVE 5JOYM5T ( PLEASURES D]IV$ FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,! >TI/ OR ! LOV] DOES NOT WOR%IP MONEY 9 HIS MOM5TS ( >DOR1 BECAUSE HIS DESIRES >E SPECIFIC1 & DIRECT$ T[>DS OBJECTS :I* ONLY HE CAN CREATE4 ,& CONV]SELY1 ! WOR%IP] ( MONEY CAN NEV] A*IEVE GREATNESS AS AN >TI/ OR A LOV]4 

,LOVE ( MONEY HAS BE5 D5\NC$ BY MORALI/S S9CE ! WORLD BEGAN4 ,I DO NOT WI% TO ADD ANO!R TO ! MORAL D5UNCIATIONS1 ( :I* ! EFFICACY 9 ! PA/ HAS NOT BE5 5C\RAG+4 ,I WI% TO %[ H[ ! WOR%IP ( MONEY IS BO? AN EFFECT & A CAUSE ( DIM9I%+ VITALITY1 & H[ \R 9/ITUTIONS MI<T BE *ANG$ SO AS TO MAKE ! WOR%IP ( MONEY GR[ LESS & ! G5]AL VITALITY GR[ MORE4 ,IT IS NOT ! DESIRE = MONEY AS A MEANS TO DEF9ITE 5DS ?AT IS 9 QUE/ION4 ,A /RUGGL+ >TI/ MAY DESIRE MONEY 9 ORD] TO HAVE LEISURE = HIS >T1 BUT ?IS DESIRE IS F9ITE1 & CAN BE SATISFI$ FULLY BY A V]Y MODE/ SUM4 ,IT IS ! WOR%IP ( MONEY ?AT ,I WI% TO CONSID]3 ! BELIEF ?AT ALL VALUES MAY BE MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( MONEY1 & ?AT MONEY IS ! ULTIMATE TE/ ( SUCCESS 9 LIFE4 ,?IS BELIEF IS HELD 9 FACT1 IF NOT 9 WORDS1 BY MULTITUDES ( M5 & WOM51 & YET IT IS NOT 9 H>MONY ) HUMAN NATURE1 S9CE IT IGNORES VITAL NE$S & ! 9/9CTIVE T5D5CY T[>DS SOME SPECIFIC K9D ( GR[?4 ,IT MAKES M5 TREAT AS UNIMPORTANT ?OSE ( !IR DESIRES :I* RUN C\NT] TO ! ACQUISITION ( MONEY1 & YET SU* DESIRES >E1 AS A RULE1 MORE IMPORTANT TO WELL-BE+ ?AN ANY 9CREASE ( 9COME4 ,IT LEADS M5 TO MUTILATE !IR [N NATURES FROM A MI/AK5 !ORY ( :AT CON/ITUTES SUCCESS1 & TO GIVE ADMIRATION TO 5T]PRISES :I* ADD NO?+ TO HUMAN WELF>E4 ,IT PROMOTES A DEAD UNI=MITY ( *>ACT] & PURPOSE1 A DIM9UTION 9 ! JOY ( LIFE1 & A /RESS & /RA9 :I* LEAVES :OLE COMMUNITIES WE>Y1 DISC\RAG$1 & DISILLUSION$4 

,AM]ICA1 ! PIONE] ( ,WE/]N PROGRESS1 IS ?\<T BY MANY TO DISPLAY ! WOR%IP ( MONEY 9 ITS MO/ P]FECT =M4 ,A WELL-TO-DO ,AM]ICAN1 :O ALREADY HAS MORE ?AN 5\< MONEY TO SATISFY ALL REASONABLE REQUIREM5TS1 ALMO/ ALWAYS CONT9UES TO WORK AT HIS (FICE ) AN ASSIDUITY :I* W\LD ONLY BE P>DONABLE IF />VATION W]E ! ALT]NATIVE4 

,BUT ,5GL&1 EXCEPT AMONG A SMALL M9ORITY1 IS ALMO/ AS MU* GIV5 OV] TO ! WOR%IP ( MONEY AS ,AM]ICA4 ,LOVE ( MONEY 9 ,5GL& TAKES1 AS A RULE1 ! =M ( SNOBBI%LY DESIR+ TO MA9TA9 A C]TA9 SOCIAL /ATUS1 RA!R ?AN ( /RIV+ AFT] AN 9DEF9ITE 9CREASE ( 9COME4 ,M5 PO/PONE M>RIAGE UNTIL !Y HAVE AN 9COME 5ABL+ !M TO HAVE AS MANY ROOMS & S]VANTS 9 !IR H\SE AS !Y FEEL ?AT !IR DIGNITY REQUIRES4 ,?IS MAKES IT NECESS>Y = !M :ILE !Y >E Y\NG TO KEEP A WAT* UPON !IR AFFECTIONS1 LE/ !Y %\LD BE L$ 9TO AN IMPRUD5CE3 !Y ACQUIRE A CAUTI\S HABIT ( M9D1 & A FE> ( 0GIV+ !MSELVES AWAY10 :I* MAKES A FREE & VIGOR\S LIFE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ACT+ AS !Y DO !Y IMAG9E ?AT !Y >E BE+ VIRTU\S1 S9CE !Y W\LD FEEL IT A H>D%IP = A WOMAN TO BE ASK$ TO DESC5D TO A L[] SOCIAL /ATUS ?AN ?AT ( H] P>5TS1 & A DEGRADATION TO !MSELVES TO M>RY A WOMAN :OSE SOCIAL /ATUS WAS NOT EQUAL TO !IR [N4 ,! ?+S ( NATURE >E NOT VALU$ 9 COMP>ISON ) MONEY4 ,IT IS NOT ?\<T A H>D%IP = A WOMAN TO HAVE TO ACCEPT1 AS H] ONLY EXP]I5CE ( LOVE1 ! PRUD5T & LIMIT$ ATT5TIONS ( A MAN :OSE CAPACITY = EMOTION HAS BE5 LO/ DUR+ YE>S ( WISE RE/RA9T OR SORDID RELATIONS ) WOM5 :OM HE DID NOT RESPECT4 ,! WOMAN H]SELF DOES NOT KN[ ?AT IT IS A H>D%IP2 = %E1 TOO1 HAS BE5 TAU<T PRUD5CE = FE> ( A DESC5T 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE1 & FROM E>LY Y\? %E HAS HAD IT 9/ILL$ 9TO H] ?AT /RONG FEEL+ DOES NOT BECOME A Y\NG WOMAN4 ,SO ! TWO UNITE TO SLIP ?R\< LIFE 9 IGNORANCE ( ALL ?AT IS WOR? KN[+4 ,!IR ANCE/ORS W]E NOT RE/RA9$ FROM PASSION BY ! FE> ( HELL-FIRE1 BUT !Y >E RE/RA9$ EFFECTUALLY BY A WORSE FE>1 ! FE> ( COM+ D[N 9 ! WORLD4 

,! SAME MOTIVES :I* LEAD M5 TO M>RY LATE ALSO LEAD !M TO LIMIT !IR FAMILIES4 ,PR(ESSIONAL M5 WI% TO S5D !IR SONS TO A PUBLIC S*OOL1 ?\< ! $UCATION !Y WILL OBTA9 IS NO BETT] ?AN AT A GRAMM> S*OOL1 & ! COMPANIONS ) :OM !Y WILL ASSOCIATE >E MORE VICI\S4 ,BUT SNOBDOM HAS DECID$ ?AT PUBLIC S*OOLS >E BE/1 & FROM ITS V]DICT !RE IS NO APPEAL4 ,:AT MAKES !M ! BE/ IS ?AT !Y >E ! MO/ EXP5SIVE4 ,& ! SAME SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 9 V>Y+ =MS1 RUNS ?R\< ALL CLASSES EXCEPT ! V]Y HI<E/ & ! V]Y L[E/4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE M5 & WOM5 MAKE GREAT MORAL EF=TS1 & %[ AMAZ+ P[]S ( SELF-CONTROL2 BUT ALL !IR EF=TS & ALL !IR SELF-CONTROL1 BE+ NOT US$ = ANY CREATIVE 5D1 S]VE M]ELY TO DRY UP ! WELL-SPR+ ( LIFE )9 !M1 TO MAKE !M FEEBLE1 LI/LESS1 & TRIVIAL4 ,IT IS NOT 9 SU* A SOIL ?AT ! PASSION :I* PRODUCES G5IUS CAN BE N\RI%$4 ,M5'S S\LS HAVE EX*ANG$ ! WILD]NESS = ! DRAW+-ROOM3 !Y HAVE BECOME CRAMP$ & PETTY & DE=M$1 LIKE ,*9ESE WOM5'S FEET4 ,EV5 ! HORRORS ( W> HAVE H>DLY AWAK5$ !M FROM ! SMUG SOMNAMBULISM ( RESPECTABILITY4 ,& IT IS *IEFLY ! WOR%IP ( MONEY ?AT HAS BR\<T AB\T ?IS DEA?LIKE SLUMB] ( ALL ?AT MAKES M5 GREAT4 

,9 ,FRANCE ! WOR%IP ( MONEY TAKES ! =M ( ?RIFT4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO MAKE A =TUNE 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT AN 9H]IT$ COMPET5CE IS V]Y COMMON1 & :]E IT EXI/S ! MA9 PURPOSE ( LIFE IS TO H& IT ON UNDIM9I%$1 IF NOT 9CREAS$4 ,! ,FR5* R5TI] IS ONE ( ! GREAT =CES 9 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS3 IT IS HE ?R\< :OM ,FRANCE HAS BE5 /R5G!N$ 9 DIPLOMACY & WEAK5$ 9 W>1 BY 9CREAS+ ! SUPPLY ( ,FR5* CAPITAL & DIM9I%+ ! SUPPLY ( ,FR5* M54 ,! NECESSITY ( PROVID+ A DOT = DAU<T]S1 & ! SUBDIVISION ( PROP]TY BY ! LAW ( 9H]ITANCE1 HAVE MADE ! FAMILY MORE P[]FUL1 AS AN 9/ITUTION1 ?AN 9 ANY O!R CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ! FAMILY MAY PROSP]1 IT IS KEPT SMALL1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S >E (T5 SACRIFIC$ TO IT4 ,! DESIRE = FAMILY CONT9UITY MAKES M5 TIMID & UNADV5TUR\S3 IT IS ONLY 9 ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT ?AT ! D>+ SPIRIT SURVIVES :I* MADE ! ,REVOLUTION & L$ ! WORLD 9 POLITICAL ?\<T & PRACTICE4 ,?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( MONEY1 ! /R5G? ( ! FAMILY HAS BECOME A WEAKNESS TO ! NATION BY MAK+ ! POPULATION REMA9 /ATION>Y & EV5 T5D TO DECL9E4 ,! SAME LOVE ( SAFETY IS BEG9N+ TO PRODUCE ! SAME EFFECTS ELSE:]E2 BUT 9 ?IS1 AS 9 MANY BETT] ?+S1 ,FRANCE HAS L$ ! WAY4 

,9 ,G]MANY ! WOR%IP ( MONEY IS MORE REC5T ?AN 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 & ,AM]ICA2 9DE$1 IT H>DLY EXI/$ UNTIL AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>4 ,BUT IT HAS BE5 ADOPT$ N[ ) ! SAME 9T5SITY & :OLE-HE>T$NESS :I* HAVE ALWAYS M>K$ ,G]MAN BELIEFS4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ?AT1 AS 9 ,FRANCE ! WOR%IP ( MONEY IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! FAMILY1 SO 9 ,G]MANY IT IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,/ATE4 ,LISZT1 9 DELIB]ATE REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,5GLI% ECONOMI/S1 TAU<T HIS COMPATRIOTS TO ?9K ( ECONOMICS 9 NATIONAL T]MS1 & ! ,G]MAN :O DEVELOPS A BUS9ESS IS FELT1 BY O!RS AS WELL AS BY HIMSELF1 TO BE P]=M+ A S]VICE TO ! ,/ATE4 ,G]MANS BELIEVE ?AT ,5GL&'S GREATNESS IS DUE TO 9DU/RIALISM & ,EMPIRE1 & ?AT \R SUCCESS 9 !SE IS DUE TO AN 9T5SE NATIONALISM4 ,! APP>5T 9T]NATIONALISM ( \R ,FREE ,TRADE POLICY !Y REG>D AS M]E HYPOCRISY4 ,!Y HAVE SET !MSELVES TO IMITATE :AT !Y BELIEVE WE REALLY >E1 ) ONLY ! HYPOCRISY OMITT$4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT !IR SUCCESS HAS BE5 AMAZ+4 ,BUT 9 ! PROCESS !Y HAVE DE/ROY$ ALMO/ ALL ?AT MADE ,G]MANY ( VALUE TO ! WORLD1 & !Y HAVE NOT ADOPT$ :ATEV] ( GOOD !RE MAY HAVE BE5 AMONG US1 S9CE ?AT WAS ALL SWEPT ASIDE 9 ! :OLESALE CONDEMNATION ( 0HYPOCRISY40 ,& 9 ADOPT+ \R WOR/ FAULTS1 !Y HAVE MADE !M F> WORSE BY A SY/EM1 A ?OR\<NESS1 & A UNANIMITY ( :I* WE >E HAPPILY 9CAPABLE4 ,G]MANY'S RELIGION IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! WORLD1 S9CE ,G]MANS HAVE A P[] ( REAL BELIEF1 & HAVE ! 5]GY TO ACQUIRE ! VIRTUES & VISES :I* !IR CRE$ DEM&S4 ,= ! SAKE ( ! WORLD1 AS WELL AS = ! SAKE ( ,G]MANY1 WE MU/ HOPE ?AT !Y WILL SOON AB&ON ! WOR%IP ( WEAL? :I* !Y HAVE UN=TUNATELY LE>N$ FROM US4 

,WOR%IP ( MONEY IS NO NEW ?+1 BUT IT IS A MORE H>MFUL ?+ ?AN IT US$ TO BE1 = SEV]AL REASONS4 ,9DU/RIALISM HAS MADE WORK MORE WE>ISOME & 9T5SE1 LESS CAPABLE ( AF=D+ PLEASURE & 9T]E/ BY ! WAY TO ! MAN :O HAS UND]TAK5 IT = ! SAKE ( MONEY4 ,! P[] ( LIMIT+ FAMILIES HAS OP5$ A NEW FIELD = ! OP]ATION ( ?RIFT4 ,! G5]AL 9CREASE 9 $UCATION & SELF-DISCIPL9E HAS MADE M5 MORE CAPABLE ( PURSU+ A PURPOSE CONSI/5TLY 9 SPITE ( TEMPTATIONS1 & :5 ! PURPOSE IS AGA9/ LIFE IT BECOMES MORE DE/RUCTIVE ) EV]Y 9CREASE ( T5ACITY 9 ?OSE :O ADOPT IT4 ,! GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY RESULT+ FROM 9DU/RIALISM HAS 5ABL$ US TO DEVOTE MORE LABOR & CAPITAL TO >MIES & NAVIES = ! PROTECTION ( \R WEAL? FROM 5VI\S NEI<BORS1 & = ! EXPLOITATION ( 9F]IOR RACES1 :I* >E RU?LESSLY WA/$ BY ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,?R\< ! FE> ( LOS+ MONEY1 =E?\<T & ANXIETY EAT AWAY M5'S P[] ( HAPP9ESS1 & ! DREAD ( MIS=TUNE BECOMES A GREAT] MIS=TUNE ?AN ! ONE :I* IS DREAD$4 ,! HAPPIE/ M5 & WOM51 AS WE CAN ALL TE/IFY FROM \R [N EXP]I5CE1 >E ?OSE :O >E 9DIFF]5T TO MONEY BECAUSE !Y HAVE SOME POSITIVE PURPOSE :I* %UTS IT \T4 ,& YET ALL \R POLITICAL ?\<T1 :E!R IMP]IALI/1 RADICAL1 OR SOCIALI/1 CONT9UES TO OCCUPY ITSELF ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ) M5'S ECONOMIC DESIRES1 AS ?\< !Y ALONE HAD REAL IMPORTANCE4 

,9 JUDG+ ( AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 :E!R ! ONE UND] :I* WE LIVE OR ONE PROPOS$ BY RE=M]S1 !RE >E F\R MA9 TE/S :I* MAY BE APPLI$4 ,WE MAY CONSID] :E!R ! SY/EM SECURES 7#a7 ! MAXIMUM ( PRODUCTION1 OR 7#b7 JU/ICE 9 DI/RIBUTION1 OR 7#c7 A TOL]ABLE EXI/5CE = PRODUC]S1 OR 7#d7 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM & /IMULUS TO VITALITY & PROGRESS4 ,WE MAY SAY1 BROADLY1 ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM AIMS ONLY AT ! FIR/ ( !SE OBJECTS1 :ILE SOCIALISM AIMS AT ! SECOND & ?IRD4 ,SOME DEF5D]S ( ! PRES5T SY/EM CONT5D ?AT TE*NICAL PROGRESS IS BETT] PROMOT$ BY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ?AN IT W\LD BE IF 9DU/RY W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE2 TO ?IS EXT5T !Y RECOGNIZE ! F\R? ( ! OBJECTS WE HAVE 5UM]AT$4 ,BUT !Y RECOGNIZE IT ONLY ON ! SIDE ( ! GOODS & ! CAPITALI/1 NOT ON ! SIDE ( ! WAGE-E>N]4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! F\R? IS MU* ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! OBJECTS TO BE AIM$ AT1 ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM IS FATAL TO IT1 & ?AT OR?ODOX SOCIALISM MI<T WELL PROVE EQUALLY FATAL4 

,ONE ( ! LEA/ QUE/ION$ ASSUMPTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS1 ?AT PRODUCTION \<T TO BE 9CREAS$ 9 AM\NT BY EV]Y POSSIBLE MEANS3 BY NEW K9DS ( MA*9]Y1 BY EMPLOYM5T ( WOM5 & BOYS1 BY MAK+ H\RS ( LABOR AS LONG AS IS COMPATIBLE ) EFFICI5CY4 ,C5TRAL ,AFRICAN NATIVES1 ACCU/OM$ TO LIV+ ON RAW FRUITS ( ! E>? & DEFEAT+ ,MAN*E/] BY DISP5S+ ) CLO!S1 >E COMPELL$ TO WORK BY A HUT TAX :I* !Y CAN ONLY PAY BY TAK+ EMPLOYM5T UND] ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/S4 ,IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT !Y >E P]FECTLY HAPPY :ILE !Y REMA9 FREE FROM ,EUROPEAN 9FLU5CES1 & ?AT 9DU/RIALISM BR+S UPON !M1 NOT ONLY ! UNWONT$ MIS]Y ( CONF9EM5T1 BUT ALSO DEA? FROM DISEASES TO :I* :ITE M5 HAVE BECOME P>TIALLY IMMUNE4 ,IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT ! BE/ NEGRO WORK]S >E ! 0RAW NATIVES10 FRE% FROM ! BU%1 UNCONTAM9AT$ BY PREVI\S EXP]I5CE ( WAGE-E>N+4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NO ONE EFFECTIVELY CONT5DS ?AT !Y \<T TO BE PRES]V$ FROM ! DET]IORATION :I* WE BR+1 S9CE NO ONE EFFECTIVELY D\BTS ?AT IT IS GOOD TO 9CREASE ! WORLD'S PRODUCTION AT NO MATT] :AT CO/4 

,! BELIEF 9 ! IMPORTANCE ( PRODUCTION HAS A FANATICAL IRRATIONALITY & RU?LESSNESS4 ,SO LONG AS SOME?+ IS PRODUC$1 :AT IT IS ?AT IS PRODUC$ SEEMS TO BE ?\<T A MATT] ( NO ACC\NT4 ,\R :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM 5C\RAGES ?IS VIEW1 S9CE FE> ( UNEMPLOYM5T MAKES ANY K9D ( WORK A BOON TO WAGE-E>N]S4 ,! MANIA = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION HAS TURN$ M5'S ?\<TS AWAY FROM MU* MORE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS1 & HAS PREV5T$ ! WORLD FROM GETT+ ! B5EFITS IT MI<T HAVE GOT \T ( ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 

,:5 WE >E F$ & CLO!D & H\S$1 FUR!R MAT]IAL GOODS >E NE$$ ONLY = O/5TATION4.<#a.> ,) MOD]N ME?ODS1 A C]TA9 PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 )\T WORK+ LONG H\RS1 C\LD DO ALL ! WORK ?AT IS REALLY NECESS>Y 9 ! WAY ( PRODUC+ COMMODITIES4 ,! TIME :I* IS N[ SP5T 9 PRODUC+ LUXURIES C\LD BE SP5T P>TLY 9 5JOYM5T & C\NTRY HOLIDAYS1 P>TLY 9 BETT] $UCATION1 P>TLY 9 WORK ?AT IS NOT MANUAL OR SUB-S]V+ MANUAL WORK4 ,WE C\LD1 IF WE WI%$1 HAVE F> MORE SCI5CE & >T1 MORE DIFFUS$ KN[L$GE & M5TAL CULTIVATION1 MORE LEISURE = WAGE-E>N]S1 & MORE CAPACITY = 9TELLIG5T PLEASURES4 ,AT PRES5T NOT ONLY WAGES1 BUT ALMO/ ALL E>N$ 9COMES1 CAN ONLY BE OBTA9$ BY WORK+ MU* LONG] H\RS ?AN M5 \<T TO WORK4 ,A MAN :O E>NS ,G,B,P#h A YE> BY H>D WORK C\LD NOT1 AS A RULE1 E>N ,G,B,P#d A YE> BY HALF AS MU* WORK4 ,(T5 HE C\LD NOT E>N ANY?+ IF HE W]E NOT WILL+ TO WORK PRACTICALLY ALL DAY & EV]Y DAY4 ,BECAUSE ( ! EXCESSIVE BELIEF 9 ! VALUE ( PRODUCTION1 IT IS ?\<T RI<T & PROP] = M5 TO WORK LONG H\RS1 & ! GOOD ?AT MI<T RESULT FROM %ORT] H\RS IS NOT REALIZ$4 ,& ALL ! CRUELTIES ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 NOT ONLY 9 ,EUROPE BUT EV5 MORE 9 ! TROPICS1 >\SE ONLY AN OCCASIONAL FEEBLE PROTE/ FROM A FEW PHILAN?ROPI/S4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE1 [+ TO ! DI/ORTION PRODUC$ BY \R PRES5T ECONOMIC ME?ODS1 M5'S CONSCI\S DESIRES1 9 SU* MATT]S1 COV] ONLY A V]Y SMALL P>T1 & ?AT NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T1 ( ! REAL NE$S AFFECT$ BY 9DU/RIAL WORK4 ,IF ?IS IS TO BE REM$I$1 IT CAN ONLY BE BY A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 9 :I* ! RELATION ( ACTIVITY TO NE$S WILL BE LESS CONCEAL$ & MORE DIRECT4 

,! PURPOSE ( MAXIMIZ+ PRODUCTION WILL NOT BE A*IEV$ 9 ! LONG RUN IF \R PRES5T 9DU/RIAL SY/EM CONT9UES4 ,\R PRES5T SY/EM IS WA/EFUL ( HUMAN MAT]IAL1 P>TLY ?R\< DAMAGE TO ! HEAL? & EFFICI5CY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY :5 WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E EMPLOY$1 P>TLY ?R\< ! FACT ?AT ! BE/ WORK]S T5D TO HAVE SMALL FAMILIES & ?AT ! MORE CIVILIZ$ RACES >E 9 DANG] ( GRADUAL EXT9CTION4 ,EV]Y GREAT CITY IS A C5T] ( RACE-DET]IORATION4 ,= ! CASE ( ,LONDON ?IS HAS BE5 >GU$ ) A WEAL? ( /ATI/ICAL DETAIL BY ,SIR ,H4 ,LLEWELYN ,SMI?2.<#b.> & IT CANNOT EASILY BE D\BT$ ?AT IT IS EQUALLY TRUE 9 O!R CASES4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES3 ! M9]ALS1 ! VIRG9 =E/S1 & ! NEWLY DEVELOP$ :EATFIELDS ( ! WORLD >E BE+ EXHAU/$ ) A RECKLESS PRODIGALITY :I* 5TAILS ALMO/ A C]TA9TY ( H>D%IP = FUTURE G5]ATIONS4 

,SOCIALI/S SEE ! REM$Y 9 ,/ATE [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL1 COMB9$ ) A MORE JU/ SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT \R PRES5T SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION IS 9DEF5SIBLE FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW1 9CLUD+ ! PO9T ( VIEW ( JU/ICE4 ,\R SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION IS REGULAT$ BY LAW1 & IS CAPABLE ( BE+ *ANG$ 9 MANY RESPECTS :I* FAMILI>ITY MAKES US REG>D AS NATURAL & 9EVITABLE4 ,WE MAY DI/+UI% F\R *IEF S\RCES ( RECOGNIZ$ LEGAL RI<TS TO PRIVATE PROP]TY3 7#a7 A MAN'S RI<T TO :AT HE HAS MADE HIMSELF2 7#b7 ! RI<T TO 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL :I* HAS BE5 L5T2 7#c7 ! [N]%IP ( L&2 7#d7 9H]ITANCE4 ,!SE =M A CRESC5DO ( RESPECTABILITY3 CAPITAL IS MORE RESPECTABLE ?AN LABOR1 L& IS MORE RESPECTABLE ?AN CAPITAL1 & ANY =M ( WEAL? IS MORE RESPECTABLE :5 IT IS 9H]IT$ ?AN :5 IT HAS BE5 ACQUIR$ BY \R [N EX]TIONS4 

,A MAN'S RI<T TO ! PRODUCE ( HIS [N LABOR HAS NEV]1 9 FACT1 HAD MORE ?AN A V]Y LIMIT$ RECOGNITION FROM ! LAW4 ,! E>LY SOCIALI/S1 ESPECIALLY ! ,5GLI% =]UNN]S ( ,M>X1 US$ TO 9SI/ UPON ?IS RI<T AS ! BASIS ( A JU/ SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION1 BUT 9 ! COMPLICATION ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :AT A MAN HAS PRODUC$4 ,:AT PROPORTION ( ! GOODS C>RI$ BY A RAILWAY %\LD BELONG TO ! GOODS PORT]S CONC]N$ 9 !IR J\RNEY8 ,:5 A SURGEON SAVES A MAN'S LIFE BY AN OP]ATION1 :AT PROPORTION ( ! COMMODITIES :I* ! MAN SUBSEQU5TLY PRODUCES CAN ! SURGEON JU/LY CLAIM8 ,SU* PROBLEMS >E 9SOLUBLE4 ,& !RE IS NO SPECIAL JU/ICE1 EV5 IF !Y W]E SOLUBLE1 9 ALL[+ TO EA* MAN :AT HE HIMSELF PRODUCES4 ,SOME M5 >E /RONG]1 HEAL?I]1 CLEV]]1 ?AN O!RS1 BUT !RE IS NO REASON = 9CREAS+ !SE NATURAL 9JU/ICES BY ! >TIFICIAL 9JU/ICES ( ! LAW4 ,! PR9CIPLE RECOMM5DS ITSELF P>TLY AS A WAY ( ABOLI%+ ! V]Y RI*1 P>TLY AS A WAY ( /IMULAT+ PEOPLE TO WORK H>D4 ,BUT ! FIR/ ( !SE OBJECTS CAN BE BETT] OBTA9$ 9 O!R WAYS1 & ! SECOND CEASES TO BE OBVI\SLY DESIRABLE AS SOON AS WE CEASE TO WOR%IP MONEY4 

,9T]E/ >ISES NATURALLY 9 ANY COMMUNITY 9 :I* PRIVATE PROP]TY IS UNRE/RICT$ & !FT IS PUNI%$1 BECAUSE SOME ( ! MO/ ECONOMICAL PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION >E SL[1 & ?OSE :O HAVE ! SKILL TO P]=M !M MAY NOT HAVE ! MEANS ( LIV+ :ILE !Y >E BE+ COMPLET$4 ,BUT ! P[] ( L5D+ MONEY GIVES SU* GREAT WEAL? & 9FLU5CE TO PRIVATE CAPITALI/S ?AT UNLESS /RICTLY CONTROLL$ IT IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) ANY REAL FRE$OM = ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 ,ITS EFFECTS AT PRES5T1 BO? 9 ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD & 9 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 >E SO BAD ?AT IT SEEMS IMP]ATIVELY NECESS>Y TO DEVISE SOME MEANS ( CURB+ ITS P[]4 

,PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 L& HAS NO JU/IFICATION EXCEPT HI/ORICALLY ?R\< P[] ( ! SWORD4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( FEUDAL TIMES1 C]TA9 M5 HAD 5\< MILIT>Y /R5G? TO BE ABLE TO =CE ?OSE :OM !Y DISLIK$ NOT TO LIVE 9 A C]TA9 >EA4 ,?OSE :OM !Y *OSE TO LEAVE ON ! L& BECAME !IR S]FS1 & W]E =C$ TO WORK = !M 9 RETURN = ! GRACI\S P]MISSION TO /AY4 ,9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% LAW 9 PLACE ( PRIVATE =CE1 IT WAS NECESS>Y1 9 ! MA91 TO LEAVE UNDI/URB$ ! RI<TS :I* HAD BE5 ACQUIR$ BY ! SWORD4 ,! L& BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ?OSE :O HAD CONQU]$ IT1 & ! S]FS W]E ALL[$ TO GIVE R5T 9/EAD ( S]VICE4 ,!RE IS NO JU/IFICATION = PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 L&1 EXCEPT ! HI/ORICAL NECESSITY TO CONCILIATE TURBUL5T ROBB]S :O W\LD NOT O!RWISE HAVE OBEY$ ! LAW4 ,?IS NECESSITY >OSE 9 ,EUROPE MANY C5TURIES AGO1 BUT 9 ,AFRICA ! :OLE PROCESS IS (T5 QUITE REC5T4 ,IT IS BY ?IS PROCESS1 SLI<TLY DISGUIS$1 ?AT ! ,KIMB]LEY DIAMOND M9ES & ! ,R& GOLD M9ES W]E ACQUIR$ 9 SPITE ( PRIOR NATIVE RI<TS4 ,IT IS A S+UL> EXAMPLE ( HUMAN 9]TIA ?AT M5 %\LD HAVE CONT9U$ UNTIL N[ TO 5DURE ! TYRANNY & EXTORTION :I* A SMALL M9ORITY >E ABLE TO 9FLICT BY !IR POSSESSION ( ! L&4 ,NO GOOD TO ! COMMUNITY1 ( ANY SORT OR K9D1 RESULTS FROM ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&4 ,IF M5 W]E REASONABLE1 !Y W\LD DECREE ?AT IT %\LD CEASE TO-MORR[1 ) NO COMP5SATION BEYOND A MOD]ATE LIFE 9COME TO ! PRES5T HOLD]S4 

,! M]E ABOLITION ( R5T W\LD NOT REMOVE 9JU/ICE1 S9CE IT W\LD CONF] A CAPRICI\S ADVANTAGE UPON ! OCCUPI]S ( ! BE/ SITES & ! MO/ F]TILE L&4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT !RE %\LD BE R5T1 BUT IT %\LD BE PAID TO ! ,/ATE OR TO SOME BODY :I* P]=MS PUBLIC S]VICES2 OR1 IF ! TOTAL R5TAL W]E MORE ?AN IS REQUIR$ = SU* PURPOSES1 IT MI<T BE PAID 9TO A COMMON FUND & DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG ! POPULATION4 ,SU* A ME?OD W\LD BE JU/1 & W\LD NOT ONLY HELP TO RELIEVE POV]TY1 BUT W\LD PREV5T WA/EFUL EMPLOYM5T ( L& & ! TYRANNY ( LOCAL MAGNATES4 ,MU* ?AT APPE>S AS ! P[] ( CAPITAL IS REALLY ! P[] ( ! L&[N]--= EXAMPLE1 ! P[] ( RAILWAY COMPANIES & M9E-[N]S4 ,! EVIL & 9JU/ICE ( ! PRES5T SY/EM >E GL>+1 BUT M5'S PATI5CE ( PREV5TABLE EVILS TO :I* !Y >E ACCU/OM$ IS SO GREAT ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GUESS :5 !Y WILL PUT AN 5D TO ?IS /RANGE ABSURDITY4 

,9H]ITANCE1 :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ! GREAT] P>T ( ! UNE>N$ 9COME 9 ! WORLD1 IS REG>D$ BY MO/ M5 AS A NATURAL RI<T4 ,SOMETIMES1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 ! RI<T IS 9H]5T 9 ! [N] ( PROP]TY1 :O MAY DISPOSE ( IT 9 ANY WAY ?AT SEEMS GOOD TO HIM4 ,SOMETIMES1 AS 9 ,FRANCE1 HIS RI<T IS LIMIT$ BY ! RI<T ( HIS FAMILY TO 9H]IT AT LEA/ A PORTION ( :AT HE HAS TO LEAVE4 ,BUT NEI!R ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( PROP]TY BY WILL NOR ! RI<T ( *ILDR5 TO 9H]IT FROM P>5TS HAS ANY BASIS \TSIDE ! 9/9CTS ( POSSESSION & FAMILY PRIDE4 

,!RE MAY BE REASONS = ALL[+ A MAN :OSE WORK IS EXCEPTIONALLY FRUITFUL--= 9/ANCE1 AN 9V5TOR--TO 5JOY A L>G] 9COME ?AN IS 5JOY$ BY ! AV]AGE CITIZ51 BUT !RE CAN BE NO GOOD REASON = ALL[+ ?IS PRIVILEGE TO DESC5D TO HIS *ILDR5 & GR&*ILDR5 & SO ON = EV]4 ,! EFFECT IS TO PRODUCE AN IDLE & EXCEPTIONALLY =TUNATE CLASS1 :O >E 9FLU5TIAL ?R\< !IR MONEY1 & OPPOS$ TO RE=M = FE> IT %\LD BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ !MSELVES4 ,!IR :OLE HABIT ( ?\<T BECOMES TIMID1 S9CE !Y DREAD BE+ =C$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT !IR POSITION IS 9DEF5SIBLE2 YET SNOBB]Y & ! WI% TO SECURE !IR FAVOR LEADS ALMO/ ! :OLE MIDDLE CLASS TO APE !IR MANN]S & ADOPT !IR OP9IONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y BECOME A POISON 9FECT+ ! \TLOOK ( ALMO/ ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE4 

,IT IS SOMETIMES SAID ?AT )\T ! 9C5TIVE ( 9H]ITANCE M5 W\LD NOT WORK SO WELL4 ,! GREAT CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY1 WE >E ASSUR$1 >E ACTUAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO F\ND A FAMILY1 & W\LD NOT DEVOTE !IR LIVES TO UNREMITT+ TOIL )\T ! HOPE ( GRATIFY+ ?IS DESIRE4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ANY L>GE PROPORTION ( REALLY USEFUL WORK IS DONE FROM ?IS MOTIVE4 ,ORD9>Y WORK IS DONE = ! SAKE ( A LIV+1 & ! V]Y BE/ WORK IS DONE = ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK ITSELF4 ,EV5 ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY1 :O >E ?\<T 7P]HAPS BY !MSELVES AS WELL AS BY O!RS7 TO BE AIM+ AT F\ND+ A FAMILY1 >E PROBABLY MORE ACTUAT$ BY LOVE ( P[] & BY ! ADV5TUR\S PLEASURE ( GREAT 5T]PRISES4 ,& IF !RE W]E SOME SLI<T DIM9UTION 9 ! AM\NT ( WORK DONE1 IT W\LD BE WELL WOR? :ILE 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ! IDLE RI*1 ) ! OPPRESSION1 FEEBL5ESS1 & CORRUPTION :I* !Y 9EVITABLY 9TRODUCE4 

,! PRES5T SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION IS NOT BAS$ UPON ANY PR9CIPLE4 ,/>T+ FROM A SY/EM IMPOS$ BY CONQUE/1 ! >RANGEM5TS MADE BY ! CONQU]ORS = !IR [N B5EFIT W]E /]EOTYP$ BY ! LAW1 & HAVE NEV] BE5 FUNDAM5TALLY RECON/RUCT$4 ,ON :AT PR9CIPLES \<T ! RECON/RUCTION TO BE BAS$8 

,SOCIALISM1 :I* IS ! MO/ WIDELY ADVOCAT$ S*EME ( RECON/RUCTION1 AIMS *IEFLY AT JU/ICE3 ! PRES5T 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL? >E UNJU/1 & SOCIALISM W\LD ABOLI% !M4 ,IT IS NOT ESS5TIAL TO SOCIALISM ?AT ALL M5 %\LD HAVE ! SAME 9COME1 BUT IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT 9EQUALITIES %\LD BE JU/IFI$1 9 EA* CASE1 BY 9EQUALITY ( NE$ OR ( S]VICE P]=M$4 ,!RE CAN BE NO DISPUT+ ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM IS GROSSLY UNJU/1 & ?AT ALMO/ ALL ?AT IS UNJU/ 9 IT IS H>MFUL4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT ?9K JU/ICE ALONE IS A SUFFICI5T PR9CIPLE UPON :I* TO BASE AN ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION4 ,JU/ICE W\LD BE SECUR$ IF ALL W]E EQUALLY UNHAPPY1 AS WELL AS IF ALL W]E EQUALLY HAPPY4 ,JU/ICE1 BY ITSELF1 :5 ONCE REALIZ$1 CONTA9S NO S\RCE ( NEW LIFE4 ,! OLD TYPE ( ,M>XIAN REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ NEV] DWELT1 9 IMAG9ATION1 UPON ! LIFE ( COMMUNITIES AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! MILL5NIUM4 ,HE IMAG9$ ?AT1 LIKE ! ,PR9CE & ,PR9CESS 9 A FAIRY /ORY1 !Y W\LD LIVE HAPPILY EV] AFT]4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT A CONDITION POSSIBLE TO HUMAN NATURE4 ,DESIRE1 ACTIVITY1 PURPOSE1 >E ESS5TIAL TO A TOL]ABLE LIFE1 & A MILL5NIUM1 ?\< IT MAY BE A JOY 9 PROSPECT1 W\LD BE 9TOL]ABLE IF IT W]E ACTUALLY A*IEV$4 

,! MORE MOD]N SOCIALI/S1 IT IS TRUE1 HAVE LO/ MO/ ( ! RELIGI\S F]VOR :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! PIONE]S1 & VIEW SOCIALISM AS A T5D5CY RA!R ?AN A DEF9ITE GOAL4 ,BUT !Y /ILL RETA9 ! VIEW ?AT :AT IS ( MO/ POLITICAL IMPORTANCE TO A MAN IS HIS 9COME1 & ?AT ! PR9CIPAL AIM ( A DEMOCRATIC POLITICIAN \<T TO BE TO 9CREASE ! WAGES ( LABOR4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS 9VOLVES TOO PASSIVE A CONCEPTION ( :AT CON/ITUTES HAPP9ESS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD1 L>GE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION >E TOO POOR TO HAVE ANY POSSIBILITY ( A GOOD LIFE2 BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT A GOOD LIFE WILL COME ( ITSELF ) A DIM9UTION ( POV]TY4 ,V]Y FEW ( ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES HAVE A GOOD LIFE AT PRES5T1 & P]HAPS SOCIALISM W\LD ONLY SUB/ITUTE ! EVILS :I* N[ AFFLICT ! MORE PROSP]\S 9 PLACE ( ! EVILS RESULT+ FROM DE/ITUTION4 

,9 ! EXI/+ LABOR MOVEM5T1 AL?\< IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ VITAL S\RCES ( *ANGE1 !RE >E C]TA9 T5D5CIES AGA9/ :I* RE=M]S \<T TO BE ON !IR GU>D4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T IS 9 ESS5CE A MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( JU/ICE1 BAS$ UPON ! BELIEF ?AT ! SACRIFICE ( ! MANY TO ! FEW IS NOT NECESS>Y N[1 :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! CASE 9 ! PA/4 ,:5 LABOR WAS LESS PRODUCTIVE & $UCATION WAS LESS WIDESPREAD1 AN >I/OCRATIC CIVILIZATION MAY HAVE BE5 ! ONLY ONE POSSIBLE3 IT MAY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y ?AT ! MANY %\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! LIFE ( ! FEW1 IF ! FEW W]E TO TRANSMIT & 9CREASE ! WORLD'S POSSESSIONS 9 >T & ?\<T & CIVILIZ$ EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ?IS NECESSITY IS PA/ OR RAPIDLY PASS+1 & !RE IS NO LONG] ANY VALID OBJECTION TO ! CLAIMS ( JU/ICE4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T IS MORALLY IRRESI/IBLE1 & IS NOT N[ S]I\SLY OPPOS$ EXCEPT BY PREJUDICE & SIMPLE SELF-ASS]TION4 ,ALL LIV+ ?\<T IS ON ITS SIDE2 :AT IS AGA9/ IT IS TRADITIONAL & DEAD4 ,BUT AL?\< IT ITSELF IS LIV+1 IT IS NOT BY ANY MEANS C]TA9 ?AT IT WILL MAKE = LIFE4 

,LABOR IS L$ BY CURR5T POLITICAL ?\<T 9 C]TA9 DIRECTIONS :I* W\LD BECOME REPRESSIVE & DANG]\S IF !Y W]E TO REMA9 /RONG AFT] LABOR HAD TRIUMPH$4 ,! ASPIRATIONS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T >E1 ON ! :OLE1 OPPOS$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 :O FEEL A M5ACE1 NOT ONLY OR *IEFLY TO !IR P]SONAL COM=T1 BUT TO ! CIVILIZ$ LIFE 9 :I* !Y HAVE !IR P>T1 :I* !Y PR(\NDLY BELIEVE TO BE IMPORTANT TO ! WORLD4 ,[+ TO ! OPPOSITION ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 LABOR1 :5 IT IS REVOLUTION>Y & VIGOR\S1 T5DS TO DESPISE ALL ?AT ! $UCAT$ CLASSES REPRES5T4 ,:5 IT IS MORE RESPECTFUL1 AS ITS LEAD]S T5D TO BE 9 ,5GL&1 ! SUBTLE & ALMO/ UNCONSCI\S 9FLU5CE ( $UCAT$ M5 IS APT TO SAP REVOLUTION>Y >DOR1 PRODUC+ D\BT & UNC]TA9TY 9/EAD ( ! SWIFT1 SIMPLE ASSURANCE BY :I* VICTORY MI<T HAVE BE5 WON4 ,! V]Y SYMPA?Y :I* ! BE/ M5 9 ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES EXT5D TO LABOR1 !IR V]Y READ9ESS TO ADMIT ! JU/ICE ( ITS CLAIMS1 MAY HAVE ! EFFECT ( S(T5+ ! OPPOSITION ( LABOR LEAD]S TO ! /ATUS QUO1 & ( OP5+ !IR M9DS TO ! SUGGE/ION ?AT NO FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE IS POSSIBLE4 ,S9CE !SE 9FLU5CES AFFECT LEAD]S MU* MORE ?AN ! RANK & FILE1 !Y T5D TO PRODUCE 9 ! RANK & FILE A DI/RU/ ( LEAD]S1 & A DESIRE TO SEEK \T NEW LEAD]S :O WILL BE LESS READY TO CONC$E ! CLAIMS ( ! MORE =TUNATE CLASSES4 ,! RESULT MAY BE 9 ! 5D A LABOR MOVEM5T AS HO/ILE TO ! LIFE ( ! M9D AS SOME T]RIFI$ PROP]TY-[N]S BELIEVE IT TO BE AT PRES5T4 

,! CLAIMS ( JU/ICE1 N>R[LY 9T]PRET$1 MAY RE9=CE ?IS T5D5CY4 ,IT MAY BE ?\<T UNJU/ ?AT SOME M5 %\LD HAVE L>G] 9COMES OR %ORT] H\RS ( WORK ?AN O!R M54 ,BUT EFFICI5CY 9 M5TAL WORK1 9CLUD+ ! WORK ( $UCATION1 C]TA9LY REQUIRES MORE COM=T & LONG] P]IODS ( RE/ ?AN >E REQUIR$ = EFFICI5CY 9 PHYSICAL WORK1 IF ONLY BECAUSE M5TAL WORK IS NOT PHYSIOLOGICALLY :OLESOME4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT RECOGNIZ$1 ! LIFE ( ! M9D MAY SUFF] ?R\< %ORT-SI<T$NESS EV5 MORE ?AN ?R\< DELIB]ATE HO/ILITY4 

,$UCATION SUFF]S AT PRES5T1 & MAY LONG CONT9UE TO SUFF]1 ?R\< ! DESIRE ( P>5TS ?AT !IR *ILDR5 %\LD E>N MONEY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,EV]Y ONE KN[S ?AT ! HALF-TIME SY/EM1 = EXAMPLE1 IS BAD2 BUT ! P[] ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR KEEPS IT 9 EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! CURE = ?IS EVIL1 AS = ?OSE ?AT >E CONC]N$ ) ! POPULATION QUE/ION1 IS TO RELIEVE P>5TS ( ! EXP5SE ( !IR *ILDR5'S $UCATION1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO TAKE AWAY !IR RI<T TO APPROPRIATE !IR *ILDR5'S E>N+S4 

,! WAY TO PREV5T ANY DANG]\S OPPOSITION ( LABOR TO ! LIFE ( ! M9D IS NOT TO OPPOSE ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* IS TOO /RONG TO BE OPPOS$ ) JU/ICE4 ,! RI<T WAY IS1 TO %[ BY ACTUAL PRACTICE ?AT ?\<T IS USEFUL TO LABOR1 ?AT )\T ?\<T ITS POSITIVE AIMS CANNOT BE A*IEV$1 & ?AT !RE >E M5 9 ! WORLD ( ?\<T :O >E WILL+ TO DEVOTE !IR 5]GIES TO HELP+ LABOR 9 ITS /RUGGLE4 ,SU* M51 IF !Y >E WISE & S9C]E1 CAN PREV5T LABOR FROM BECOM+ DE/RUCTIVE ( :AT IS LIV+ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL WORLD4 

,ANO!R DANG] 9 ! AIMS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR IS ! DANG] ( CONS]VATISM AS TO ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IMPROVEM5TS ( MA*9]Y OR ORGANIZATION BR+ GREAT ADVANTAGES TO EMPLOY]S1 BUT 9VOLVE TEMPOR>Y & SOMETIMES P]MAN5T LOSS TO ! WAGE-E>N]S4 ,= ?IS REASON1 & ALSO FROM M]E 9/9CTIVE DISLIKE ( ANY *ANGE ( HABITS1 /RONG LABOR ORGANIZATIONS >E (T5 OB/ACLES TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 ,! ULTIMATE BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL PROGRESS MU/ BE 9CREAS$ TE*NICAL EFFICI5CY1 A GREAT] RESULT FROM A GIV5 AM\NT ( LABOR4 ,IF LABOR W]E TO (F] AN EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION TO ?IS K9D ( PROGRESS1 IT W\LD 9 ! LONG RUN P>ALYZE ALL O!R PROGRESS4 ,! WAY TO OV]COME ! OPPOSITION ( LABOR IS NOT BY HO/ILITY OR MORAL HOMILIES1 BUT BY GIV+ TO LABOR ! DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 ECONOMICAL PROCESSES :I* N[ BELONGS TO ! EMPLOY]S4 ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 ! UNPROGRESSIVE P>T ( A MOVEM5T :I* IS ESS5TIALLY PROGRESSIVE IS TO BE ELIM9AT$1 NOT BY DECRY+ ! :OLE MOVEM5T BUT BY GIV+ IT A WID] SWEEP1 MAK+ IT MORE PROGRESSIVE1 & LEAD+ IT TO DEM& AN EV5 GREAT] *ANGE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY ?AN ANY ?AT IT HAD CONTEMPLAT$ 9 ITS 9CEPTION4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PURPOSE ?AT POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN A*IEVE IS TO KEEP ALIVE 9 9DIVIDUALS CREATIV5ESS1 VIGOR1 VITALITY1 & ! JOY ( LIFE4 ,!SE ?+S EXI/$1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,ELIZABE?AN ,5GL& 9 A WAY 9 :I* !Y DO NOT EXI/ N[4 ,!Y /IMULAT$ ADV5TURE1 POETRY1 MUSIC1 F9E >*ITECTURE1 & SET GO+ ! :OLE MOVEM5T \T ( :I* ,5GL&'S GREATNESS HAS SPRUNG 9 EV]Y DIRECTION 9 :I* ,5GL& HAS BE5 GREAT4 ,!SE ?+S COEXI/$ ) 9JU/ICE1 BUT \TWEI<$ IT1 & MADE A NATIONAL LIFE MORE ADMIRABLE ?AN ANY ?AT IS LIKELY TO EXI/ UND] SOCIALISM4 

,:AT IS WANT$ 9 ORD] TO KEEP M5 FULL ( VITALITY IS OPPORTUNITY1 NOT SECURITY4 ,SECURITY IS M]ELY A REFUGE FROM FE>2 OPPORTUNITY IS ! S\RCE ( HOPE4 ,! *IEF TE/ ( AN ECONOMIC SY/EM IS NOT :E!R IT MAKES M5 PROSP]\S1 OR :E!R IT SECURES DI/RIBUTIVE JU/ICE 7?\< !SE >E BO? V]Y DESIRABLE71 BUT :E!R IT LEAVES M5'S 9/9CTIVE GR[? UNIMP$$4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS PURPOSE1 !RE >E TWO MA9 CONDITIONS :I* IT %\LD FULFILL3 IT %\LD NOT CRAMP M5'S PRIVATE AFFECTIONS1 & IT %\LD GIVE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE \TLET TO ! IMPULSE ( CREATION4 ,!RE IS 9 MO/ M51 UNTIL IT BECOMES ATROPHI$ BY DISUSE1 AN 9/9CT ( CON/RUCTIV5ESS1 A WI% TO MAKE SOME?+4 ,! M5 :O A*IEVE MO/ >E1 AS A RULE1 ?OSE 9 :OM ?IS 9/9CT IS /RONGE/3 SU* M5 BECOME >TI/S1 M5 ( SCI5CE1 /ATESM51 EMPIRE-BUILD]S1 OR CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY1 ACCORD+ TO ! ACCID5TS ( TEMP]AM5T & OPPORTUNITY4 ,! MO/ B5EFIC5T & ! MO/ H>MFUL C>E]S >E 9SPIR$ BY ?IS IMPULSE4 ,)\T IT1 ! WORLD W\LD S9K TO ! LEVEL ( ,TIBET3 IT W\LD SUBSI/1 AS IT IS ALWAYS PRONE TO DO1 ON ! WISDOM ( ITS ANCE/ORS1 & EA* G5]ATION W\LD S9K MORE DEEPLY 9TO A LIFELESS TRADITIONALISM4 

,BUT IT IS NOT ONLY ! REM>KABLE M5 :O HAVE ! 9/9CT ( CON/RUCTIV5ESS1 ?\< IT IS !Y :O HAVE IT MO/ /RONGLY4 ,IT IS ALMO/ UNIV]SAL 9 BOYS1 & 9 M5 IT USUALLY SURVIVES 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE1 ACCORD+ TO ! GREAT] OR LESS \TLET :I* IT IS ABLE TO F9D4 ,WORK 9SPIR$ BY ?IS 9/9CT IS SATISFY+1 EV5 :5 IT IS IRKSOME & DIFFICULT1 BECAUSE EV]Y EF=T IS AS NATURAL AS ! EF=T ( A DOG PURSU+ A H>E4 ,! *IEF DEFECT ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EM IS ?AT WORK DONE = WAGES V]Y SELDOM AF=DS ANY \TLET = ! CREATIVE IMPULSE4 ,! MAN :O WORKS = WAGES HAS NO *OICE AS TO :AT HE %ALL MAKE3 ! :OLE CREATIV5ESS ( ! PROCESSES CONC5TRATE 9 ! EMPLOY] :O ORD]S ! WORK TO BE DONE4 ,= ?IS REASON ! WORK BECOMES A M]ELY EXT]NAL MEANS TO A C]TA9 RESULT1 ! E>N+ ( WAGES4 ,EMPLOY]S GR[ 9DIGNANT AB\T ! TRADE UNION RULES = LIMITATION ( \TPUT1 BUT !Y HAVE NO RI<T TO BE 9DIGNANT1 S9CE !Y DO NOT P]MIT ! M5 :OM !Y EMPLOY TO HAVE ANY %>E 9 ! PURPOSE = :I* ! WORK IS UND]TAK54 ,& SO ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* %\LD =M ONE 9/9CTIVE CYCLE1 BECOMES DIVID$ 9TO SEP>ATE PURPOSES1 :I* CAN NO LONG] PROVIDE ANY SATISFACTION ( 9/9CT = ?OSE :O DO ! WORK4 

,?IS RESULT IS DUE TO \R 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 BUT IT W\LD NOT BE AVOID$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,9 A SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY1 ! ,/ATE W\LD BE ! EMPLOY]1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL WORKMAN W\LD HAVE ALMO/ AS LITTLE CONTROL OV] HIS WORK AS HE HAS AT PRES5T4 ,SU* CONTROL AS HE C\LD EX]CISE W\LD BE 9DIRECT1 ?R\< POLITICAL *ANNELS1 & W\LD BE TOO SLI<T & R\NDAB\T TO AF=D ANY APPRECIABLE SATISFACTION4 ,IT IS TO BE FE>$ ?AT 9/EAD ( AN 9CREASE ( SELF-DIRECTION1 !RE W\LD ONLY BE AN 9CREASE ( MUTUAL 9T]F]5CE4 

,! TOTAL ABOLITION ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISE1 :I* IS DEM&$ BY ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 SEEMS SC>CELY NECESS>Y4 ,MO/ M5 :O CON/RUCT SWEEP+ SY/EMS ( RE=M1 LIKE MO/ ( ?OSE :O DEF5D ! /ATUS QUO1 DO NOT ALL[ 5\< = ! IMPORTANCE ( EXCEPTIONS & ! UNDESIRABILITY ( RIGID SY/EM4 ,PROVID$ ! SPH]E ( CAPITALISM IS RE/RICT$1 & A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION >E RESCU$ FROM ITS DOM9ION1 !RE IS NO REASON TO WI% IT :OLLY ABOLI%$4 ,AS A COMPETITOR & A RIVAL1 IT MI<T S]VE A USEFUL PURPOSE 9 PREV5T+ MORE DEMOCRATIC 5T]PRISES FROM S9K+ 9TO SLO? & TE*NICAL CONS]VATISM4 ,BUT IT IS ( ! V]Y HI<E/ IMPORTANCE ?AT CAPITALISM %\LD BECOME ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE1 & ?AT ! BULK ( ! WORLD'S 9DU/RY %\LD BE CONDUCT$ ON A MORE DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 

,MU* ( :AT IS TO BE SAID AGA9/ MILIT>ISM 9 ! ,/ATE IS ALSO TO BE SAID AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ! PURSUIT ( EFFICI5CY1 GR[ L>G] & L>G]1 & !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( REV]S+ ?IS PROCESS4 ,! CAUSES ( !IR GR[? >E TE*NICAL1 & L>GE ORGANIZATIONS MU/ BE ACCEPT$ AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y !IR GOV]NM5T %\LD BE C5TRALIZ$ & MON>*ICAL4 ,! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 BY ROBB+ MO/ M5 ( 9ITIATIVE1 IS ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ! UNIV]SAL WE>9ESS :I* DEVITALIZES URBAN & 9DU/RIAL POPULATIONS1 MAK+ !M P]PETUALLY SEEK EXCITEM5T1 & LEAD+ !M TO WELCOME EV5 ! \TBREAK ( W> AS A RELIEF FROM ! DRE>Y MONOTONY ( !IR DAILY LIVES4 

,IF ! VIGOR ( ! NATION IS TO BE PRES]V$1 IF WE >E TO RETA9 ANY CAPACITY = NEW IDEAS1 IF WE >E NOT TO S9K 9TO A ,*9ESE CONDITION ( /]EOTYP$ IMMOBILITY1 ! MON>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY MU/ BE SWEPT AWAY4 ,ALL L>GE BUS9ESSES MU/ BECOME DEMOCRATIC & F$]AL 9 !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,! :OLE WAGE-E>N+ SY/EM IS AN ABOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! SOCIAL 9JU/ICE :I* IT CAUSES & P]PETUATES1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT SEP>ATES ! MAN :O DOES ! WORK FROM ! PURPOSE = :I* ! WORK IS DONE4 ,! :OLE ( ! CONTROLL+ PURPOSE IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! CAPITALI/2 ! PURPOSE ( ! WAGE-E>N] IS NOT ! PRODUCE1 BUT ! WAGES4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! CAPITALI/ IS TO SECURE ! MAXIMUM ( WORK = ! M9IMUM ( WAGES2 ! PURPOSE ( ! WAGE-E>N] IS TO SECURE ! MAXIMUM ( WAGES = ! M9IMUM ( WORK4 ,A SY/EM 9VOLV+ ?IS ESS5TIAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO WORK SMOO?LY OR SUCCESSFULLY1 OR TO PRODUCE A COMMUNITY ) ANY PRIDE 9 EFFICI5CY4 

,TWO MOVEM5TS EXI/1 ONE ALREADY WELL ADVANC$1 ! O!R 9 ITS 9FANCY1 :I* SEEM CAPABLE1 BETWE5 !M1 ( EFFECT+ MO/ ( :AT IS NE$$4 ,! TWO MOVEM5TS ,I MEAN >E ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T & SYNDICALISM4 ,! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T IS CAPABLE ( REPLAC+ ! WAGE SY/EM OV] A V]Y WIDE FIELD1 BUT IT IS NOT EASY TO SEE H[ IT C\LD BE APPLI$ TO SU* ?+S AS RAILWAYS4 ,IT IS JU/ 9 !SE CASES ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( SYNDICALISM >E MO/ EASILY APPLICABLE4 

,IF ORGANIZATION IS NOT TO CRU% 9DIVIDUALITY1 MEMB]%IP ( AN ORGANIZATION \<T TO BE VOLUNT>Y1 NOT COMPULSORY1 & \<T ALWAYS TO C>RY ) IT A VOICE 9 ! MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE ) ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* GIVE NO OPPORTUNITY = ! PRIDE & PLEASURE ?AT M5 F9D 9 AN ACTIVITY ( !IR [N *OICE1 PROVID$ IT IS NOT UTT]LY MONOTON\S4 

,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT MU* ( ! ME*ANICAL WORK :I* IS NECESS>Y 9 9DU/RY IS PROBABLY NOT CAPABLE ( BE+ MADE 9T]E/+ 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT IT WILL SEEM LESS T$I\S ?AN IT DOES AT PRES5T IF ?OSE :O DO IT HAVE A VOICE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR 9DU/RY4 ,& M5 :O DESIRE LEISURE = O!R OCCUPATIONS MI<T BE GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY ( DO+ UN9T]E/+ WORK DUR+ A FEW H\RS ( ! DAY = A L[ WAGE2 ?IS W\LD GIVE AN OP5+ TO ALL :O WI%$ = SOME ACTIVITY NOT IMM$IATELY PR(ITABLE TO !MSELVES4 ,:5 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS POSSIBLE HAS BE5 DONE TO MAKE WORK 9T]E/+1 ! RESIDUE WILL HAVE TO BE MADE 5DURABLE1 AS ALMO/ ALL WORK IS AT PRES5T1 BY ! 9DUCEM5T ( REW>DS \TSIDE ! H\RS ( LABOR4 ,BUT IF !SE REW>DS >E TO BE SATISFACTORY1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT ! UN9T]E/+ WORK %\LD NOT NECESS>ILY ABSORB A MAN'S :OLE 5]GIES1 & ?AT OPPORTUNITIES %\LD EXI/ = MORE OR LESS CONT9U\S ACTIVITIES DUR+ ! REMA9+ H\RS4 ,SU* A SY/EM MI<T BE AN IMMEASURABLE BOON TO >TI/S1 M5 ( LETT]S1 & O!RS :O PRODUCE = !IR [N SATISFACTION WORKS :I* ! PUBLIC DOES NOT VALUE SOON 5\< TO SECURE A LIV+ = ! PRODUC]S2 & AP>T FROM SU* RA!R R>E CASES1 IT MI<T PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY = Y\NG M5 & WOM5 ) 9TELLECTUAL AMBITIONS TO CONT9UE !IR $UCATION AFT] !Y HAVE LEFT S*OOL1 OR TO PREP>E !MSELVES = C>E]S :I* REQUIRE AN EXCEPTIONALLY LONG TRA9+4 

,! EVILS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM RESULT FROM ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! SEV]AL 9T]E/S ( CONSUM]1 PRODUC]1 & CAPITALI/4 ,NO ONE ( !SE ?REE HAS ! SAME 9T]E/S AS ! COMMUNITY OR AS EI!R ( ! O!R TWO4 ,! COOP]ATIVE SY/EM AMALGAMATES ! 9T]E/S ( CONSUM] & CAPITALI/2 SYNDICALISM W\LD AMALGAMATE ! 9T]E/S ( PRODUC] & CAPITALI/4 ,NEI!R AMALGAMATES ALL ?REE1 OR MAKES ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O DIRECT 9DU/RY QUITE ID5TICAL ) ?OSE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,NEI!R1 !RE=E1 W\LD :OLLY PREV5T 9DU/RIAL /RIFE1 OR OBVIATE ! NE$ ( ! ,/ATE AS >BITRATOR4 ,BUT EI!R W\LD BE BETT] ?AN ! PRES5T SY/EM1 & PROBABLY A MIXTURE ( BO? W\LD CURE MO/ ( ! EVILS ( 9DU/RIALISM AS IT EXI/S N[4 ,IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT1 :ILE M5 & WOM5 HAVE /RUGGL$ TO A*IEVE POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 SO LITTLE HAS BE5 DONE TO 9TRODUCE DEMOCRACY 9 9DU/RY4 ,I BELIEVE 9CALCULABLE B5EFITS MI<T RESULT FROM 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 EI!R ON ! COOP]ATIVE MODEL OR ) RECOGNITION ( A TRADE OR 9DU/RY AS A UNIT = PURPOSES ( GOV]NM5T1 ) SOME K9D ( ,HOME ,RULE SU* AS SYNDICALISM AIMS AT SECUR+4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ALL GOV]NM5TAL UNITS %\LD BE GEOGRAPHICAL3 ?IS SY/EM WAS NECESS>Y 9 ! PA/ BECAUSE ( ! SL[NESS ( MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 BUT IT IS NOT NECESS>Y N[4 ,BY SOME SU* SY/EM MANY M5 MI<T COME TO FEEL AGA9 A PRIDE 9 !IR WORK1 & TO F9D AGA9 ?AT \TLET = ! CREATIVE IMPULSE :I* IS N[ D5I$ TO ALL BUT A =TUNATE FEW4 ,SU* A SY/EM REQUIRES ! ABOLITION ( ! L&-[N] & ! RE/RICTION ( ! CAPITALI/1 BUT DOES NOT 5TAIL EQUALITY ( E>N+S4 ,& UNLIKE SOCIALISM1 IT IS NOT A /ATIC OR F9AL SY/EM3 IT IS H>DLY MORE ?AN A FRAMEWORK = 5]GY & 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT IS ONLY BY SOME SU* ME?OD1 ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT ! FREE GR[? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) ! HUGE TE*NICAL ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAVE BE5 R5D]$ NECESS>Y BY 9DU/RIALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,WIKI,S\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,OCTOB] #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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