,:AT ,IS A ,DISPOSITIF8 

#aiib 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GILLES ,DELEUZE 

,TEXT 3 

,F\CAULT'S PHILOSOPHY IS (T5 PRES5T$ AS AN ANALYSIS ( CONCRETE 0DISPOSITIFS0 OR APP>ATUSES4 ,BUT :AT IS AN APP>ATUS8 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS A SKE91 A MULTIL9E> :OLE4 ,IT IS COMPOS$ ( L9ES ( DIFF]5T NATURES4 ,! L9ES 9 ! APP>ATUS DO NOT 5CIRCLE OR SURR\ND SY/EMS ?AT >E EA* HOMOG5\S 9 !MSELVES1 ! OBJECT1 ! SUBJECT1 LANGUAGE1 ETC41 BUT FOLL[ DIRECTIONS1 TRACE PROCESSES ?AT >E ALWAYS \T ( BALANCE1 ?AT SOMETIMES MOVE CLOS] TOGE!R & SOMETIMES F>!R AWAY4 ,EA* L9E IS BROK51 SUBJECT TO *ANGES 9 DIRECTION1 BIFURCAT+ & =K$1 & SUBJECT$ TO D]IVATIONS4 ,VISIBLE OBJECTS1 >TICULABLE UTT]ANCES1 =CES 9 USE1 SUBJECTS 9 POSITION >E LIKE VECTORS OR T5SORS4 ,?US ! ?REE MA9 9/ANCES ,F\CAULT SUCCESSIVELY DI/+UI%ES - ,KN[L$GE1 ,P[] & ,SUBJECTIVITY - BY NO MEANS HAVE CONT\RS ?AT >E DEF9$ ONCE & = ALL BUT >E *A9S ( V>IABLES ?AT >E TORN FROM EA* O!R4 ,F\CAULT ALWAYS F9DS A NEW DIM5SION OR A NEW L9E 9 A CRISIS4 ,GREAT ?9K]S >E SOME:AT SEISMIC2 !Y DO NOT EVOLVE BUT PROCE$ BY CRISES OR QUAKES4 ,?9K+ 9 T]MS ( MOV+ L9ES WAS ,H]MAN ,MELVILLE'S OP]ATION3 FI%+ L9ES1 DIV+ L9ES1 DANG]\S1 EV5 DEADLY L9ES4 ,!RE >E L9ES ( S$IM5TATION1 ,F\CAULT SAYS1 BUT ALSO L9ES ( 0FISSURE0 & 0FRACTURE40 ,UNTANGL+ ! L9ES ( AN APP>ATUS MEANS1 9 EA* CASE1 PREP>+ A MAP1 A C>TOGRAPHY1 A SURVEY ( UNEXPLOR$ L&S - ?IS IS :AT HE CALLS 0FIELD WORK40 ,ONE HAS TO BE POSITION$ ON ! L9ES !MSELVES2 & !SE L9ES DO NOT M]ELY COMPOSE AN APP>ATUS BUT PASS ?R\< IT & C>RY IT NOR? TO S\?1 EA/ TO WE/ OR DIAGONALLY4 

,! FIR/ TWO DIM5SIONS ( AN APP>ATUS OR ! ONES ?AT ,F\CAULT FIR/ EXTRACT$ >E ! CURVES ( VISIBILITY & ! CURVES ( UTT]ANCE4 ,BECAUSE APP>ATUSES >E LIKE ,RAYMOND ,R\SSEL'S MA*9ES1 :I* ,F\CAULT ALSO ANALYZ$2 !Y >E MA*9ES ?AT MAKE ONE SEE & TALK4 ,VISIBILITY DOES NOT REF] TO A G5]AL LI<T ?AT W\LD ILLUM9ATE PREEXI/+ OBJECTS2 IT IS MADE UP ( L9ES ( LI<T ?AT =M V>IABLE FIGURES 9SEP>ABLE FROM AN APP>ATUS4 ,EA* APP>ATUS HAS ITS REGIM5 ( LI<T1 ! WAY IT FALLS1 S(T5S & SPREADS1 DI/RIBUT+ ! VISIBLE & ! 9VISIBLE1 G5]AT+ OR ELIM9AT+ AN OBJECT1 :I* CANNOT EXI/ )\T IT4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE ( PA9T+ BUT ( >*ITECTURE AS WELL3 ! 0PRISON APP>ATUS0 AS AN OPTICAL MA*9E = SEE+ )\T BE+ SE54 ,IF !RE IS A HI/ORICITY ( APP>ATUSES1 IT IS ! HI/ORICITY ( REGIMES ( LI<T BUT ALSO ( REGIMES ( UTT]ANCES4 ,UTT]ANCES 9 TURN REF] TO ! L9ES ( 5UNCIATION :]E ! DIFF]5TIAL POSITIONS ( ! ELEM5TS ( AN UTT]ANCE >E DI/RIBUT$4 ,& ! CURVES !MSELVES >E UTT]ANCES BECAUSE 5UNCIATIONS >E CURVES ?AT DI/RIBUTE V>IABLES & A SCI5CE AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 OR A LIT]>Y G5RE OR A /ATE ( LAWS OR A SOCIAL MOVEM5T >E PRECISELY DEF9$ BY ! REGIMES ( UTT]ANCES !Y 5G5D]4 ,!Y >E NEI!R SUBJECTS NOR OBJECTS BUT REGIMES ?AT MU/ BE DEF9$ = ! VISIBLE & ! UTT]ABLE ) !IR D]IVATIONS1 TRANS=MATIONS1 MUTATIONS4 ,9 EA* APP>ATUS1 ! L9ES CROSS ?RE%OLDS ?AT MAKE !M EI!R ES!TIC1 SCI5TIFIC1 POLITICAL1 ETC4 

,?IRDLY1 AN APP>ATUS CONTA9S L9ES ( =CE4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT !Y MOVE FROM ONE S+LE PO9T TO ANO!R ON ! PREVI\S L9ES4 ,9 A WAY1 !Y 0RECTIFY0 ! PREVI\S CURVES1 DRAW TANG5TS1 SURR\ND ! PA?S FROM ONE L9E TO ANO!R1 OP]ATE A TO-&-FRO FROM SEE+ TO SPEAK+ & VISE V]SA1 ACT+ LIKE >R[S ?AT CON/ANTLY MIX WORDS & ?+S )\T CEAS+ TO C>RY \T !IR BATTLES4 ,A L9E ( =CES IS PRODUC$ 09 EV]Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 ONE PO9T & ANO!R0 & MOVES ?R\< EV]Y PLACE 9 AN APP>ATUS4 ,9VISIBLE & UNSPEAKABLE1 ?IS L9E IS CLOSELY COMB9$ ) ! O!RS BUT CAN BE UNTANGL$4 ,F\CAULT PULLS ?IS L9E & F9DS ITS TRAJECTORY 9 ,R\SSEL1 ,BRISSET & ! PA9T]S ,MAGRITTE & ,REBEYROLLE4 ,IT IS ! 0DIM5SION ( P[]0 & P[] IS ! ?IRD DIM5SION ( SPACE1 9T]IOR TO ! APP>ATUS & V>IABLE ) ! APP>ATUSES4 ,LIKE P[]1 IT IS COMPOS$ ) KN[L$GE4 

,& F9ALLY1 ,F\CAULT DISCOV]$ L9ES ( SUBJECTIVATION4 ,?IS NEW DIM5SION HAS ALREADY GIV5 RISE TO SO MU* MISUND]/&+ ?AT IT IS H>D TO SPECIFY ITS CONDITIONS4 ,MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 ?IS DISCOV]Y CAME FROM A CRISIS 9 ,F\CAULT'S ?\<T1 AS IF HE NE$$ TO REWORK ! MAP ( APP>ATUSES1 F9D A NEW ORI5TATION = !M TO PREV5T !M FROM CLOS+ UP BEH9D IMP5ETRABLE L9ES ( =CE IMPOS+ DEF9ITIVE CONT\RS4 ,LEIBNIZ EXPRESS$ 9 EXEMPL>Y FA%ION ?IS /ATE ( CRISIS ?AT RE/>TS ?\<T :5 IT SEEMS ?AT EV]Y?+ IS ALMO/ RESOLV$3 Y\ ?9K Y\ HAVE REA*$ %ORE BUT >E CA/ BACK \T TO SEA4 ,& AS = ,F\CAULT1 HE S5S$ ?AT ! APP>ATUSES HE ANALYZ$ C\LD NOT BE CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY AN 5VELOP+ L9E )\T O!R VECTORS PASS+ ABOVE & BEL[3 0CROSS+ ! L9E10 HE SAID1 LIKE 0GO+ TO ! O!R SIDE08 ,?IS GO+ BEYOND ! L9E ( =CE IS :AT HAPP5S :5 IT B5DS BACK1 />TS ME&]+1 GOES UND]GR\ND OR RA!R :5 =CE1 9/EAD ( 5T]+ 9TO A L9E> RELATION%IP ) ANO!R =CE1 TURNS BACK ON ITSELF1 ACTS ON ITSELF OR AFFECTS ITSELF4 ,?IS DIM5SION ( ! ,SELF IS NOT A PREEXI/+ DET]M9ATION ?AT CAN BE F\ND READY-MADE4 ,H]E AGA91 A L9E ( SUBJECTIVATION IS A PROCESS1 A PRODUCTION ( SUBJECTIVITY 9 AN APP>ATUS3 IT MU/ BE MADE TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! APP>ATUS ALL[S IT OR MAKES IT POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS A L9E ( FLI<T4 ,IT ESCAPES ! PREVI\S L9ES2 IT ESCAPES FROM !M4 ,! ,SELF IS NOT KN[L$GE OR P[]4 ,IT IS A PROCESS ( 9DIVIDUATION ?AT EFFECTS GR\PS OR PEOPLE & ELUDES BO? E/ABLI%$ L9ES ( =CE & CON/ITUT$ KN[L$GE4 ,IT IS A K9D ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,NOT EV]Y APP>ATUS NECESS>ILY HAS IT4 

,F\CAULT DESIGNATES ! APP>ATUS ( ! ,A!NIAN CITY-/ATE AS ! FIR/ PLACE ( CREATION ( A SUBJECTIVATION3 ACCORD+ TO HIS ORIG9AL DEF9ITION1 ! CITY-/ATE 9V5TS A L9E ( =CES ?AT MOVES ?R\< ! RIVALRY BETWE5 FREE M54 ,FROM ?IS L9E ON :I* A FREE MAN CAN HAVE COMM& OV] O!RS1 A V]Y DIFF]5T L9E SEP>ATES ITSELF ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ONE :O COMM&S FREE M5 MU/ ALSO BE MA/] ( HIMSELF4 ,!SE OPTIONAL RULES = SELF-MA/]Y CON/ITUTE A SUBJECTIVATION1 AN AUTONOM\S SUBJECTIVATION1 EV5 IF IT IS LAT] CALL$ ON TO FURNI% NEW KN[L$GE & 9SPIRE NEW P[]S4 ,ONE MI<T WOND] :E!R L9ES ( SUBJECTIVATION >E ! EXTREME $GE ( AN APP>ATUS & :E!R !Y TRACE ! PASSAGE FROM ONE APP>ATUS TO ANO!R3 9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y W\LD PREP>E 0L9ES ( FRACTURE40 ,& NO MORE ?AN O!R L9ES1 L9ES ( SUBJECTIVATION HAVE NO G5]AL =MULA4 ,CRUELLY 9T]RUPT$1 ,F\CAULT'S RESE>* WAS GO+ TO %[ ?AT PROCESSES ( SUBJECTIVATION EV5TUALLY TOOK ON O!R MODES ?AN ! ,GREEK MODE1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,*RI/IAN APP>ATUSES1 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 ETC4 ,C\LDN'T WE CITE APP>ATUSES :]E SUBJECTIVATION NO LONG] GOES ?R\< >I/OCRATIC LIFE OR ! AES!TICIZ$ EXI/5CE ( FREE M5 BUT ?R\< ! M>G9ALIZ$ EXI/5CE ( ! 0EXCLUD$08 ,! S9OLOGI/ ,TOKEI EXPLA9S H[ FRE$ SLAVES 9 A WAY LO/ !IR SOCIAL /ATUS & F\ND !MSELVES RELEGAT$ TO AN ISOLAT$1 PLA9TIVE1 ELEGIAC EXI/5CE FROM :I* !Y HAD TO DRAW NEW =MS ( P[] & KN[L$GE4 ,! /UDY ( ! V>IATIONS 9 ! PROCESSES ( SUBJECTIVATION SEEMS TO BE ONE ( ! TASKS ,F\CAULT LEFT ?OSE :O CAME AFT] HIM4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS RESE>* WILL BE EXTREMELY FRUITFUL & ! CURR5T 5DEAVORS T[>DS A HI/ORY ( PRIVATE LIFE ONLY P>TIALLY OV]LAP IT4 ,SOMETIMES ! ONES SUBJECTIVIZ$ >E ! NOBLES1 ! ONES :O SAY 0WE ! GOOD4440 ACCORD+ TO ,NIETZS*E1 BUT UND] O!R CONDITIONS ! EXCLUD$1 ! BAD1 ! S9N]S1 OR ! H]MITS1 OR MONA/IC COMMUNITIES1 OR H]ETICS >E SUBJECTIVIZ$3 AN 5TIRE TYPOLOGY ( SUBJECTIVE =MATIONS 9 *ANG+ APP>ATUSES4 ,& ) COMB9ATIONS TO BE UNTANGL$ EV]Y:]E3 PRODUCTIONS ( SUBJECTIVITY ESCAP+ ! P[]S & KN[L$GE ( ONE APP>ATUS TO RE9VE/ !MSELVES 9 ANO!R ?R\< O!R =MS TO BE CREAT$4 

,APP>ATUSES >E !RE=E COMPOS$ ( L9ES ( VISIBILITY1 UTT]ANCE1 L9ES ( =CE1 L9ES ( SUBJECTIVATION1 L9ES ( CRACK+1 BREAK+ & RUPTURES ?AT ALL 9T]TW9E & MIX TOGE!R & :]E SOME AUGM5T ! O!RS OR ELICIT O!RS ?R\< V>IATIONS & EV5 MUTATIONS ( ! ASSEMBLAGE4 ,TWO IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES 5SUE = A PHILOSOPHY ( APP>ATUSES4 ,! FIR/ IS ! REPUDIATION ( UNIV]SALS4 ,A UNIV]SAL EXPLA9S NO?+2 IT1 ON ! O!R H&1 MU/ BE EXPLA9$4 ,ALL ( ! L9ES >E L9ES ( V>IATION ?AT DO NOT EV5 HAVE CON/ANT COORD9ATES4 ,! ,ONE1 ! ,:OLE1 ! ,TRUE1 ! OBJECT1 ! SUBJECT >E NOT UNIV]SALS BUT S+UL> PROCESSES ( UNIFICATION1 TOTALIZATION1 V]IFICATION1 OBJECTIFICATION1 SUBJECTIVATION IMMAN5T TO AN APP>ATUS4 ,EA* APP>ATUS IS !RE=E A MULTIPLICITY :]E C]TA9 PROCESSES 9 BECOM+ >E OP]ATIVE & >E DI/9CT FROM ?OSE OP]AT+ 9 ANO!R APP>ATUS4 ,?IS IS H[ ,F\CAULT'S PHILOSOPHY IS A PRAGMATISM1 A FUNCTIONALISM1 A POSITIVISM1 A PLURALISM4 ,REASON MAY CAUSE ! GREATE/ PROBLEM BECAUSE PROCESSES ( RATIONALIZATION CAN OP]ATE ON SEGM5TS OR REGIONS ( ALL ! L9ES DISCUSS$ SO F>4 ,F\CAULT PAYS HOMAGE TO ,NIETZS*E = A HI/ORICITY ( REASON4 ,& HE NOTES ALL ( ! IMPORTANCE ( EPI/EMOLOGICAL RESE>* ON ! V>I\S =MS ( RATIONALITY 9 KN[L$GE 7,KOYRE1 ,BA*EL>D1 ,CANGUILHEM71 ( SOCIO-POLITICAL RESE>* 9TO ! MODES ( RATIONALITY 9 P[] 7,MAX ,WEB]74 ,MAYBE HE KEPT ! ?IRD L9E = HIMSELF1 ! /UDY ( ! TYPES ( 0REASONABLE0 9 POT5TIAL SUBJECTS4 ,BUT HE REFUS$ ESS5TIALLY TO ID5TIFY !SE PROCESSES 9 A ,REASON P> EXCELL5CE4 ,HE REJECT$ ANY RE/ORATION ( UNIV]SALS ( REFLECTION1 COMMUNICATION OR CONS5SUS4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT HIS RELATION%IP ) ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL & ! SUCCESSORS TO ?IS S*OOL >E A LONG S]IES ( MISUND]/&+S = :I* HE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE4 ,& NO MORE ?AN !RE >E UNIV]SALS ( A F\ND+ SUBJECT OR EXEMPL>Y ,REASON ?AT W\LD ALL[ JUDGM5T ( APP>ATUSES1 !RE >E NO UNIV]SALS ( ! DISA/] ( REASON BE+ ALI5AT$ OR COLLAPS+ ONCE & = ALL4 ,AS ,F\CAULT TOLD ,G]>D ,RAULET1 !RE IS NOT ONE BIFURCATION ( REASON2 IT CON/ANTLY BIFURCATES1 !RE >E AS MANY BIFURCATIONS & BRAN*ES AS 9/AURATIONS1 AS MANY COLLAPSES AS CON/RUCTIONS FOLL[+ ! CUTS C>RI$ \T BY ! APP>ATUSES & 0!RE IS NO MEAN+ TO ! /ATEM5T ?AT REASON IS A LONG /ORY ?AT IS N[ OV]40 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! OBJECTION RAIS$ ) ,F\CAULT ( KN[+ H[ TO ASSESS ! RELATIVE VALUE ( AN APP>ATUS IF NO TRANSC5D5TAL VALUES CAN BE CALL$ ON A UNIV]SAL COORD9ATES IS A QUE/ION ?AT C\LD LEAD US BACKW>D & LOSE ITS MEAN+ ITSELF4 ,%\LD ONE SAY ?AT ALL APP>ATUSES >E EQUAL 7NIHILISM78 ,?9K]S LIKE ,SP9OZA & ,NIETZS*E %[$ LONG AGO ?AT MODES ( EXI/5CE HAD TO BE WEI<$ ACCORD+ TO IMMAN5T CRIT]IA1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CONT5T 9 0POSSIBILITIES10 FRE$OM1 CREATIVITY ) NO CALL TO TRANSC5D5TAL VALUES4 ,F\CAULT EV5 ALLUD$ TO 0ES!TIC0 CRIT]IA1 UND]/OOD AS LIFE CRIT]IA1 ?AT SUB/ITUTE AN IMMAN5T EVALUATION = A TRANSC5D5TAL JUDGM5T EV]Y TIME4 ,:5 WE READ ,F\CAULT'S LA/ BOOKS1 WE MU/ DO \R BE/ TO UND]/& ! PROGRAM HE IS (F]+ HIS READ]S4 ,AN 9TR9SIC ES!TICS ( MODES ( EXI/5CE AS ! F9AL DIM5SION ( APP>ATUSES8 

,! SECOND RESULT ( A PHILOSOPHY ( APP>ATUSES IS A *ANGE 9 ORI5TATION1 TURN+ AWAY FROM ! ,ET]NAL TO APPREH5D ! NEW4 ,! NEW IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO DESIGNATE FA%ION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ! V>IABLE CREATIVITY = ! APP>ATUSES3 9 CON=MANCE ) ! QUE/ION ?AT BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ! #b? C5TURY ( H[ ! PRODUCTION ( SOME?+ NEW 9 ! WORLD IS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,F\CAULT EXPLICITLY REJECT$ ! 0ORIG9ALITY'' ( AN UTT]ANCE AS A NON-P]T95T1 NEGLIGIBLE CRIT]ION4 ,HE ONLY WANT$ TO CONSID] ! 0REGUL>ITY0 ( UTT]ANCES4 ,BUT :AT HE MEANT BY REGUL>ITY WAS ! SLOPE ( ! CURVE PASS+ ?R\< ! S+UL> PO9TS OR ! DIFF]5TIAL VALUES ( ! GR\P ( UTT]ANCES 7HE ALSO DEF9$ ! RELATION%IP ( =CES AS DI/RIBUTIONS ( S+UL>ITIES 9 A SOCIAL FIELD74 ,BY REJECT+ ! ORIG9ALITY ( UTT]ANCES1 HE MEANT ?AT ! POT5TIAL CONTRADICTION ( TWO UTT]ANCES IS NOT 5\< TO DI/+UI% !M OR TO 9DICATE ! NEWNESS ( ONE 9 RELATION TO ! O!R4 ,:AT C\NTS IS ! NEWNESS ( ! REGIME ( 5UNCIATION ITSELF 9 ?AT IT CAN 9CLUDE CONTRADICTORY UTT]ANCES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE C\LD ASK :AT REGIME ( UTT]ANCES APPE>$ ) ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION OR ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ! NEWNESS ( ! REGIME C\NTS MORE ?AN ! ORIG9ALITY ( ! UTT]ANCE4 ,EA* APP>ATUS IS ?US DEF9$ BY ITS CONT5T ( NEWNESS & CREATIVITY1 :I* AT ! SAME TIME 9DICATES ITS ABILITY TO *ANGE OR EV5 TO BREAK = ! SAKE ( A FUTURE APP>ATUS UNLESS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE IS AN 9CREASE ( =CE TO ! H>DE/1 MO/ RIGID & SOLID L9ES4 ,S9CE !Y ESCAPE ! DIM5SIONS ( KN[L$GE & P[]1 L9ES ( SUBJECTIVATION SEEM P>TICUL>LY APT TO TRACE PA?S ( CREATION1 :I* >E CON/ANTLY ABORT$ BUT ALSO TAK5 UP AGA9 & MODIFI$ UNTIL ! OLD APP>ATUS BREAKS4 ,F\CAULT'S AS YET UNPUBLI%$ /UDIES ON ! V>I\S ,*RI/IAN PROCESSES WILL C]TA9LY OP5 MANY DIRECTIONS 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,ONE %\LD NOT BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( SUBJECTIVITY IS LEFT ONLY TO RELIGION2 ANTI-RELIGI\S /RUGGLES >E ALSO CREATIVE1 JU/ AS ! REGIMES ( LI<T1 5UNCIATION & DOM9ATION MOVE ?R\< V]Y DIV]SE DOMA9S4 ,MOD]N SUBJECTIVATIONS RESEMBLE ! ,GREEK SUBJECTIVATIONS NO MORE ?AN ,*RI/IAN ONES2 ! SAME IS TRUE ( LI<T1 UTT]ANCES & P[]S4 

,WE BELONG TO !SE APP>ATUSES & ACT 9 !M4 ,! NEWNESS ( AN APP>ATUS 9 RELATION TO ?OSE PREC$+ IT IS :AT WE CALL ITS CURR5CY1 \R CURR5CY4 ,! NEW IS ! CURR5T4 ,! CURR5T IS NOT :AT WE >E BUT RA!R :AT WE BECOME1 :AT WE >E 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+1 9 O!R WORDS ! ,O!R1 \R BECOM+-O!R4 ,9 EV]Y APP>ATUS1 WE HAVE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 :AT WE >E 7:AT WE ALREADY NO LONG] >E7 & :AT WE >E BECOM+3 ! P>T ( HI/ORY1 ! P>T ( CURR5TNESS4 ,HI/ORY IS ! >*IVE1 ! DESIGN ( :AT WE >E & CEASE BE+ :ILE ! CURR5T IS ! SKET* ( :AT WE WILL BECOME4 ,?US HI/ORY OR ! >*IVE IS ALSO :AT SEP>ATES US FROM \RSELVES1 :ILE ! CURR5T IS ! ,O!R ) :I* WE ALREADY CO9CIDE4 ,SOME HAVE ?\<T ?AT ,F\CAULT WAS PA9T+ ! PORTRAIT ( MOD]N SOCIETIES AS DISCIPL9>Y APP>ATUSES 9 OPPOSITION TO ! OLD APP>ATUSES ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE3 ! DISCIPL9ES ,F\CAULT DESCRIB$ >E ! HI/ORY ( :AT WE >E SL[LY CEAS+ TO BE & \R CURR5T APP>ATUS IS TAK+ %APE 9 ATTITUDES ( OP5 & CON/ANT CONTROL ?AT >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! REC5T CLOS$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,F\CAULT AGREES ) ,BURR\<S :O ANN\NC$ ?AT \R FUTURE W\LD BE MORE CONTROLL$ ?AN DISCIPL9$4 ,! QUE/ION IS NOT :I* IS WORSE4 ,BECAUSE WE ALSO CALL ON PRODUCTIONS ( SUBJECTIVITY CAPABLE ( RESI/+ ?IS NEW DOM9ATION & ?AT >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ONES US$ 9 ! PA/ AGA9/ ! DISCIPL9ES4 ,A NEW LI<T1 NEW UTT]ANCES1 NEW P[]1 NEW =MS ( SUBJECTIVATION8 ,9 EV]Y APP>ATUS WE MU/ UNTANGLE ! L9ES ( ! REC5T PA/ FROM ! L9ES ( ! NE> FUTURE3 ! >*IVE FROM ! CURR5T1 ! P>T ( HI/ORY & ! P>T ( BECOM+1 ! P>T ( ANALYSIS & ! P>T ( DIAGNOSIS4 ,IF ,F\CAULT IS A GREAT PHILOSOPH]1 IT IS BECAUSE HE US$ HI/ORY = SOME?+ ELSE3 LIKE ,NIETZS*E SAID1 TO ACT AGA9/ TIME & ?US ON TIME 9 FAVOR1 ,I HOPE1 ( A TIME TO COME4 ,:AT ,F\CAULT SAW AS ! CURR5T OR ! NEW WAS :AT ,NIETZS*E CALL$ ! UNTIMELY1 ! 0NON-CURR5T10 ! BECOM+ ?AT SPLITS AWAY FROM HI/ORY1 ! DIAGNOSIS ?AT RELAYS ANALYSIS ON DIFF]5T PA?S4 ,NOT PR$ICT+1 BUT BE+ ATT5TIVE TO ! UNKN[N KNOCK+ AT ! DOOR4 ,NO?+ REVEALS ?IS BETT] ?AN A FUNDAM5TAL PASSAGE FROM ,! ,>*AEOLOGY ( ,KN[L$GE 7,I,I1 #e7 ?AT APPLIES TO ALL HIS WORK3 

0,ANALYSIS ( ! >*IVE !RE=E 9CLUDES A PRIVILEG$ >EA3 IT IS BO? CLOSE TO US & DIFF]5T FROM \R CURR5T TIME4 ,IT IS ! $GE ( TIME ?AT SURR\NDS \R PRES5T1 OV]LOOKS IT & 9DICATES ITS ALT]ITY2 ! >*IVE IS :AT1 \TSIDE ( US1 DELIMITS US4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( ! >*IVE UNFOLDS ITS POSSIBILITIES 7& ! MA/]Y ( ITS POSSIBILITIES7 />T+ ) DISC\RSES ?AT HAVE JU/ /OPP$ BE+ \RS2 ITS ?RE%OLD ( EXI/5CE BEG9S ) ! BREAK ?AT SEP>ATES US FROM :AT WE CAN NO LONG] SAY & :AT FALLS \TSIDE \R DISCURSIVE PRACTICES2 IT BEG9S ) ! \TSIDE ( \R [N LANGUAGE2 ITS PLACE IS ! DI/ANCE FROM \R [N DISCURSIVE PRACTICES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT CAN S]VE AS \R DIAGNOSIS4 ,NOT BECAUSE IT W\LD ALL[ US TO DRAW A PORTRAIT ( \R DI/9CTIVE TRAITS & SKET* \T 9 ADVANCE ! ASPECT WE WILL HAVE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,BUT IT RELEASES US FROM \R CONT9UITIES2 IT DISSIPATES ! TEMPORAL ID5TITY :]E WE LIKE TO LOOK AT \RSELVES TO AVOID ! RUPTURES ( HI/ORY2 IT BREAKS ! ?READ ( TRANSC5D5TAL TELEOLOGIES2 & :ILE AN?ROPOLOGICAL ?\<T W\LD EXAM9E ! BE+ ( HUMANS OR !IR SUBJECTIVITY1 IT EXPOSES ! O!R1 ! \TSIDE4 ,DIAGNOSIS 9 ?IS S5SE DOES NOT E/ABLI% ! RECOGNITION ( \R ID5TITY ?R\< ! PLAY ( DI/9CTIONS4 ,IT E/ABLI%ES ?AT WE >E DIFF]5CE1 ?AT \R REASON IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 DISC\RSES1 \R HI/ORY ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TIMES1 \R SELF ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 MASKS40 

,! DIFF]5T L9ES ( AN APP>ATUS >E DIVID$ 9TO TWO GR\PS3 L9ES ( /RATIFICATION OR S$IM5TATION1 L9ES ( ACTUALIZATION OR CREATIVITY4 ,! F9AL RESULT ( ?IS ME?OD CONC]NS ,F\CAULT'S 5TIRE WORK4 ,9 MO/ ( HIS BOOKS1 HE DET]M9ES A SPECIFIC >*IVE ) EXTREMELY NEW HI/ORICAL MEANS1 ! ,G5]AL ,HOSPITAL 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ! CL9IC 9 ! #a#h?1 PRISON 9 ! #a#i?1 SUBJECTIVITY 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE & !N 9 ,*RI/IANITY4 ,BUT ?AT IS ONLY HALF ( HIS TASK4 ,\T ( A S5SE ( RIGOR1 TO AVOID CONFUS+ ?+S & TRU/+ 9 HIS READ]S1 HE DOES NOT =MULATE ! O!R HALF4 ,HE ONLY =MULATES IT EXPLICITLY 9 ! 9T]VIEWS GIV5 ALONGSIDE ! PUBLICATION ( HIS MAJOR WORKS3 ,:AT >E MADNESS1 PRISON1 SEXUALITY TODAY8 ,:AT NEW MODES ( SUBJECTIVATION DO WE SEE APPE>+ TODAY ?AT >E C]TA9LY NOT ,GREEK OR ,*RI/IAN8 ,?IS LA/ QUE/ION HAUNT$ ,F\CAULT UNTIL ! 5D 7WE :O >E NO LONG] ,GREEK NOR EV5 ,*RI/IAN44474 ,F\CAULT ATTA*$ SO MU* IMPORTANCE TO HIS 9T]VIEWS 9 ,FRANCE & EV5 MORE SO ABROAD1 NOT BECAUSE HE LIK$ 9T]VIEWS1 BUT BECAUSE 9 !M HE TRAC$ L9ES ( ACTUALIZATION ?AT REQUIR$ ANO!R MODE ( EXPRESSION ?AN ! ASSIMILABLE L9ES 9 HIS MAJOR BOOKS4 ,! 9T]VIEWS >E DIAGNOSES4 ,IT IS LIKE = ,NIETZS*E1 :OSE WORKS >E DIFFICULT TO READ )\T ! ,NA*LASS ?AT IS CONTEMPOR>Y TO EA*4 ,F\CAULT'S COMPLETE WORKS1 AS ,DEF]T & ,EWALD IMAG9E !M1 CANNOT SEP>ATE ! BOOKS ?AT HAVE LEFT SU* AN IMPRESSION ON US FROM ! 9T]VIEWS ?AT LEAD US T[>D A FUTURE1 T[>D A BECOM+3 /RATA & CURR5TNESS4 

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