,:AT A ,/ATE ,TO ,BE ,9444 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]AZIONE ,DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI 

,TEXT 3 

,A LITTLE HI/ORY NEV] HURT ANYONE6 ,! BEA/ ?AT IS ! MOD]N ,/ATE WAS BORN OV] TWO C5TURIES AGO & WAS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS ! NEW DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! TYPICAL FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE [E !IR ORIG9S TO REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#h#i4 ,IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO EXAM9E ! REASONS BEH9D ?IS PR(\ND TRANS=MATION ( ! P[] /RUCTURES 9 SOCIETY1 :I* SOCIAL RELATION%IPS CEAS$ TO EXI/ 9 ORD] TO MAKE WAY = O!RS1 :AT EFFECTS ALL ?IS HAD ON CLASS RELATIONS &1 ABOVE ALL1 H[ ! DOM9ATION ( ! EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE CAME AB\T444 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,ONE ( ! BASICS ( ,AN>*ISM ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY IS )\T D\BT ITS ANTI-,/ATISM4 

,WE DO NOT WI% TO FALL 9TO ! EXCESSES ( ?OSE AN>*I/S :O HATE ! /ATE EV5 :5 ! WORD IS US$ TO MEAN CONDITION & :O REJECT ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE SIMPLY BECAUSE IT 9CLUDES ?AT LITTLE WORD1 ALL[+ !M TO FALL VICTIM TO ! WOR/ ?AT NEO-LIB]ALISM HAS TO (F]4 ,H[EV]1 ! NE$ = A /ATELESS SOCIETY TOO (T5 PRODUCES DI/ORTIONS 9 ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ?9K+1 ! ORIG9 ( :I* LIES 9 A HURRI$ ACCEPTANCE ( ! HI/ORICAL BAGGAGE ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,?IS BAGGAGE NE$S CONTEXTUALIZ+ & C>EFUL ANALYSIS1 P>TICUL>LY AT A TIME :5 CAPITALISM 9 ITS EXUB]ANCE IS ADVOCAT+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE AS AN ADM9I/RATIVE1 BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS = ! COLLECTION ( TAXES & ! PROVISION ( S]VICES4 

,P>T ,I -- ,! BIR? ( ! ,/ATE & :AT CAME BE=E IT 

  
#a4#a ,SOCIAL RELATIONS UND] FEUDALISM 

  

,:5 ,AN>*I/S RI<TLY D5\NCE ! ILL EFFECTS ?AT ! ,/ATE AS A B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY HAS ON ! UND]LY+ CLASSES1 !Y AB/RACT 9 AN OV]LY SUP]FICIAL WAY FROM ! SITUATION ( ?OSE CLASSES BE=E ! BIR? ( ! 0LIB]AL ,/ATE40 ,! TOTAL ABS5CE ( RULES ALL[$ ! HOLD]S ( P[] TO BEHAVE AS !Y WANT$ T[>DS ! WEAK1 & !RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( EVID5CE = ?IS1 EV5 9 LIT]ATURE 7! ,ITALIAN NOVEL 0,I PROMESSI SPOSI0 IS A F9E EXAMPLE74 ,EV5 A LITTLE REFLECTION WILL CONFIRM ?AT ?IS IS ! REAL ESS5CE ( ABSOLUTE P[]4 

,POOR C\NTRIES W]E NOT ONLY V]Y POOR 7& /ILL >E71 BUT !Y ALSO PROVID$ MANP[] 9 ! EXTREME =M ( SLAV]Y4 

,EV5 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( RI<TS DID NOT EXI/1 & IDEA :I* WAS /RICTLY RES]V$ = ! FREE CITIZ5S ( CITY /ATES1 :I* 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( FEUDALISM BECAME LIMIT$ FUR!R /ILL TO ! >I/OCRACY & ! HI<] CL]GY4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULACE LIV$ 9 CONDITIONS :]E HUMAN DIGNITY WAS TOTALLY D5I$4 

#a4#b ,! LIB]AL ,/ATE & RI<TS 

  

0,LIB]TE1 FRAT]NITE1 EGALITE40 ,! SLOGAN :I* F\ND$ ! MOD]N LIB]AL ,/ATE4 ,WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL ! HYPOCRISY ?AT LIES BEH9D IT4 ,:AT IS ( 9T]E/1 ?\<1 IS ANO!R CONSID]ATION4 ,! %IFT FROM SOCIAL ORGANIZATION )\T RULES 7EXCEPT = ?AT ( ! /RONGE/7 TO A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* CLAIMS TO BE BAS$ ON C]TA9 GR\NDRULES :I* GO BEYOND ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS IS ANY?+ BUT IRRELEVANT4 ,! PR9CIPLE EXI/S 7EV5 ?\< G5]ALLY IGNOR$7 & IT DOES HAVE ITS EFFECTS1 DESPITE ! >ROGANCE ( ! P[]FUL4 

,BY WAY ( EXAMPLE1 A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE BE5 UN?9KABLE 9 A FEUDAL SOCIETY -- KEEP+ 9 M9D ?AT A REVOLT DOES NOT C\NT AS 0WORK]S' ORGANIZATION40 ,9 FACT1 BE=E ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION !RE W]E MANY BLOODY REVOLUTIONS 7EV5 VICTORI\S ONES74 ,BUT :AT WAS NOT POSSIBLE WAS ! GRADUAL CONQUE/ ( GR[+ PORTIONS ( WEAL?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !SE CONQUE/S >E P>TIAL & (T5 TEMPOR>Y DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !Y CAN BE RE-ABSORB$ BY ! P[] 7AS WE SEE ONLY TOO WELL TODAY7 & ?AT ! ONLY ROAD ?AT C\NTS IS ?AT ( REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT D5Y TWO ?+S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AS ,MALATE/A US$ TO SAY1 ! GYMNA/ICS ( /RUGGLE >E A =M ( PREP>ATION = ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT = US AS WE BELIEVE 9 A REVOLUTION :I* IS CONSCI\S & AW>E & ?US IMPOSSIBLE TO RE-ABSORB AT ! H&S ( A NEW DOM9ANT CLASS :I* CONSID]S ITSELF MORE KN[L$GEABLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! FACT ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* S]VES TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( SOMEONE'S LIFE IS BY NO MEANS TO BE SCORN$ SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS NOT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,BY CLOAK+ ITSELF ) ! MANTLE ( RI<TS1 NECESS>Y = ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! OLD DOM9ANT CLASSES1 LIB]AL SOCIETY GIVES ITS APPROVAL = A PR9CIPLE :I* IS PROGRESSIVE 7BO? 9 FACT & 9 ITS RESULTS71 EV5 ) REG>D TO ?OSE CLASES :I* REMA9 ! WEAKE/4 

#a4#c ,PROGRESSIVE P>TICIPATION 

  

0,KROPOTK9I/ SOLID>ITY1 :I* WAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! NATURALI/ & E?NOGRAPHICAL FIELD1 CONFUS$ ! BIOLOGICALLY NECESS>Y H>MONY ( BEES ) ! DISCORDIA CONCORS & CONCORDIA DISCORS ( SOCIAL AGGREGATION & HAD TOO MANY 7SIC67 PRES5T PRIMITIVE =MS ( SOCIETY_/ASSOCIATION TO UND]/& ! UBI SOCIETAS IBI JUS :I* EXI/S 9 ALL NON-PREHI/ORIC POLITICAL =MS40.<#a.> 

,?IS QUOTATION PROVIDES US ) TWO USEFUL BASES = REFLECTION4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT NO SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE )\T RULES4 ,ONE CAN DISCUSS 7& AN>*I/S DO7 H[ !SE RULES CAN BE =MULAT$1 :O HAS ! P[] TO E/ABLI% !M1 H[ !Y CAN BE EQUALLY APPLI$ TO ALL1 & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! ABS5CE ( RULES !RE CAN BE NO AN>*Y1 ONLY A JUNGLE -- & ?AT IS SOME?+ ?AT ALWAYS P5ALIZES ! WEAKE/ & REW>DS ! /RONGE/4 

,! SECOND IS ?AT RULES 7( :ATEV] SORT7 HAVE A DUAL FUNCTION3 CO]CIVE1 PLAC+ LIMITS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL'S FRE$OM ON ! ONE H&1 BUT A GU>ANTEE & PROTECTION = ALL ON ! O!R4 ,& IT IS EXACTLY ?IS SECOND ASPECT1 EV5 IF CONSID]$ AN UNDESIRABLE BUT 9EVITABLE SIDE-EFFECT1 :I* L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BECOM+ ! ME*ANISM = FULL P>TICIPATION BY ALL 9 ! /RUCTURE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 :I* O!RWISE W\LD T5D TO BE EXCLUSIVI/4 ,IT IS H>D TO ?9K ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A FACTOR ( ! PROGRESS ?AT WE 5JOY TODAY4 

,P>T ,I,I -- ,! #a#i?-C5TURY ,/ATE & ! BIR? ( ,AN>*I/ !ORY 

  

,! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = AN>*I/ ?9K+ REG>D+ ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS UND\BT$LY ,BAKUN94.<#b.> ,H[EV]1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT = ! PURPOSES ( UND]/&+ ! ROLE ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE & POSSIBLE WAYS TO OV]COME IT1 ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS >E ( LITTLE USE AS !Y >E TOO CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! NE$S ( ! /RUGGLES ( HIS TIME4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 C]TA9 UN>GUABLE /ATEM5TS ( ,BAKUN9'S HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ AS CA/-IRON1 UNT\*ABLE PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*ISM1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAVE P]HAPS BE5 TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT ) NO ATTEMPT TO 9T]PRET !IR S5SE4 ,SO1 9 ORD] TO FREE \RSELVES =M ! *A9S ( A FEW WAT*WORDS :I* ONLY S]VE TO DI/ORT ANY POLITICAL 5T]PRISE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CL>IFY A FEW PO9TS4 

,BAKUN9'S IDEAS ON ! MATT] DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE ( HIS LIFE1 DUR+ HIS ACTIVITIES AS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+MAN'S ,ASSOCIATION & ! POLEMICS ) ITS ,M>XI/ ELEM5T4 ,!N HIS MA9 REF]5CE PO9TS 7/RICTLY L9K$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN GR\P'S ACTION7 W]E ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,RUSSIA & ,AU/RIA1 TO :I* MU/ BE ADD$ ! ,G]MAN EMPIRE1 BO? = ITS ROLE AS ! EM]G+ P[] 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE & = ! FACT ?AT IT WAS HO/ TO ! MA9 NUCLEUS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 

,GIV5 ?IS SITUATION1 ,BAKUN9 WAS IMM$IATELY CONC]N$ ) ?REE PO9TS3  

DEF9ITIVELY E/ABLI%+ ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,/ATE 7BY ELECTORAL MEANS7 OR ITS TRANS=MATION 7BY MEANS ( RE=MS7 >E NOT VIABLE MEANS ( REA*+ A SOCIETY ( EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY2  

DEMON/RAT+ ?AT :]EV] !RE IS P[]1 !RE IS EXPLOITATION & ?AT !RE=E NO =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS BETT] ?AN ANY O!R UNLESS IT IS ONE :]E PROP]TY1 CLASSES & HI]>*IES DO NOT EXI/2  

LA/LY1 AS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT ! ,/ATE CANNOT & MU/ NOT SURVIVE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4  
  

,!SE PO9TS REMA9 UNQUE/IONABLY ! MO/ BASIC & MO/ DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( ANY CONCEPT ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,9 HIS URG5CY TO E/ABLI% ! ABOVE PO9TS1 ,BAKUN9 7:O WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! MASSES' REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+ WAS IMM95T1 ?ANKS TO ! UN/OPPABLE RISE F ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 HAD NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! OPPORTUNITY TO ANALYZE DEEPLY 5\< ! ROLE ?AT ! ,/ATE HAD BE5 ASSUM+ OV] ! PREVI\S #ge YE>S 9 A SL[1 CONTRADICTORY >C1 AT TIMES H>D TO MAKE \T BUT NONE!LESS CON/ANT & 9 SOME RESPECTS IRREV]SIBLE4 ,= HIM1 ! ,/ATE WAS SUMM$ UP 9 ,G]MANY OR 9 ! AUTOCRATIC CZ>ISM ( ,RUSSIA4 ,9 FACT1 HE DID NOT EV5 CONSID] ,5GL& TO BE A TRUE ,/ATE AS IT DID NOT MEET :AT HE BELIEV$ W]E ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURES ( ! 0MOD]N ,/ATE01 ?AT IS TO SAY 0MILIT>Y POLICE & BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION40.<#c.> ,CLE>LY1 FROM ! !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 !RE IS A C]TA9 DI/ORTION RESULT+ FROM CONFUS+ /ATE ORGANIZATIONS 7OR BETT] /ILL1 C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS7 LEFT OV] FROM ! PA/ ) ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 A GOOD EXAMPLE ( :I* W\LD BE ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM OR ! RAPIDLY-*ANG+ ,FR5* ,/ATE1 EV5 ) ITS C5TURIES-LONG H]ITAGE ( C5TRALIZATION4 

,! BOOGEYMAN ( ! ,/ATE ACTUALLY FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ,AN>*I/ !ORY 9 ?IS CONCEPTION ( A MILIT>Y1 POLICE & BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION & ?IS IS ! S\RCE ( ALL FUTURE DE=MATIONS & ! 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE APPROPRIATE ANALYZES4 ,EV]Y EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE WAS 9T]PRET$ AS A CONC5TRATION ( ?IS C5TRALIZATION1 IMP$+ ANY UND]/&+ ( NEW 7& NOT ALWAYS NEGATIVE7 FUNCTIONS4 ,! RESULT TODAY IS ?AT MANY ,AN>*I/S >E !ORETICALLY UNPREP>$ :5 FAC$ ) =MS ( DEC5TRALIZATION & ! APP>5T DISSOLUTION ( ! APP>ATUS ( OPPRESSION4 

,BAKUN9 REALIZ$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! 7DEC5TRALIZ$7 ,5GLI% NON-,/ATE WAS NO LESS DANG]\S1 ?\< HIS WORKS ON ! SUBJECT 7NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO URGE ON ! REVOLUTION :I* QUITE RI<TLY NE$$ TO OCCUR AT ! TIME1 & 9 ORD] TO DISPEL SOME P]NICI\S ILLUSIONS7 T5D$ TO LUMP TOGE!R DIFF]5T =MS ( B\RGEOIS DOM9ATION )\T /UDY+ TOO CLOSELY ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M -- EV5 IF ONLY TO E/ABLI% ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( ! MASSES UND] ! V>I\S SY/EMS4 ,9 FACT1 AT TIMES ! ILLUSION ( DEMOCRACY WAS EV5 CONSID]$ MORE NEGATIVE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT ,BAKUN9 DOES ALWAYS APPE> TO BE 9DIFF]5T TO ! RULES ( ! SOCIETY )9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE HAS TO EVOLVE1.<#d.> CONFIRMATION ( :AT WAS SAID ABOVE AB\T ?IS ASPECT BE+ SIMPLY A P>T ( HIS ?\<T ?AT REMA9$ UNDEVELOP$4 

,P>T ,I,I,I -- ,! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 

  

,AL?\< BY ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE ORGANISM HAD ALREADY REA*$ A PO9T :]E ITS DI/+UI%+ FEATURES C\LD BE P]CEIV$ 7?\< ,BAKUN9 FAIL$ TO DO SO = ! ABOVE REASONS1 & ,M>X TOO1 BY ! WAY71 IT WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO =ECA/ ! TASKS ?AT ! ,/ATE W\LD GRADUALLY ADOPT4 ,TWO CONSID]ATIONS >E WOR? DEVELOP+ H]E4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! WEB ( RESPONSIBILITIES ! ,/ATE W\LD TAKE ON & !IR EFFECT ON ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS A :OLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE %\LD EXAM9E IF ! /AGE ( /ATISM HAS HAD ONLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON HUMAN 0PROGRESS0 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IF IT CAN BE CONSID]$ A P>5!SIS 9 ! ORIG9AL HUMAN T5D5CY T[>DS MUTUAL SOLID>ITY4 ,CLE>LY1 ! ANSW]S TO !SE TWO QUE/IONS >E ANY?+ BUT IRRELEVANT 9 DEAL+ ) ! ANALYSIS ( TODAY'S /RUGGLES1 EV5 ?\< IT IS MO/ UNLIKELY !Y CAN HAVE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ANY EFFECT ON ! PROSPECTS ( REA*+ A SOCIETY )\T CLASSES &1 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 )\T ,/ATES4 

#c4#a ,! ,/ATE AS 5TREPR5EUR 

  

,:5 SPEAK+ ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 ?REE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! APP>ATUS ( ,/ATE P]=MS >E (T5 FUZ$ TOGE!R1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T & 9 NO WAY MUTUALLY NECESS>Y4 ,!Y >E ! REGULATION ( ! ECONOMIC CYCLE1 DIRECT 9T]V5TION 9 ! ECONOMY & ! WELF>E SY/EM4 ,!SE ?REE *>ACT]I/ICS W]E ALL ADD$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! #b? C5TURY1 9 ADDITION TO ! TRADITIONAL ROLE ( GU>DIAN ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S1 WELL KN[N TO ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,!ORETICIANS ( ! ADV5T ( ! TE*NO-BUREAUCRACY SAW 9 ?IS MULTIPLICATION ( PR]OGATIVES ! CONFIRMATION ( !IR EXPECTATIONS ( A TOTAL 5GLOB+ ( SOCIETY 9TO ! OMNIVOR\S MON/] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 P]FECT CONT9UITY ) ,KROPOTK9I/ DET]M9ISM1 = !M HI/ORY IS A ONE-WAY AFFAIR & ! PA?S ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION >E ALREADY M>K$ \T4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! T5D5CIES :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 ! #a#i#cS & ! #a#i#gS >E HELD TO DEMON/RATE UNEQUIVOCALLY ! FUTURE TURN ( EV5TS -- !IR F9ALI/IC VISION IS SIMPLY ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO9 ) RESPECT TO ,M>XISM & BO? FAIL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FUNCTIONALITY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ) ! CONT+5T 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL & CONSEQU5TLY ! REV]SIBILITY ( *OICES :I* SEEM TO !M TO BE DEF9ITIVE4 ,NOT BY *ANCE DOES ! DISMANTLEM5T ( ! ,/ATE 7:I* HAS BE5 9 C\RSE DUR+ ! LA/ TWO DECADES7 LEAVE !M !ORETICALLY ?R[N & DESP]ATELY GRASP+ = PROPOSALS1 IF NOT DECID$LY & IRREM$IABLY COH]5T ) ! MOVES ( ! LEAD]S ( ! WORLD'S ECONOMY4 

#c4#a4#a ,CONTROL ( ! CYCLE 

  

,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( PREV5T+ ! EV] MORE DEVA/AT+ CYCLE ( CRISES1 AFT] ! FAILURE ( ?OSE M>G9ALI/ !ORIES.<#e.> DESIGN$ TO 9T]PRET SCI5TIFICALLY ! /ATE ( ! M>KETS1 L$ CAPITAL TO DRA/ICALLY MODIFY ITS FEATURES4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>S FROM ! E>LY #a#i#dS TO ! LATE #a#i#gS1 ! ,/ATE *ANG$ FROM BE+ SIMPLY ! GU>DIAN ( CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S 7TAX DRA9AGE1 POLICE CONTROL1 CU/OMS POLICY1 ETC47 9TO A MOTOR ( ! ECONOMY1 BY TAK+ ON RESPONSIBILITY -- BY MEANS ( SUB/ANTIAL TAX 9CREASES -- = REVITALIZ+ ! ECONOMIC CYCLE :I* WAS PRECIPITAT+ T[>DS ! ABYSS ( CRISIS4 

,A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS NEW ECONOMIC =M 7,KEYNESIANISM7 WAS ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET1 AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! ABSORPTION ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ QUANTITY ( GOODS1 :I* DEP5D$ ON A P]5NIAL PROGRESSIVE CYCLE4 ,WAGES BECOME ! FLY:EEL ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION 7,=DISM7 & 9CREASE1 ?\< AT A LEVEL BEL[ PRODUCTIVITY1 DRIV5 BY ! TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK 7,TAYLORISM74 ,IT WAS AN ATTEMPT TO WEAK5 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TURN+ IT 9TO A NORMAL WAY ( RATIONALIZ+ ! SY/EM4 

,CLE>LY1 CAPITALISM WAS 9V5T+ A NEW ]A ( PROSP]ITY = ITSELF1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 GR[+ MASSES ( ! METROPOLITAN PROLET>IAT 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES W]E GA9+ ACCESS TO GOODS :I* W]E ONCE \T ( !IR REA*4 ,! P]IOD ( /RUGGLE 9 ! LATE '#fS MADE IT CLE>1 ?\<1 ?AT ?IS SITUATION DID NOT TRANSLATE 9TO A P]MAN5T 9TEGRATION ( ! WEAK] CLASSES 9TO ! COMM]CIAL M9DSET4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS FROM ! V]Y SECTORS :I* C\LD BE SAID TO BE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! SO-CALL$ WORK+ MASSES ?AT ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! SY/EM EMANAT$ & TO !M ?AT !Y CONT9U$4 

#c4#a4#b ,! DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( CAPITAL 

  

,A FUR!R /EP WAS TAK5 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,?IS EVOLUTION TOOK PLACE ALMO/ NATURALLY1 BUT IT WAS A F> FROM NECESS>Y ONE1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT DID NOT >ISE AT ! C5T] ( ! SAPITALI/ SY/EM -- ! ,U,S,A4 ,SUP]FICIALLY1 !RE IS MU* 9 COMMON BETWE5 ! SITUATION ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! TWO ANTAGONI/IC >EAS ( TOTALLY-PLANN$ ECONOMIES 7! ,SOVIET >EA7 & DIRECT$-PLANN+ ECONOMIES 7CAPITALI/ ,EUROPE74 ,BUT1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ! TWO CASES HAD C]TA9 *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT CLE>LY 9DICATE H[ DIFF]5T !Y W]E4 

,! FIR/ /IMULUS DEVELOP$ ALMO/ BY *ANCE 9 FASCI/ ,ITALY4 ,FAC$ ) ! CRISIS 9 MANY 9DU/RIAL COMPLEXES1 ! REGIME SET UP ! ,I/ITUTO P] LA ,RICO/RUZIONE ,9DU/RIALE 7,I,R,I -- ,9/ITUTE = ,9DU/RIAL ,RECON/RUCTION7 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,?IS BODY TOOK OV] /RUGGL+ COMPANIES ) ! /AT$ 9T5TION ( RE-9TRODUC+ !M 9TO ! M>KET ONCE !Y HAD BE5 PUT 9 ORD]4 ,9/EAD1 ! ,I,R,I QUICKLY F\ND ITSELF 9 POSSESSION ( NOTABLE PORTIONS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION & 5D$ UP HOLD+ ONTO !M1 MANAG+ !M DIRECTLY & CREAT+ A NEW SECTOR -- ?AT ( ,/ATE ,P>TICIPATION4 ,! ,I,R,I SURVIV$ ! FASCI/ ]A & FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT PLAY] 9 ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ITS SUCCESS 9 S(T5+ ! BL[S ( ! ECONOMIC CYCLE 7?ANKS P>TLY TO ! 5ORM\S AVAILABILITY ( CAPITAL EV5 FROM ! ,/ATE7 WAS SO GREAT ?AT ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY MEMB]S 9 ! #a#i#eS CAME TO /UDY IT TO SEE IF IT C\LD BE REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,U,K1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,FR5* & ,G]MANS4 ,?US WAS BORN ! ,/ATE :I* P>TICIPATES DIRECTLY 9 ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC LIFE ) ITS [N CAPITAL -- ! ,/ATE AS BUS9ESSMAN4 

,! ,SOVIET ECONOMY WAS 5TIRELY A DIFF]5T AFFAIR4 ,!RE1 ! ,/ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY WAS TOTAL & DID NOT 9VOLVE ANY COMPETITION4 ,IT WAS ! RESULT ( ! COM+ TO P[] ( A CLASS :I* WAS NOT ! 5TREPR5EURIAL B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ! $UCAT$ PETITE B\RGEOISIE ) ITS [N ME?ODS ( EXTRACT+ SURPLUS VALUE4.<#f.> ,!SE TWO SY/EMS PROVID$ DIFF]5T TYPES ( ECONOMIC PLANN+ :I* W]E ONLY NOM9ALLY SIMIL>4 

,AT ?IS /AGE1 WE CANNOT AVOID MAK+ A QUICK APPRAISAL ( ?IS NEW ROLE ( ! ,/ATE :I* DEVELOP$ 9 CONT9UITY )1 BUT NOT 9 CONSEQU5CE (1 ! PREVI\SLY-EXAM9$ ROLE AS REGULATOR & /IMULATOR ( ! ECONOMIC CYCLE4 ,?OSE ( US :O REMEMB] ! LABOR /RUGGLES ( ! ,SIXTIES & ,SEV5TIES WILL C]TA9LY RECALL ! FACT ?AT TWO DIFF]5T NATIONAL LABOR CONTRACTS W]E SIGN$ = WORK]S 9 A PRIVATE COMPANIES & = WORK]S 9 ,/ATE ,P>TICIPATION COMPANIES1 ) ! LATT] (T5 PREC$+ ! =M]4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! T]MS ( ! LATT] W]E (T5 SE5 AS A T>GET1 !REBY =C+ ! BOSSES ( !PRIVATE SECTOR TO RELUCTANTLY MAKE GREAT] CONCESSIONS TO !IR WORK]S4 ,H[EV]1 9 AN AGE ( RAMPANT LIB]ALISM ! ,/ATE ,P>TICIPATION FIRMS BECAME SYNONYM\S ) CORRUPTION & WA/E & ON A WAVE ( EMOTIONAL REACTION W]E DISMANTL$ & SOLD (F TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,?US IT BECAME POSSIBLE = A MODEL FIRM LIKE ! ,NUOVO ,PIGNONE 9 ,FLOR5CE 7HAV+ BE5 ACQUIR$ BY ,A,G,I,P -- P>T ( ! ,I,R,I GR\P -- & CONV]T$ TO A NEW TYPE ( PRODUCTION1 HAV+ DEVELOP$ AVANT-G>DE TE*NOLOGY1 HAV+ WON ITSELF A GOOD SLICE ( ! WORLD M>KET 9 ITS SECTOR & HAV+ BECOME AN EXCELL5T S\RCE ( PR(IT = ! ,/ATE7 TO BE SOLD (F TO ITS ,U,S COMPETITOR1 ,G5]AL ,ELECTRIC4 

,D\BTLESSLY1 C]TA9 ELEM5TS )9 PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEM5T GOT RI* ?R\< RUNN+ ! ,/ATE ,P>TICIPATION COMPANIES1 BUT !RE IS NO D\BT EI!R ?AT WAGE LEVELS & WORK]S' CONDITIONS 9 ?IS PRIVILEG$ SECTOR S]V$ AS A REF]5CE PO9T = O!R WORK]S 9 !IR DEM&S4 ,IT IS !RE=E P]FECTLY LEGITIMATE TO ?9K ?AT P]HAPS ! DESP]ATE DRIVE TO DE/ROY ?IS SECTOR CAME AB\T PR9CIPALLY AS A RESULT ( ! NE$S ( ! BOSSES 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR TO ELIM9ATE AN UNCOM=TABLE COMPETITOR RA!R ?AN FROM SOME VAGUE & B>ELY CR$IBLE MORAL DRIVE TO ELIM9ATE CORRUPTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PHYSICAL ELIM9ATION ( ,5RICO ,MATTEI 7PRESID5T ( ,A,G,I,P & PROMOT] ( AN AUTONOM\S SUPPLY ( CRUDE OIL BY-PASS+ ! 9T]NATIONAL OIL C>TEL1 ! ,SEV5 ,SI/]S7 ON ! ORD]S ( ! OIL COMPANIES IS C]TA9LY FOOD = ?\<T4 

#c4#a4#c ,WELF>E 

  

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! #b? C5TURY1 ! ,/ATE GRADUALLY TOOK ON ! ROLE ( PROVID] ( SOCIAL S]VICES 7$UCATION1 HEAL?C>E1 SOCIAL 9SURANCE1 TRANSPORT1 ETC474 ,! ADVANTAGE = ! BOSSES WAS OBVI\S4 ,TAXES 7TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUT$ TO A MU* L[] DEGREE ?AN WORK]S7 PAID = A :OLE S]IES ( S]VICES1 GIV+ ! BOSSES A BETT]-$UCAT$1 HEAL?I] & 7IT WAS HOP$7 LESS RE/IVE WORK=CE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT = ! WORK]S !RE WAS AN UND5IABLE ADVANTAGE1 TOO4 ,! ALT]NATIVE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 L[] TAXATION 7SOME?+ WE WILL COME BACK TO7 BUT ! AB&ON+ ( ALL =MS ( SOCIAL PROTECTION TO ! JUNGLE ( PR(IT -- SOME?+ :I* WE >E N[ WITNESS+ 9 ALL CL>ITY4 

,WELF>E1 9 FACT1 WAS ONCE KN[N AS 0SOCIAL SAL>Y0 & WAS CONSID]$ BY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS AS ANO!R =M ( PAY = !IR WORK4 ,PUBLIC $UCATION MAY HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ON ! ACQUISITION ( ! SKILLS REQUIR$ = WORK1 BUT IT ALSO 5ABL$ ! WEAK] CLASSES TO GA9 ACCESS TO G5]AL $UCATIONAL /&>DS :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IF HEAL?C>E WAS DESIGN$ TO 0REPAIR0 ! DAMAG$ WORK=CE1 FROM ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW IT ALSO GU>ANTE$ TREATM5T ( ILLNESSES :I* HAD ONCE CUT SWA!S ?R\< ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:ILE P5SIONS (T5 T5D$ TO TRANSF] ! CO/S ( AN OBSOLETE OR R$UNDANT WORK=CE ONTO ! :OLE ( SOCIETY1 !Y CAN ALSO BE SAID TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! POORH\SE & TO ! TOTAL DEGRADATION ( OLD AGE :I* MEMB]S ( ! WEAKE/ CLASSES W]E ONCE SUBJECT$ TO4 ,! PUBLIC TRANSPORT SY/EM MAY HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE = HUGE NUMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAT TO BE AB&ON$ AMID ! M>G9ALIZATION ( ! \TLY+ DI/RICTS ( CITIES1 BUT IT HAS TO BE SAID ?AT IT ALSO ALL[$ GREAT] 5JOYM5T ( LEISURE TIME BY L>GE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION :I* ONCE HAD NO ACCESS TO MOBILITY4 

,REFUS+ TO EXAM9E ! ,/ATE 9 ALL ITS V>I\S GUISES IS SIMPLY %ORT-SI<T$4 

,AS A RESULT1 !RE >E ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT IF ! ,/ATE IS ! 5EMY1 !N EV]Y?+ ?AT COMES FROM ! ,/ATE MU/ BE REJECT$4 ,BUT ?IS TYPE ( REASON+ DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! O!R 5EMY -- CAPITALISM -- :I* IS TODAY AIM+ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& !RE IS YET ANO!R MISCONCEPTION1 EV5 MORE 9SIDI\S BUT NONE!LESS ]RONE\S3 AS ! PROLET>IAT & CAPITAL HAVE OPPOS+ 9T]E/S1 EV]Y?+ ?AT GOES TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! LATT] CAN ONLY BE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! =M]4 

,BUT IF ?IS W]E ! CASE1 SEE+ ?AT WAGES >E UND5IABLY AT ! L[E/ LEVEL ?AT ! BOSSES >E PREP>$ TO C$E 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT ! WORK=CE FULLY & >E ?US AN ADVANTAGE TO EMPLOY]S1 !N EMPLOYES %\LD REFUSE !M4 ,9 EFFECT1 :ILE WE FI<T 7OR RA!R1 %\LD DO7 TO 9CREASE WAGES AT ! CO/ ( PR(IT1 WE %\LD AT ! SAME TIME BE FI<T+ TO 5SURE ?AT S]VICES >E 9CREAS+LY DIRECT$ T[>DS ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES & 9CREAS+LY AWAY FROM ! WEAL?I] CLASSES4 

,BUT ?IS %\LD NEV] MEAN1 OBVI\SLY1 ?AT WE R5\NCE ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBV]T+ ( ! SY/EM 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A JU/1 FREE & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 

#c4#b ,FROM ! PRIMITIVE /ATE TO ! MOD]N ,/ATE 

  

,AS HAS BE5 MADE CLE> FROM :AT WE HAVE SAID ?US F>1 OV] ! LA/ #ae YE>S1 ! ,/ATE HAS SUB/ANTIALLY *ANG$ ITS ROLE1 ITS FUNCTIONS & ITS /RUCTURE4 

,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 :ILE ,M>XISM SEP>ATES ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T 7A B\RGEOIS 5TREPR5EURIAL COMMITTEE1 AS IT HAS BE5 CALL$7 FROM ?AT ( ! ,/ATE AS AN APP>ATUS1 & !RE=E DEVELOP$ ! CONCEPT ( US+ ! ,/ATE MA*9E = REVOLUTION>Y 5DS1 ,AN>*ISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 UNITES BO? FUNCTIONS & HAS 5D$ UP OV] TIME LOS+ ! ABILITY TO DI/+UI% &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CAPACITY = POLITICAL ORI5TATION4 

,WE !RE=E NE$ TO ?9K AGA9 AB\T ! :OLE QUE/ION IF WE >E TO AVOID ! RISK ( ACCEPT+ ! APP>ATUS ( /ATE AS IT IS OR AVOID REJECTION A PRIORI ( ANY?+ ?AT COMES FROM ! ,/ATE1 BO? ( :I* W\LD S]VE ONLY TO DELIV] US 9TO ! H&S ( AGGRESSIVE NEO-LIB]ALISM4 

,P>T ,I,V -- ,AMBIGUITIES 9 ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE 

  

,MU* HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! ABSOLUTI/ OR !OCRATIC ,/ATE1 ! PURE EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( A PRIVILEG$ CA/E 7& AGA9/ :I* ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISMS W]E DIRECT$71 :I* /ILL EXI/$ 9 MANY C\NTRIES 9 ! MID-#a#h? C5TURY1 ?\< NOT = MU* LONG]4 ,\R ATT5TION1 H[EV]1 IS BE/ CONC5TRAT$ ON ! LIB]AL ,/ATE :I* BY N[ IS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD ) A HI< LEVEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 7& ?AT IT IS ! LESS] ( TWO EVILS IS ONLY TOO CLE> TO ?OSE 0?IRD-WORLD0 C\NTRIES :I* >E /ILL LIV+ UND] OPPRESSIVE DICTATOR%IPS74 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT B\RGEOIS RI<TS >E FICTITI\S -- ! ,/ATE IS NEV] IMP>TIAL4 ,9 A SOCIETY DIVID$ BY CLASS1 EV5 ! CONSEQU5CES ( ILLEGALITY >E DIVID$ BY CLASS4 ,BUT IT DOES NO H>M TO KEEP 9 M9D ! OLD SAY+ AB\T ?R[+ ! BABY \T ) ! BA?WAT] -- EV5 IF ! WAT] IS V]Y DIRTY & ! BABY V]Y SMALL4 ,& = TWO GOOD REASONS4 ,! FIR/ IS SIMPLY ?AT IT W\LD BE /UPID TO SACRIFICE ! BABY4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT WE W\LD BE HELP+ \R CLASS 5EMY1 :O IS TRY+ TO HOLD ON TO ! BA?WAT] BUT WANTS TO ?R[ \T ! BABY4 

#d4#a ,! ,/ATE 9 ! REVOLUTION 

  

,ONE PO9T ON :I* ,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9 DISAGREEM5T ) ,M>XI/S IS REG>D+ ! NE$ = ! SURVIVAL ( ! ,/ATE DUR+ ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,! USE ( ! ,/ATE'S FUNCTIONS 9 ORD] TO SPREAD & DEF5D ! REVOLUTION1 ACCORD+ TO ! FOLL[]S ( SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM2 DEC5TRALIZATION & DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY BY ! PROLET>IAT1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IMM$IATELY TAKES CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION AS ! SOLUTION = ! PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY CLASS SOCIETY1 = ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S4 

,M>XI/S HAVE ACCUS$ ,AN>*I/ POSITIONS ( BE+ COOP]ATIVI/1 SU/A9+ ?AT IF \R ME?ODS W]E FOLL[$ ! RESULT W\LD BE CONFLICT & 9EQUALITY1 NOT TO M5TION AN 9ABILITY TO DEFEAT ! 9EVITABLE B\RGEOIS REACTION4 ,= !IR P>T1 ,AN>*I/S HAVE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! SURVIVAL ( A C5TRALIZ$ P[] 7! ,/ATE7 W\LD G5]ATE A NEW EXPROPRIATOR CLASS & W\LD DI/ANCE ! MASSES FROM ! REVOLUTION4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS PROVID$ UNEQUIVOCAL EVID5CE ( ! TRU? ( ?IS4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE HAVE BE5 NOTABLE EXAMPLES ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! DISPOSSESS$ :5EV] ! REVOLUTION>Y SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS HAD EV5 ! SLI<TE/ POSSIBILITY TO EXI/ FREELY4 

,HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT1 LET US N[ LOOK AT ! MATT] A LITTLE MORE C>EFULLY4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ,AN>*I/S' LEGITIMATE CRITICISM HAS L$ !M T[>DS A SLIPP]Y SLOPE :I* C\LD BE FATAL UNLESS IT IS ADEQUATELY DEALT )4 ,SOLID>ITY IS A BLUEPR9T = CIVILIZATION :I* HUMANS MU/ BE $UCAT$ 9TO & IT IS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ! EXAMPLES WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ALL OCCURR$ 9 PLACES :]E REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS HAD ALREADY BE5 EX]T+ !IR 9FLU5CE = SOME TIME1 9 O!R WORDS :]E ! MASSES W]E BETT] PREP>$ = REVOLUTION4 ,PUT ANO!R WAY1 IT W\LD BE DANG]\S TO CONFUSE AN>*Y1 :I* IS ! F9AL CONDITION ( HUMAN EVOLUTION 7! RESULT ( A GR[? ( CIVILIZATION & ! AW>5ESS ( \R ROLE 9 SOCIETY71 ) ! PRIMORDIAL CONDUCT ( MAN ! ANIMAL -- VIOL5T1 CRUDE & AGGRESSIVE4 

,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 WE NE$ TO AVOID CONFUSION 9 \R GOALS4 ,IT IS P[] :I* MU/ NOT BE CONC5TRAT$1 9 O!R WORDS GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE 9 ! S5SE ( ! ADM9I/RATION FROM ABOVE TO BEL[ 7LEGISLATIVE P[]7 ( ! RES PUBLICA4 ,9/EAD1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO MA9TA9 A C5TRALIZ$ ROLE 7ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T FROM BEL[1 OBVI\SLY7 = PUBLIC S]VICES 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE ! SAME RI<TS = EV]YONE4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 #aicf HAD NO D\BTS4 ,KN[+ FULL WELL ?AT ! REVOLUTION CAN SUCCE$ ONLY IF EV]Y?+ WORKS FROM DAY ONE 7AS F> AS POSSIBLE7 ) REG>D TO SUPPLIES & TO S]VICES1 !Y 5SUR$ ?AT ! WORK]S ORGANIZ$ PUBLIC S]VICES 7= EXAMPLE TRANSPORT 9 ,B>CELONA7 9 ORD] TO KEEP !M OP]ATIONAL4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT ?\< IT IS RI<T = ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE APP>ATUS TO BE DEMOLI%$ & NOT TRANS=M$ 7AS SOME HAVE SAID 9 ! PA/71 ! SAME CANNOT BE SAID :]E PUBLIC S]VICES >E CONC]N$ -- *ILDR5'S $UCATION1 C>E ( ! ELD]LY & ! SICK1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT & SO ON4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE D$UC$ ?AT :]E SU* S]VICES ALREADY EXI/ & >E PROVID$ TO CITIZ5S ON ! BASIS ( EQUALITY1 !N ! TRANSITION TO COLLECTIVIZ$ MANAGEM5T BY ! WORK]S ( ?OSE SECTORS WILL BE SO MU* EASI] ?AN W\LD BE ! CASE IF !SE S]VICES W]E TO BE SOLD (F PIECEMEAL TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR & =C$ TO OP]ATE 9 ORD] TO CREATE PR(IT4 

#d4#b ,! ,NUMB] ,ONE ,5EMY 

  

,M>XI/S HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ! 5TIRE EVOLUTION ( HI/ORY TO BE DET]M9$ BY /RUCTURE 7! PRODUCTION SY/EM ) ITS RELAT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS71 :ILE O!R ASPECTS SU* AS POLITICS1 CULTURE & W> >E M]ELY MORE OR LESS DIRECT CONSEQU5CES ( ! /RUCTURE1 EV5 ?\< !Y BR+ !IR [N EFFECTS 7SUP]/RUCTURE74 

,AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 AGREE ?AT ! /RUCTURE IS ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM 7HI/ORY IS ! HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE71 BUT ?AT ! SUP]/RUCTURE IS NOT SO CLOSELY DEP5D5T ON IT1 ?AT IT HAS A LIFE ( ITS [N & ?AT AT TIMES IT CAN EV5 9T]ACT ) ! /RUCTURE1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ITS DEVELOPM5T4 .<,A BRIEF ASIDE3 /RANGELY 5\<1 ,M>XI/S DEVELOP$ A NOTABLE TA/E = POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T & ELECTORAL ACTIVITY1 :]EAS ,AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ A FANATICAL LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 !SE >EAS4.> 

,AS = ! ,/ATE1 ,M>XI/S DREW ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 ONCE ! PRODUCTION RELATION%IPS 7[N]%IP7 HAD *ANG$ AS A RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! ,/ATE %\LD CONT9UE TO EXI/ UNTIL SU* TIMES AS ITS FUNCTIONS BECAME UNNECESS>Y 7ON ! BASIS ( ?IS1 ,TROTSKYI/S SPEAK AB\T ! ,U,S,S,R AS A DEG5]AT$ WORK]S' ,/ATE1 IGNOR+ ! COMPLETE FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS AS A RESULT ( ! NEW ,SOVIET BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS74 ,AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS ESS5TIAL TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS IMM$IATELY1 SUB/ITUT+ IT ) ALT]NATIVE =MS ( COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONISM1 AS WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT P[] CAN REG5]ATE EXPLOITATION EV5 IF ! EXPLOITATION IS 9ITIALLY ABOLI%$ AS A RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION -- SOME?+ :I* CLE>LY CAME TRUE 9 ! CASE ( ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,ONCE AGA91 ! PR9CIPLE WAS GOOD BUT ! C\RSE ( TIME & BAD PROPAG&A CAUS$ A CORRUPTION ( ! PR9CIPLE 9 AN EXTREMELY DANG]\S WAY4 ,BY =GETT+ ?AT \R PRIME 5EMY IS ! EXPLOITATION BY ONE MAN ( ANO!R 7AS ,BAKUN9 WELL KNEW7 & ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS ONE ( ! HI/ORIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( EXPLOITATION & WAS NEI!R ! ONLY ONE NOR A NECESS>Y ONE1 ,AN>*I/S HAVE CONFUS$ ! !ORY ( ! TRANSITIONAL PHASE ) ! !ORY ( HI/ORY & HAVE 5D$ UP PROCLAIM+ ! ,/ATE AS ! PROLET>IAT'S NUMB] ONE 5EMY 7& EV51 = SOME1 ITS ONLY 5EMY674 ,M>XI/ 0/ATOPHILIA0 HAS BE5 C\NT]BALANC$ BY AN EQUALLY OBTUSE ,AN>*I/ 0/ATOPHOBIA40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y HAVE CONC5TRAT$ !IR CRITICISM ON CAPITAL'S 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION DEVELOP$ DUR+ ONE P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL PHASE1 ONLY TO =GET ! DOM9ATION ITSELF & ! V>I\S O!R =MS IT CAN TAKE4 ,& ALL BECAUSE ( ! FE> ?AT ! ,/ATE MI<T ONCE AGA9 REPRODUCE ! EXPLOITATION %\LD IT SURVIVE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PHASE4 

,?IS IS ! REASON :Y MU* ,AN>*I/ WRIT+ TALKS ( ! ,/ATE BE+ ! MA9 5EMY & :Y ANYONE :O CLAIMS 9/EAD ?AT \R MA9 5EMY IS ! B\RGEOISIE IS ACCUS$ ( BE+ A CRYPTO-,M>XI/4 ,SO :Y1 !N1 IS ! BOSS CLASS N[ AIM+ AT ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE8 ,& :Y DO SOME EXTREMI/ FR+E ELEM5TS ( ,U,S NEO-LIB]ALISM 7LIKE ,FRI$MANN7 EV5 RECOMM5D PRIVATIZ+ POLICE =CES8 ,LET US NOT =GET ?AT 9 ,ITALY1 ! ,MAFIA & ! V>I\S O!R 0SOCIETIES ( HONOR0 W]E BORN AS A =M ( SOCIAL & POLICE CONTROL 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY :]E1 ! EXPLOITATIVE PRODUCTION RELATION%IPS NOT HAV+ BE5 ABOLI%$1 ! UNIFI$ ,/ATE WAS NOT PRES5T1 NOT EV5 = ! PURPOSES ( 5=C+ ! LAW4 ,A SOCIETY CAN BE CREAT$ )\T ,/ATE & )\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 A SOCIETY :I* W\LD BE DE> TO ?OSE ,AM]ICAN AN>*O-CAPITALI/S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! SUBTLE POISON ( ?IS IDEA CAN BE ABSORB$ 9 HOMEOPA?IC DOSES BY AN>*I/S )\T !M EV5 NOTIC+ IT4 

#d4#c ,COLLECTIVE FUNCTIONS & CO]CIVE FUNCTIONS 

  

,AS WE NE> ! 5D ( ?IS /UDY1 IT MU/ BE REPEAT$ ?AT A G5]IC APPROA* TO ! SUBJECT ( ! ,/ATE CANNOT MOVE US =W>D 7& CAN ACTUALLY SET US BACK74 ,WE !RE=E NE$ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE 7OR AT LEA/ :AT !Y W]E UNTIL ! REC5T NEO-LIB]AL ATTACK71 BETWE5 ! FUNCTIONS ( SOCIAL ORD] BO? 9 ONE S+LE >EA & 9T]NATIONALLY 7! ,W>F>E ,/ATE1 AS SOME HAVE CALL$ IT71 & ! FUNCTIONS ( ASSUR+ M9IMUM /&>DS ( SECURITY TO CITIZ5S 7! ,WELF>E ,/ATE1 9 O!R WORDS74 ,! V>I\S FUNCTIONS >E (T5 L9K$ & SUPPORT EA* O!R BUT ?IS DOES NOT TAKE AWAY FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y >E BAS$ ON DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES4 ,! =M] >E PURELY CO]CIVE & HAVE NO PLACE )9 AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 :]EAS ! LATT] >E DESIGN$ TO EASE SOCIAL 9TEGRATION & HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY ?AT ANY SOCIETY WOR?Y ( ! NAME W\LD WI% TO COV]1 ALBEIT ) NECESS>Y *ANGES 9 !IR =M4 

,H[EV]1 ! WAY ?+S >E GO+ AT PRES5T1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! DIRECTION WE >E GO+ 9 IS NOT ! ONE WE W\LD LIKE4 ,IT IS A ROAD :I* CAPITALISM HAS TAK5 ) GREAT WILL+NESS4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE & ! MA9TA9+1 & 9DE$ /R5G!N+1 ( ! ,W>F>E ,/ATE4 ,E,U TREATIES1 ! GR[? ( ,N,A,T,O1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PR(ESSIONAL >MIES 9 ,ITALY & O!R C\NTRIES -- ALL !SE PO9T 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 A DIRECTION :I*1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 EXCLUDES ANY CONSI/5T DIM9UTION 9 ! TAX BURD51 AT LEA/ AS F> AS EMPLOYES >E CONC]N$4 

,9 FACT1 WE C\LD ADD ?AT ANY?+ O!R ?AN A DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE ONLY PLAYS 9TO ! H&S ( ! CLASS 5EMY4 ,IT IS ! /RUGGLE = ! ,WELF>E ,/ATE ?AT CAN PREP>E US = 7& NOT MOVE US FUR!R AWAY FROM7 ! COLLECTIVE & SOLID SELF-MANAGEM5T ( RELATION%IPS4 ,9/EAD1 IT SEEMS ?AT = SOME SO-CALL$ AN>*I/S1 ! EVIL LIES 9 PUBLIC HEAL?C>E1 $UCATION & SOCIAL SECURITY BECAUSE !Y >E PROVID$ BY ,/ATE BODIES1 & NOT ! EXPLOITATION ( ILLNESS1 KN[L$GE & OLD AGE = PR(IT4 

,BUT LET US NOT =GET ?AT :ILE ! ,/ATE IS AN OB/ACLE TO ANY REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS & ?AT IT MU/ DISAPPE> FROM ! V]Y />T ( ANY FUTURE REVOLUTION 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS APPE>ANCE 9 HI/ORY WAS A /EP =W>D FROM ! B>B>ISM ?AT PREC$$ IT & ?AT ITS DISAPPE>ANCE1 IF NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ! RELATION%IPS ( [N]%IP1 WILL 5D UP PU%+ US FUR!R FROM & NOT BR++ US CLOS] TO \R GOAL4 

,P>T ,V -- ,A FEW GR\NDRULES 

  

,AN>*I/ ANTI-,/ATISM HAS1 )\T D\BT1 BE5 USEFUL 9 DRAW+ ATT5TION TO SEV]AL ASPECTS ?AT ,M>XISM FAIL$ TO DEAL )3 ! ROLE ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! ROLE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS DUR+ & FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION1 ! ROLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CLASSES1 ! 9N] NATURE ( ! ADM9I/RATION & ITS ABILITY TO REPRODUCE ITSELF1 ! EVOLUTIVE AUTONOMY ( ! SUP]/RUCTURE UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS & ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! G5]AL EVOLUTION4 ,9 ALL !SE >EAS !RE HAVE BE5 IRREV]SIBLE !ORETICAL ADVANCES :I* HAVE BE5 PROV$ 9 ! FIELD DUR+ ! V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO 9/ALL SOCIALISM US+ ! P>AMET]S ( DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( ,M>XISM4 

,H[EV]1 WE NE$ TO CLEAN UP ANTI-,/ATISM & REMOVE ! DETRITUS :I* HAS GA!R$ >\ND IT AS A RESULT ( ! ACCUMULATION ( (T5 OV]LY-SUP]FICIAL 9T]PRETATIONS BAS$ ON SIMPLE ANALOGIES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! P]NICI\S CONFUSION BETWE5 /ATE & PUBLIC1 BETWE5 BUREAUCRACY & S]VICES1 BETWE5 HI]>*IC & COLLECTIVE4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 TRUE ?AT PUBLIC S]VICES >E AFFECT$ BY BUREACRATIZATION & A LACK ( ATT5TION TO ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O USE !M4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! DAILY SC&AL CREAT$ 9 ! M$IA 7CONTROLL$ BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE7 REG>D+ DISS]VICES & 9EFFICI5CY S]VES ONLY TO PAVE ! WAY = PRIVATE PR(IT4 ,! ROAD :I* LEADS FROM TODAY'S JU/LY-CRITICIZABLE PUBLIC S]VICES TO AN EGALIT>IAN1 CLASSLESS SOCIETY DOES NOT RUN ?R\< ! IMP]VI\S JUNGLE ( CAPITALISM 9 ITS WILDE/ =M & ( ! SO-CALL$ 9T]E/S ( EA* CITIZ54 ,IT IS A DIFF]5T ROAD1 ONE :I* RUNS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION3  

RECOGNITION ( S]VICES AS 9DIRECT1 EQUALLY-DI/RIBUT$ WAGES2  

! DEM& = MORE S]VICES :I* >E MORE EFFICI5T & FREE TO ALL2  

MORE EFFICI5T & CONT9U\S CONTROLS ON COLLECTIVITY1 BUT NOT 9 ! =M ( 0POLITICAL REPRES5TATION01 & ON ! QUALITY ( DI/RIBUTION ( S]VICES4  
  

,?IS IS !Y WAY TO PREP>E = AN EFFICI5T FUTURE SELF-MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY & ( ! S]VICES :I* >E DESIGN$ TO REMOVE ANY 9EQUALITIES CREAT$ AMONG HUMANS BY NATURE4 ,?IS IS ! TRUE & MO/ PR(\ND MEAN+ ( A 0PUBLIC S]VICE40 

.<#a.> ,C4 ,B]N]I1 UNPUBLI%$ NOTE REPORT$ 9 ,P4 ,C4 ,MAS9I1 ,LA =MAZIONE POLITICA DI ,CAMILLO ,B]B]I1 9 ,V>I\S AU?ORS1 ,ATTI DEL ,CONVEGNO DI /UDI SU ,CAMILLO ,B]B]I1 ,MILANO #i OTTOBRE #a#i#g#g1 ,LA COOP]ATIVA ,TIPOLITOGRAFICA ,$ITRICE1 ,C>R>A1 #a#i#g#i1 P4 #a#g4 

.<#b.> ,LEAV+ ASIDE ,GODW9'S PURELY SPECULATIVE POSITION1 :AT ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF SAYS MU/ BE TRUE = ,PR\DHON TOO3 BY REASON ( ! FACT ?AT HE WANT$ TO PRES]VE ! FAMILY1 ,PR\DHON WAS OBLIG$ BY A LOGIC ?AT WAS /RONG] ?AN HIS REVOLUTION>Y PEASANT 9/9CTS TO RECON/ITUTE & REE/ABLI% H]$IT>Y PROP]TY1 & ALSO 7ACT+ AS A C\NT]-BALANCE7 ! ,/ATE .<444.>4 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,LETT]A A 0,LA ,LIB]TE0 DI ,BRUXELLES1 9 ,MI*AIL ,BAKUN91 ,OP]E COMPLETE1 VOL4 ,V,I1 ,$IZIONI ,AN>*ISMO1 ,CATANIA #a#i#h#e1 P4 #b#a4 

.<#c.> ,MI*AIL ,BAKUN91 ,/ATO E AN>*IA1 ,FELTR9ELLI1 ,MILAN #a#i#g#b1 P4 #c#h4 

.<#d.> ,! #ahc REVOLUTION & !IR NEW 9DEP5D5CE ALL[$ ! ,BELGIANS TO GIVE !MSELVES A .<444.> ,CON/ITUTION .<?AT.> FULLY GU>ANTE$ ! FRE$OM ( CONGREGATION & ASSOCIATION & NONE ( ! V>I\S REACTION>Y GOV]NM5TS ?AT ! C\NTRY HAS HAD TO 5DURE HAS D>$ ABOLI% ?IS PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM1 DESPITE ! MANY ATTACKS OV] !SE LA/ T5 YE>S ON ! WORK]S' /RIKES4 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,I/ORIC'ESKOE ,RAZVITIE ,9T]NATSIONALA1 ,CA/' ,I4 ,IZDANIE ,SOCIAL'NOJUCIONNOJ ,P>TII4 ,TOM ,I,I .> 7#a#h#g#c71 PP4#a#g#d-#a#h#b1 9 ,MI*AIL ,BAKUN91 ,OP]E COMPLETE1 VOL4 ,V,I1 ,$IZIONI ,AN>*ISMO1 ,CATANIA #a#i#h#e1 P4 #a#e#a4 

.<#e.> ,M>G9ALI/ ECONOMIC !ORIES FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY FOLL[+ ! LONG DEPRESSION ( #ahff & W]E ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO PR$ICT & PLAN ! M>KET :I*1 LEFT ALONE TO FLUCTUATE1 WAS PROVOK+ ! CYCLIC CRISES PR$ICT$ BY ,M>X4 ,! T]M M>G9ALISM WAS APPLI$ TO !SE !ORIES DUE TO ! CONCEPT ( M>G9AL UTILITY1 I4E4 ! VALUE ?AT SELL] & BUY] RESPECTIVELY ASSIGN TO ! GOODS ON SALE1 ! LATE/ 9 A S]IES ( GOODS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! SELL]4 ,M>G9ALISM M>K$ ! MASSIVE 5TRY ( MA!MATICS 9TO ! /UDY ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! PR9CIPAL EXPON5TS ( ?IS ECONOMIC S*OOL ( ?\<T W]E ,M>%ALL1 ,JEVONS1 ,BOHMM-,BAW]K1 ,M5G]1 ETC4 

.<#f.> ,! ACQUISITION ( ! PRIVILEG$ P>T ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ DIES NOT COME AB\T BY VIRTUE ( POSSESSION ( ! GOODS ( PRODUCTION1 =MALLY UND] COLLECTIVE [N]%IP1 BUT ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTION-DI/RIBUTION CYCLE1 EX]CIS$ BY VIRTUE ( HAV+ GREAT] KN[L$GE4 

7,S\RCE3 47 

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