,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA9 
,! ,AN>*I/ & ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf 

#aiid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 WORK]S' COMMITTEES & PEASANT ASSEMBLIES1 COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE1 IMPACT ( ! FACTORY SY/EM1 WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS1 MEMB]S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 BANN] ( UNITY & COALITION1 WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,PREFACE 

      #deb ,WORDS2 #c1#a#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 

      #a#b1#e#g ,WORDS2 #h1#b#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 

      #i1#f#d ,WORDS2 #f#c1#a#i#e ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,PREFACE 
,PREFACE 

,!SE ESSAYS >E LESS AN ANALYSIS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i ?AN AN EVOCATION ( ! GREATE/ PROLET>IAN & PEASANT REVOLUTION TO OCCUR OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 ,AL?\< !Y CONTA9 A G5]AL OV]VIEW & EVALUATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ & ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS 7! TWO %\LD BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$7 9 ! ?REE-YE> /RUGGLE AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#cS1 !Y >E NOT 9T5D$ TO BE A FULL ACC\NT ( ?OSE COMPLEX EV5TS4 

,IT IS NO EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ! F>!/-REA*+ MOVEM5T ?AT ! ,LEFT EV] PRODUC$1 = REASONS ! ESSAYS ?AT FOLL[ WILL MAKE CLE>4 ,! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY1 L$ L>GELY BY ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS :OSE NAMES WILL NEV] BE KN[N TO US1 /RA9$ ! LIMITS ( :AT WE 9 ! #a#i#cS CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 & W5T APPRECIABLY BEYOND !M4 ,F> MORE ?AN ! LEAD]S ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,C,N,T-,F,A,I7 EXPECT$ OR APP>5TLY EV5 WANT$1 ,AN>*I/S & ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S SPONTANE\SLY =M$ ! FAM\S 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES ?AT SO M>K$LY DI/+UI%$ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION FROM ANY ?AT HAD PREC$$ IT4 ,!Y PROVID$ ! MILITIAM5 & WOM5 :O DI$ BY ! ?\S&S 9 ! E>LY FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/ G5]ALS :O L$ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ( ,JULY #aicf 9 BEHALF ( ! ,SPANI% L&LORDS1 ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,*UR*4 

,! 5DEAVORS ( ! ,AN>*I/S & !IR ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ALLIES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION MU/ NEV] BE =GOTT51 LE/ TODAY'S ,LEFT LOSE A S5SE ( CONT9UITY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A -- ITS IDEALISM1 PR9CIPLES1 & IDEAS4 ,! LOSS ( ?IS CONT9UITY W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM & TO A FA%IONABLE IDEOLOGICAL PLURALISM ?AT M+LES RE=MI/ POLITICS ) RADICAL RHETORIC AS ! NE$ >ISES4 

,! ESSAYS ?AT FOLL[ ATTEMPT TO REA* A WID] READ]%IP ?AN DO ! MORE ACADEMIC /UDIES ( ! EV5TS4 ,! FIR/ ESSAY1 RETITL$ H]E 0,AN ,OV]VIEW ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T10 CONSI/S ( MY ,SEPTEMB] #aigc 9TRODUCTORY ESSAY TO ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES3 ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g#d71 :I* WAS MORE ( A COMP5DIUM ( EXC]PTS ?AN A COMPREH5SIVE WORK 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,! SECOND ESSAY1 0,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,POLITICS1  N4S41 VOL4 #a1 NO4 #a 7,SUMM] #a#i#h#f71 WAS WRITT5 TO COMMEMORATE ! HALF-C5TURY ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4"9 ,I WI% TO ?ANK MY FRI5DS ,PHYLLIS & ,JULIUS ,JACOBSON1 ! $ITORS ( ,NEW ,POLITICS1  = !IR K9D P]MISSION TO REPR9T ! ESSAY H]E4 

,I D$ICATE ?IS BOOK TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I REVOLUTION>IES ,GA/ON ,LEVAL & ,JOSE ,PEIRATS -- TWO A/ONI%+LY HONE/ & COMMITT$ COMRADES4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,PLA9FIELD ,V]MONT #effg 

,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #aiic 

"9 ,NEW ,POLITICS1 ,P4,O4 ,BOX #i#h1 ,BROOKLYN1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#a#b#c#a4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 
,AN ,OV]VIEW  
( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 

,9 ! MORN+ H\RS ( ,JULY #a#h1 #a#i#c#f1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO ISSU$ ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO FROM ,LAS ,PALMAS 9 ,SPANI% ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT OP5LY LAUN*$ ! /RUGGLE ( ,SPA9'S REACTION>Y MILIT>Y (FIC]S AGA9/ ! LEGALLY ELECT$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID4 

,! ,FRANCO PRONUNCIAMI5TO LEFT LITTLE D\BT ?AT1 9 ! EV5T ( VICTORY BY ! ,SPANI% G5]ALS1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A CLE>LY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 MODEL$ 9/ITUTIONALLY ON SIMIL> REGIMES 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY4 ,! ,FRANCOI/ =CES OR 0,NATIONALI/S10 AS !Y W]E TO CALL !MSELVES1 EXHIBIT$ ALL ! TRAPP+S & IDEOLOGIES ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5TS ( ! DAY3 ! RAIS$ OP5-PALM SALUTE1 ! APPEALS TO A 0FOLK-SOIL0 PHILOSOPHY ( ORD]1 DUTY1 & OB$I5CE1 & ! AV[$ COMMITM5TS TO SMA% ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 5D ALL POLITICAL DISSID5CE4 ,TO ! WORLD1 ! CONFLICT 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,SPANI% G5]ALS SEEM$ LIKE ANO!R ( ! CLASSIC /RUGGLES WAG$ BETWE5 ! 0=CES ( FASCISM0 & ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 ?AT REA*$ SU* ACUTE PROPORTIONS 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT FROM SIMIL> /RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 & ,AU/RIA1 H[EV]1 WAS ! MASSIVE RESI/ANCE ) :I* ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 SEEM$ TO OPPOSE TO ! ,SPANI% MILIT>Y4 ,FRANCO & HIS MILIT>Y COCONSPIRATORS1 DESPITE ! WIDE SUPPORT !Y 5JOY$ AMONG ! (FIC] CADRES 9 ! >MY1 GROSSLY MISCALCULAT$ ! POPUL> OPPOSITION !Y W\LD 5C\NT]4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 LA/$ NE>LY ?REE YE>S -- FROM ,JULY #aicf TO ,M>* #aici -- & CLAIM$ AN E/IMAT$ MILLION LIVES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME1 SO IT SEEM$ TO MANY ( US 9 ! ?IRTIES1 AN 5TIRE PEOPLE ) DAZZL+ C\RAGE HAD >RE/$ ! T]RIFY+ SUCCESS ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS 9 C5TRAL & S\!RN ,EUROPE4 ,SC>CELY ?REE YE>S E>LI]1 ,HITL] HAD POCKET$ ,G]MANY )\T A %R$ ( RESI/ANCE FROM ! MASSIVE ,M>XI/-DOM9AT$ ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AU/RIA1 TWO YE>S BE=E1 HAD SUCCUMB$ TO AN ESS5TIALLY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE AFT] A WEEK ( FUTILE /REET-FI<T+ BY ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9 ,VI5NA4 ,EV]Y:]E FASCISM SEEM$ 0ON ! M>*0 & 0DEMOCRACY0 9 RETREAT4 ,BUT ,SPA9 HAD S]I\SLY RESI/$ -- & CONT9U$ TO RESI/ = YE>S DESPITE ! >MAM5TS1 AIRCRAFT1 & TROOPS :I* ,FRANCO ACQUIR$ FROM ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 ,TO RADICALS & LIB]ALS ALIKE1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS BE+ WAG$ NOT ONLY ON ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA BUT 9 EV]Y C\NTRY :]E 0DEMOCRACY0 SEEM$ ?REAT5$ BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL FASCI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 WE W]E L$ TO BELIEVE1 WAS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 A LIB]AL REPUBLIC ?AT WAS VALIANTLY & ) POPUL> SUPPORT TRY+ TO DEF5D A DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE AGA9/ AU?ORIT>IAN G5]ALS -- AN IMAG]Y ?AT IS CONVEY$ TO ?IS V]Y DAY BY MO/ BOOKS ON ! SUBJECT & BY ?AT %ABBY C9EMATIC DOCUM5T>Y ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID4  

,:AT SO FEW ( US KNEW \TSIDE ,SPA91 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS 9 FACT A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY MILLIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS :O W]E CONC]N$ NOT TO RESCUE A TREA*]\S REPUBLICAN REGIME BUT TO RECON/RUCT ,SPANI% SOCIETY ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES4 ,WE W\LD SC>CELY HAVE LE>N$ FROM ! PRESS ?AT !SE WORK]S & PEASANTS VIEW$ ! ,REPUBLIC ALMO/ ) AS MU* ANIMOSITY AS !Y DID ! ,FRANCOI/S4 ,9DE$1 ACT+ L>GELY ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE AGA9/ 0REPUBLICAN0 M9I/]S :O W]E TRY+ TO BETRAY !M TO ! G5]ALS1 !Y HAD RAID$ >S5ALS & SPORT+-GOODS /ORES = WEAPONS & ) 9CR$IBLE VALOR HAD ABORT$ MILIT>Y CONSPIRACIES 9 MO/ ( ! CITIES & T[NS ( ,SPA94 ,WE W]E ALMO/ TOTALLY OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT !SE WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD SEIZ$ & COLLECTIVIZ$ MO/ ( ! FACTORIES & L& 9 REPUBLICAN-HELD >EAS1 E/ABLI%+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON DIRECT CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY'S PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & PEASANT ASSEMBLIES4 ,:ILE ! REPUBLIC'S 9/ITUTIONS LAY 9 DEBRIS1 AB&ON$ BY MO/ ( ITS MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD CREAT$ !IR [N 9/ITUTIONS TO ADM9I/] ! CITIES 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 =M$ !IR [N >M$ WORK]S' SQUADS TO PATROL ! /REETS1 & E/ABLI%$ A REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA =CE ) :I* TO FI<T ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES -- A VOLUNT>I/IC MILITIA 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 ELECT$ !IR [N COMM&]S & 9 :I* MILIT>Y RANK CONF]R$ NO SOCIAL1 MAT]IAL1 OR SYMBOLIC DI/9CTIONS4 ,L>GELY UNKN[N TO US AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD MADE A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAD CREAT$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL =MS TO ADM9I/] ! C\NTRY AS WELL AS TO WAGE W> AGA9/ A WELL-TRA9$ & WELL-SUPPLI$ >MY4 ,! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 WAS NOT A POLITICAL CONFLICT BETWE5 A LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & A FASCI/ MILIT>Y CORPS BUT A DEEPLY SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONFLICT BETWE5 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 & !IR HI/ORIC CLASS 5EMIES1 RANG+ FROM ! L&[N+ GR&EES & CL]ICAL OV]LORDS 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ TO ! RIS+ 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE & BANK]S ( MORE REC5T TIMES4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SCOPE ( ?IS CONFLICT WAS CONCEAL$ FROM US -- BY 0US0 ,I REF] TO ! MANY ?\S&S ( L>GELY ,COMMUNI/-9FLU5C$ RADICALS ( ! 0R$0 ?IRTIES :O RESPOND$ TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 ) ! SAME F]VOR & AGONY ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE ( ! SIXTIES RESPOND$ TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,WE NE$ NOT TURN TO ,ORWELL OR ,BORK5AU1 RADICALS ( OBVI\SLY /RONG ANTI-,/AL9I/ CONVICTIONS1 = AN EXPLANATION ( ?IS F]VOR4 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 A RA!R POLITICALLY 9NOC5T ,UNIT$ ,PRESS REPORT] :O HAPP5$ TO BE /ATION$ 9 ,MADRID AT ! TIME1 CONVEYS HIS [N S5SE ( MORAL \TRAGE AT ! MISREPRES5TATION ( ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT 9 ! OP5+ L9ES ( HIS SUP]BLY DOCUM5T$ /UDY1 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE3  

,AL?\< ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS FOLL[$ BY A F>-REA*+ SOCIAL-REVOLUTION 9 ! ANTI-,FRANCO CAMP -- MORE PR(\ND 9 SOME RESPECTS ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS E>LY /AGES -- MILLIONS ( DISC]N+ PEOPLE \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 W]E KEPT 9 IGNORANCE1 NOT ONLY ( ITS DEP? & RANGE1 BUT EV5 ( ITS EXI/5CE1 BY VIRTUE ( A POLICY ( DUPLICITY & DISSIMULATION ( :I* !RE IS NO P>ALLEL 9 HI/ORY4 

,=EMO/ 9 PRACTIC+ ?IS DECEPTION UPON ! WORLD1 & 9 MISREPRES5T+ 9 ,SPA9 ITSELF ! *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION1 W]E ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O1 AL?\< BUT AN EXIGU\S M9ORITY :5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN1 US$ SO EFFECTUALLY ! MANIFOLD OPPORTUNITIES :I* ?AT V]Y UPHEAVAL PRES5T$ ?AT BE=E ! CLOSE ( ! CONFLICT 9 #aici !Y BECAME1 BEH9D A DEMOCRATIC FRONTISPIECE1 ! RUL+ =CE 9 ! LEFT CAMP4 

,! DETAILS ( ?IS DECEPTION C\LD FILL SEV]AL L>GE VOLUMES4 ,! SIL5CE ?AT GA!RS >\ND ,SPA91 LIKE A BAD CONSCI5CE1 ATTE/S TO ! FACT ?AT ! EV5TS >E V]Y MU* ALIVE -- AS >E ! EF=TS TO MISREPRES5T !M4 ,AFT] NE>LY =TY YE>S ! W\NDS HAVE NOT HEAL$4 ,9 FACT1 AS ! REC5T REVIVAL ( ,/AL9ISM SUGGE/S1 ! DISEASE ?AT PRODUC$ ! PURUL5CE ( C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 /ILL L+]S ON 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT4 ,BUT TO DEAL ) ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( !SE REM>KS4 ,IT MI<T BE USEFUL1 H[EV]1 TO EXAM9E ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ?AT UNFOLD$ PRIOR TO ,JULY #aicf & EXPLORE ! 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ ON ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,!IR COLLECTIVES W]E NOT ! RESULTS ( VIRG9AL POPUL> SPONTANEITY1 IMPORTANT AS POPUL> SPONTANEITY WAS1 NOR W]E !Y N\RI%$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! COLLECTIVI/ LEGACY ( TRADITIONAL ,SPANI% VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & MOVEM5TS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE ( !IR [N & !IR 9FLU5CE DES]VES ! CLOSE/ EXAM9ATION4 

,! ,SPANI% G5]ALS />T$ A MILIT>Y REBELLION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f2 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS ANSW]$ !M ) A SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- & ?IS REVOLUTION WAS L>GELY AN>*I/ 9 *>ACT]4 ,I SAY ?IS PROVOCATIVELY EV5 ?\< ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T WAS NUM]ICALLY AS L>GE AS ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T4#a ,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! MILIT>Y REBELLION1 ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9 ,MADRID (T5 ACT$ AS RADICALLY AS AN>*OSYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ !IR [N MILITIAS1 =M$ /REET PATROLS1 & EXPROPRIAT$ A NUMB] ( /RATEGIC FACTORIES1 PLAC+ !M UND] ! CONTROL ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,SOCIALI/ PEASANTS 9 ,CA/ILE & ,E/RAMADURA =M$ COLLECTIVES1 MANY ( :I* W]E AS LIB]T>IAN AS ?OSE CREAT$ BY AN>*I/ PEASANTS 9 ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANT4 ,9 ! OP5+ 0AN>*IC0 PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION1 SO SIMIL> TO ! OP5+ PHASES ( E>LI] REVOLUTIONS1 ! 0MASSES0 TRI$ TO ASSUME DIRECT CONTROL OV] SOCIETY & EXHIBIT$ A REM>KABLE ELAN 9 IMPROVIS+ !IR [N LIB]T>IAN =MS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 

,LOOK+ BACK BEYOND ?IS OP5+ PHASE1 H[EV]1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! DURABILITY ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA91 !IR SOCIAL SCOPE1 & ! RESI/ANCE !Y (F]$ TO ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION1 DEP5D$ L>GELY ON ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E UND] AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION FROM ?OSE :I* PREC$$ IT IS NOT ONLY ! FACT ?AT IT PLAC$ MU* ( ,SPA9'S ECONOMY 9 ! H&S ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES & PEASANT ASSEMBLIES OR ?AT IT E/ABLI%$ A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ MILITIA SY/EM4 ,!SE SOCIAL =MS1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 HAD EM]G$ DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & 9 ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:AT MADE ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION UNIQUE WAS ITS WORK]S' CONTROL & COLLECTIVES :I* HAD BE5 ADVOCAT$ = NE>LY ?REE G5]ATIONS BY A MASSIVE LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & :I* BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S ISSUES TO DIVIDE ! SO-CALL$ 0REPUBLICAN0 CAMP 7TOGE!R ) ! FATE ( ! MILITIA SY/EM74 ,[+ TO ! SCOPE ( ITS LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL =MS1 NOT ONLY DID ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION PROVE TO BE 0MORE PR(\ND0 7TO BORR[ ,BOLLOT5'S PHRASE7 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( A DEEPLY ROOT$ AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY & ! 9TREPIDITY ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS VIRTUALLY PRODUC$ A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,9DE$1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 ! REVOLUTION ( #aicf M>K$ ! CULM9ATION ( MORE ?AN SIXTY YE>S ( AN>*I/ AGITATION & ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA94 ,TO UND]/& ?IS1 WE MU/ GO BACK TO ! E>LY #a#h#gS1 :5 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,GIUSEPPI ,FANELLI 9TRODUC$ ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS TO GR\PS ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,FANELLI'S 5C\NT] ) Y\NG WORK]S ( ! ,FOM5TO DE LAS ,>TES 9 ,MADRID1 A /ORY TOLD ) GREAT RELI% BY ,G]ALD ,BR5AN IS ALMO/ LEG5D>Y3 ! VOLATILE SPEE* ?AT ! TALL BE>D$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ :O H>DLY KNEW A WORD ( ,SPANI% DELIV]$ TO A SMALL BUT 5?USIA/IC AUDI5CE ?AT SC>CELY UND]/OOD HIS FREE-:EEL+ MIXTURE ( ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN4 ,BY D9T ( %E] MIMICRY1 TONAL 9FLECTIONS1 & A G5]\S USE ( COGNATES1 ,FANELLI MANAG$ TO CONVEY 5\< ( ,BAKUN9'S IDEALS TO GA9 ! GR\P'S ADH]5CE & TO E/ABLI% ! F\ND+ ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION OR SO-CALL$ 0,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL40 ,!REAFT]1 ! 0,9T]NATIONALI/S10 AS ! E>LY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E KN[N1 EXP&$ RAPIDLY FROM !IR CIRCLES 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA TO ,SPA9 AS A :OLE1 TAK+ /RONG ROOT ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,FOLL[+ ! DEF9ITIVE SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,I,W,M,A 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#b1 ! ,SPANI% SECTION REMA9$ PR$OM9ANTLY ,BAKUN9I/ 9 ITS G5]AL \TLOOK4 ,M>XISM DID NOT BECOME A SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & EV5 AFT] IT BECAME AN APPRECIABLE =CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT REMA9$ L>GELY RE=MI/ UNTIL WELL 9TO ! ?IRTIES4 ,DUR+ MU* ( ITS E>LY HI/ORY1 ! /R5G? ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,U,G,T LAY 9 ADM9I/RATIVE >EAS SU* AS ,MADRID RA!R ?AN 9 PR$OM9ANTLY WORK+-CLASS CITIES LIKE ,B>CELONA4#b ,M>XISM T5D$ TO APPEAL TO ! HI<LY SKILL$1 PRAGMATIC1 RA!R AU?ORIT>IAN ,CA/ILIAN2 AN>*ISM1 TO ! UNSKILL$1 IDEALI/IC ,CATALANS & ! 9DEP5D5T1 LIB]TY-LOV+ M\NTA9 VILLAG]S ( ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT4 ,! GREAT RURAL MASSES ( ,&ALUSIAN DAY-WORK]S OR BRAC]OS1 :O REMA9 TO ?IS DAY AMONG ! MO/ OPPRESS$ & IMPOV]I%$ /RATA ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 T5D$ TO FOLL[ ! AN>*I/S4 ,BUT !IR ALLEGIANCES V>I$ ) ! =TUNES ( ! DAY4 ,9 P]IODS ( UPHEAVAL1 !Y SWELL$ ! RANKS ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,I,W,M,A & ITS SUCCESSOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA91 ONLY TO LEAVE IT 9 EQUALLY L>GE NUMB]S 9 P]IODS ( REACTION4 

,YET H[EV] MU* ! =TUNES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM V>I$ FROM REGION TO REGION & FROM P]IOD TO P]IOD1 :ATEV] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T EXI/$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ?IS SIXTY-YE> P]IOD WAS ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/4 ,EV5 AS AN>*ISM BEGAN TO EBB BE=E ,M>XIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & LAT] ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM RETA9$ ITS 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE & ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,VIEW$ FROM A RADICAL /&PO9T1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T REMA9$ LIB]T>IAN & (T5 S]V$ TO DEF9E ! CONT\RS ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,SPA94 0,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 A SMALL BUT WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( ,AN>*I/S 9 A ,SOCIALI/ >EA DROVE ! ,SOCIALI/S TO ! ,LEFT10 OBS]VES ,BR5AN1 0:]EAS 9 PR$OM9ANTLY ,AN>*I/ >EAS1 ,SOCIALI/S W]E \T/&+LY RE=MI/40 ,IT WAS NOT SOCIALISM BUT RA!R AN>*ISM ?AT DET]M9$ ! METABOLISM ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T -- ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKES ?AT SWEPT REPEAT$LY OV] ,SPA91 ! RECURR+ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES ( ,&ALUSIA1 & ! GUN BATTLES BETWE5 LABOR MILITANTS & EMPLOY]-HIR$ ?UGS 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES4 

,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS NOT M]ELY A PROGRAM EMB$D$ 9 A D5SE !ORETICAL MATRIX4 ,IT WAS A WAY ( LIFE3 P>TLY ! LIFE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE AS IT WAS LIV$ 9 ! CLOSELY KNIT VILLAGES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! 9T5SE NEI<BORHOOD LIFE ( ! WORK+ CLASS B>RIOS2 P>TLY1 TOO1 ! !ORETICAL >TICULATION ( ?AT LIFE AS PROJECT$ BY ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & POPUL> ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?AT ,SPA9 HAD A LONG TRADITION ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM IS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS BOOK & EXAM9$ 9 SOME DETAIL 9 ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A'S ,COLECTIVISMO ,AGR>IO 5 ,ESPAGNA4 ,9ASMU* AS ?IS TRADITION WAS DI/9CTLY PRECAPITALI/1 ,SPANI% ,M>XISM REG>D$ IT AS ANA*RONI/IC1 9 FACT AS 0HI/ORICALLY REACTION>Y40 ,SPANI% SOCIALISM BUILT ITS AGR>IAN PROGRAM >\ND ! ,M>XI/ T5ET ?AT ! PEASANTRY & ITS SOCIAL =MS C\LD HAVE NO LA/+ REVOLUTION>Y VALUE UNTIL !Y W]E 0PROLET>IANIZ$0 & 09DU/RIALIZ$40 ,9DE$1 ! SOON] ! VILLAGE DECAY$ ! BETT]1 & ! MORE RAPIDLY ! PEASANTRY BECAME A H]$IT>Y PROLET>IAT1 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF0 7,M>X7 -- A DI/9CTLY HI]>*ICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN 0ME*ANISM0 -- ! MORE RAPIDLY ,SPA9 W\LD ADVANCE TO ! TASKS ( SOCIALISM4 

,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BY CONTRA/1 FOLL[$ A DECISIVELY DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,IT S\<T \T ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE1 N\RI%$ :AT WAS LIV+ & VITAL 9 !M1 EVOK$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES AS LIB]ATORY MODES ( MUTUAL AID & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & DEPLOY$ !M TO VITIATE ! OB$I5CE1 HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY1 & AU?ORIT>IAN \TLOOK FO/]$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,EV] M9DFUL ( ! 0EMB\RGEOISM5T0 ( ! PROLET>IAT 7A T]M CONT9UALLY ON ,BAKUN9'S LIPS 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( HIS LIFE71 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TRI$ TO USE ! PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS ( ! A PEASANTRY & WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! ASSIMILATION ( ! WORK]S' \TLOOK TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN 9DU/RIAL RATIONALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !IR EF=TS W]E FAVOR$ BY ! CONT9U\S F]TILIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT BY RURAL WORK]S :O R5EW$ !SE TRADITIONS DAILY AS !Y MIGRAT$ TO ! CITIES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ELAN ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT -- LIKE ?AT ( ! ,PETROGRAD & ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IATS -- WAS DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! FACT ?AT !SE WORK]S NEV] SOLIDLY S$IM5T$ 9TO A H]$IT>Y WORK+ CLASS1 TOTALLY REMOV$ FROM PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS1 :E!R ( ! PEASANT OR ! CRAFTSMAN4 ,ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES ( ,SPA91 MANY WORK]S RETA9$ A LIV+ MEMORY ( A NONCAPITALI/ CULTURE -- ONE 9 :I* EA* MOM5T ( LIFE WAS NOT /RICTLY REGULAT$ BY ! PUN* CLOCK1 ! FACTORY :I/LE1 ! =EMAN1 ! MA*9E1 ! HI<LY REGULAT$ WORK DAY1 & ! ATOMIZ+ WORLD ( ! L>GE CITY4 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ )9 A T5SION CREAT$ BY !SE ANTAGONI/IC TRADITIONS & S5SIBILITIES4 ,9DE$1 :]E A 0,G]MANIC PROLET>IAT0 7TO USE ANO!R ( ,BAKUN9'S CUTT+ PHRASES7 EM]G$ 9 ,SPA91 IT DRIFT$ EI!R T[>D ! ,U,G,T OR T[>D ! ,CA?OLIC UNIONS4 ,ITS POLITICAL \TLOOK1 RE=MI/ :5 NOT OV]TLY CONS]VATIVE1 (T5 CLA%$ ) ! MORE DECLASSE WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/1 LEAD+ TO CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 9 MY VIEW1 ! DE/9Y ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM DEP5D$ UPON ITS ABILITY TO CREATE LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT C\LD SYN!SIZE AS ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE ) AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY & A HI<LY URBANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( NO M]E PROGRAMMATIC 0ALLIANCE0 BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% PEASANTRY & PROLET>IAT BUT MORE ORGANICALLY1 ( NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS & S5SIBILITIES ?AT IMP>T$ A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] TO TWO SOCIAL CLASSES :O LIV$ 9 CONFLICT+ CULTURES4 ,?AT ,SPA9 REQUIR$ A WELL-ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS H>DLY A MATT] ( D\BT AMONG ! MAJORITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT W\LD ?IS MOVEM5T REFLECT A VILLAGE SOCIETY OR A FACTORY SOCIETY8 ,:]E A CONFLICT EXI/$1 C\LD ! TWO BE MELD$ 9 ! SAME MOVEM5T )\T VIOLAT+ ! LIB]T>IAN T5ETS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & SELF-ADM9I/RATION8 ,9 ! CLASSICAL ]A ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 BETWE5 #ahdh & #a#i#c#i1 AN ]A ?AT /RESS$ ! 0HEGEMONY0 ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FOLL[$ A HI/ORIC TRAJECTORY ?AT REVEAL$ AT ONCE ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ]A ITSELF & ! CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES = AN>*IC =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,BY COMP>ISON ) ! CITIES1 ! ,SPANI% VILLAGES ?AT W]E COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM RAIS$ V]Y FEW ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,BR5AN'S EMPHASIS ON ! BRAC]OS NOT)/&+1 ! /R5G? ( AGR>IAN AN>*ISM 9 ! S\? & ! ,LEVANT LAY 9 ! M\NTA9 VILLAGES1 NOT AMONG ! RURAL PROLET>IAT ?AT WORK$ ! GREAT PLANTATIONS ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 !SE RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES1 A FI]CE S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE & P]SONAL DIGNITY :ETT$ ! BITT] SOCIAL HATR$S 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY1 CREAT+ ! RURAL 0PATRI>*S0 ( AN>*ISM :OSE 5TIRE FAMILIES W]E DEVOT$ ALMO/ APO/OLICALLY TO 0! ,IDEA40 ,= !SE %>PLY ET*$ & RIGOR\SLY ASCETIC 9DIVIDUALS1 DEFIANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,*UR*1 & CONV5TIONAL AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL WAS ALMO/ A WAY ( LIFE4 ,KNITT$ TOGE!R BY ! LOCAL PRESS -- & AT V>I\S TIMES !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/ P]IODICALS 9 ,SPA9 -- !Y =M$ ! S9EWS ( AGR>IAN AN>*ISM FROM ! #a#h#gS ONW>DS &1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! MORAL CONSCI5CE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY4 

,!IR AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES REFLECT$ TO A REM>KABLE EXT5T ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS :I* ! AN>*I/S FO/]$ AMONG ALL ! VILLAGES UND] !IR 9FLU5CE BE=E ! #aicf REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 RURAL COMMUNITIES ESS5TIALLY 5L>G$ ! OLD ,I,W,M,A & LAT] ,C,N,T NUCLEI1 MEMB]%IP GR\PS1 OR QUITE SIMPLY CLANS ( CLOSELY KNIT AN>*I/ FAMILIES 9TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE USUALLY MET WEEKLY & =MULAT$ ! POLICY DECISIONS ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! ASSEMBLY =M COMPRIS$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAL ( VILLAGE AN>*ISM FROM ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ TRULY ,BAKUN9I/ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,I,W,M,A 9 ,CORDOBA 9 #a#h#g#b1 /RESS+ ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS ( ,SPANI% VILLAGE LIFE4#c ,:]E SU* POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W]E POSSIBLE1 !IR DECISIONS W]E EXECUT$ BY A COMMITTEE ELECT$ FROM ! ASSEMBLY4 ,APP>5TLY1 ! RI<T TO RECALL COMMITTEE MEMB]S WAS TAK5 = GRANT$ & !Y C]TA9LY 5JOY$ NO PRIVILEGES1 EMOLUM5TS1 OR 9/ITUTIONAL P[]4 ,!IR 9FLU5CE WAS A FUNCTION ( !IR OBVI\S D$ICATION & CAPABILITIES4 ,IT REMA9$ A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S NEV] TO PAY !IR DELEGATES1 EV5 :5 ! ,C,N,T NUMB]$ A MILLION MEMB]S4#d ,NORMALLY1 ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( ELECT$ DELEGATES HAD TO BE DIS*>G$ AFT] WORK+ H\RS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! EV5+S ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS W]E OCCUPI$ ) MEET+S ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,:E!R AT ASSEMBLIES OR COMMITTEES1 !Y >GU$1 DEBAT$1 VOT$1 & ADM9I/]$1 & :5 TIME AF=D$1 !Y READ & PASSIONATELY DISCUSS$ 0! ,IDEA0 TO :I* !Y D$ICAT$ NOT ONLY !IR LEISURE H\RS BUT !IR V]Y LIVES4 ,= ! GREAT] P>T ( ! DAY1 !Y W]E WORK+ M5 & WOM51 OBR]A CONSCI5TE1  :O ABJUR$ SMOK+ & DR9K+1 AVOID$ BRO!LS & ! BLOODY BULL R+1 PURG$ !IR TALK ( 0F\L0 LANGUAGE1 & BY !IR PROBITY1 DIGNITY1 RESPECT = KN[L$GE1 & MILITANCY TRI$ TO SET A MORAL EXAMPLE = !IR 5TIRE CLASS4 ,!Y NEV] US$ ! WORD 0GOD0 9 !IR DAILY CONV]SATIONS 7SALUD WAS PREF]R$ OV] ADIOS7 & AVOID$ ALL (FICIAL CONTACT ) CL]ICAL & /ATE AU?ORITIES1 9DE$1 TO ! PO9T :]E !Y REFUS$ TO LEGALLY VALIDATE !IR LIFELONG 0FREE UNIONS0 ) M>ITAL DOCUM5TS & NEV] BAPTIZ$ OR CONFIRM$ !IR *ILDR54 ,ONE MU/ KN[ ,CA?OLIC ,SPA9 TO REALIZE H[ F>-REA*+ W]E !SE SELF-IMPOS$ MORES -- & H[ QUIXOTICALLY CONSI/5T SOME ( !M W]E ) ! PURITANICAL TRADITIONS ( ! C\NTRY4#e 

,IT IS APPROPRIATE TO NOTE AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! MY?1 WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ BY ! CURR5T SOCIOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT1 ?AT AGR>IAN AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS ANTITE*NOLOGICAL 9 SPIRIT & ATAVI/ICALLY S\<T TO RE/ORE A NEOLI?IC 0,GOLD5 ,AGE0 CAN BE QUITE EFFECTIVELY REFUT$ BY A CLOSE /UDY ( ! UNIQUE $UCATIONAL ROLE PLAY$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/S1 ) 9EXP5SIVE1 SIMPLY WRITT5 BRO*URES1 :O BR\<T ! ,FR5* 5LI<T5M5T & MOD]N SCI5TIFIC !ORY TO ! PEASANTRY1 NOT ! >ROGANT LIB]ALS OR ! DISDA9FUL ,SOCIALI/S4 ,TOGE!R ) PAMPHLETS ON ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ! AN>*I/ PRESS PUBLI%$ SIMPLE ACC\NTS ( ! !ORIES ( NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION & ELEM5T>Y 9TRODUCTIONS TO ! SECUL> CULTURE ( ,EUROPE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO 9/RUCT ! PEASANTS 9 ADVANC$ TE*NIQUES ( L& MANAGEM5T & E>NE/LY FAVOR$ ! USE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y TO LI<T5 ! BURD5S ( TOIL & PROVIDE MORE LEISURE = SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,F> FROM BE+ AN ATAVI/IC TR5D 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY1 AS ,HOBSBAWM 79 HIS ,PRIMITIVE ,REBELS7 & EV5 ,BR5AN W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ,I CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY FROM A C>EFUL REVIEW ( ! ISSUE ?AT AN>*ISM MORE CLOSELY APPROXIMAT$ A RADICAL POPUL> 5LI<T5M5T4 

,9 !IR P]SONAL QUALITIES1 D$ICAT$ URBAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T FROM !IR RURAL COMRADES4 ,BUT 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,SPA91 !SE URBAN AN>*I/S FAC$ MORE DIFFICULT ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,!IR EF=TS TO CREATE LIB]T>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION W]E FAVOR$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! FACT ?AT MANY ,SPANI% WORK]S W]E EI!R =M] VILLAG]S OR W]E ONLY A G5]ATION OR SO REMOV$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE4#f ,YET ! PROSPECT = LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION 9 ! CITIES & FACTORIES C\LD NOT DEP5D UPON ! LONG TRADITION ( VILLAGE COLLECTIVISM -- ! /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY -- ?AT EXI/$ 9 RURAL AN>*I/ >EAS4 ,= )9 ! FACTORY ITSELF -- ! REALM ( TOIL1 HI]>*Y1 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E1 & BRUTE MAT]IAL NECESSITY -- 0COMMUNITY0 WAS MORE A FUNCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS DIVISION ( LABOR ) ITS EXPLOITATIVE1 EV5 COMPETITIVE CONNOTATIONS1 ?AN ( HUMANI/IC COOP]ATION1 PLAYFULLY CREATIVE WORK1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY DEP5D$ LESS UPON A %>$ MEAN+FUL LIFE N\RI%$ BY SELF-FULFILL+ WORK ?AN ! COMMON 5EMY -- ! BOSS -- :O EXPLOD$ ANY ILLUSION ?AT UND] CAPITALISM ! WORK] WAS MORE ?AN AN 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE1 AN OBJECT TO BE COLDLY MANIPULAT$ & RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$4 ,IF AN>*ISM CAN BE P>TLY REG>D$ AS A REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 ! PR(\ND TRU? ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ?AT REVOLT IS ?AT ! FACTORY R\T9E NOT ONLY BLUNTS ! S5SIBILITY ( ! WORK] TO ! RI* FEA/ ( LIFE2 IT DEGRADES ! WORK]'S IMAGE ( HIS OR H] HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 ( HIS OR H] CAPACITIES TO TAKE DIRECT CONTROL ( ! MEANS = ADM9I/]+ SOCIAL LIFE4 

,ONE ( ! UNIQUE VIRTUES ?AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FROM SOCIALI/S WAS !IR ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M ! FACTORY DOMA9 ITSELF -- A TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS TO BE EFFECT$ 9 ! LONG RUN BY !IR DEM& = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & MORE IMM$IATELY1 BY !IR ATTEMPT TO =M LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! =MATION ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXT5T TO :I* WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T CAN ACTUALLY ELIM9ATE ALI5AT$ LABOR & ALT] ! IMPACT ( ! FACTORY SY/EM ON ! WORK]'S S5SIBILITIES REQUIRES1 9 MY VIEW1 A MORE PROB+ ANALYSIS ?AN IT HAS HI!RTO RECEIV$4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! IMPACT ( ! FACTORY SY/EM ON WORK]S BECAME CRUCIAL AS ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T 9 ! ,C,N,T GREW1 :ILE ! AN>*I/S S\<T TO DEVELOP *>ACT]I/ICS ( 9ITIATIVE & SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT W]E DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS 9CULCAT$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 

,NO SIZABLE RADICAL MOVEM5T 9 MOD]N TIMES HAD S]I\SLY ASK$ ITSELF IF ORGANIZATIONAL =MS HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ :I* PROMOT$ *ANGES 9 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL BEHAVIOR PATT]NS ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,H[ C\LD ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T VITIATE ! SPIRIT ( OB$I5CE1 ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION1 ( LEAD]-&-L$ RELATION%IPS1 ( AU?ORITY & COMM& 9/ILL$ BY CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY8 ,IT IS TO ! LA/+ CR$IT ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM -- & ( AN>*ISM G5]ALLY -- ?AT IT POS$ ?IS QUE/ION4#g ,! T]M 09TEGRAL P]SONALITY0 APPE>S REPEAT$LY 9 ,SPANI% AN>*I/ DOCUM5TS & TIRELESS EF=TS W]E MADE TO DEVELOP 9DIVIDUALS :O NOT ONLY C]EBRALLY ACCEPT$ LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES BUT TRI$ TO PRACTICE !M4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK ( ! MOVEM5T 7AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,I,W,M,A1 ! ,C,N,T1 & ! ,F,A,I7 WAS MEANT TO BE DEC5TRALIZ$1 TO ALL[ = ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( 9ITIATIVE & DECISION-MAK+ AT ! BASE1 & TO PROVIDE /RUCTURAL GU>ANTEES AGA9/ ! =MATION ( A BUREAUCRACY4 ,!SE REQUIREM5TS1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD TO BE BALANC$ AGA9/ ! NE$ = COORD9ATION1 MOBILIZ$ COMMON ACTION1 & EFFECTIVE PLANN+4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ! CITIES & T[NS ( ,SPA9 -- ! =MS ! AN>*I/S CREAT$ & ?OSE :I* !Y DISC>D$ -- IS L>GELY AN ACC\NT ( ! PULL BETWE5 !SE TWO REQUIREM5TS & ! EXT5T TO :I* ONE PREVAIL$ OV] ! O!R4 ,?IS T5SION WAS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( EXP]I5CE & /RUCTURAL IMPROVIZATION4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! \TCOME ( ! PULL BETWE5 DEC5TRALIZATION & COORD9ATION DEP5D$ ON ! ABILITY ( ! MO/ D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S TO AFFECT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S :O 5T]$ AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ UNIONS -- SPECIFICALLY UNIONS ( A SYNDICALI/ *>ACT] :OSE AIMS W]E NOT ONLY TO FI<T = IMM$IATE MAT]IAL GA9S BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE ! 9FRA/RUCTURE = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,LONG BE=E SYNDICALISM BECAME A POPUL> T]M 9 ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#h#iS1 IT ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ! E>LY ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/ 9FLU5C$ ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ( ! OLD ,I,W,M,A1 9 MY OP9ION1 WAS DI/9CTLY SYNDICALI/4 ,AT ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION AT ,B>CELONA 9 ,JUNE #a#h#g1 ! 0COMMISSION ON ! !ME ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S0 PROPOS$ A /RUCTURE ?AT W\LD =M A MODEL = ALL LAT] AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS 9 ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! COMMISSION SUGGE/$ A TYPICAL SYNDICALI/ DUAL /RUCTURE3 ORGANIZATION BY TRADE & ORGANIZATION BY LOCALITY4 ,LOCAL TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 7,SECCIONES DE (ICIO7 GR\P$ TOGE!R ALL WORK]S FROM A COMMON 5T]PRISE & VOCATION 9TO L>GE OCCUPATIONAL F$]ATIONS 7,UNIONES DE (ICIO7 :OSE PRIM>Y FUNCTION WAS TO /RUGGLE >\ND ECONOMIC GRIEVANCES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,A LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( A MISCELLANE\S TRADES GA!R$ UP ALL ?OSE WORK]S FROM DIFF]5T VOCATIONS :OSE NUMB]S W]E TOO SMALL TO CON/ITUTE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ALONG VOCATIONAL L9ES4 ,P>ALLEL+ !SE VOCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY & REGION :]E ! ,I,W,M,A WAS REPRES5T$1 ! DIFF]5T LOCAL ,SECCIONES W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R1 IRRESPECTIVE ( TRADE1 9TO LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC BODIES 7,F$]ACIONES LOCALES7 :OSE FUNCTION WAS AV[$LY REVOLUTION>Y -- ! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ON A DEC5TRALIZ$ LIB]T>IAN BASIS4 

,?IS DUAL /RUCTURE =MS ! B$ROCK ( ALL SYNDICALI/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,SPA91 AS ELSE:]E1 ! /RUCTURE WAS KNITT$ TOGE!R BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 :I* ORIG9AT$ 9 9DIVIDUAL %OPS1 FACTORIES1 & AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,GA!R+ TOGE!R 9 ASSEMBLIES1 ! WORK]S ELECT$ FROM !IR MID/ ! COMMITTEES ?AT PRESID$ OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ! VOCATIONAL ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO & ! GEOGRAPHIC ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES4  ,!Y W]E F$]AT$ 9TO REGIONAL COMMITTEES = NE>LY EV]Y L>GE >EA ( ,SPA94 ,EV]Y YE>1 :5 POSSIBLE1 ! WORK]S ELECT$ ! DELEGATES TO ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 :I* 9 TURN ELECT$ A NATIONAL ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,) ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 SYNDICALI/ UNION F$]ATIONS SURFAC$ & DISAPPE>$ 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! RA!R CONSID]ABLE ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ! #a#h#hS4 ,FOLL[+ ITS SUPPRESSION1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM CONTRACT$ EI!R TO NONUNION IDEOLOGICAL GR\PS SU* AS ! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION OR TO ESS5TIALLY REGIONAL UNION F$]ATIONS LIKE ! ,CATALAN-BAS$ ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY ( ! #a#h#iS & ,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY ( ! E>LY #a#iS4 ,EXCEPT = ! %ORT-LIV$ ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 E/ABLI%$ 9 #ai ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( A ,MADRID BRICKLAY]S' UNION1 NO MAJOR NATIONAL SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION APPE>$ 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,SPANI% SYNDICALISM 5T]$ ITS MO/ MATURE & DECISIVE P]IOD4 ,CONSID]ABLY L>G] ?AN ITS RIVAL1 ! ,U,G,T1 ! ,C,N,T BECAME ! ESS5TIAL >5A = AN>*I/ AGITATION 9 ,SPA94 

,! ,C,N,T WAS NOT M]ELY ''F\ND$02 IT DEVELOP$ ORGANICALLY \T ( ! ,CATALAN ,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY & ITS MO/ CONSOLIDAT$ REGIONAL F$]ATION1 ! ,CATALAN F$]ATION 7,CONF$]ACION ,REGIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO DE ,CATALUNA47  ,LAT]1 O!R REGIONAL F$]ATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ FROM LOCAL UNIONS 9 EA* PROV9CE -- MANY ( !M L+]+ ON FROM ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION -- UNTIL !RE W]E EI<T BY ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 ,! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 9 EFFECT1 WAS A LOOSE COLLECTION ( REGIONAL F$]ATIONS :I* W]E BROK5 D[N 9TO LOCAL & DI/RICT F$]ATIONS & F9ALLY 9TO S9DICATOS1  OR 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS4 ,!SE S9DICATOS 7E>LI]1 !Y W]E KN[N BY ! DRAMATIC NAME ( SOCI$ADES DE RESI/ANCIA AL CAPITAL -- RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES TO CAPITAL7 W]E E/ABLI%$ ON A VOCATIONAL BASIS &1 9 TYPICAL SYNDICALI/ FA%ION1 GR\P$ 9TO GEOGRAPHIC & TRADE F$]ATIONS 7F$]ACIONES LOCALES & S9DICATOS DE (ICIO7 4 ,TO COORD9ATE ?IS /RUCTURE1 ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,C,N,T ELECT$ A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO OCCUPY ITSELF PRIM>ILY ) CORRESPOND5CE1 ! COLLECTION ( /ATI/ICS1 & AID TO PRISON]S4 

,! /ATUTES ( ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL F$]ATION PROVIDE US ) ! GUIDEL9ES US$ = ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE /ATUTES1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS COMMITT$ TO 0DIRECT ACTION10 REJECT+ ALL 0POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 9T]F]5CE40 ,AFFILIAT$ DI/RICT & LOCAL F$]ATIONS W]E TO BE 0GOV]N$ BY ! GREATE/ AUTONOMY POSSIBLE1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD BY ?IS ?AT !Y HAVE COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 ALL ! PR(ESSIONAL MATT]S RELAT+ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TRADES :I* 9TEGRATE !M40 ,EA* MEMB] WAS EXPECT$ TO PAY MON?LY DUES ( T5 C5TIMES 7A TRIFL+ SUM7 :I* WAS TO BE DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 ! UNION NEWSPAP] 7,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A -- 0,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY071 & ! ALL-IMPORTANT SPECIAL FUND = 0SOCIAL PRISON]S40 

,BY /ATUTE1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE -- ! REGIONAL EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE -- WAS EXPECT$ TO BE M]ELY AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY4 ,AL?\< IT CLE>LY PLAY$ A DIRECTIVE ROLE 9 COORD9AT+ ACTION1 ITS ACTIVITIES W]E B\ND BY POLICIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ANNUAL REGIONAL CONGRESS4 ,9 UNUSUAL SITUATIONS1 ! ,COMMITTEE C\LD CONSULT LOCAL BODIES1 EI!R BY REF]5DUMS OR BY WRITT5 QU]IES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ANNUAL REGIONAL CONGRESSES AT :I* ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ELECT$1 ! ,COMMITTEE WAS OBLIG$ TO CALL EXTRAORD9>Y CONGRESSES AT ! REQUE/ ( ! MAJORITY ( ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 9 TURN1 W]E GIV5 ?REE MON?S' NOTICE BE=E A REGUL> CONGRESS SO ?AT !Y C\LD 0PREP>E ! !MES = DISCUSSION40 ,)9 A MON? BE=E ! CONGRESS1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS REQUIR$ TO PUBLI% ! SUBMITT$ 0!MES0 9 ! UNION NEWSPAP]1 LEAV+ SUFFICI5T TIME = ! WORK]S TO DEF9E !IR ATTITUDES T[>D ! TOPICS TO BE DISCUSS$ & 9/RUCT !IR DELEGATES ACCORD+LY4 ,! DELEGATIONS TO ! CONGRESS1 :OSE VOT+ P[] WAS DET]M9$ BY ! NUM-B] ( MEMB]S !Y REPRES5T$1 W]E ELECT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S CONV5$ BY ! LOCAL & DI/RICT F$]ATIONS4 

,!SE /ATUTES =M$ ! BASIS = ! ,C,N,T'S PRACTICE UP TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,AL?\< !Y NOTABLY LACK$ ANY PROVISION = ! RECALL ( ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S1 ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS H]OIC P]IOD WAS MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ! /ATUTES W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE4 ,A ?ROBB+ VITALITY EXI/$ AT ! BASE ( ?IS IMM5SE ORGANIZATION1 M>K$ BY ACTIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! ,C,N,T'S PROBLEMS & CONSID]ABLE 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,! WORK]S' C5T]S 7C5TROS OBR]OS71  :I* ! AN>*I/S HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 W]E NOT ONLY ! LOCAL (FICES ( ! UNION2 !Y W]E ALSO MEET+ PLACES & CULTURAL C5T]S :]E MEMB]S W5T TO EX*ANGE IDEAS & ATT5D LECTURES4 ,ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! LOCAL ,C,N,T W]E MANAG$ BY COMMITTEES ( ORD9>Y UNPAID WORK]S4 ,AL?\< ! (FICIAL UNION MEET+S W]E HELD ONLY ONCE 9 ?REE MON?S1 !RE W]E 0CONF]5CES ( AN 9/RUCTIVE *>ACT]0 EV]Y ,SATURDAY NI<T & ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON4 ,! SOLID>ITY ( ! S9DICATOS WAS SO 9T5SE ?AT IT WAS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 AN ISOLAT$ /RIKE4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS A T5D5CY = A /RIKE TO TRIGG] (F O!RS 9 ITS SUPPORT & G5]ATE ACTIVE AID BY O!R S9DICATOS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ?IS IS ! WAY ! ,C,N,T TRI$ TO C>RY ON ITS AFFAIRS & DUR+ FAVORABLE P]IODS ACTUALLY FUNCTION$4 ,BUT !RE W]E P]IODS :5 REPRESSION & SUDD51 (T5 CRUCIAL1 TURNS 9 EV5TS MADE IT NECESS>Y TO SUSP5D ANNUAL OR REGIONAL CONGRESSES & CONF9E IMPORTANT POLICY-MAK+ DECISIONS TO PL5UMS ( LEAD+ COMMITTEES OR TO 0CONGRESSES0 ?AT W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN PAT*WORK CONF]5CES4 ,*>ISMATIC LEAD]S AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION CAME V]Y CLOSE TO ACT+ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC MANN]4 ,NOR IS ! SYNDICALI/ /RUCTURE ITSELF IMMUNE TO BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT = AN ELABORATE NETWORK ( COMMITTEES1 BUILD+ UP TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL BODIES1 TO ASSUME ALL ! FEATURES ( A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION & CIRCUMV5T ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES AT ! BASE4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,C,N,T1 DESPITE ITS PROGRAMMATIC COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ITS ATTEMPT TO FUNCTION 9 A LIB]T>IAN MANN]1 WAS PRIM>ILY A L>GE TRADE UNION F$]ATION RA!R ?AN A PURELY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ONE ( ITS MO/ PRAGMATIC LEAD]S1 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT R\<LY A ?IRD ( ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP C\LD BE REG>D$ AS AN>*I/S4 ,MANY W]E MILITANTS RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>IES2 O!RS SIMPLY JO9$ ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE IT WAS ! DOM9ANT UNION 9 !IR >EA OR %OP4 ,& BY ! #a#i#cS1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S W]E WORK]S RA!R ?AN PEASANTS4 ,&ALUSIANS1 ONCE ! L>GE/ P]C5TAGE ( MEMB]S 9 ! AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY1 HAD DW9DL$ TO A M9ORITY1 A FACT :I* IS NOT NOT$ BY SU* WRIT]S AS ,BR5AN & ,HOBSBAWM :O OV]EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! RURAL ELEM5T 9 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS4 

,) ! SL[ *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,C,N,T & ! GR[+ SUPREMACY ( 9DU/RIAL OV] VILLAGE VALUES 9 ITS LEAD]%IP & MEMB]%IP1 IT IS MY VIEW ?AT ! CONF$]ATION W\LD HAVE EV5TUALLY TURN$ 9TO A FAIRLY CONV5TIONAL ,LAT9-TYPE ( TRADE UNION4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E NOT OBLIVI\S TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,AL?\< SYNDICALI/ UNIONS =M$ ! MAJOR >5A ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,EUROPE1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S W]E M9DFUL ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE TOO DIFFICULT = RE=MI/ LEAD]S 9 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS TO %IFT ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP4 ,!Y VIEW$ SYNDICALISM AS A *ANGE 9 FOCUS FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! TRADE UNION1 FROM ALL ! OPPRESS$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 FROM ! /REETS TO ! FACTORIES1 &1 9 EMPHASIS AT LEA/1 FROM 9SURRECTION TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 

,MALATE/A1 FE>+ ! EM]G5CE ( A BUREAUCRACY 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 W>N$ ?AT 0! (FICIAL IS TO ! WORK+ CLASS A DANG] ONLY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT PROVID$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>IAN2 BO? LEAD TO CORRUPTION & FROM CORRUPTION TO DEA? IS BUT A %ORT /EP40 ,AL?\< HE WAS TO *ANGE HIS ATTITUDE T[>D SYNDICALISM1 HE ACCEPT$ ! MOVEM5T ) MANY RES]VATIONS & NEV] CEAS$ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 0TRADE UNIONS >E1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 RE=MI/ & NEV] REVOLUTION>Y40 ,TO ?IS W>N+ HE ADD$ ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT MU/ BE 9TRODUC$1 DEVELOP$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! CON/ANT ACTIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES :O WORK FROM )9 !IR RANKS AS WELL AS FROM \TSIDE1 BUT IT CANNOT BE ! NORMAL1 NATURAL DEF9ITION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION'S FUNCTION40 

,SYNDICALISM HAD DIVID$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T )\T REALLY SPLITT+ IT4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,F,A,I1 !RE WAS R>ELY A NATIONAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION TO SPLIT4#h ,YET A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HELD TOGE!R ON TWO LEVELS3 BY MEANS ( WELL-KN[N P]IODICALS LIKE ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA & ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1  & 9 ! =M ( SMALL CIRCLES ( D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S1 BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 ,DAT+ AS F> BACK AS ! #a#h#hS !SE TYPICALLY ,HISPANIC GR\PS ( 9TIMATES1 TRADITIONALLY KN[N AS T]TULIAS1  MET AT FAVORITE CAFES TO DISCUSS IDEAS & PLAN ACTIONS4 ,!Y GAVE !MSELVES COLORFUL NAMES EXPRESSIVE ( !IR HI<-M9D$ IDEALS 7,NI ,REY NI PATRIA7  OR !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 7,LOS ,REBELDES7  OR QUITE SIMPLY !IR S5SE ( FRAT]NITY 7,LOS ,AF9ES7 4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION TO :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY ALLUD$1 F\ND$ 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 #a#h#h#h1 CONSCI\SLY MADE !SE T]TULIAS ! /R&S FROM :I* IT TRI$ TO WEAVE A COH]5T MOVEM5T4 ,DECADES LAT]1 !Y W]E TO REAPPE> 9 ! ,F,A,I AS GRUPOS DE AF9IDAD 7AFF9ITY GR\PS7 ) A MORE =MAL LOCAL & NATIONAL /RUCTURE4 

,AL?\< ,SPANI% AN>*ISM DID NOT PRODUCE AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL MOVEM5T UNTIL ! F\ND+ ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & AN>*OCOMMUNI/S W]E HI<LY SIGNIFICANT4 ,! TWO T5D5CIES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WORK$ 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS & W]E MUTUALLY DISDA9FUL ( EA* O!R4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S FUNCTION$ DIRECTLY 9 ! UNIONS4 ,!Y ACCEPT$ KEY UNION POSITIONS & PLAC$ !IR EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZ+1 (T5 AT ! EXP5SE ( PROPAG&A & IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5T4 ,AS 0PRACTICAL M510 ,CATALAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ ,ROM]O & ,TOMAS ,H]R]OS W]E READY TO MAKE COMPROMISES1 MORE PRECISELY1 TO =M ALLIANCES ) 0PURE-&-SIMPLE0 TRADE UNIONI/S4 

,! AN>*OCOMMUNI/S W]E ! 0FANATICS OV] !RE0 9 ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD -- 0PURI/S0 LIKE ,JUAN ,B>ON & ,FRANCISCO ,C>D5AL1 :O REG>D$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AS DES]T]S TO RE=MISM & HELD FAI?FULLY TO ! COMMUNI/ DOCTR9ES ?AT =M$ ! BASIS ( ! OLD ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION4 ,!Y W]E NOT DISPOS$ TO TRADE UNION ACTIVISM & /RESS$ COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,IT WAS NOT !IR GOAL TO PRODUCE A L>GE 0MASS MOVEM5T0 ( WORK]S :O WORE LI<TLY ! TRAPP+S ( LIB]T>IAN IDEALS1 BUT TO HELP CREATE D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S 9 AN AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 H[EV] SMALL ITS SIZE OR 9FLU5CE4 ,ONCE FAIRLY 9FLU5TIAL1 !IR T]RORI/ TACTICS AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & ! 5SU+ REPRESSION HAD GREATLY DEPLET$ !IR NUMB]S4 

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,F,A,I 9 ! SUMM] ( #aibg WAS EXPECT$ TO UNITE !SE TWO T5D5CIES4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ NE$S W]E MET BY REQUIR+ ?AT EV]Y FAI/A BECOME A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T & BY MAK+ ! UNION ! PR9CIPAL >5A ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA94 ,! NE$S ( ! AN>*OCOMMUNI/S W]E MET BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT AN AV[$LY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WAS E/ABLI%$ NATIONALLY1 AP>T FROM ! ,C,N,T1 & BY MAK+ ! AFF9ITY GR\P ! BASIS = A VANGU>D MOVEM5T AV[$LY D$ICAT$ TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4#i,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD WAS ADOPT$ AS ! ,F,A,I'S ORGAN4 ,BUT BY E/ABLI%+ AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( CONTROLL+ ! ,C,N,T1 OR AT LEA/ TO KEEP IT FROM FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( RE=MI/S OR 9FILTRATORS FROM ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAD ESS5TIALLY 5VELOP$ ! AN>*OCOMMUNI/S 9 SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,BY #a#i#c#c1 ! ,F,A,I'S CONTROL OV] ! ,C,N,T WAS FAIRLY COMPLETE4 ,SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATIONAL WORK HAD PURG$ ! UNION ( ,COMMUNI/S1 :ILE ITS RE=MI/ LEAD]S EI!R LEFT ON !IR [N ACCORD OR HAD DEF5SIVELY CAM\FLAG$ !MSELVES ) REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,NO ILLUSION %\LD EXI/ ?AT ?IS SUCCESS WAS A*IEV$ ) AN OV]LY S5SITIVE REG>D = DEMOCRATIC NICETIES1 AL?\< ! MILITANCY ( ! FAI/AS UNQUE/IONABLY ATTRACT$ ! GREATE/ MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T WORK]S4 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I'S MO/ WELL-KN[N MILITANTS -- ,DURRUTI1 ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] -- 9CLUD$ T]RORISM 9 !IR REP]TORY ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,GUNPLAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 & 9 DEAL+ ) RECALCITRANT EMPLOY]S1 POLICE AG5TS1 & BLACKLEGS1 WAS NOT FR[N$ UPON4 ,!SE AT5TADOS ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9TIMIDAT$ ! ,F,A,I'S LESS PROM95T OPPON5TS 9 ! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< 0RE=MI/S0 LIKE ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO DID NOT HESITATE TO PUBLICLY CRITICIZE ! ,F,A,I 9 ! H>%E/ T]MS4 

,DESPITE ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 ?IS REM>KABLE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION REMA9$ SEMISECRET UP TO #aicf & ITS MEMB]%IP PROBABLY DID NOT EXCE$ #c14 ,/RUCTURALLY1 IT =M$ A NE>-MODEL ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E SMALL NUCLEI ( 9TIMATE FRI5DS :I* G5]ALLY NUMB]$ A DOZ5 OR SO M5 & WOM54 ,:]EV] SEV]AL ( !SE AFF9ITY GR\PS EXI/$1 !Y W]E COORD9AT$ BY A LOCAL F$]ATION & MET1 :5 POSSIBLE1 9 MON?LY ASSEMBLIES4 ,! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 9 TURN1 WAS COORD9AT$ BY A ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE1 :I* O/5SIBLY EX]CIS$ V]Y LITTLE DIRECTIVE P[]4 ,ITS ROLE WAS MEANT TO BE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE 9 TYPICAL ,BAKUN9I/ FA%ION4 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E 9 FACT REM>KABLY AUTONOM\S DUR+ ! E>LY ?IRTIES & (T5 EXHIBIT$ EXCEPTIONAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,! 9TIMACY %>$ BY ! FAI/AS 9 EA* GR\P MADE ! MOVEM5T V]Y DIFFICULT = POLICE AG5TS TO 9FILTRATE & ! ,F,A,I AS A :OLE MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! MO/ SEV]E REPRESSION ) SURPRIS+LY LITTLE DAMAGE TO ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,AS TIME PASS$1 H[EV]1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE BEGAN TO GR[ 9 PRE/IGE4 ,ITS P]IODIC /ATEM5TS ON EV5TS & PROBLEMS (T5 S]V$ AS DIRECTIVES TO ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS AN AU?ORIT>IAN BODY1 IT EV5TUALLY BEGAN TO FUNCTION AS A C5TRAL COMMITTEE :OSE POLICY DECISIONS1 :ILE NOT B9D+ 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 S]V$ AS MORE ?AN M]E SUGGE/IONS4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y DIFFICULT = ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE TO OP]ATE BY FIAT2 ! AV]AGE FAI/A WAS A /RONG P]SONALITY :O W\LD HAVE READILY VOIC$ DISAGREEM5T ) ANY DECISION ?AT HE OR %E F\ND P>TICUL>LY UNPALATABLE4 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I 9CREAS+LY BECAME AN 5D 9 ITSELF & LOYALTY TO ! ORGANIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 IT WAS UND] ATTACK OR CONFRONT$ ) SEV]E DIFFICULTIES1 T5D$ TO MUTE CRITICISM4 

,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! ,F,A,I RAIS$ 5ORM\SLY ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! AV]AGE C5ETEI/A4 ,MORE ?AN ANY S+LE =CE AP>T FROM EMPLOY] RECALCITRANCE1 IT MADE ! ,C,N,T 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 IF NOT A TRULY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ONE4 ,! ,F,A,I /RESS$ A COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION & TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & GA9$ A CONSID]ABLE FOLL[+ )9 ! ,C,N,T 7A MORE D$ICAT$ FOLL[+ 9 AN>*I/ ,S>AGOSSA ?AN 9 SYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA74 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I WAS NOT ABLE TO COMPLETELY RID ! ,C,N,T ( RE=MI/ ELEM5TS 7! UNION ATTRACT$ MANY WORK]S BY ITS MILITANT FI<T = IMPROV$ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS7 & ! S$IM5TATION ( ! ,C,N,T ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES CONT9U$4 

,9 ITS ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,A,I 9 FACT BECAME A VICTIM ( ! LESS DEVELOP$ ELEM5TS 9 ! UNION4 ,PEIRATS QUITE RI<TLY EMPHASIZES ?AT ! ,C,N,T TOOK ITS [N TOLL ON ! ,F,A,I4 ,JU/ AS RE=MI/S 9SIDE ! UNION W]E PR$ISPOS$ TO COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,/ATE1 SO ! ,F,A,I WAS COMPELL$ TO COMPROMISE ) ! RE=MI/S 9 ORD] TO RETA9 ITS CONTROL OV] ! ,C,N,T4 ,AMONG ! Y\NG]1 LESS EXP]I5C$ FAI/AS1 ! SITUATION WAS SOMETIMES WORSE4 ,EXTRAVAGANT MILITANCY :I* FETI%IZ$ ACTION OV] !ORY & D>+ OV] 9SI<T REB\ND$1 AFT] FAILURE1 9 ! CRUDE/ OPPORTUNISM4 

,9 ! BALANCE3 ! ,C,N,T HAD PROVID$ A REM>KABLY DEMOCRATIC >5A = ! MO/ MILITANT WORK+ CLASS 9 ,EUROPE2 ! ,F,A,I ADD$ ! LEAV5+ ( A LIB]T>IAN ORI5TATION & REVOLUTION>Y DE$S )9 ! LIMITS ?AT A TRADE UNION C\LD PROVIDE4 ,BY #a#i#c#f1 BO? ORGANIZATIONS HAD CREAT$ AU!NTICALLY LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURES TO ! EXT5T ?AT ANY /RICTLY PROLET>IAN CLASS MOVEM5T C\LD BE TRULY LIB]T>IAN4 ,IF ONLY BY D9T ( %E] RHETORIC -- & D\BTLESS1 CONSID]ABLE CONVICTION & D>+ ACTIONS -- !Y HAD KEY$ ! EXPECTATIONS ( !IR MEMB]%IPS TO A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD YIELD WORK]S' CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY & SYNDICALI/ =MS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS PROCESS ( $UCATION & CLASS ORGANIZATION1 MORE ?AN ANY S+LE FACTOR 9 ,SPA91 PRODUC$ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,& TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7= ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS BECAME FATALLY C\PL$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i#c#f7 EX]CIS$ ! MAJOR 9FLU5CE 9 AN >EA1 ! COLLECTIVES PROV$ TO BE G5]ALLY MORE DURABLE1 COMMUNI/ & RESI/ANT TO ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AN O!R REPUBLICAN-HELD >EAS ( ,SPA94 

,MOREOV]1 9 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS1 WORK]S & PEASANTS T5D$ TO %[ ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( POPUL> 9ITIATIVE 9 RESI/+ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,IT WAS NOT ,SOCIALI/ ,MADRID ?AT FIR/ TOOK MATT]S 9TO ITS [N H&S & DEFEAT$ ITS REBELLI\S G>RISON3 IT WAS AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA ?AT CAN LAY CLAIM TO ?IS DI/9CTION AMONG ALL ! L>GE CITIES ( ,SPA94 ,MADRID ROSE AGA9/ ! ,MONTANA B>RACKS ONLY AFT] S\ND TRUCKS BROADCA/ ! NEWS ?AT ! >MY HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ! /REETS & SQU>ES ( ,B>CELONA4 ,& EV5 9 ,MADRID1 P]HAPS ! GREATE/ 9ITIATIVE WAS %[N BY ! LOCAL ,C,N,T ORGANIZATION1 :I* 5JOY$ ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! CITY'S MILITANT CON/RUCTION WORK]S4 

,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 9 EFFECT1 REVEAL$ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( A HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & EXTREMELY MILITANT WORK+ CLASS -- A 0CLASSICAL0 PROLET>IAT1 IF Y\ WILL1 :OSE BASIC ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E REPEAT$LY FRU/RAT$ BY A MYOPIC 9TRANSIG5T B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS \T ( SU* 0IRRECONCILABLE0 /RUGGLES ?AT AN>*OSYNDICALISM & REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM HAD DEVELOP$ !IR 5TIRE TACTICAL & !ORETICAL >MAM5TORIUM4 

,BUT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ALSO REVEAL$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ?AT TYPE ( CLASSICAL /RUGGLE -- & IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION M>K$ ! 5D ( A C5TURY-LONG ]A ( SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 :I* BEGAN ) ! ,JUNE UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,! ]A HAS PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY &1 9 MY VIEW1 WILL NEV] AGA9 BE REVIV$4 ,IT WAS M>K$ BY BITT]1 (T5 UNCOMPROMIS+ /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE1 AN ]A 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT BE5 ADMITT$ 9TO ITS 0%>E0 ( ECONOMIC LIFE & HAD BE5 VIRTUALLY D5I$ ! RI<T TO =M ITS [N PROTECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS /ILL A RELATIVELY NEW PH5OM5ON1 NEI!R AFFLU5T 5\< TO MITIGATE WORK+ CLASS UNRE/ NOR SURE ( ITS PLACE 9 POLITICAL LIFE -- YET /ILL ASS]T+ AN UNQUALIFI$ RI<T TO RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT ITS 0HIR$ H&S40 ,BUT ?IS NEW PH5OM5ON WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO F9D ITS WAY IF NOT T[>D TRADITIONAL ,EUROPEAN LIB]AL POLITICAL =MS1 !N T[>D AU?ORIT>IAN ONES :I* W\LD GIVE IT ! BREA?+ SPACE TO DEVELOP4 

,! ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! ?IRTIES 7:I* RADICALS ?R\<\T ! WORLD VIEW$ AS ! F9AL 0*RONIC CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM71 C\PL$ ) ! MYOPIC POLICIES ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]ALS & RUL+ CLASSES1 TURN$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 9TO AN EXPLOSIVE CLASS W>4 ,! AGR>IAN RE=M POLICIES ( ! E>LY ?IRTIES REPUBLIC TURN$ \T TO BE F>CICAL4 ,! LIB]ALS W]E MORE PREOCCUPI$ ) BAIT+ ! ,*UR* ?AN DEAL+ S]I\SLY ) ! LONG-RANGE OR EV5 %ORT-RANGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( ! P59SULA4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 :O JO9$ ! LIB]ALS 9 GOV]N+ ! C\NTRY1 W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) PROMOT+ ! GR[? ( ! ,U,G,T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,C,N,T ?AN 9 IMPROV+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,! ,C,N,T1 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY VOLATILE ! FAI/AS :OSE RADICAL $UCATION HAD BE5 ACQUIR$ 9 ! PI/OL]O BATTLES ( ! E>LY TW5TIES1 EXPLOD$ 9TO REPEAT$ 9SURRECTIONS -- UPRIS+S :I* ITS LEAD]S PROBABLY KNEW W]E FUTILE1 BUT W]E MEANT TO /IMULATE ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!SE FAILURES BY ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY REPUBLICAN YE>S TO MEET ! PROMISE ( RE=M LEFT NO REC\RSE BUT REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>4 ,EXCEPT = ! MO/ D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S1 IT WAS A CONFLICT ?AT NO ONE REALLY WANT$4 ,BUT BETWE5 #a#i#c#a1 :5 ! MON>*Y WAS OV]?R[N1 & #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! G5]ALS REBELL$1 EV]YONE WAS SLEEP-WALK+ 9TO ! LA/ ( ! GREAT PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS -- P]HAPS ! GREATE/ 9 T]MS ( ITS %ORT-LIV$ SOCIAL PROGRAMS & ! 9ITIATIVE %[N BY ! OPPRESS$4 ,! ]A SEEM$ TO HAVE COLLECT$ ALL ITS 5]GIES1 ITS TRADITIONS1 & ITS DREAMS = ITS LA/ GREAT CONFRONTATION -- & !REAFT] WAS TO DISAPPE>4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MO/ COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION APPE>$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE RA!R ?AN ! CITIES1 AMONG VILLAG]S :O W]E /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY >*AIC COLLECTIVI/IC TRADITIONS & W]E LESS 5SN>$ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY ?AN !IR URBAN C\S9S4 ,! ASCETIC VALUES :I* SO GREATLY 9FLU5C$ !SE HI<LY COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES (T5 REFLECT$ ! EXTREME POV]TY ( ! >EAS 9 :I* !Y W]E ROOT$4 ,COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID 9 SU* CASES =M$ ! PRECONDITIONS = SURVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 ! MORE >ID >EAS ( ,SPA91 ! NE$ = %>+ WAT] & MA9TA9+ IRRIGATION WORKS WAS AN ADD$ 9DUCEM5T TO COLLECTIVE F>M+4 ,H]E1 COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ALSO A TE*NOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 BUT ONE :I* EV5 ! REPUBLIC DID NOT 9T]F]E )4 ,:AT MAKES !SE RURAL COLLECTIVES IMPORTANT IS NOT ONLY ?AT MANY ( !M PRACTIC$ COMMUNISM1 BUT ?AT !Y FUNCTION$ SO EFFECTIVELY UND] A SY/EM ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS BELIES ! NOTION HELD BY SO MANY AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S ?AT ECONOMIC LIFE MU/ BE SCRUPUL\SLY 0PLANN$0 BY A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] & ! ODI\S CAN>D ?AT POPUL> COLLECTIVIZATION1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM /ATI/ NATIONALIZATION1 NECESS>ILY PITS COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 COMPETITION = PR(ITS & RES\RCES4 

,9 ! CITIES1 H[EV]1 COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! FACTORIES1 COMMUNICATIONS SY/EMS1 & TRANSPORT FACILITIES TOOK A V]Y DIFF]5T =M4 ,9ITIALLY NE>LY ! 5TIRE ECONOMY 9 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] BY COMMITTEES ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! WORK]S & W]E LOOSELY COORD9AT$ BY HI<] UNION COMMITTEES4 ,AS TIME W5T ON ?IS SY/EM WAS 9CREAS+LY TI<T5$4 ,! HI<] COMMITTEE BEGAN TO PREEMPT ! 9ITIATIVE TO ! L[] AL?\< !IR DECISIONS /ILL HAD TO BE RATIFI$ BY ! WORK]S ( ! FACILITIES 9VOLV$4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS PROCESS WAS TO T5D TO C5TRALIZE ! ECONOMY ( ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS 9 ! H&S ( ! UNION4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS PROCESS UNFOLD$ V>I$ GREATLY FROM 9DU/RY TO 9DU/RY & >EA TO >EA1 & ) ! LIMIT$ KN[L$GE WE HAVE AT H&1 G5]ALIZATIONS >E V]Y DIFFICULT TO =MULATE4 ,) ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9TO ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION CONT9U$ & ! UNION-CONTROLL$ FACILITIES BECAME W$D$ TO ! /ATE4 ,BY E>LY #ai* A POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY HAD L>GELY SUPPLANT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES 9 ALL 0REPUBLICAN0-HELD CITIES4 ,AL?\< WORK]S' CONTROL EXI/$ 9 !ORY1 IT HAD VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 FACT4 

,IF ! COMMUNE =M$ ! BASIS = ! RURAL COLLECTIVES1 ! COMMITTEE =M$ ! BASIS = ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES4 ,9DE$1 AP>T FROM ! RURAL COMMUNES1 ! COMMITTEE SY/EM PR$OM9AT$ :]EV] ! ,/ATE P[] HAD COLLAPS$ -- 9 VILLAGES & T[NS AS WELL AS FACTORIES & URBAN NEI<BORHOODS4 0,ALL HAD BE5 SET UP 9 ! HEAT ( ACTION TO DIRECT ! POPUL> RESPONSE TO ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT10 OBS]VE ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME3 
,!Y HAD BE5 APPO9T$ 9 AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,9 ! VILLAGES1 ! FACTORIES1 & ON ! WORK SITES1 TIME HAD SOMETIMES BE5 TAK5 TO ELECT !M1 AT LEA/ SUMM>ILY1 AT A G5]AL MEET+4 ,AT ALL EV5TS1 C>E HAD BE5 TAK5 TO SEE ?AT ALL P>TIES & UNIONS W]E REPRES5T$ ON !M1 EV5 IF !Y DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMITTEE REPRES5T$ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME AS ! WORK]S A :OLE & ! SUM TOTAL ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS3 9 MORE ?AN ONE PLACE ?OSE ELECT$ CAME TO AN UND]/&+ AS TO :O WAS TO REPRES5T ONE OR ANO!R UNION1 :O W\LD BE ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 & :O ! 0,SOCIALI/40 ,V]Y (T51 9 ! T[NS1 ! MO/ ACTIVE ELEM5TS APPO9T$ !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS SOMETIMES ! ELECTORS AS A :OLE :O *OSE ! M5 TO SIT ON ! ,COMMITTEE ( EA* ORGANIZATION1 BUT MORE (T5 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE W]E ELECT$ EI!R BY A VOTE )9 !IR [N ORGANIZATION OR W]E QUITE SIMPLY APPO9T$ BY ! LOCAL GOV]N+ COMMITTEES ( ! P>TIES & UNIONS4 

,! NE>LY =TY YE>S ?AT SEP>ATE \R [N TIME FROM ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION HAVE PRODUC$ SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 *ANGES ?AT >E ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ,SPA9'S PRES5T SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! CLASSICAL PROLET>IAT ?AT F\<T SO DESP]ATELY = ! M9IMAL MEANS ( LIFE IS GIV+ WAY TO A MORE AFFLU5T WORK] :OSE MA9 CONC]N IS NOT MAT]IAL SURVIVAL & EMPLOYM5T1 BUT A MORE HUMAN WAY ( LIFE & MEAN+FUL WORK4 ,! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! LABOR =CE IS *ANG+ AS WELL -- PROPORTIONATELY1 MORE T[>D COMM]CIAL1 S]VICE1 & PR(ESSIONAL VOCATIONS ?AN UNSKILL$ LABOR 9 MASS MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES4 ,SPA91 LIKE ! RE/ ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IS NO LONG] PR$OM9ANTLY AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY2 ! MAJORITY ( ITS PEOPLE LIVE 9 T[NS & CITIES1 NOT 9 ! RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES ?AT N\RI%$ RURAL COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 A VISIT TO WORK+ CLASS ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! LATE SIXTIES1 ,I SEEM$ TO SEE AS MANY ,AM]ICAN-/YLE ATTA*E CASES AS LUN* BOXES4 

,!SE *ANGES 9 ! GOALS & TRAITS ( ! NONB\RGEOIS CLASSES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY >E ! PRODUCTS ( ! SWEEP+ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ( ! RELATIVE AFFLU5CE OR EXPECTATIONS ( AFFLU5CE ?AT HAVE BR\<T ALL ! VALUES ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY 9TO QUE/ION ,!Y HAVE 9TRODUC$ A HI/ORIC T5SION BETWE5 ! IRRATIONALITY ( PRES5T LIFEWAYS & ! UTOPIAN PROMISE ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,! Y\NG WORK]S ( ! LATE SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES T5D TO BORR[ !IR VALUES FROM RELATIVELY AFFLU5T MIDDLE-CLASS Y\?1 :O NO LONG] HYPO/ASIZE ! WORK E?IC1 PURITANICAL MORES1 HI]>*ICAL OB$I5CE1 & MAT]IAL SECURITY1 BUT RA!R FREE TIME = SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 SEXUAL LIB]ATION 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 CREATIVE OR /IMULAT+ WORK AS DI/+UI%$ FROM M9DLESS LABOR1 & AN ALMO/ LIBID9AL DISDA9 = ALL AU?ORITY4 ,9 ,SPA9 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT PRIVILEG$ UNIV]SITY /UD5TS1 :O T5D$ TO PLAY A REACTION>Y ROLE 9 ! ?IRTIES1 >E AMONG ! MO/ RADICAL ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES4 ,TOGE!R ) Y\NG WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ALL FIELDS1 !Y >E BEG9N+ TO ACCEPT 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ! P]SONALI/IC & UTOPI/IC GOALS ?AT MAKE ! PURITANICAL & OV]LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AN>*OSYNDICALISM ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I SEEM ANA*RONI/IC4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 EV5 9 ITS AN>*OSYNDICALI/ =M1 HAVE BECOME MANIFE/LY CLE>4 ,TO SEE 9 TRADE UNIONS 7:E!R SYNDICALI/ OR NOT7 AN 9H]5T POT5TIALITY = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IS TO ASSUME ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 M]ELY AS CLASSES1  >E 9TR9SICALLY 9COMPATIBLE4 ,?IS IS DEMON/RABLY UNTRUE IF ONE IS WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE ! OBVI\S CAPACITY ( ! SY/EM TO REMAKE OR TO LIT]ALLY CREATE ! WORK] 9 ! IMAGE ( A REPRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL CULTURE & RATIONALITY4 ,FROM ! FAMILY1 ?R\< ! S*OOL & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 ! MASS M$IA1 TO ! FACTORY & F9ALLY TRADE UNION & 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TY1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CONSPIRES TO FO/] OB$I5CE1 HI]>*Y1 ! WORK E?IC1 & AU?ORIT>IAN DISCIPL9E 9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE2 9DE$1 9 MANY ( ITS 0EMANCIPATORY0 MOVEM5TS AS WELL4 

,! FACTORY & ! CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT SPR+ FROM IT PLAY ! MO/ ! COMPELL+ ROLE 9 PROMOT+ A WELL-REGULAT$1 ALMO/ UNCONSCI\S DOCILITY 9 MATURE WORK]S -- A DOCILITY ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF NOT SO MU* 9 *>ACT]LESS PASSIVITY AS 9 A PRAGMATIC COMMITM5T TO HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS & AU?ORIT>IAN LEAD]S4 ,WORK]S CAN BE V]Y MILITANT & EXHIBIT /RONG1 EV5 P[]FUL *>ACT] TRAITS 9 ! MO/ DEM&+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS2 BUT !SE TRAITS CAN BE BR\<T AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE READILY1 TO ! S]VICE ( A RE=MI/ LABOR BUREAUCRACY AS TO A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!Y MU/ BREAK ) ! HOLD ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE ON !IR S5SIBILITIES -- SPECIFICALLY1 ) ! HOLD ( ! FACTORY1 ! LOCUS ( ! WORK]S' V]Y CLASS EXI/5CE -- BE=E !Y CAN MOVE 9TO ?AT SUPREME =M ( DIRECT ACTION CALL$ 0REVOLUTION10 & FUR!R1 CON/RUCT A SOCIETY !Y WILL DIRECTLY CONTROL 9 !IR WORK%OPS & COMMUNITIES4 

,?IS AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT WORK]S MU/ SEE !MSELVES AS HUMAN BE+S1 NOT AS CLASS BE+S2 AS CREATIVE P]SONALITIES1 NOT AS 0PROLET>IANS02 AS SELF-AFFIRM+ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT AS 0MASSES40 ,& ! DE/9Y ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY MU/ BE ! FREE COMMUNE1 NOT ! CONF$]ATION ( FACTORIES1 H[EV] SELF-ADM9I/]$2 = SU* A CONF$]ATION TAKES A P>T ( SOCIETY -- ITS ECONOMIC COMPON5T -- & REIFIES IT 9TO ! TOTALITY ( SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ?AT ECONOMIC COMPON5T MU/ BE HUMANIZ$ PRECISELY BY \R BR++ AN 0AFF9ITY ( FRI5D%IP0 TO ! WORK PROCESS1 BY DIM9I%+ ! ROLE ( ON]\S WORK 9 ! LIVES ( ! PRODUC]S1 9DE$1 BY A TOTAL 0TRANSVALUATION ( VALUES0 7TO USE ,NIETZS*E'S PHRASE7 AS IT APPLIES TO PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE4 

,EV5 ?\< C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 HAVE LO/ !IR RELEVANCE1 AN>*I/ CONCEPTS !MSELVES ?AT CAN 5COMPASS & FULLY EXPRESS A 0PO/-SC>CITY M5TALITY0 CAN BE MU* MORE RELEVANT TO ! PRES5T ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES ( ! #a#i#cS1 DESPITE ! T5D5CY ( !SE IDEOLOGIES TO FILL ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! ABS5CE ( MEAN+FUL LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SU* AN>*I/ CONCEPTS C\LD NO LONG] RELY 9 PRACTICAL T]MS ON ! COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE2 !SE TRADITIONS >E VIRTUALLY GONE AS LIV+ =CES AL?\< P]HAPS ! MEMORY ( ! OLD COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS LIVES AMONG ,SPANI% Y\? 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ,AM]ICAN Y\? HAVE TURN$ TO ! TRIBAL TRADITIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS = CULTURAL 9SPIRATION4 ,) ! DECL9E ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY & 9 REACTION TO URBAN ATOMIZATION1 ! COMMUNE HAS EV]Y:]E ACQUIR$ A NEW RELEVANCE = Y\NG & EV5 OLD] PEOPLE -- A %>$1 MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE WAY ( LIFE BAS$ ON SELECTIVE AFF9ITY RA!R ?AN K9%IP TIES4 ,BURGEON+ URBANIZATION HAS POS$ MORE %>PLY ?AN EV] ! NE$ = DEC5TRALI/IC ALT]NATIVES TO ! MEGALOPOLIS2 ! GIGANTISM ( ! CITY1 ! NE$ = ! HUMAN SCALE4 ,! GROTESQUE BUREAUCRATIZATION ( LIFE1 :I* 9 ,CAMUS'S WORDS R$UCES EV]YONE TO A FUNCTION>Y1 HAS PLAC$ A NEW VALUE ON NONAU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS & DIRECT ACTION4 ,SL[LY1 EV5 AMID ! SETBACKS ( \R TIME1 A NEW SELF IS BE+ =G$4 ,POT5TIALLY1 ?IS IS A LIB]T>IAN SELF ?AT C\LD 9T]V5E DIRECTLY 9 ! *ANG+ & ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY -- A SELF ?AT C\LD 5GAGE 9 ! SELF-DISCIPL9E1 SELF-ACTIVITY1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T SO CRUCIAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A TRULY FREE SOCIETY4 ,H]E ! VALUES PRIZ$ SO HI<LY BY TRADITIONAL AN>*OCOMMUNISM E/ABLI% DIRECT CONT9UITY ) A CONTEMPOR>Y =M ( AN>*OCOMMUNISM ?AT GIVES CONSCI\SNESS & COH]5CE TO ! 9TUITIVE IMPULSES ( ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY4 

,BUT IF !SE GOALS >E TO BE A*IEV$1 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*OCOMMUNISM CANNOT REMA9 A M]E MOOD OR T5D5CY1 WAFT+ 9 ! AIR LIKE A CULTURAL AMBIANCE ,IT MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ -- 9DE$1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ -- IF IT IS TO EFFECTIVELY >TICULATE & SPREAD ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY2 IT MU/ HAVE A COH]5T !ORY & EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE2 IT MU/ BE CAPABLE ( DUEL+ ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS ?AT TRY TO D5ATURE ! 9TUITIVE LIB]T>IAN IMPULSES ( \R TIME & *ANNEL SOCIAL UNRE/ 9TO HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM IS PR(\NDLY RELEVANT = \R TIME1 & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION /ILL PROVIDES ! MO/ VALUABLE LESSONS 9 ! PROBLEM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT WE CAN CULL FROM ! PA/4 

,TO DEAL ) !SE PROBLEMS1 P]HAPS ,I CAN BE/ BEG9 BY SAY+ ?AT !RE IS LITTLE1 9 FACT1 TO CRITICIZE 9 ! /RUCTURAL =MS ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I TRI$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,! ,C,N,T1 ALMO/ FROM ! \TSET1 ORGANIZ$ ITS LOCALS AS FACTORY RA!R ?AN CRAFT UNIONS1 & ! NATIONWIDE OCCUPATIONAL F$]ATIONS 7! ,UNIONES DE (ICIO1  OR 09T]NATIONALS0 AS WE W\LD CALL !M7 :I* EM]G$ ) ! ,I,W,M,A W]E AB&ON$ = LOCAL F$]ATIONS 7! ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES74 ,?IS /RUCTURE SITUAT$ ! FACTORY 9 ! COMMUNITY1 :]E IT REALLY BELONG$ IF ! 0COMMUNE0 CONCEPT WAS TO BE REALI/IC1 RA!R ?AN 9 AN EASILY MANIPULATABLE 9DU/RIAL NETWORK ?AT EASILY L5T ITSELF TO /ATI/ NATIONALIZATION ,! C5TROS OBR]OS1  ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 ! C>EFUL M&AT+ ( DELEGATES TO CONGRESSES1 ! ELIM9ATION ( PAID (FICIALS1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 REGIONAL COMMITTEES1 & EV5 A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 W\LD ALL HAVE BE5 9 CON=MITY ) LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES HAD ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS LIV$ UP !IR 9T5TIONS4 ,:]E ! ,C,N,T /RUCTURE FAIL$ MO/ S]I\SLY WAS 9 ! NE$ TO CONV5E FREQU5T ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 & SIMIL>LY1 FREQU5T NATIONAL & REGIONAL CONF]5CES TO CONT9UALLY REEVALUATE ,C,N,T POLICIES & PREV5T P[] FROM COLLECT+ 9 ! HI<] COMMITTEES4 ,= AS FREQU5T AS MEET+S MAY HAVE BE5 -- COMMITTEES1 SUBCOMMITTEES1 & REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEE MEET+S -- ! REGUL> & CLOSE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 WORK]S & ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 DID T5D TO BECOME RUPTUR$4 

,CONFUSION DEVELOP$ OV] ! CRUCIAL PROBLEM ( ! LOCUS = MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS4 ,! REAL PLACE = ?IS PROCESS %\LD HAVE BE5 %OP ASSEMBLIES1 REGUL> CONGRESSES1 OR :5 EV5TS & CIRCUM/ANCES REQUIR$ RAPID DECISIONS1 CONF]5CES ( CLE>LY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES ELECT$ = ?IS PURPOSE BY ! MEMB]%IP4 ,! SOLE RESPONSIBILITY ( ! REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES %\LD HAVE BE5 ADM9I/RATIVE -- ?AT IS1 ! COORD9ATION & EXECUTION ( POLICY DECISIONS =MULAT$ BY MEMB]%IP MEET+S & CONF]5CE OR CONGRESS DELEGATES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T AS A SYNDICALI/ UNION & ?AT ( ! ,F,A,I AS AN AN>*I/ F$]ATION WAS1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 QUITE ADMIRABLE4 ,9DE$1 MY PR9CIPAL CRITICISMS 9 ! PAGES ABOVE HAVE BE5 NOT SO MU* ( ! =MS !MSELVES1 BUT ( ! DEP>TURES ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I MADE FROM !M4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,I'VE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! SOCIAL LIMITATIONS ( ! P]IOD -- 9CLUD+ ! MY/IQUE AB\T ! CLASSICAL PROLET>IAT -- ?AT VITIAT$ ! REALIZATION ( !SE /RUCTURAL =MS4 

,ANO!R ISSUE ?AT WAS A CRUCIAL PROBLEM = ! ,F,A,I & :I* IS /ILL A S\RCE ( CONFUSION = AN>*I/S AT ! PRES5T TIME IS ! PROBLEM ( ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT0 -- ! MORE 9=M$1 EXP]I5C$1 0/RONG10 & ORATORICALLY GIFT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O T5D$ TO =MULATE POLICY AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,IT WILL NEV] BE POSSIBLE TO ELIM9ATE ! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S HAVE DIFF]5T LEVELS ( KN[L$GE & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,\R PROLONG$ P]IOD ( DEP5D5CE AS *ILDR51 ! FACT ?AT WE >E L>GELY ! PRODUCTS ( AN ACQUIR$ CULTURE & ?AT EXP]I5CE T5DS TO CONF] KN[L$GE ON ! OLD] P]SON W\LD LEAD TO SU* DIFF]5CES EV5 9 ! MO/ LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 ! DEP5D5CE ( ! LESS-9=M$ ON ! MORE-9=M$ IS COMMONLY A MEANS ( MANIPULATION & P[]4 ,! OLD]1 MORE EXP]I5C$ P]SON1 LIKE ! P>5T1 HAS ?IS PRIVILEGE AT HIS OR H] DISPOSAL &1 ) IT1 AN ALT]NATIVE3 TO USE KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 & ORATORICAL GIFTS AS MEANS ( DOM9ATION & TO 9DUCE ADULATION -- OR = ! GOAL ( LOV+LY IMP>T+ KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE1 = EQUALIZ+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TEA*] & TAU<T1 & ALWAYS LEAV+ ! LESS EXP]I5C$ & 9=M$ 9DIVIDUAL FREE TO MAKE HIS OR H] DECISIONS4 

,HEGEL BRILLIANTLY DRAWS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,SOCRATES & ,JESUS3 ! =M] WAS A TEA*] :O S\<T TO >\SE A QUE/ = KN[L$GE 9 ANYONE :O WAS PREP>$ TO DISCUSS2 ! LATT]1 AN ORACLE :O PRON\NC$ = ADOR+ DISCIPLES TO 9T]PRET EXEGETICALLY4 ,! DIFF]5CE1 AS ,HEGEL PO9TS \T1 LAY NOT ONLY 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! TWO M5 BUT 9 ?AT ( !IR 0FOLL[]S40 ,SOCRATES' FRI5DS HAD BE5 RE>$ 9 A SOCIAL TRADITION ?AT 0DEVELOP$ !IR P[]S 9 MANY DIRECTIONS4 ,!Y HAD ABSORB$ ?AT DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT :I* GIVES AN 9DIVIDUAL A GREAT] MEASURE ( 9DEP5D5CE & MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANY TOL]ABLY GOOD HEAD TO DEP5D :OLLY & ABSOLUTELY ON ONE P]SON4 4 4 4 ,!Y LOV$ ,SOCRATES BECAUSE ( HIS VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY1 NOT VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY BECAUSE ( HIM40 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,JESUS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E SUBMISSIVE ACOLYTES3 0,LACK+ ANY GREAT /ORE ( SPIRITUAL 5]GY ( !IR [N1 !Y HAD F\ND ! BASIS ( !IR CONVICTION AB\T ! TEA*+ ( ,JESUS PR9CIPALLY 9 !IR FRI5D%IP ) HIM & DEP5D5CE ON HIM4 ,!Y HAD NOT ATTA9$ TRU? & FRE$OM BY !IR [N EX]TIONS2 ONLY BY LABORI\S LE>N+ HAD !Y ACQUIR$ A DIM S5SE ( !M & C]TA9 =MULAS AB\T !M4 ,!IR AMBITION WAS TO GRASP & KEEP ?IS DOCTR9E FAI?FULLY & TO TRANSMIT IT EQUALLY FAI?FULLY TO O!RS )\T ANY ADDITION1 )\T LETT+ IT ACQUIRE ANY V>IATIONS 9 DETAIL BY WORK+ ON IT !MSELVES40 

,! ,F,A,I -- ILLEGAL BY *OICE1 SOMETIMES T]RORI/ 9 ITS TACTICS1 & AGGRESSIVELY 0MA*O0 9 ITS ALMO/ COMPETITIVE D>+ -- DEVELOP$ DEEPLY P]SONAL TIES )9 ITS AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,DURRUTI'S GRIEF = ! DEA? ( ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO REVEAL$ REAL LOVE1 NOT M]ELY ! FRI5D%IP ?AT /EMS FROM ORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION4 ,BUT 9 ! ,F,A,I BO? FRI5D%IP & LOVE W]E (T5 BAS$ ON A DEM&+ ASSOCIATION1 ONE ?AT IMPLICITLY REQUIR$ CON=MITY TO ! MO/ 0H]OIC0 /&>DS E/ABLI%$ BY ! MO/ 0D>+0 MILITANTS 9 ! GR\P4 ,SU* RELATION%IPS >E NOT LIKELY TO %ATT] OV] DOCTR9AL DISAGREEM5TS OR :AT (T5 SEEM LIKE 0M]E0 PO9TS ( !ORY4 ,EV5TUALLY !SE RELATION%IPS PRODUCE LEAD]S & L$2 WORSE1 ! LEAD]S T5D$ TO PATRONIZE ! L$ & F9ALLY MANIPULATE !M4 

,TO ESCAPE ?IS PROCESS ( DEVOLUTION1 AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION MU/ BE AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! PROCESS CAN OCCUR1 & IT MU/ BE VIGILANT AGA9/ ITS OCCURR5CE4 ,TO BE EFFECTIVE1 ! VIGILANCE MU/ EV5TUALLY EXPRESS ITSELF 9 MORE POSITIVE T]MS4 ,IT CANNOT COEXI/ ) AN ADULATION ( VIOL5CE1 COMPETITIVE D>+1 & M9DLESS AGGRESSIV5ESS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( AN EQUALLY M9DLESS WOR%IP ( ACTIVISM & 0/RONG *>ACT]S40 ,! ORGANIZATION MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT DIFF]5CES 9 EXP]I5CES & CONSCI\SNESS DO EXI/ AMONG ITS MEMB]S & H&LE !SE DIFF]5CES ) A W>Y CONSCI\SNESS -- NOT CONCEAL !M ) EUPHEMISMS LIKE 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT40 ,! TAU<T AS WELL AS ! TEA*] MU/ FIR/ ASK HIMSELF OR H]SELF :E!R DOM9ATION & MANIPULATION IS BE+ PRACTIC$ -- & NOT TO D5Y ?AT A SY/EMATIC TEA*+ PROCESS IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,MOREOV]1 EV]YONE MU/ BE FULLY AW>E ?AT ?IS TEA*+ PROCESS IS UNAVOIDABLE )9 ! MOVEM5T IF RELATION%IPS >E EV5TUALLY TO BE EQUALIZ$ BY IMP>T$ KN[L$GE & ! FRUITS ( EXP]I5CE4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! CONCLUSIONS ONE >RIVES AB\T ! NATURE ( ?IS PROCESS >E ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY DET]M9ABLE BY ! BEHAVIOR PATT]NS ?AT DEVELOP BETWE5 COMRADES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 UND] CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM1 SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 FRI5D%IP1 & LOVE W\LD BE ( ! 0FREE-GIV+0 K9D ?AT ,JACOB ,BA*(5 IMPUT$ TO 0MATRI>*AL0 SOCIETY1 NOT ! DEM&+ C5SORI\S TYPE HE ASSOCIAT$ ) PATRI>*Y4 ,H]E1 ! AFF9ITY GR\P OR COMMUNE W\LD A*IEVE ! MO/ ADVANC$ & LIB]T>IAN EXPRESSION ( ITS HUMANITY4 ,M]ELY TO /RIVE = ?IS GOAL AMONG ITS [N BRO!RS & SI/]S W\LD QUALITATIVELY DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R MOVEM5TS & PROVIDE ! MO/ ASSURABLE GU>ANTEE ?AT IT W\LD REMA9 TRUE TO ITS LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,\R P]IOD1 :I* /RESSES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF AS WELL AS SOCIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 /&S 9 A HI<LY ADVANTAGE\S POSITION TO ASSESS ! AU!NTIC NATURE ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION & RELATION%IPS4 ,A ,EUROPEAN OR ,AM]ICAN CIVIL W> ( ! K9D ?AT WA/$ ,SPA9 9 ! ?IRTIES IS NO LONG] CONCEIVABLE 9 AN EPO* ?AT CAN DEPLOY NUCLE> WEAPONS1 SUP]SONIC AIRCRAFT1 N]VE GAS1 & A T]RIFY+ FIREP[] AGA9/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE HOLL[$ \T BY A MOLECUL> HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( DIS5GAGEM5T & DISLOYALTY TO A PO9T :]E ANY POPUL> MAJORIT>IAN MOVEM5T CAN CAUSE !M TO COLLAPSE = WANT ( SUPPORT & MORAL AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ! K9D ( DEVELOPM5T SU* A *ANGE WILL PRODUCE -- :E!R IT WILL OCCUR CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 :E!R IT WILL HAVE AN AU?ORIT>IAN \TCOME OR ONE BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T -- WILL DEP5D V]Y MU* UPON :E!R A CONSCI\S1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T CAN EM]GE4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,BO? ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T PROBABLY NUMB]$ MORE ?AN A MILLION MEMB]S EA* BY ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f4 ,! (FICI\S1 HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC ,U,G,T T5D$ TO OV]/ATE ITS MEMB]%IP FIGURES4 ,! MORE AMORPH\S DEC5TRALIZ$ ,C,N,T -- ! MORE P]SECUT$ ( ! TWO LABOR F$]ATIONS -- (T5 EX]CIS$ MU* GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS ?AN ITS MEMB]%IP /ATI/ICS W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE4 

#b4 ,MADRID1 AL?\< ) A L>GELY ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T1 WAS ! HOME ( AN 9T5SELY ACTIVE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ! ,MADRID CON/RUCTION WORK]S /RONGLY AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 BUT AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 MANY ,MADRID 9TELLECTUALS W]E COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM & E/ABLI%$ A R5[N$ !ORETICAL TRADITION = ! MOVEM5T ?AT L+]$ ON LONG AFT] AN>*I/ WORK]S HAD CUT !IR TIES ) ! ,SPANI% 9TELLIG5TSIA4 

#c4 ,I W\LD NOT WANT TO >GUE H]E1 ?AT ! ,SPANI% VILLAGE =M$ A P>ADIGM = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,VILLAGE SOCIETY DIFF]$ GREATLY FROM ONE REGION ( ,SPA9 TO ANO!R -- SOME >EAS RETA9+ UNDI/URB$ !IR LOCAL DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS1 O!RS RUL$ TYRANNICALLY BY ! ,*UR*1 ! NOBILITY1 CACIQUES1  & CU/OM4 ,QUITE (T51 BO? T5D5CIES COEXI/$ 9 A V]Y UNEASY EQUILIBRIUM1 ! DEMOCRATIC /ILL VITAL BUT SUBM]G$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN4 

#d4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,C,N,T !RE W]E EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS RULE4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,SECRET>Y WAS PAID AN AV]AGE WORK]'S SAL>Y1 AS WAS ! CL]ICAL /AFF ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! $ITORS & /AFFS ( DAILY NEWSPAP]S4 ,BUT DELEGATES TO ! NATIONAL1 REGIONAL1 & LOCAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E NOT PAID & W]E OBLIG$ TO WORK AT !IR [N TRADES EXCEPT :5 !Y LO/ TIME DUR+ WORK+ H\RS ON UNION BUS9ESS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E NO 9DIVIDUALS :O DEVOT$ MO/ ( !IR TIME TO ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 0,TRAVEL+ AB\T FROM PLACE TO PLACE1 ON FOOT OR MULE OR ON ! H>D SEATS ( ?IRD-CLASS RAILWAY C>RIAGES1 OR EV5 LIKE TRAMPS OR AMBULANT BULLFI<T]S UND] ! T>PAUL9S ( GOODS WAGONS10 OBS]VES ,BR5AN1 0:IL/ !Y ORGANIZ$ NEW GR\PS OR C>RI$ ON PROPAG&I/ CAMPAIGNS1 !SE 'APO/LES ( ! IDEA1' AS !Y W]E CALL$1 LIV$ LIKE M5DICANT FRI>S ON ! HOSPITALITY ( ! MORE PROSP]\S WORK]S0 -- &1 ,I W\LD ADD1 0VILLAG]S40 ,?IS TRADITION ( ORGANIZ+1 :I* REF]S TO ! #a#h#gS1 DID NOT DISAPPE> 9 LAT] DECADES2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT BECAME MORE SY/EMATIC & P]HAPS MORE SECURELY F9ANC$ AS ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO COMPETE ) ! ,U,G,T = ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

#e4 ,YET H]E ,I MU/ ADD ?AT TO AB/A9 FROM SMOK+1 TO LIVE BY HI< MORAL /&>DS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ABJURE ! CONSUMPTION ( ALCOHOL WAS V]Y IMPORTANT AT ! TIME4 ,SPA9 WAS GO+ ?R\< H] [N BELAT$ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION DUR+ ! P]IOD ( AN>*I/ ASC5DANCY ) ALL ITS DEMORALIZ+ FEATURES4 ,! COLLAPSE ( MORALE AMONG ! PROLET>IAT1 ) RAMPANT DRUNK5NESS & V5]EAL DISEASES1 & ! COLLAPSE ( SANIT>Y FACILITIES1 WAS ! =EMO/ PROBLEM :I* ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO DEAL )1 JU/ AS BLACK RADICALS TODAY MU/ DEAL ) SIMIL> PROBLEMS 9 ! <ETTO4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E EM95TLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,FEW ,C,N,T WORK]S1 MU* LESS COMMITT$ AN>*I/S1 W\LD HAVE D>$ TO %[ UP DRUNK AT MEET+S OR MISBEHAVE OV]TLY AMONG !IR COMRADES4 ,IF ONE CONSID]S ! T]RIBLE WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! P]IOD1 ALCOHOLISM WAS NOT AS S]I\S A PROBLEM 9 ,SPA9 AS IT WAS 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 

#f4 ,9 0BLACK0 7PURELY AN>*I/IC7 ,S>AGOSSA1 :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS EV5 MORE FIRMLY COMMITT$ TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ?AN ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT1 ,RAYMOND ,C>R QUITE ACCURATELY EMPHASIZES ?AT 0/RIKES W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR SCORN = ECONOMIC DEM&S & ! T\<NESS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY3 /RIKES = COMRADES 9 PRISON W]E MORE POPUL> ?AN /RIKES = BETT] CONDITIONS40 

#g4 ,= ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ORGANIZATIONAL =MS TO *ANGE ! BEHAVIORAL PATT]NS ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E NOT A PROBLEM4 ,?IS QUE/ION C\LD BE PO/PON$ UNTIL 0AFT] ! REVOLUTION40 ,9DE$1 ,M>X VIEW$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN IMPACT ( ! FACTORY 70! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF07 AS A POSITIVE FACTOR 9 PRODUC+ A DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$ PROLET>IAT4 ,5GELS1 9 AN ATROCI\S DIATRIBE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S TITL$ 0,ON ,AU?ORITY10 EXPLICITLY US$ ! FACTORY /RUCTURE -- ITS HI]>*ICAL =MS & ! OB$I5CE IT DEM&$ -- TO JU/IFY HIS COMMITM5T TO AU?ORITY & C5TRALIZATION 9 WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:AT IS ( 9T]E/ H]E IS NOT :E!R ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E 0AU?ORIT>IANS0 BUT ! WAY 9 :I* !Y ?\<T \T ! PROBLEM ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION -- ! EXT5T TO :I* ! MATRIX = !IR ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS WAS ! V]Y ECONOMY :I* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS MEANT TO REVOLUTIONIZE4 

#h4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,SPA9 SCATT]$ ! =CES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 9TO SMALL LOCAL NUCLEI :I* RELAT$ ON A REGIONAL BASIS ?R\< CONF]5CES1 P]IODICALS1 & CORRESPOND5CE4 ,SEV]AL REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( !SE NUCLEI W]E =M$1 MA9LY 9 ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA1 ONLY TO DISAPPE> AS RAPIDLY AS !Y EM]G$4 

#i4 ,I EMPLOY ! WORD 0VANGU>D0 PROVOCATIVELY1 DESPITE ITS UNPOPUL>ITY 9 MANY LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES TODAY1 BECAUSE ?IS T]M WAS WIDELY US$ 9 ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SOME AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS EV5 ADOPT$ IT AS A NAME4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT AN AN>*I/ OBR]A CONSCI5TE REG>D$ HIMSELF OR H]SELF AS AN 0ADVANC$ P]SON0 & P>T ( A SMALL AVANT-G>DE 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ITS MO/ 9NOCU\S S5SE1 ! USE ( ?IS T]M MEANT ?AT SU* A P]SON M]ELY 5JOY$ A MORE ADVANC$ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AN ! MAJORITY ( LESS DEVELOP$ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 A DI/9CTION ?AT HAD TO BE OV]COME BY $UCATION4 ,9 A LESS 9NOCU\S S5SE1 ! WORD PROVID$ A RATIONALE = ELITISM & MANIPULATION1 TO :I* SOME AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E NO MORE IMMUNE ?AN !IR AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALI/ OPPON5TS4 ,! WORD 0LEAD]10 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS ES*EW$ = ! EUPHEMISM 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT10 AL?\< 9 FACT ! MORE WELL-KN[N AN>*I/ 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 W]E C]TA9LY LEAD]S4 ,?IS SELF-DECEPTION WAS NOT AS TRIFL+ AS IT MAY SEEM4 ,IT PREV5T$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FROM WORK+ \T ! S]I\S PROBLEMS ?AT EM]G$ FROM REAL DIFF]5CES 9 CONSCI\SNESS AMONG !MSELVES OR BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! GREAT MAJORITY ( UNDEVELOP$ C5ETEI/AS4  

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 
,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S3 

,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 

,BETWE5 MY? & REALITY !RE LIES A PREC>I\S ZONE ( TRANSITION ?AT OCCASIONALLY CAPTURES ! TRU? ( EA*4 ,SPA91 CAU<T 9 A WORLD-HI/ORIC REVOLUTION FIFTY YE>S AGO1 WAS EXACTLY SU* AN OCCASION -- A R>E MOM5T :5 ! MO/ G5]\S1 ALMO/ MY?IC DREAMS ( FRE$OM SEEM$ SUDD5LY TO BECOME REAL = MILLIONS ( ,SPANI% WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,= ?IS BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME1 ?IS %IMM]+ MOM5T1 AS IT W]E1 ! WORLD /OOD BREA?LESSLY /ILL1 :ILE ! R$ BANN]S ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM & ! R$-&-BLACK BANN]S ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*OSYNDICALISM FLOAT$ OV] MO/ ( ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES & ?\S&S ( H] VILLAGES4 

,TAK5 TOGE!R ) ! MASSIVE1 SPONTANE\S COLLECTIVIZATION ( FACTORIES1 FIELDS1 EV5 HOTELS & RE/AURANTS1 ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES ( ,SPA9 RECLAIM$ HI/ORY ) A =CE & PASSION ( AN UNPREC$5T$ SCOPE & GAVE A /UNN+ REALITY 9 MANY >EAS ( ! P59SULA TO ! AGELESS DREAM ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i WAS1 AT ITS 9CEPTION1 ! LA/ ( ! CLASSICAL ,EUROPEAN WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTIONS -- NOT1 LET ME MAKE IT CLE>1 A %ORT-LIV$ 0UPRIS+10 A CADRE-CONTROLL$ 0GU]RILLA W>10 OR A SIMPLE CIVIL CONFLICT BETWE5 REGIONS = NATIONAL SUPREMACY4 ,& LIKE SO MANY LIFE-=MS ?AT APPE> = ! LA/ TIME1 BE=E FAD+ AWAY =EV]1 IT WAS ! MO/ F>-REA*+ & *ALL5G+ ( ALL SU* POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y ]A ?AT 5COMPASSES ,CROMWELLIAN ,5GL& ( ! LATE #a#f#dS & ! WORK+-CLASS UPRIS+S ( ,VI5NA & ,A/URIAS ( ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,IT IS NOT A MY? BUT A %E] LIE -- ! CRET9\S P]V]SION ( HI/ORY BY ITS MAK]S 9 ! ACADEMY -- TO DEPICT ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> AS A M]E PRELUDE TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 AN ALLEG$ CONFLICT BETWE5 0DEMOCRACY & FASCISM40 ,NOT EV5 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I DES]VES ! HONOR ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL *>ACT]IZATION4 ,SPA9 WAS SEIZ$ BY MORE ?AN A CIVIL W>3 IT WAS 9 ! ?ROES ( A PR(\ND SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,NOR WAS ?IS REVOLUTION1 LIKE SO MANY SELF-/YL$ ONES ( REC5T YE>S1 SIMPLY ! PRODUCT ( ,SPA9'S /RUGGLE = MOD]NIZATION4 ,IF ANY?+1 ,SPA9 WAS ONE ( ?OSE V]Y R>E C\NTRIES :]E PROBLEMS ( MOD]NIZATION HELP$ 9SPIRE A REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN A REACTION OR ADAPTATION TO ,WE/]N & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE'S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS SEEM+LY 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 FEATURE ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y ALT]NATIVES IT POS$ TO CAPITALISM & AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIALISM MAKE ! REVOLUTION HAUNT+LY RELEVANT TO LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS TODAY4 ,9 MOD]NIZ+ ! C\NTRY1 ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY LIT]ALLY TOOK OV] MU* ( ITS ECONOMY & MANAG$ IT DIRECTLY 9 ! =M ( COLLECTIVES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & UNION-NETWORK$ SYNDICALI/ /RUCTURES4 ,DEMOCRATICALLY-RUN MILITIAS1 FREE ( ALL RANK+ DI/9CTIONS & ORGANIZ$ >\ND A JO9T DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS ?AT 9VOLV$ ! SOLDI]S AS WELL AS !IR ELECT$ 0COMM&]S10 MOV$ RAPIDLY TO ! MILIT>Y FRONTS4 

,TO HAVE /OPP$ ,FRANCO'S 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA10 COMPOS$ ( =EIGN LEGIONNAIRES & ,MOORI% M]C5>IES -- P]HAPS ! BLOOD-?IR/IE/ & C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ PR(ESSIONALIZ$ TROOPS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ANY ,EUROPEAN NATION AT ! TIME -- & ITS WELL-TRA9$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & POLICE AUXILI>IES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 NO?+ LESS ?AN MIRACUL\S ONCE IT E/ABLI%$ A /RONG BASE ON ! ,SPANI% MA9L&4 ,?AT HA/ILY =M$1 UNTRA9$1 & VIRTUALLY UNEQUIPP$ MILITIAM5 & WOM5 SL[$ UP ,FRANCO'S >MY'S ADVANCE ON ,MADRID = F\R MON?S & ESS5TIALLY /OPP$ IT ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CAPITAL IS A FEAT = :I* !Y HAVE R>ELY E>N$ ! PROP] TRIBUTE FROM WRIT]S ON ! CIVIL W> ( ! PA/ HALF C5TURY4 

,BEH9D ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 L9ES1 P[] LAY ESS5TIALLY 9 ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS3 ! MILLION-MEMB] ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S 7,U,G,T71 ! LABOR F$]ATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P,S,O,E71 & ! EQUALLY L>GE ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T71 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! SEMI-CL&E/9E ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I74 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ANO!R LEFTI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M71 :OSE MORE RADICAL MEMB]S & LEAD]S HAD BE5 ROOT$ 9 A ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION 9 E>LI] YE>S1 FOLL[$ UP ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,P,\,M \TNUMB]$ BY F> ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES :I* UNIT$ TO =M ! PR$OM9ANTLY ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA 7,P,S,U,C74 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,E7 AT ! 9CEPTION ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9CONSEQU5TIAL 9 NUMB]S & 9FLU5CE1 LAGG+ F> BEH9D ! ?REE MAJOR LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR UNIONS4 

,! WAVE ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ,SPA9 9 ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #aicf HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 9 A REC5T ,B,B,C-,GRANADA DOCUM5T>Y AS 0! GREATE/ EXP]IM5T 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAS EV] SE510 A REVOLUTION MORE F>-REA*+ ?AN ANY :I* OCCURR$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #a#i#a#g-#b#a & ! YE>S BE=E & AFT] IT4#a ,9 AN>*I/ 9DU/RIAL >EAS LIKE ,CATALONIA1 AN E/IMAT$ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! ECONOMY WAS PLAC$ UND] WORK]S' CONTROL1 AS IT WAS 9 AN>*I/ RURAL >EAS LIKE ,>AGON4 ,! FIGURE TAP]S D[NW>D :]E ! ,U,G,T %>$ P[] ) ! ,C,N,T OR ELSE PR$OM9AT$3 #e P]C5T 9 AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ ,VAL5CIA1 & #c P]C5T 9 SOCIALI/ & LIB]AL ,MADRID4 ,9 ! MORE ?OR\<LY AN>*I/ >EAS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 MONEY WAS ELIM9AT$ & ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE W]E ALLOCAT$ /RICTLY ACCORD+ TO NE$ RA!R ?AN WORK1 FOLL[+ ! TRADITIONAL PRECEPTS ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA TELEVISION DOCUM5T>Y PUTS IT3 0,! ANCI5T DREAM ( A COLLECTIVE SOCIETY )\T PR(IT OR PROP]TY WAS MADE REALITY 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,>AGON4 4 4 4 ,ALL =MS ( PRODUCTION W]E [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 RUN BY !IR WORK]S40 

,! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 BELONG$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,POLICE 9 MANY CITIES W]E REPLAC$ BY >M$ WORK]S' PATROLS4 ,MILITIA UNITS W]E =M$ EV]Y:]E -- 9 FACTORIES1 ON F>MS1 & 9 SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS1 9ITIALLY 9CLUD+ WOM5 AS WELL AS M54 ,A VA/ NETWORK ( LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES COORD9AT$ ! FE$+ ( ! CITIES1 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY1 & ! MET+ \T ( JU/ICE1 9DE$1 ALMO/ EV]Y FACET ( ,SPANI% LIFE FROM PRODUCTION TO CULTURE1 BR++ ! :OLE ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE 9TO A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & COH]5T :OLE4 ,?IS HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ APPROPRIATION ( SOCIETY BY ITS MO/ OPPRESS$ SECTORS -- 9CLUD+ WOM51 :O W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ALL ! CON/RA9TS ( A HI<LY TRADITIONAL ,CA?OLIC C\NTRY1 BE IT ! PROHIBITION ( ABORTION & DIVORCE OR A DEGRAD$ /ATUS 9 ! ECONOMY -- WAS ! WORK ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY4 ,IT WAS A MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ ?AT OV]:ELM$ EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OPPRESS$1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 0,SIGNIFICANTLY1 NO LEFT ORGANIZATION ISSU$ CALLS = REVOLUTION>Y TAKEOV]S ( FACTORIES1 WORKPLACES OR ! L&10 OBS]VES ,RONALD ,FRAS] 9 ONE ( ! MO/ UP-TO-DATE ACC\NTS ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T4 0,9DE$1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 ,B>CELONA1 EPIC5T] ( URBAN AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 W5T FUR!R3 REJECT+ ! (F] ( P[] PRES5T$ TO IT BY ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS .<! HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T.>1 IT DECID$ ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ /& ASIDE = COLLABORATION ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT =CES TO DEFEAT ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! REVOLUTION ?AT TRANS=M$ ,B>CELONA 9 A MATT] ( DAYS 9TO A CITY VIRTUALLY RUN BY ! WORK+ CLASS SPRANG 9ITIALLY FROM 9DIVIDUAL ,C,N,T UNIONS1 IMPELL$ BY !IR MO/ ADVANC$ MILITANTS2 & AS !IR EXAMPLE SPREAD IT WAS NOT ONLY L>GE 5T]PRISES BUT SMALL WORK%OPS & BUS9ESSES ?AT W]E BE+ TAK5 OV]4#b 

,I QUOTE ,FRAS] TO EMPHASIZE ! REM>KABLE P[] ( $UCATION & DISCUSSION1 & ! CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANY SEGM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,= ,COMMUNI/S LIKE ,]IC ,HOBSBAWN TO DESIGNATE !SE SEGM5TS1 L>GELY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ IDEAS1 AS 0PRIMITIVE REBELS0 IS WORSE ?AN PREJUDICE2 IT REPRES5TS IDEOLOGY ME*ANICALLY IMPOS$ ON ! FLUX ( HI/ORY1 ORGANIZ+ IT 9TO 0/AGES0 ( DEVELOPM5T 9 FLAT CONTRADICTION TO REAL LIFE & FREEZ+ IT 9TO CATEGORIES ?AT EXI/ SOLELY 9 ! M9D ( ! HI/ORIAN4 ,S9CE ,SPA91 AS WE >E TOLD1 WAS A PR$OM9ATELY AGR>IAN C\NTRY1 9 FACT1 0FEUDAL0 9 ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 ITS PROLET>IAT MU/ HAVE BE5 0UNDEVELOP$0 & ITS PEASANTRY CAU<T 9 A FEV] ( 0MILL5N>IAN0 EXPECTATIONS4 ,!SE 0PRIMITIVE0 FEATURES ( ,SPA9'S DEVELOPM5T SOMEH[ ACC\NT1 SO ! /ORY GOES1 = ! MORE ?AN ONE MILLION MEMB]S ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T \T ( A POPULATION ( TW5TY-F\R MILLION4 ,SPA9'S B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS FUR!R >GU$1 WAS ! C[$ /EP*ILD ( ! C\NTRY'S T]RITORIAL GR&EES1 ITS CL]ICS1 & ITS BLOAT$ (FIC] CORPS2 ,SPA9 NE$$ A 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 REVOLUTION1 AK9 TO ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN1 AS A 0HI/ORICAL PRECONDITION0 = A 0SOCIALI/0 ONE4 ,?IS 0/AGES !ORY10 ) ITS SALAD ( 0PRECONDITIONS10 WAS 9VOK$ ) CONSID]ABLE EFFECTIV5ESS BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! #a#i#cS AGA9/ ! REALITY ( AN AU!NTIC WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTION4 ,:]E IT C\LD NOT BE COMPLETELY CONCEAL$ FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD1 ! REVOLUTION WAS D5\NC$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S AS 0PREMATURE0 9 A 0BALANCE ( HI/ORY0 ?AT WAS DET]M9$ SOME:]E 9 ! =EIGN COMMISS>IAT ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA & RESOLUTELY ASSAULT$ BY ! ,P,C,E ON A SCALE ?AT BR\<T 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 TO ! $GE ( A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,REC5T ACC\NTS ( ,SPA9 & ! REVOLUTION ( #aicf GIVE US A V]Y DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ! C\NTRY'S SOCIETY FROM ITS PORTRAYAL BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 !IR LIB]AL ALLIES1 & EV5 BY SU* WELL-9T5TION$ OBS]V]S AS ,G]ALD ,BR5AN & ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU4 ,DESPITE ITS \TW>D TRAPP+S1 ,SPA9 WAS NOT ! OV]:ELM+LY AGR>IAN & 0FEUDAL0 C\NTRY WE W]E TAU<T IT WAS TWO G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,FROM ! TURN ( ! C5TURY TO ! COM+ ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a1 ,SPA9 HAD UND]GONE 5ORM\S ECONOMIC GR[? ) MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! RELATIVE WEI<T ( ! AGRICULTURAL & NONAGRICULTURAL SECTORS4 ,FROM #aia TO #aic ! PEASANTRY HAD DECL9$ FROM #ff P]C5T TO #d#e4#e P]C5T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 :ILE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAD SO>$ FROM #a#e4#h P]C5T TO #b#f4#e P]C5T & ?OSE 9 S]VICES FROM #a#h4#a P]C5T TO #b#g4#i P]C5T4 ,9DE$1 ! PEASANTRY N[ =M$ A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION1 NOT ITS TRADITIONAL MAJORITY1 & A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( ! 0PEASANTRY0 [N$ L&1 P>TICUL>LY 9 >EAS ?AT ADH]$ TO ! HI<LY CONS]VATIVE 0,NATIONAL ,FRONT0 AS AGA9/ ! LIB]AL-SOCIALI/-COMMUNI/ COALITION UND] ! RUBRIC ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT40 ,9DE$1 OMITT+ ! ,C5T] P>TIES ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 -- :OSE ELECTION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf PRECIPITAT$ ! MILIT>Y PLOTS ?AT L$ TO ! ,FRANCOI/ REBELLION SIX MON?S LAT] -- RECEIV$ ONLY #$ P]C5T ( ! VOTE 9 A VOT+ PROC$URE & UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT FAVOR$ !M4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ,$W>D ,MALEFAKIS HAS %[N 9 HIS ?OR\<LY RESE>*$ /UDY ( AGR>IAN UNRE/ 9 ! P]IOD LEAD+ UP TO ! CIVIL W>1 ! ,C,N,T HAD ITS GREATE/ /R5G? AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA1 NOT AMONG ! 0MILL5N>IAN0 AGRICULTURAL DAY-WORK]S ( ! ,S\?4 ,MANY ( !SE BRAC]OS JO9$ SOCIALI/ UNIONS 9 ! #a#i#cS1 PU%+ ! RE=MI/ ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4#c 

,SPA9'S RAPID RATE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! %IFT ( ! C\NTRY FROM 0FEUDAL0 TO ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ =MS ( AGRICULTURE OCCURR$ WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 VICTORY4 ,! DECADE ( ! #a#i#bS UND] ! FAIRLY 9DULG5T1 ,MUSSOL9I-TYPE DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7A ,SPANI% P>ODY ( ,ITALIAN FASCISM 9 :I* LEAD+ ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,L>GO ,CABALL]O ACTUALLY HELD (FICIAL POSITIONS AS DID O!R ,U,G,T *IEFTA9S71 SAW AN ECONOMIC MOD]NIZATION ( ! C\NTRY ?AT ALMO/ EQUAL$ & 9 SOME CASES EXCE$$ ! BOOM YE>S UND] ,FRANCO BETWE5 #aif & #a#i#g#c4 ,ILLIT]ACY WAS SUB/ANTIALLY DECREAS$1 & ECONOMIC EXPANSION WAS ACCEL]AT$2 H5CE ! V]Y SIZABLE MIDDLE CLASS OR S]VICE WORK]S ) MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES ?AT C\LD BE PLAY$ AGA9/ ! MILITANT WORK+ CLASS ( ,SPA94 

,! GREATE/ S+LE RES]VOIR ( ECONOMIC UNRE/ WAS 9 ! S\?3 ,&ALUSIA'S PLANTATION OR LATIFUNDIA SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! CULTIVATION ( OLIVES1 C]EALS1 GRAPES -- & ! L>GE WORK=CE ( DESP]ATELY POOR1 HALF-/>V$ L&LESS DAY-LABOR]S4 ,CAU<T 9 ! TRAMMELS ( ,SPA9'S QUASIFEUDAL GR&EES1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( BRAC]OS LIV$ 9 BITT] DESP]ATION1 A WAY ( LIFE ?AT CONTRA/$ ) ! OPUL5CE & COLD >ROGANCE ( ! ROYALI/ UPP] CLASS ( NOBLES & B\RGEOIS :O W]E TO =M ! CUTT+ $GE ( ,FRANCO'S REBELLION & W]E ! PR9CIPAL B5EFICI>IES ( HIS VICTORY4 

,P]IODIC UPRIS+S ( ! BRAC]OS HAD CULM9AT$ 9 AN AGR>IAN W> 9 #a#i#a#h-#b & W]E PUT D[N M]CILESSLY1 LEAV+ A LEGACY ( SAVAGE CLASS HATR$ ?AT EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! BURN+ ( CROPS1 F>M BUILD+S1 & RURAL MANSIONS 7MANY ( :I* W]E TURN$ 9TO VIRTUAL =TRESSES DUR+ TIMES ( SOCIAL UNRE/71 & ASSASS9ATIONS ON BO? SIDES ( ! CLASS B>RI]4 ,LONG BE=E ! #a#i#cS1 ,&ALUSIA BECAME1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 AN OCCUPI$ T]RITORY :]E ,CIVIL ,GU>DS PATROLL$ ! C\NTRYSIDE &1 TOGE!R ) >M$ ?UGS HIR$ BY L&[N]S1 FIR$ WANTONLY AT /RIK+ BRAC]OS & CREAT$ ! 5DEMIC VIOL5CE ?AT CLAIM$ AN APPALL+ TOLL DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,YET H]E TOO1 AGRICULTURE WAS L>GELY CAPITALI/IC 9 ITS ORI5TATION T[>D ! M>KETPLACE4 ,&ALUSIA'S PRODUCE WAS CULTIVAT$ L>GELY = 9T]NATIONAL TRADE4 ,NOBLE TITLES (T5 CONCEAL$ B\RGEOIS AV>ICE 9 ITS MO/ UNFEEL+ =M1 & UPP]-CLASS REF]5CES TO ! 0TRADITION0 ( ,SPA9 B>ELY CAM\FLAG$ P]NICI\S GRE$ & PRIVILEGE4 

,:AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ AFT] PRES5T+ ?IS TABLEAU IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ! CRISIS ?AT L$ TO ! #aicf REVOLUTION WAS CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC4 ,SPA9 WAS A L& ( SEV]AL NATIONS3 ,BASQUES & ,CATALANS :O S\<T AUTONOMY = !IR RESPECTIVE CULTURES & VIEW$ ,SPANI% LIFEWAYS ) A MEASURE ( DISDA92 ,CA/ILIANS :O APPE>$ AS ! COLLECTIVE OPPRESSORS ( ! P59SULA1 DESPITE !IR [N 9T]NAL DIVISIONS2 AN >ROGANT NOBILITY ?AT F$ ON IMAGES ( ,SPA9'S 0GOLD5 ]A0 & LIV$ 9 ALMO/ P>O*IAL ISOLATION FROM ! REAL ,SPA9 ?AT SURR\ND$ !M2 AN 9CE/U\S (FIC] CA/E ?AT BELONG$ TO ONE ( ! C\NTRY'S L+]+ 0ORD]S0 & = :OM 0NATIONAL REG5]ATION0 HAD DEVOLV$ FROM ! VALUES ( LIB]ALISM & 0MOD]NITY0 TO ?OSE ( %E] REACTION2 F9ALLY1 A VIRTUALLY M$IEVAL ,*UR* ?AT WAS EXCESSIVELY PROP]TI$1 RIGIDLY HI]>*ICAL1 & (T5 BITT]LY HAT$ BECAUSE ( ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ITS PI\S RHETORIC ( HUMAN 0BRO!RHOOD0 & ITS PAT5T P>TIZAN%IP ) ! UPP] CLASSES4 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,SPA9 WAS A L& 9 :I* CULTURES W]E 9 DRAMATIC TRANSITION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 FEUDALISM & CAPITALISM -- A NO/ALGIC WORLD ?AT LOOK$ BACK TO A PA/ ( >I/OCRATIC SUPREMACY & =W>D TO A FUTURE ( PLEBEIAN EGALIT>IANISM ?AT F\ND ITS MO/ RADICAL =M 9 A HUGE AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,:AT MADE ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS SO UNIQUELY REVOLUTION>Y1 9 MY VIEW1 WAS ITS WELL-ROOT$ ANCE/RY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE -- 9 A RELATIVELY SL[-PAC$1 ORGANIC AGR>IAN WORLD ?AT CLA%$ %>PLY ) ! HI<LY RATIONALIZ$1 ME*ANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL WORLD ( ! CITIES4 ,9 ! =CE-FIELD ( !SE TWO CULTURES1 ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES RETA9$ AN OBDURACY1 A S5SE ( MORAL T5SION1 A FEEL+ = PRE9DU/RIAL LIFEWAYS1 & A COMMITM5T TO COMMUNITY ?AT CANNOT BE CONVEY$ TO A G5]ATION IMMUR$ 9 ! RECEIV$ WISDOM & PREPACKAG$ LIFEWAYS ( A HI<LY COMMODIFI$1 M>KET-ORI5T$ ]A4 

,! 9T5SITY ( ?IS =CE-FIELD WAS HEI<T5$ BY A ,SPANI% H]ITAGE ( /RONG SOCIABILITY3 URBAN B>RIOS W]E ACTUALLY 9TIMATE VILLAGES )9 ! CITY1 KNITT$ TOGE!R BY CAFES1 COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS & 5]GIZ$ BY A VITAL \TDOOR PUBLIC LIFE ?AT /OOD AT %>P V>IANCE ) ! >I/OCRATIC MY?OS ( ! ,SPANI% PA/ & ! HAT$ ,*UR* :I* HAD ABDICAT$ ALL CLAIMS TO PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,! ELITE CLASSES ( ! C\NTRY1 SO COMPLETELY DIVORC$ FROM ?OSE :O WORK$ = !M1 W]E HI<LY PROTECTIVE ( ! PRIVILEGES CONF]R$ UPON !M BY P$IGREE1 /ATUS1 & L&$ WEAL?1 :I* (T5 PRODUC$ FISSURES AS B\RGEOIS P>V5US BEGAN TO 5T] A SOCIAL T]RA9 GU>D$ = C5TURIES BY TRADITION & HI/ORY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ONE ALWAYS 0BELONG$0 9 A DEEPLY SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 REGIONAL1 CLASS1 & ECONOMIC S5SE -- :E!R IT WAS TO A P>T ( ,SPA91 TO A HI]>*Y1 A CA/E1 A CLAN1 AN 9/ITUTION 7BE IT ! >MY OR A UNION71 & F9ALLY1 TO A NEI<BORHOOD1 VILLAGE1 T[N1 CITY1 & PROV9CE1 PRECISELY 9 ?AT ORD] ( LOYALTY4 ,9 ?IS CULTURAL S5SE AFFILIATIONS & ANTAGONISMS (T5 OV]RODE ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS TO AN EXT5T ?AT IS N[ B>ELY COMPREH5SIBLE ,TO CITE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE1 ! WORK]S ( ,S>AGOSSA1 EV5 MORE AN>*I/ 9 !IR IDEOLOGY ?AN !IR SYNDICALI/IC COMRADES 9 ,B>CELONA1 DISDA9$ /RIKES = 0PALTRY0 ECONOMIC DEM&S2 !Y NORMALLY PUT D[N !IR TOOLS 9 BEHALF ( !IR BRO!RS & SI/]S 9 PRISONS OR OV] ISSUES ( POLITICS1 HUMAN RI<TS1 & CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ONE TRULY 9CR$IBLE 9/ANCE1 !SE 0PURE0 AN>*I/S DECL>$ A TW5TY-F\R-H\R G5]AL-/RIKE BECAUSE ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]1 ,]N/ ,?ALMANN1 HAD BE5 >RE/$ BY ,HITL]4 

,BEH9D ?IS VIBRANTLY RADICAL CULTURE WAS A RI* TRADITION ( DIRECT ACTION1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & CONF$]AL ASSOCIATION4 ,SPA9 HAD B>ELY BECOME A NATION-/ATE UND] ,F]D9& & ,ISABELLA -- ! 0,CA?OLIC MON>*S0 :O CONQU]$ ! LA/ ,MOORI% /RON<OLDS ON ! P59SULA -- :5 ! MON>*Y WAS FAC$ ) A HI/ORIC CRISIS4 ,UND] ! ,COMUN]OS 7TRANSLAT$ LIT]ALLY1 ! ,COMMUN>DS71 ,CA/ILE'S MAJOR CITIES ROSE UP 9 REVOLT TO DEM& :AT WAS VIRTUALLY A =M ( NATIONHOOD /RUCTUR$ PRIM>ILY >\ND A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES4 ,9 ?IS REM>KABLE MOM5T :5 A CONF$]AL POLITICAL SY/EM HOV]$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO A C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE1 ,CA/ILIAN CITIES CREAT$ %ORT-LIV$ W>D DEMOCRACIES & NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & 5FRAN*IS$ PEOPLE 9 ! L[E/ RANKS ( ! COMMUNITY ON A SCALE ?AT W\LD HAVE S5T A %UDD] ( FE> ?R\< ,EUROPE'S RUL+ ELITES1 POSSIBLY COMP>ABLE TO ! IMPACT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4#d ,SU* CONF$]AL MOVEM5TS P]COLAT$ ?R\< ,SPANI% HI/ORY = G5]ATIONS 4 ,!Y TOOK REAL-LIFE =M 9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y P[] ( LOCAL SOCIETY OV] C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 EXPLOD+ 9 MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,F$]ALI/S ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL ( ! E>LY #a#h#gS & ! AN>*I/S S*OOL$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN94 ,BUT ,SPANI% LOCALISM & CONF$]ALISM W]E NOT /RICTLY AN AN>*I/ PH5OM5ON3 !Y W]E ,SPANI% TO ! CORE & 9FUS$ ! MO/ TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/S1 EV5 ! ,BASQUE NATIONALI/S1 :O ADVANC$ MUNICIPALI/ NOTIONS ( POLITICAL CONTROL AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE'S AU?ORITY WELL 9TO ! #a#i#cS4 

,SPANI% RADICALISM1 9 EFFECT1 RAIS$ QUE/IONS & PROVID$ ANSW]S ?AT HAVE A UNIQUE RELEVANCE TO ! PROBLEMS ( \R DAY3 LOCAL AUTONOMY1 CONF$]ALISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & BASE DEMOCRACY 9 OPPOSITION TO /ATE C5TRALISM1 NATIONALIZATION1 MANAG]IAL CONTROL1 & BUREAUCRACY4 ,! WORLD DID NOT KN[ ?IS 9 #a#i#c#f1 NOR DOES IT UND]/OOD ! SCOPE ( !SE ISSUES ADEQUATELY TODAY4 ,9DE$1 ,SPANI% RADICALISM ALSO RAIS$ IDEOLOGICAL IMAGES ?AT HI/ORY R5D]$ OBSOLETE 9 ,EUROPE3 IMAGES ( A CLASSICAL PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION1 B>RICADES1 A SYNDICALI/ TRIUMPH ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 & 9*OATE NOTIONS ( EMANCIPATION CLOAK$ 9 A ,BOL%EVIK MANTLE CLAIM$ BY ,/AL9 RA!R ?AN 9 ,SPA9'S [N POPUL> TRADITIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS SWIRL+ VORTEX ( SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT ! ,SPANI% >MY TRI$ TO /ILL1 A VORTEX ( 9/ITUTIONAL RELICS1 AN AGR>IAN CRISIS :]E L>GE-SCALE AGRIBUS9ESS DRESS$ 9 >I/OCRATIC VE/M5TS WAS PITT$ AGA9/ A RAGG$1 L&-HUNGRY1 LABOR =CE ( DAY-WORK]S1 & AN >ROGANT NOBILITY1 AN AV>ICI\S B\RGEOISIE1 AN 9ORD9ATELY MAT]IALI/IC ,*UR*1 & A S]VILE MIDDLE CLASS AGA9/ ! MO/ VOLATILE PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY ,EUROPE HAD SE5 9 A C5TURY ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM4 

,! EV5TS LEAD+ TO ! \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> CAN BE DEALT ) SUMM>ILY4 ,9 ,SPA91 HI/ORY SEEMS TO REPEAT ITSELF FIR/ AS F>CE & ONLY LAT] AS TRAG$Y4 ,! SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ,WORLD ,W> ,I SEEM ALMO/ A COMIC ANTICIPATION ( ! DEVELOPM5TS ?AT PREC$$ ,FRANCO'S UPRIS+4 ,A WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/ GAVE WAY 9 #aibc TO ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 A PLEASURE-LOV+1 RA!R DISSOLUTE ,&ALUSIAN >I/OCRAT :O EASILY CAME TO T]MS ) ! ,U,G,T & ! ,SOCIALI/S AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR AN>*OSYNDICALI/ RIVALS & :O ESS5TIALLY IGNOR$ ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BECAUSE ( ITS %E] 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! BOOM YE>S ( ! #a#i#bS W]E FOLL[$ BY A RAPID DECL9E 9 ,PRIMO'S AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* PULL$ ! PROPS \T FROM UND]NEA? ! MON>*Y ITSELF4 ,9 ,APRIL #aica ,SPA9 RETURN$ AFT] SOME TWO G5]ATIONS TO A REPUBLICAN POLITICAL SY/EM1 SEEM+LY ) ALMO/ UNIV]SAL 5?USIASM -- BUT ! SY/EM'S AU?ORITY WAN$ QUICKLY :5 A LIB]AL-,SOCIALI/ COALITION TRI$ TO ADDRESS ! CRUCIAL AGR>IAN PROBLEMS ?AT HAD BELEAGU]$ ALL ,SPANI% GOV]NM5TS = G5]ATIONS4 ,HAMM]$ ON ! RI<T BY ! ATTEMPT$ MILIT>Y C\P ( ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO 7,AUGU/ #a#i#c#b7 & BY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9SURRECTIONISM ON ! LEFT :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS MASSACRE ( ,&ALUSIAN PEASANTS 7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c71 ! COALITION LAY 9 ! DEBRIS ( ITS [N ILL-/>R$ RE=MS4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c1 ,SPA9'S MULTITUDE ( P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO REGR\P & POL>IZE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ( ?AT YE>1 A COALITION ( ! RI<T1 ! ,SPANI% ,CONF$]ATION ( ,RI<T ,GR\PS 7,C,$,A7 REPLAC$ ! LIB]AL-,SOCIALI/ COALITION HEAD$ BY ,MANUEL ,AZANA4 ,! =CES ?AT CONSIGN$ ! FIR/ 0,REPUBLICAN0 GOV]NM5T 9 SOME SIXTY YE>S TO ! HI/ORIC G>BAGE HEAP N[ =M$ ! IMPETUS = A RADICAL %IFT TO ! TWO EXTREMES4 ,DIS5*ANT$ ) LIB]AL 9EPTITUDE & SUBJECT$ TO 9CREAS+ 9T]NAL PRESSURE BY ! 9FLUX ( ,&ALUSIAN BRAC]OS1  ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY VE]$ %>PLY FROM RE=MISM TO REVOLUTIONISM 9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE>4 ,JU/ AS ! ,C,$,A F\ND ! NEWLY =M$ FASCI/IC ,FALANGE ON ITS F> RI<T1 SO ,L>GO ,CABELL]O 7N[ /YL$ ! 0,L59 ( ,SPA907 F\ND ! REC5T ,P,\,M1 A MELD+ ( TWO 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ GR\PS1 ON HIS F> LEFT & ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S 9 A /ATE ( *RONIC REVOLUTION /ILL FUR!R (F ON !IR [N4 

,! B>RICADES ?AT ! ,VI5NESE ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S RAIS$ E>LY 9 #aicd 9 ! FACE ( A REACTION>Y ASSAULT ON !IR V]Y EXI/5CE HAD !IR BLOODY ,SPANI% C\NT]P>T EI<T MON?S LAT] 9 ! 0,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION0 ( #a#i#c#d1 :5 ,A/URIAN M9]S1 RAIS+ R$ & R$-&-BLACK FLAGS OV] ! M\NTA9 T[NS & CITIES ( NOR!RN ,SPA91 BECAME ! EPIC5T] ( A G5]AL UPRIS+ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! 9CREAS+LY WELL-KN[N COMM&] ( ! 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA10 ONE ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 BR\<T ,MOORI% TROOPS AS WELL AS =EIGN LEGIONNAIRES ONTO ,SPANI% SOIL = ! FIR/ TIME 9 FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S TO DEF5D 0,*RI/IAN ,CIVILIZATION0 FROM 0R$ B>B>ISM40 ,9 A TA/E ( ! FI]CE C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y RETRIBUTION ?AT WAS YET TO COME1 TWO ?\S& M9]S W]E EXECUT$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,A/URIAS UPRIS+ & T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,SOCIALI/S1 AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 9 SMALL] NUMB]S ,COMMUNI/S1 & EV5 SOME LIB]ALS F\ND !MSELVES 9 ,SPANI% JAILS :ILE ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY SMOLD]$ 9 A SAVAGE CLASS & REGIONAL HATR$ ?AT F\ND ITS FULL SATISFACTION TWO YE>S LAT]4 

,UND] AN O/5SIBLY %>$ EAG]NESS TO FREE ! ,OCTOB] PRISON]S & 9 FE> ( GR[+ RI<TI/ PROVOCATION ( ! K9D ?AT HAD F9ALLY BR\<T ! ,VI5NESE ,SOCIALI/S 9TO 9SURRECTION1 A 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 WAS SLAPP$ TOGE!R FROM SU* WIDELY DISP>ATE POLITICAL GR\PS AS ! ,REPUBLICAN LEFT1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,ESQU]RA 7,LUIS ,COMPANYS'S ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S71 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY 7A POLITICAL >M ( ! DISSID5T AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA71 & ! ,P,\,M 79 ,CATALONIA74 ,! T]M 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 APP>5TLY ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOVIET-,FR5* ,TREATY ( ,MUTUAL ,ASSI/ANCE 7,MAY #a#i#c#e7 9 :I* BO? C\NTRIES V[$ TO AID EA* O!R IF EI!R WAS 0?REAT5$ OR 9 DANG] ( AGGRESSION40 ,) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ALL ,WE/]N ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES & ALL !IR FRONT ORGANIZATIONS MADE A %>P VOLTE FACE FROM A PREVI\S TOTALLY 9SANE POLICY ( REVOLUTION>Y ADV5TURISM1 9 :I* EV5 ! ,C,N,T WAS DUBB$ 0RE=MI/10 TO A QUEASY 0L9E0 ( TOTAL ACCOMMODATION TO ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 & AN ABJECT SURR5D] ( ALL RADICAL PR9CIPLES TO RE=MISM4 ,?AT ! NEW GOSPEL ( LEFTI/S JO9+ ) LIB]ALS WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN ,/AL9'S :OLESALE PRO/ITUTION ( ! WORLD'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES = 0NON-AGGRESSION0 & PREF]ABLY 0MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE0 PACTS BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ANY P[] ?AT WAS PREP>$ TO 5T] ! ,/AL9I/ BRO!L BECAME CLE> BY #a#i#c#f4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TODAY1 :5 RADICAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ TO ! C\LOIRS ( ! ACADEMY & RADICAL PRACTICE TO ! SMOKE-FILL$ ROOMS ( LIB]AL POLITICIANS1 TO RECOGNIZE ! CRISIS ( CONSCI5CE ?AT 0,POPUL> ,FRONTISM0 CREAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,CONTR>Y TO REC5T MY?S ?AT ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 WAS A WELCOME *ANGE ( L9E1 A WAN+ G5]ATION FROM ! ]A CAN /ILL RECALL H[ ,AM]ICAN LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/S TAUNT$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S = ! RAPID DES]TION ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS4 ,9 ,SPA91 ?IS TOOK ! =M ( ! P>TICUL>LY CUTT+ REM>K3 0,VOTE ,COMMUNI/ & ,SAVE ,CAPITALISM40 ,! NUMB]S :O LEFT 0! ,P>TY0 9 BITT]NESS W]E PROBABLY IMM5SE ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,YET NEI!R 0ANTI-FASCISM0 NOR A PASSION = 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 CAN EXPLA9 :AT KEPT ?\S&S ( REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5T4 ,?AT ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E ABLE TO ACQUIRE MORE MEMB]S 9 UNPREC$5T$ NUMB]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E V]Y T5TATIVE 9 !IR COMMITM5TS1 ATTE/S TO ! FACT ?AT EV5 9 ! 0R$ ?IRTIES10 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA CONTA9$ MORE LIB]ALS ?AN RADICALS4 ,IT ALSO ATTE/S TO ! UNCRITICAL1 (T5 M9DLESS LOYALTY ( ,COMMUNI/S TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS ! 0FIR/ ,SOCIALI/ C\NTRY0 9 ! WORLD & TO ! LEGACY ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION -- EV5 AS ITS LEAD]S W]E BE+ SLAU<T]$ 5 MASSE BY ,/AL9'S ,N,K,V,D4 

,EQUALLY FUNDAM5TALLY ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 9TRODUC$ A DOCTR9AL CRISIS 9TO ! CORPUS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 ,! V]Y RAISON D'ETRE = A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD HAD BE5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY'S LEGACY ( 0BETRAYALS10 CREAT+ ! NE$ = A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 0,BETRAYAL10 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! DAY1 MEANT ! AB&ONM5T ( ,M>X'S BASIC1 9DE$ UNSW]V+ /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DEP5D5CE = ALL AU!NTIC 0WORK]S' P>TIES40 ,?IS PRECEPT1 =CEFULLY VOIC$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 !IR FAM\S 0,ADDRESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE0 7,M>* #a#h#e71 W>N$ ?AT 0EV]Y:]E WORK]S' C&IDATES >E PUT UP ALONGSIDE ( ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES 4 4 4 TO PRES]VE !IR 9DEP5D5CE40 ,AS IF 9 ANTICIPATION ( 0POPUL> FRONTISM0 A C5TURY LAT] BO? M5 =BADE ,COMMUNI/S FROM ALL[+ 0!MSELVES TO BE S$UC$ BY SU* >GUM5TS ( ! DEMOCRATS AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT BY SO DO+ !Y >E SPLITT+ ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY & MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = ! REACTION>IES TO W940#e 

,TO AB&ON !SE PRECEPTS WAS TO ASSAIL ! AU!NTICITY ( ,COMMUNISM AS SU*1 9DE$1 TO DISC>D ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,BOL%EVISM AS A TRULY ,M>XI/ POLITICS4 ,IT HAD BE5 ON ! /R5G? ( !SE /RATEGIC IDEAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY HAD COME TO P[] 9 #aiag & DEF9$ ITSELF AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,= ,/AL9 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO ADOPT EXACTLY :AT ,M>X ,5GELS1 & ,L59 HAD REG>D$ AS ! MO/ 0TREA*]\S0 FEATURES ( 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY R$UC$ WORLD ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS TO M]E GU>DIANS ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & AN EXT5SION ( ,/AL9I/ =EIGN POLICY4 ,IF ANY?+ C\LD JU/IFY SO ABJECT A ROLE = ,COMMUNI/S1 IT WAS !IR BELIEF -- HELD CONSCI\SLY OR NOT -- ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ! MA9 =CE = ! A*IEVEM5T ( WORLD SOCIALISM4 ,?IS DOCTR9AL MY/IFICATION ESS5TIALLY REPLAC$ ! P[] ( ! OPPRESS$ TO *ANGE SOCIETY & !REBY *ANGE !MSELVES 9 A SUPREME ACT ( SELF-EMP[]M5T1 ) ! P[] ( A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 TO 9/RUM5TALLY R$ESIGN SOCIETY4 

,! LOGIC ( ?IS M5TALITY HAD DISA/R\S RAMIFICATIONS1 ONES ?AT EXI/ TODAY EV5 AS !Y DID FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,?IS ,POPUL> ,FRONT MY/IFICATION WAS TO TURN SOCIALISM FROM A SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9TO A L>GELY DIPLOMATIC ONE4 ,WORLD ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES :I* HAD BE5 SPAWN$ 9 A P]IOD ( AU!NTIC REVOLUTION W]E TO BE D5ATUR$ BY ! MY?OS ( A SOCIALISM A*IEV$ BY 9T]NATIONAL P[] POLITICS 9TO M]E TOOLS = PRES]V+ OR ABETT+ ! 9T]E/S ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9 EFFECT1 NOT ONLY PLANT$ SOCIALISM 9 A GEOGRAPHICAL >EA & DIVE/$ IT ( ITS E?ICAL CALL+ TO R$EEM HUMANITY2 IT R5D]$ ! 0IDEAL10 ) ALL ITS VISION>Y & CRITICAL MEAN+S OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 T]RITORIAL & 9VE/$ IT ) ! FIXITY ( ! 0REAL10 NOTABLY AS A M]E 9/RUM5T ( NATIONAL POLICY4"9 

,! >GUM5T BETWE5 ! COMPROMIS$ ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT & ITS LEFTI/ CRITICS UNFOLD$ ON A MULTITUDE ( LEVELS OV] ! ?REE TORTUR$ YE>S ?AT PREC$$ ! ,/AL9-,HITL] PACT ( #a#i#c#i4 ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S G5]ALLY CALL$ IT 0CLASS COLLABORATION10 ) BLUNT CL>ITY2 ! =FEITURE ( ! V]Y S5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE ?AT ALONE C\LD DEFEAT FASCISM1 MU* LESS A*IEVE SOCIALISM2 ! PROCLIVITY ( LIB]ALS TO DELIV] DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES TO FASCI/S RA!R ?AN YIELD P[] TO AN 9SURG5T WORK+ CLASS4 ,REMOTE AS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ]A SEEMS TODAY1 IT IS /RIK+ ?AT LEFTI/ *ALL5GES TO IT HAVE BE5 SUPPORT$ BY REALITY TO AN UNCANNY EXT5T4 

,9 ,SPA91 ! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf VIRTUALLY UNLEA%$ A REVOLUTION BY ITSELF4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT OR*E/RAT$ ITS ELECTORAL SUCCESS ALL[$ A GOV]NM5T ( LIB]AL MICE1 M>K$ BY TIMIDITY & A FE> ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 TO PRESIDE OV] !IR DE/9Y4 ,! 9CONGRUITY BETWE5 ! BUMBL+ ,AZANA REGIME 9 ,MADRID & ! WAVE ( /RIKES1 RURAL L& SEIZURES1 & GUN-BATTLES ?AT SWEPT OV] ,SPA9 BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y & ,JULY1 :5 ,FRANCO F9ALLY 0PRON\NC$0 AGA9/ ! 0,REPUBLIC10 IS SO />K & ! LOGIC ( EV5TS ?AT LEFT ONLY TWO *OICES BY ! SUMM] ( #aicf -- EI!R LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION OR BLOODY AU?ORIT>IAN REACTION -- IS SO COMPELL+ ?AT ,FRANCO'S EASY SUCCESS 9 TRANSPORT+ ! 0,>MY ( ,AFRICA0 FROM ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO TO ! MA9L& WAS AN ACT ( GOV]NM5TAL BETRAYAL 9 ITS [N RI<T4 

,! ,C,N,T PLAC$ ALL ITS MILITANTS ON AL]T & BLANKET$ ,B>CELONA ) WORK]S PATROLS1 BUT ! O!R LEFTI/ P>TIES :I* HAD =M$ ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 W]E ESS5TIALLY QUIESC5T4 ,EV5 AFT] ,FRANCO ROSE & ! GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$ TO /RIKE A DEAL ) ! MILIT>Y1 CAUS+ PEOPLE TO FILL ! /REETS DEM&+ >MS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES JO9TLY DECL>$3 0,IT IS A DIFFICULT1 NOT A DESP]ATE TIME4 ,! GOV]NM5T IS SURE IT HAS ADEQUATE MEANS TO CRU% ?IS CRIM9AL MOVE4 ,%\LD ITS MEANS PROVE 9ADEQUATE1 ! ,REPUBLIC HAS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT'S SOLEMN PROMISE4 ,IT IS READY TO 9T]V5E 9 ! /RUGGLE IF IT IS ASK$ TO HELP4 ,! GOV]NM5T COMM&S & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT OBEYS40#f 

,IT IS NOT ! CASE ?AT NO ONE KNEW E>LY ON ?AT ! >MY G>RISONS W\LD RISE -- OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 :5 & :]E4 ,[+ TO ITS EXCELL5T 9TELLIG5CE S]VICE1 :I* HAD P5ETRAT$ ! MILIT>Y1 POLICE1 & SECURITY =CES G5]ALLY1 ! ,C,N,T HAD W>N$ MON?S 9 ADVANCE ?AT ! >MY WAS PLANN+ A C\P 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & ?AT ITS BASE W\LD BE ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO4 ,EV5 MORE COMPELL+1 ,COLONEL ,ESC(ET1 ! ,REPUBLICAN POLICE *IEF ( ,B>CELONA1 HAD LE>N$ FROM 9=M]S & WIRETAPS ?AT ! RIS+ W\LD OCCUR ON ,JULY #ai AT #e ,A4,M41 EXACTLY AS ! CONSPIRATORS HAD ORIG9ALLY PLANN$1 & HE GAVE ?IS 9=MATION TO ! ,CATALAN & ,MADRID GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y MET HIS 9=MATION ) DISBELIEF -- NOT BECAUSE !Y REG>D$ A C\P AS 9CR$IBLE BUT BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT ACT UPON ! 9=MATION )\T >M+ ! PEOPLE4 ,?AT ALT]NATIVE WAS SIMPLY EXCLUD$4 ,9DE$1 AS ,ESC(ET LAT] FRANKLY ADMITT$1 HE BL&LY LI$ TO ,C,N,T LEAD]S :O CAME TO HIM DEM&+ >MS BY 0SAY+ !Y C\LD GO HOME S9CE ! RIS+ HAD BE5 PO/PON$40#g  

,! V]Y OPPOSITE1 9 FACT1 HAD HAPP5$3 ! RIS+ WAS PU%$ =W>D BY TWO DAYS4 ,AS E>LY AS ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #a#g1 :5 ,FRANCO'S AIDES BROADCA/ NEWS ( ! >MY REBELLION1 ! NAVAL /ATION NE> ,MADRID 9T]CEPT$ ! REPORT & BR\<T IT TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,NAVY4 ,! ONLY DECISIVE ACTION ! GOV]NM5T TOOK WAS TO CONCEAL IT FROM ! PEOPLE -- 9DE$1 LIKE ,ESC(ET1 TO LIE BY ANN\NC+ ! UTT]LY FALSE /ORY ?AT ! UPRIS+ 9 ,SEVILLE HAD BE5 CRU%$4 ,! LIE WAS ALL ! MORE HORR5D\S BECAUSE ?\S&S ( WORK]S 9 ! CITY W]E BE+ SY/EMATICALLY EXECUT$ BY ! MILIT>Y AFT] >MY REBELS HAD VANQUI%$ !M4 ,IT WAS ONLY FROM POPUL> 9ITIATIVE -- FIR/ 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! >MY WAS DEFEAT$ AFT] TWO DAYS ( FI<T+ BY ! COMB9$ ACTION ( ! WORK]S & SYMPA!TIC ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 & LAT] 9 ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,MALAGA1 & VIRTUALLY ALL ! MAJOR CITIES 9 C5TRAL ,SPA9 -- ?AT COORD9AT$ RESI/ANCE EM]G$ FROM ! POLITICAL C5T]S ( ! C\NTRY4 

,!RE W]E NO S5SATIONAL VICTORIES BY ! >MY & NO DECISIVE FAILURES BY ! PEOPLE4 ,AP>T FROM ! ,&ALUSIAN CITIES :I* ,FRANCO & HIS G5]ALS QUICKLY CAPTUR$1 AS (T5 BY RUSE AS BY >MS1 ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO WAS ESS5TIALLY A MILIT>Y FAILURE1 & ! CONFLICT DRAGG$ ON TO ITS BLOODY CONCLUSION = ! GREAT] P>T ( ?REE YE>S4 ,?AT ,FRANCO WAS ABLE TO E/ABLI% HIMSELF ON ! MA9L& WAS DUE TO ! HESITATION ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 REGIME :I* MISL$ ! PEOPLE2 P>TLY BECAUSE ! LEFTI/ P>TIES1 FE>FUL ( *ALL5G+ ! GOV]NM5T'S AU?ORITY1 SEEM$ TO BE SLEEPWALK+ ?R\< ! OP5+ DAYS ( ! REBELLION1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ?IS V]Y GOV]NM5T WAS NEGOTIAT+ ) ! MILIT>Y RA!R ?AN >M+ ! PEOPLE4 ,AS A RESULT1 RADICAL URBAN C5T]S LIKE ,SEVILLE1 ,GRANADA1 & TO ! SURPRISE ( ! >MY ITSELF1 ,OVI$O 9 ,A/URIAS & ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,>AGON1 FELL TO LOCAL MILIT>Y COMM&]S BY %E] RUSE BECAUSE ! WORK]S HAD BE5 KEPT 9 IGNORANCE ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA94 ,! SLAU<T] ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ALL !SE CITIES :5 ! >MY TOOK OV] 9ITIAT$ A T]RIBLE HEMORRHAG+ ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY1 A BLOODLETT+ ?AT TURN$ ,SPA9 9TO A CEMET]Y = MORE ?AN ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S4 ,AS ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME CONCLUDE 9 !IR EXCELL5T ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>1 0,9 EFFECT1 EA* TIME ?AT ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE P>ALYZ$ BY !IR ANXIETY TO RESPECT ,REPUBLICAN LEGALITY & EA* TIME !IR LEAD]S W]E SATISFI$ ) :AT WAS SAID BY ! (FIC]S1 ! LATT] PREVAIL$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,MOVIMI5TO ( ! G5]ALS.> WAS REPULS$ :]E ! WORK]S HAD TIME TO >M & :5EV] !Y SET AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,>MY AS SU*1 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR LEAD]S' POSITION OR ! ATTITUDE ( 'LEGITIMATE' PUBLIC AU?ORITIES40#h 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ?IS ACC\NT ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ C\LD NOT HAVE PR$ICT$ FROM ! DAY ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 CAME TO P[]4 ,! LIB]ALS PLAY$ \T !IR CLASSICAL ROLE ) ALMO/ TEXTBOOK EXACTNESS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 DIVID$ BETWE5 A CYNICAL RI<T & AN IRRESOLUTE LEFT1 WAS EAT5 AWAY BY 9DECISION & A FAILURE ( N]VE ?AT BR\<T ITS [N CONS]VATIVE *IEFTA9S TO ! PO9T ( TREA*]Y4 ,F9ALLY1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD]S1 F> LESS DECISIVE ?AN !IR RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS1 REFUS$ TO TAKE P[] 9 !IR ,CATALAN /RON<OLD AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE 9 ! OP5+ WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION -- ONLY TO COMPROMISE !IR MO/ BASIC ANTI/ATI/ DOCTR9ES LAT] BY HUMBLY 5T]+ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AS M9I/]IAL FIXTURES4 ,H>RI$ BY ,COMMUNI/ & LIB]AL ASSAULTS ON ! MILITIA SY/EM & ! COLLECTIVIZATION1 & BY AN 9CREAS+LY DEADLY ,/AL9I/ T]ROR1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP )DREW 9TO A PO/URE ( PLA9TIVE CLI5TS ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT10 :9+ RA!R ?AN FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ROLLBACK ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT HAD BE5 ! RESULT ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T MORE ?AN ( !IR [N EF=TS4 

,BUT :AT NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE EXPECT$ WAS ! RESOLUT5ESS ) :I* ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PLAY$ \T ITS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE1 ABETT$ BY ,SOVIET WEAPONS1 0,COM9T]N0 AG5TS1 ,N,K,V,D EXP]TS1 & 9 NO SMALL P>T1 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES10 :O PROVID$ ! ,P,C,E ) SOME ( ITS BE/ ASSASS9S4 ,! 9ITIAL RESPONSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S TO ,FRANCO'S PRONUNCIAMI5TO WAS DESIGN$ TO BOL/] ! REPUTATION ( ! LIB]AL GOV]NM5T :I* WAS TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! 9SURG5T G5]ALS4 ,MORE ?AN ANY ORGANIZATION ?AT PR(ESS$ TO BE 0LEFTI/10 ! ,P,C,E OP5$ ITS DOORS TO ! MO/ CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS ?AT F\ND !MSELVES BEH9D ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 L9ES1 BECOM+ ! RALLY+ PO9T = DOME/IC REACTION1 & /EADILY ATE AWAY AT ! REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( 0ANTIFASCISM40 ,NOT ONLY DID IT TRY TO >RE/ COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT TRI$ TO REV]SE IT 1 RE/OR+ HI]>*Y 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT =M$ ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ,SPANI% LIFE & SPEAK+ OP5LY = ! B\RGEOIS 9T]E/ 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,! FILES ( ,MUNDO ,OBR]O1  ! ,P,C,E'S PR9CIPAL ORGAN1 >E FILL$ ) J\RNALI/IC DECLAMATIONS1 MANIFE/OS1 & $ITORIALS ?AT D5\NCE ! MILITIAS 9 FAVOR ( A FULLY (FIC]$ 0,POPUL> ,>MY10 L5D SUPPORT TO ! LIB]ALS & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S AGA9/ CRITICISM BY ! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT & ! AN>*I/S1 & D5\NCE ANY EX]CISE ( P[] BY ! UNIONS & REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ) ! CRY1 0,! SLOGAN TODAY IS ALL P[] & AU?ORITY TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT GOV]NM5T0 7,DAILY ,WORK]1  ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#c#f74 

,TO EXPLA9 :Y ANY SELF-PR(ESS$ RADICALS REMA9$ 9 ! ,P,C,E IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE )\T ANALYZ+ ! ORGANIZATION'S S5SE ( PRIORITIES3 ! WI%FUL ID5TIFICATION ( 0SOCIALISM0 ON ! P>T ( ITS MORE COMMITT$ MEMB]S ) A NATION-/ATE1 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT WAS ACTIVELY EMANCIPATORY ELSE:]E4 ,9 ?IS V]Y REAL S5SE1 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS NO MORE ,SPANI% ?AN ITS ,SOVIET C\NT]P>T & AS A RESULT ( ITS ID5TIFICATION ( 0COMMUNISM0 ) ,/AL9'S NATIONAL POLICIES1 NO MORE COMMUNI/ ?AN ! ,CA?OLIC ,BASQUE MOVEM5TS ?AT OPPOS$ ,FRANCO4 

,! 0LEFTI/0 GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ,L>GO ,CABELL]O 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicf WAS AIM$ AT MOBILIZ+ ,SOCIALI/1 AN>*OSYNDICALI/1 & ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! >MY BUT AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION 9ITIAT$ BY !IR [N RANK-&-FILE4 ,AS ,L>GO ,CABALL]O ATTE/$ AFT] HE HAD BE5 REMOV$ FROM (FICE1 ,SOVIET 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPANI% AFFAIRS WAS BRUTALLY OV]T & DEM&+4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS BLEMI%+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S IMAGE AS A RESPECTABLE NATION-/ATE 9 ! PURSUIT ( DIPLOMATIC ALLIANCES4 ,IT HAD TO BE /OPP$4 ,CABALL]O WAS ANY?+ BUT A REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT HE HAD A REAL BASE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY :I* GAVE HIM 5\< FRE$OM TO ACT ACCORD+ TO HIS [N JUDGM5T1 A FATAL FLAW 9 ! EYES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 

,NEV]!LESS IT WAS UND] ?IS REGIME ?AT ! REVOLUTION EXPIR$4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 ! 0,POPUL> ,>MY0 WAS PROCLAIM$1 TO ! DELI<T ( ! LIB]ALS1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S2 9DE$1 NE>LY ALL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ON ! LEFT ABETT$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! MILITIAS 9TO A CONV5TIONAL >MY4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAPONS1 EQUIPM5T1 & RES\RCES AMONG DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! FRONT & TO DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY WAS SC&AL\SLY GOV]N$ BY POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E EV5 AB&ON$ TO ,FRANCO IF ! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR ALLIES SUSPECT$ !Y W\LD BECOME AVAILABLE TO ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,TO CITE ONE ( MANY EXAMPLES1 ,SPA9'S ONLY PREW> C>TRIDGE FACTORY 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE1 AT ,TOL$O1 WAS P]MITT$ TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ,FRANCOI/ =CES RA!R ?AN REMOVE IT TO ,B>CELONA :I* W\LD HAVE /R5G!N$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T -- ?IS1 DESPITE PLEAS BY ,JOSE ,T>RADELLAS1 ! DEPUTY ( ! ,CATALAN PREMI] ,LUIS ,COMPANYS1 :O P]SONALLY VISIT$ ,MADRID TO PRES5T HIS REQUE/ = ITS REMOVAL4 #i 

,RE9=C$ BY ,SOVIET >MS & ! HUGE MEMB]%IP ?AT IT ACQUIR$ L>GELY FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! ,P,C,E LAUN*$ AN \TRI<T ASSAULT ON ! COLLECTIVES & ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 EV5 PURG+ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 :I* ,PRAVDA1  ! ORGAN ( ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 DECL>$ 0WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R0 7,DECEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#c#f74 0,*EKI/ ORGANIZATIONS REC5TLY DISCOV]$ 9 ,MADRID10 W>N$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ NEWSPAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ON ,APRIL #b#e1 #a#i#c#g1 REF]R+ TO ,N,K,V,D-TYPE SECRET PRISONS & POLICE =CES 04 4 4 >E DIRECTLY L9K$ ) SIMIL> C5T]S UND] A UNIFI$ LEAD]%IP & A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN ( NATIONAL SCOPE40 ,WE DO NOT HAVE TO GO TO ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 A VICTIM ( !SE 0,*EKI/S0 7! T]M APPLI$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK SECRET POLICE DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION71 = P]SONAL V]IFICATION ( ! *>GE4 ,PRAVDA HAD ALREADY PROJECT$ ! =MATION ( ?IS NETWORK1 & AFT] ! W>1 NUM]\S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,P,\,MI/S GAVE DETAIL$ ACC\NTS ( !IR [N EXP]I5CES AT ! H&S ( ?IS ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ SY/EM ( 9T]NAL REPRESSION4 

,! DECISIVE PO9T 9 DE/ROY+ ! POPUL> MOVEM5T & R$UC+ ITS MILITANTS TO PASSIVITY CAME 9 E>LY ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 :5 ,CATALAN SECURITY =CES UND] ! P]SONAL COMM& ( ! ,COMMUNI/ COMMISSION] ( PUBLIC SAFETY1 ,SALAS1 TRI$ TO SEIZE ! ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ TELEPHONE BUILD+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ATTACK TRIGG]$ (F A VIRTUAL 9SURRECTION BY ! ,CATALAN WORK+ CLASS1 :I* HAD BE5 NURS+ MON?S ( GRIEVANCES AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S & LIB]ALS4 ,)9 H\RS1 B>RICADES W]E RAIS$ ALL OV] ! CITY1 & ! 0,L59 ,B>RACKS10 ! ,COMMUNI/ MILIT>Y /RON<OLD1 WAS COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY >M$ WORK]S4 ,! 9SURRECTION SPREAD BEYOND ,B>CELONA TO ,L]IDA1 :]E ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS SURR5D]$ !IR >MS TO ! WORK]S1 TO ,T>RAGONA1 ,G]ONA1 & TO MILITIAM5 ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 :O PREP>$ TO S5D DETA*M5TS TO ! ,C,N,T URBAN C5T]S4 ,! DRAMATIC FIVE DAYS BETWE5 ,MAY #c & #h1 :5 ,C,N,T WORK]S C\LD HAVE RECLAIM$ !IR DW9DL+ REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S1 W]E DAYS NOT ( DEFEAT BUT ( TREA*]Y -- NO LESS BY ! CLIQUE ?AT L$ ! ,C,N,T ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E PREP>$ TO CREATE A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS TOLL ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/S4 ,LACK+ EV5 A MODICUM ( ?IS RESOLUT5ESS1 ! 0AN>*I/ M9I/]S10 ,MONTS5Y & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 9DUC$ ! ,C,N,T WORK]S TO LAY D[N !IR >MS & RETURN TO !IR HOMES4 ,?IS SELF-9FLICT$ DEFEAT TURN$ 9TO AN \TRI<T R\T :5 SUP]BLY >M$ 0,REPUBLICAN0 ASSAULT GU>DS 5T]$ ,B>CELONA 9 =CE TO CONTA9 ITS RE/IVE POPULATION4 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 TURN$ FROM ! C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO ! C[$ OCCUPI$ ZONE ( \TRI<T C\NT]REVOLUTION -- AT A CO/ 9 LIFE1 IT MAY BE NOT$1 COMP>ABLE TO ! LOSSES ! CITY HAD SUFF]$ 9 ! >MY'S UPRIS+ A YE> E>LI]4 

,! FAILURE ( ! 9SURRECTION -- ! FAM\S 0,MAY ,DAYS0 -- OP5$ WIDE ! GATES ( ! ,COMMUNI/-L$ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS =C$ TO RESIGN1 REPLAC$ BY ,JUAN ,NEGR91 :O LEAN$ HEAVILY ON ,P,C,E SUPPORT UP TO ! V]Y 5D ( ! W>4 ,TWO MON?S LAT]1 ! ,P,\,M WAS (FICIALLY \TLAW$1 & ,&RES ,N91 ITS MO/ GIFT$ LEAD]1 MURD]$ BY ,SOVIET AG5TS 9 COLLUSION ) ,?ALMANN ,BATTALION MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 TOO1 SUFF]$ HEAVILY1 ESPECIALLY ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,C>LO ,B]NI]I1 ! AU!NTIC VOICE ( ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM & A %>P CRITIC ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP4 ,!RE IS ALSO COMPELL+ EVID5CE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ,G>IBALDI ,BATTALION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E IMPLICAT$ 9 HIS MURD] DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS4 ,BY ,AUGU/1 ! NOTORI\S ,MILIT>Y ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE 7,S,I,M7 WAS =M$ UND] ,NEGR9'S PREMI]%IP TO 9T5SIFY ! ,/AL9I/ T]ROR 9FLICT$ ON MILITANT AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,P,\,M-I/S4 ,9 ! SAME MON?1 ! ,MOSC[-TRA9$ ?UG ,5RIQUE ,LI/]1 L$ HIS ,COMMUNI/ #a#a? ,DIVISION 9TO ! LA/ RURAL /RON<OLDS ( AN>*ISM1 :]E HE DISB&$ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON & AN 9DET]M9ABLE NUMB] ( COLLECTIVES & C[$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 UND] ORD]S1 BY HIS [N ADMISSION1 TO 0%OOT ALL ! AN>*I/S ,I HAD TO40#a ,! 0,REPUBLICAN0 GOV]NM5T AIM$ ! ,BEL*ITE CAMPAIGN1 ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ 9 ! CIVIL W>10 AS MU* AT DEMOLI%+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 ?AT AN>*I/ /ATE-)9-!-/ATE1 AS AT A*IEV+ ANY SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AGA9/ ! ,NATIONALI/S10 OBS]VES ,DAVID ,MIT*ELL 9 HIS ORAL-HI/ORY ACC\NTS ( ! CIVIL W>4#a#a 

,!REAFT]1 ! 0,SPANI% W>10 AS IT WAS NON*ALANTLY CALL$ BY A BOR$ WORLD 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 BECAME NO?+ BUT A W> -- & A NI<TM>E = ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,>MY & PEOPLE ALIKE W]E N[ COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ & 0UTT]LY PESSIMI/IC10 OBS]VES ,JOSEP ,CO/A1 A ,C,N,T UNION LEAD] :O F\<T ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 0,! M5 W]E LIKE LAMBS GO+ TO A SLAU<T]4 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] AN >MY1 NO LONG] ANY?+4 ,ALL ! DYNAMIC HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ! ,MAY EV5TS4 ,WE W5T ?R\< ! MOTIONS ( FI<T+ BECAUSE !RE WAS AN 5EMY 9 FRONT ( US4 ,! TR\BLE WAS ?AT WE HAD AN 5EMY BEH9D US TOO4 ,I SAW A COMRADE LY+ DEAD ) A W\ND 9 ! BACK ( ! NECK ?AT C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 9FLICT$ BY ! ,NATIONALI/S4 ,WE W]E CON/ANTLY URG$ TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,IF Y\ DIDN'T Y\ W]E 9 TR\BLE4 ,SOME M5 DES]T$ TO ESCAPE ! BULLY+40 ,?AT ,COMMUNI/ EXECUTION SQUADS W]E W&]+ OV] BATTLEFIELDS AFT] ! TROOPS HAD PU%$ =W>D & W]E KILL+ W\ND$ AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ) !IR *>ACT]I/IC BLACK-&-R$ 9SIGNIA HAS ALSO BE5 TOLD TO ME BY ,C,N,T M5 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO1 ! LA/ ( ! MAJOR 0,REPUBLICAN0 (F5SIVES 9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,! 5D ( ! W> ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#c#i1 DID NOT 5D ! KILL+S4 ,FRANCO SY/EMATICALLY SLAU<T]$ SOME #b1 ( HIS OPPON5TS BETWE5 ! TIME ( HIS VICTORY & ! E>LY #a#i#dS 9 A C>NAGE ( G5OCIDAL PROPORTIONS ?AT WAS MEANT TO PHYSICALLY UPROOT ! LIV+ S\RCE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,NO S]I\S IDEOLOGICAL EF=TS AT CONV]SION W]E MADE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A V9DICTIVE C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AT HAD ITS ONLY P>ALLEL1 GIV5 ! POPULATION & SIZE ( ,SPA91 9 ,/AL9'S ONE-SID$ CIVIL W> AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET PEOPLE4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y CIVIL W> ( ! K9D ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,SPA9 IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 9 MY VIEW1 TODAY -- AT LEA/1 NOT 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,FIR/ ,WORLD40 ,CAPITALISM ITSELF1 AS WELL AS ! CLASSES ?AT >E SAID TO OPPOSE IT1 HAS *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY OV] ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 ,! ,SPANI% WORK]S W]E =M$ BY A CULTURAL CLA% 9 :I* A RI*LY COMMUNAL WORLD1 L>GELY PRECAPITALI/1 WAS BR\<T 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY ?AT HAD NOT YET P]VAD$ ! *>ACT] /RUCTURE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,F> FROM YIELD+ A 0BACKW>D0 OR 0PRIMITIVE0 RADICAL MOVEM5T1 !SE T5SIONS BETWE5 PA/ & PRES5T CREAT$ AN 5ORM\SLY VITAL ONE 9 :I* ! TRADITIONS ( AN OLD]1 MORE ORGANIC SOCIETY HEI<T5$ ! CRITICAL P]CEPTIONS & CREATIVE ELAN ( A L>GE WORK]-PEASANT POPULATION4 ,! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( ! PRES5T-DAY PROLET>IAT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS LOSS ( N]VE 9 ! FACE ( A ROBOTIC & CYB]NETIC TE*NOLOGY1 >E M]ELY EVID5CE ( ! VA/LY *ANG$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ! OV]ALL COMMODIFICATION ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE #a#i#c#f4 

,MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY1 TOO1 HAS *ANG$4 ,! WEAPONS ) :I* ! ,FRANCO =CES & ! 0,REPUBLICANS0 F\<T EA* O!R SEEM LIKE TOYS TODAY1 :5 NEUTRON BOMBS CAN BE AT ! S]VICE ( A COMPLETELY RU?LESS RUL+ CLASS4 ,=CE ALONE CAN NO LONG] OPPOSE =CE ) ANY HOPE ( REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! GREATE/ P[] LIES ) ! RUL]S ( SOCIETY1 NOT ) ! RUL$4 ,ONLY ! HOLL[+ \T ( ! CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 SU* AS OCCURR$ 9 ,PORTUGAL FAIRLY REC5TLY & C]TA9LY 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( TWO C5TURIES AGO -- :]E ! OLD SOCIETY1 DIVE/$ ( ALL SUPPORT1 COLLAPS$ AT ! FIR/ ?RU/ -- CAN YIELD RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! B>RICADE IS A SYMBOL1 NOT A PHYSICAL BULW>K4 ,TO RAISE IT D5OTES RESOLUTE 9T5T AT BE/ -- IT IS NOT A MEANS TO A*IEVE *ANGE BY 9SURRECTION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ LA/+ PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD HAVE ORGANIZ$1 EV5 ) ,FRANCO'S MILIT>Y SUCCESSES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 GU]RILLA W>F>E1 A =M ( /RUGGLE :OSE V]Y NAME & GREATE/ TRADITIONS DUR+ MOD]N TIMES >E ,SPANI%4 ,YET NONE ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! 0,REPUBLICAN0 ZONE S]I\SLY CONTEMPLAT$ GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,9/EAD1 CONV5TIONAL >MIES OPPOS$ CONV5TIONAL >MIES L>GELY 9 TR5*ES & AS COLUMNS1 UNTIL ,FRANCO'S PLODD+ /RATEGY & OV]:ELM+ SUP]IORITY ( SUPPLIES SWEPT HIS OPPON5TS FROM ! FIELD4 

,C\LD REVOLUTION>Y W>F>E HAVE DEFEAT$ ,FRANCO8 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN A TRULY POLITICAL W> :I* S\<T TO CAPTURE ! HE>TS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 EV5 ?AT ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS1 :I* EXHIBIT$ A MEASURE ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & SOLID>ITY ?AT SEEMS MONUM5TAL BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS4 ,?IS PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT M9IMALLY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A BURD5 ON ! AWAK5$ PEOPLE ( ,SPA9 -- & HOPEFULLY1 W\LD HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! POPUL> IMPETUS4 ,GIV5 !SE CONDITIONS1 MY ANSW] W\LD BE YES1 AS PROV$ TO BE ! CASE 9 ,B>CELONA AT ! BEG9N+1 :]E ,FRANCO'S >MY WAS DEFEAT$ E>LI] ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,FRANCO'S =CES1 :I* FAIL$ TO GA9 VICTORIES 9 C5TRAL ,SPA9'S MAJOR CITIES1 C\LD HAVE BE5 KEPT FROM TAK+ SU* KEY RADICAL C5T]S AS ,SEVILLE1 ,CORDOBA1 ,OVI$O1 & ,S>AGOSSA -- ! LATT] TWO ( /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE1 L9K+ ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ URBAN REGIONS ( ,SPA91 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 & ,CATALONIA4 ,BUT ! REGIME TEMPORIZ$ ) ! AID ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 P>TIES -- P>TICUL>LY ! ,COMMUNI/S & RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S -- :ILE CONFUS$ WORK]S 9 !SE KEY CITIES FELL VICTIM 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE TO MILIT>Y RUSES1 NOT COMBAT4 ,) F> GREAT] DET]M9ATION ?AN ITS 5EMIES1 ! MILIT>Y DROVE A W$GE BETWE5 ! ,BASQUES & ,CATALANS ?AT ! 0,POPUL> ,>MY0 NEV] OV]CAME4 

,EV5 SO1 ,FRANCO'S =CES /ALL$ SIGNIFICANTLY AT V>I\S TIMES 9 ! W>1 SU* ?AT ,HITL] EXPECT$ HIS 0CRUSADE0 TO FAIL4#a#b ,! DEA? BL[ TO POPUL> RESI/ANCE WAS DELIV]$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* WAS WILL+ TO RISK ! COLLAPSE ( ! 5TIRE W> EF=T 9 ITS PROGRAM TO DISSOLVE ! L>GELY LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION -- ONE :I* HAD TRI$1 FA9!>T$LY 5\<1 TO COME TO A MODUS VIV5DI ) ITS OPPON5TS ON ! 0LEFT40 ,BUT NO SU* UND]/&+ WAS POSSIBLE3 ! ,P,C,E S\<T TO MAKE ! 0,SPANI% W>0 RESPECTABLE PRIM>ILY 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S 9T]E/S & TO CLOAK ITSELF = ALL ! DEMOCRATIC WORLD TO SEE 9 ! TRAPP+S ( B\RGEOIS VIRTUE4 ,! REVOLUTION HAD T>NI%$ ?IS IMAGE & *ALL5G$ ! EXPLICITLY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FUNCTION :I* ! 5TIRE ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ADOPT$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ,SOVIET DIPLOMACY4 ,H5CE NOT ONLY DID ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAVE TO BE EXT]M9AT$1 ITS EXT]M9ATORS HAD TO BE SE5 AS SU*4 ,! 0,R$S0 HAD TO BE REG>D$ AS A SAFE BET BY ,LONDON1 ,P>IS1 & ,WA%+TON -- & !Y GRADUALLY W]E AS ! CONFLICT 9 ,SPA9 CAME TO AN 5D4 

,BY ! TIME ! W> WAS 9T]NATIONALIZ$ BY UN/9T+ ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN AID TO ,FRANCO & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S HI<LY CONDITIONAL & LIMIT$ ASSI/ANCE TO ! 0,REPUBLICANS0 -- 9 EX*ANGE1 ,I MAY ADD1 = ,SPA9'S SIZABLE GOLD RES]VES -- REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ,MAY ,DAYS C\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A 0,CATALAN ,COMMUNE10 A SP>KL+ LEGACY ON :I* ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE C\LD HAVE N\RI%$ !IR HOPES = FUTURE /RUGGLES4 ,IT MI<T EV5 HAVE BECOME AN 9SPIRATION = RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T1 ALREADY P>TLY BUREAUCRATIZ$ 9 #a#i#c#f1 BECAME APPALL+LY SO BY #a#i#c#g1 ) ! ACQUISITION ( BUILD+S1 FUNDS1 PRESSES1 & O!R MAT]IAL GOODIES4 ,?IS RE9=C$ & RIGIDIFI$ ! TOP-D[N HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ?AT IS 5DEMIC TO SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,) ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 ! UNION'S M9I/]IAL ELITE COMPLETELY >RE/$ ! REVOLUTION & ACT$ AS AN \TRI<T OB/ACLE TO ITS ADVANCE 9 LAT] MOM5TS ( CRISIS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 WON ALL ITS DEM&S = AN >MY1 DECOLLECTIVIZATION1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( ITS MO/ DANG]\S OPPON5TS1 ! ,/AL9IZATION ( ! 9T]NAL SECURITY =CES1 & ! CONV]SION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9TO A 0W> AGA9/ FASCISM0 -- & IT LO/ ! W> COMPLETELY4 ,SOVIET AID1 SELECTIVE & UNRELIABLE AT BE/1 CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#h1 NE>LY A HALF-YE> BE=E ,FRANCO'S VICTORY1 :ILE ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN AID CONT9U$ UP TO ! 5D4 ,:5 ,/AL9 MOV$ T[>D A PACT ) ,HITL]1 HE F\ND ! 0,SPANI% W>0 AN EMB>RASSM5T & SIMPLY D5I$ IT FUR!R SUPPORT4 ,! 0,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES0 DID NO?+ = 0,REPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9 DESPITE ?AT REGIME'S SUCCESS 9 SUPPRESS+ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION & ITS ,WE/]N-ORI5T$ POLICY 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,?US1 IT D5I$ ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO1 A MAJOR RES]VOIR ( ,FRANCO'S TROOPS1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ?AT MI<T HAVE TURN$ IT AGA9/ ! REBEL >MY1 DESPITE PROMISES BY ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/S ( SUPPORT4 

,:AT WAS LO/ 9 ,SPA9 WAS ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T PROLET>IAT ?AT RADICAL MOVEM5TS HAD EV] SE5 EI!R BE=E OR AFT] #a#i#c#f-#c#i -- A CLASSICAL WORK+ CLASS 9 ! F9E/ SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,IT WAS A PROLET>IAT ?AT WAS DE/ROY$ NOT BY A GR[+ MAT]IAL 9T]E/ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BUT BY PHYSICAL EXT]M9ATION4 ,?IS OCCURR$ L>GELY AMID A CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE BY ! 9T]NATIONAL PRESS 9 :I* ! LIB]AL E/ABLI%M5T PLAY$ NO LESS A ROLE ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/4 ,IT IS APPALL+ ?AT ,H]B]T ,M4 ,MAT!WS1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES'S PR9CIPAL CORRESPOND5T ON ! SO-CALL$ 0,LOYALI/0 SIDE ( ! W>1 C\LD WRITE AS REC5TLY AS #a#i#g#c10,I W\LD SAY ?AT !RE WAS A REVOLUTION ( SORTS1 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,9 ONE BASIC S5SE1 !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION AT ALL1 S9CE ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T FUNCTION$ MU* AS IT DID BE=E ! W>40#a#c ,:E!R ?IS IS /UPIDITY OR COLLUSION ) ! =CES ?AT 5D$ ! 0REVOLUTION ( SORTS10 ,I %ALL LEAVE = ! READ] TO JUDGE4 ,BUT IT WAS CORRESPOND5TS ( ?IS POLITICAL TEMP] :O F$ NEWS ( ! 0,SPANI% W>0 TO ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,! LIT]ATURE ?AT DEALS ) ! CONFLICT1 G5]ALLY MORE =?RI<T ?AN :AT WAS AVAILABLE = YE>S AFT] ! W>1 HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY1 SUPPORT$ BY ORAL HI/ORIANS ( CONSID]ABLE ABILITY4 ,HAS ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT LE>N$ FROM !SE ACC\NTS OR FROM ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES1 9DU/RIAL AS WELL AS AGRICULTURAL1 :I* (F] DRAMATIC ALT]NATIVE MODELS ( REVOLUTION>Y MOD]NIZATION TO ! CONV5TIONAL ONES BAS$ ON NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMIES & C5TRALIZ$1 (T5 TOTALIT>IAN1 CONTROL8 ,MY ANSW] W\LD HAVE TO BE A DEPRESS+ NO4 ,! DECL9E ( ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 & ! EM]G5CE ( A MORE 0OR?ODOX0 ONE ?REAT5S TO CREATE A NEW MY? ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 AS A GOLD5 ]A ( RADICALISM4 ,ONE W\LD SUPPOSE ?AT ! NEW MAT]IAL ON ,SPA91 L>GELY LEFT-W+ 9 ORI5TATION1 HAS BE5 READ BY NO ONE4 ,! 0,SPANI% W>0 IS NO LONG] CLOAK$ 9 SIL5CE1 BUT ! FACTS >E BE+ LAY]$ OV] ) A SWEET S5TIM5TALITY = ! AG+ SURVIVORS ( ! 0,L9COLN ,BATTALION0 & ! ,MOM-,POP /]EOTYPES 9 FILMS LIKE ,SEE+ ,R$4  

,! TRU?1 9DE$1 IS \T -- BUT ! E>S TO HE> IT & ! M9DS TO LE>N FROM IT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ATROPHI$ BY A CULTIVAT$ IGNORANCE & A NE>LY TOTAL LOSS ( CRITICAL 9SI<T4 0,P>TYNESS0 HAS REPLAC$ POLITICS1 M9DLESS 0LOYALTY0 HAS REPLAC$ !ORY1 0BALANCE0 9 WEI<+ ! FACTS HAS REPLAC$ COMMITM5T1 & AN ECUM5ICAL 0RADICALISM0 ?AT EMBRACES ,/AL9I/S & RE=MI/S UND] ! %R$D$ BANN] ( 0UNITY0 & 0COALITION0 HAS REPLAC$ ! 9TEGRITY ( IDEAS & PRACTICE4 ,?AT ! BANN] ( 0UNITY0 & 0COALITION0 BECAME ,SPA9'S %R\D & WAS US$ ) IMPUNITY TO DE/ROY ITS REVOLUTION & RISK DELIV]+ ! C\NTRY TO ,FRANCO IS AS REMOTE FROM ! COLLECTIVE WISDOM ( ! LEFT TODAY AS IT WAS FIFTY YE>S AGO 9 ! CAULDRON ( A BLOODY CIVIL W>4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,SPANI% LEFT C\LD BE PRES]V$ ONLY IF IT >TICULAT$ ! MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ TRADITIONS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE3 !IR /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 !IR TRADITIONS ( CONF$]ALISM & LOCAL AUTONOMY1 & !IR PR(\ND MI/RU/ ( ! /ATE4 ,:E!R ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT %>ES ) ! ,SPANI% LEFT ! POPUL> LEGACY ?AT ! LATT] CLEANS$ & RESCU$ FROM ! RI<T IS A CRUCIAL PROBLEM ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ H]E4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ! AN>*I/S GAVE !SE TRADITIONS COH]5CE & A RADICAL ?RU/1 CONV]T+ !M 9TO A POLITICAL CULTURE1  NOT M]ELY A CONTRIV$ ''PROGRAM10 !Y SURVIV$ G5]ATIONS ( 9CR$IBLE P]SECUTION & REPRESSION4 ,9DE$1 ONLY :5 ! ,SOCIALI/S RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 A POLITICAL MOVEM5T & A POPUL> ONE BY E/ABLI%+ !IR FAM\S 0H\SES ( ! PEOPLE0 OR CASAS DEL PUEBLO 9 ,SPA9'S VILLAGES1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES DID !Y BECOME A VITAL MOVEM5T 9 ,SPANI% LIFE & POLITICS4 

,! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 RUPTUR$ ?IS RELATION%IP BY REPLAC+ A POPUL> CULTURE ) ! 0POLITICS0 ( BACKROOM 0COALITIONS40 ,! UTT]LY DISP>ATE P>TIES ?AT 5T]$ 9TO 0COALITIONS0 W]E UNIT$ SOLELY BY !IR %>$ FE> ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T & ( ,FRANCO4 ,! LEFT'S NE$ TO DEAL ) ITS [N RELATION%IP TO POPUL> TRADITIONS :I* HAVE A LAT5T RADICAL CONT5T -- TO CLEANSE !SE TRADITIONS & BR+ \T !IR EMANCIPATORY ASPIRATIONS -- REMA9S A LEGACY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT HAS NOT BE5 E>NE/LY CONFRONT$1 EI!R BY AN>*I/S OR BY SOCIALI/S4 ,UNTIL ! NE$ TO =M A POLITICAL CULTURE IS CLE>LY DEF9$ & GIV5 ! C5TRALITY IT DES]VES1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WILL REMA9 NOT ONLY ONE ( ! MO/ 9EXPLICABLE *APT]S ( RADICAL HI/ORY BUT ! CONSCI5CE ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,P>T ,FIVE1 0,9SIDE ! ,REVOLUTION071 A SIX-P>T DOCUM5T>Y PRODUC$ BY ,B,B,C-,GRANADA1 ,LTD4 ,?IS S]IES IS BY F> ! BE/ VISUAL PRES5TATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ,I HAVE SE5 & CONTA9S AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( ORIG9AL ORAL HI/ORY4 ,IT IS A PRIM>Y S\RCE = MAT]IAL ON ! SUBJECT4 

#b4 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 0,! ,POPUL> ,EXP]I5CE ( ,W> & ,REVOLUTION0 9 ,REVOLUTION & ,W> 9 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#i1  ,PAUL ,PRE/ON1 $4 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#c71 PP4 #b#b#f-#b#g4 ,?IS BOOK IS ANO!R VALUABLE S\RCE4 

#c4 ,SEE ,$W>D ,E4 ,MALEFAKIS1 ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M & ,PEASANT ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA93 ,ORIG9S ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,HAV51 #a#i#g71 PP4 #b#h#d-#i#b4 

#d4 ,= AN EVALUATION ( ! ALT]NATIVE APPROA*ES ?AT ,EUROPE FAC$ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT1 SEE MY ,URBANIZATION ,)\T ,CITIES4  ,MANUEL ,CA/ELLS'S ,! ,CITY & ! ,GRASSROOTS 7,B]KELEY & ,LOS ,ANGELES1 #a#i#h#c7 CONTA9S A FASC9AT+ ACC\NT ( ! REVOLT & ITS IMPLICATIONS1 9 :AT ,I AM 9CL9$ TO BELIEVE IS A DEP>TURE FROM ,CA/ELLS'S MORE TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ APPROA*4 ,= AN ,5GLI% ACC\NT ( ! ,COMUN]O REVOLT & A USEFUL CRITICISM ( HI/ORICAL WRIT+ ON ! SUBJECT1 SEE ,/EPHAN ,HALICZ]'S ,! ,COMUN]OS ( ,CA/ILE 7,MADISON1 #a#i#h#a74 ,= A G5]AL BACKGR\ND ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & ! POPUL> CULTURE ( ,SPA91 SEE MY BOOK ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#f2 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d74 

#e4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1  VOL4 #a 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S71 P4 #a#h#b4 

#f4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME1 ,! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA9 7,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#g#b71 PG4 #a4 

#g4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,DAVID ,MIT*ELL1 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#b7 P4 #c#a4 ,?IS BOOK IS BAS$ ON ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA TELEVISION S]IES1 BUT JU/ AS ! S]IES DOES NOT CONTA9 A GOOD DEAL ( MAT]IAL 9 ! BOOK1 SO ! BOOK DOES NOT CONTA9 A GOOD DEAL ( MAT]IAL 9 ! S]IES4 ,! 9T]E/$ READ] IS !RE=E WELL ADVIS$ TO CONSULT BO?4 

#h4 ,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#d4 

#i4 ,SEE ! 9T]VIEW ) ,T>RADELLAS 9 ,P>T ,FIVE ( ! ,B,B,C-,GRANADA ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> DOCUM5T>Y4 

#a4 ,MIT*ELL1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#e#f4 

#a#a4 ,IBID1 P4 #a#e#h-#e#i4 ,AL?\< ! MOTIVES BEH9D ! ,BEL*ITE CAMPAIGN V]GE ON ! 9CR$IBLE1 !Y W]E NOT UNCOMMON4 ,O!R CASES ( MAJOR CONFLICTS -- & CRISES -- 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> W]E MOTIVAT$ BY SIMIL> POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 ) NO CONC]N = ! LIVES LO/ & ! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! 0COALITION0 AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 

#a#b4 ,D5IS ,SMY?1 0,REFLEX ,REACTION3 ,G]MANY & ! ,ONSET ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 9 ,PRE/ON1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #b#e#c4 

#a#c4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,*APEL ,HILL1 #a#i#g#i71 P4 #e#i4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiic 3 ,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA9 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA9 -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/