,?REE ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aieh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,TAGS 3 MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM1 M>X & 5GELS1 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS1 FRE$OM & ORD]1 AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/1 SO-CALL$ /ATE COMMUNISM1 /ATE COMMUNISM1 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 POPUL> MASSES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,IMAGES ,GEORGE ,REX1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,VOL9E1 LIB]T>IAN *RONICL] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 AN ACTOR 9 & AN EYE-WITNESS TO IT1 WRITES3 

0,WE HAVE BE5 BEQUEA!D A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM BY PREC$+ REVOLUTIONS3 ,I AM ?9K+ ( ! ONE 9 #a<i & ! ONE 9 #aiag ESPECIALLY3 L>GELY M\NT$ AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 ANIMAT$ BY A MI<TY BREA? ( FRE$OM & PROCLAIM+ FRE$OM AS !IR ESS5TIAL OBJECTIVE1 H[ COME !SE REVOLUTIONS SLID 9TO A NEW DICTATOR%IP WIELD$ BY O!R RUL+1 PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 9TO FRE% SLAV]Y = ! POPUL> MASSES8 ,:AT MI<T ! CONDITIONS BE ?AT W\LD 5ABLE A REVOLUTION TO AVOID ?AT DISMAL FATE8 ,MI<T ?AT FATE BE DUE TO EPHEM]AL FACTORS & EV5 QUITE SIMPLY TO MI/AKES & %ORTCOM+S :I* MI<T FROM N[ ON BE AV]T$8 ,& 9 ! LATT] CASE1 :AT MI<T ! MEANS BE ( ]ADICAT+ ! DANG] ?REAT5+ REVOLUTIONS YET TO COME80 

,LIKE ,VOL9E1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! TWO GREAT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION >E 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$4 ,DESPITE ! TIME DIFF]5CES1 ! DIFF]5CES 9 !IR CONTEXTS1 & !IR DIFF]+ 0CLASS CONT5T01 ! ISSUES !Y RAISE & ! PITFALLS !Y 5C\NT]$ >E ESS5TIALLY ! SAME4 ,AT BE/ ! FIR/ REVOLUTION DISPLAYS !M 9 A MORE EMBRYONIC /ATE ?AN ! SECOND4 ,ALSO1 M5 TODAY CANNOT HOPE TO DISCOV] ! PA? LEAD+ TO !IR DEF9ITIVE EMANCIPATION UNLESS !Y CAN DI/+UI% 9 !SE TWO EXP]I5CES :AT WAS PROGRESS & :AT WAS BACKSLID+1 SO ?AT !Y CAN DRAW LESSONS = ! FUTURE4 

,! ESS5TIAL CAUSE ( ! RELATIVE FAILURE ( HI/ORY'S TWO GREATE/ REVOLUTIONS DOES NOT RESIDE1 AS ,I SEE IT1 TO BORR[ ,VOL9E'S WORDS1 EI!R 9 0HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY0 NOR 9 M]E SUBJECTIVE 0]RORS0 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PROTAGONI/S4 ,! ,REVOLUTION C>RIES )9 ITSELF A GRAVE CONTRADICTION 7A CONTRADICTION :I*1 HAPPILY1 LET IT BE SAID AGA91 IS NOT BEYOND REM$Y & LESS5S ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME73 IT CAN ONLY >ISE & IT CAN ONLY W9 IF IT SPR+S FROM ! DEP?S ( ! POPUL> MASSES & !IR IRRESI/IBLE SPONTANE\S UPRIS+4 

,BUT1 ?\< CLASS 9/9CT IMPELS !M TO BREAK !IR *A9S1 ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE LACK $UCATION & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& AS !Y SURGE ) R$\BTABLE 5]GY1 BUT CLUMSILY & BL9DLY1 T[>DS FRE$OM1 BUMP+ 9TO PRIVILEG$1 A/UTE1 EXP]T1 ORGANIZ$ & EXP]I5C$ SOCIAL CLASSES1 !Y CAN ONLY TRIUMPH OV] ! RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT] IF !Y SUCCESSFULLY ACQUIRE1 9 ! HEAT ( BATTLE1 ! CONSCI\SNESS1 EXP]TIZE1 ORGANIZATION & EXP]I5CE 9 :I* !Y >E DEFICI5T4 ,BUT ! V]Y ACT ( =G+ ! WEAPONS JU/ LI/$1 :I* >E ! ONLY ONES ?AT CAN 5SURE ?AT !Y GET ! BETT] ( !IR ADV]S>Y1 C>RIES ) IT AN 5ORM\S DANG]3 ?AT IT MI<T KILL ! SPONTANEITY :I* IS ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IT MI<T COMPROMISE FRE$OM 9SIDE ! ORGANIZATION1 OR ALL[ ! MOVEM5T TO BE TAK5 OV] BY A M9ORITY ELITE ( MORE EXP]T1 MORE AW>E1 MORE EXP]I5C$ MILITANTS :O1 TO />T ) PUT !MSELVES =W>D AS GUIDES1 ONLY TO 5D UP IMPOS+ !MSELVES AS LEAD]S & SUBJECT+ ! MASSES TO SOME NEW =M ( MAN'S EXPLOITATION ( HIS FELL[ M54 

,EV] S9CE SOCIALISM EV] CONSID]$ ?IS PROBLEM & EV] S9CE IT CLE>LY P]CEIV$ ?IS CONTRADICTION1 :I* IS TO SAY1 S9CE1 R\<LY1 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 IT HAS NOT CEAS$ WEI<+ UP ! ODDS & HOV]+ BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREME POLES ( FRE$OM & ORD]4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ITS ?9K]S & ACTORS HAS /RIV5 LABORI\SLY & T5TATIVELY1 AMID ALL SORTS ( HESITATION & CONTRADICTIONS1 TO RESOLVE ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 HIS CELEBRAT$ ,MEMOIR ON ,PROP]TY 7#a#h#d71 ,PR\DHON FIGUR$ ?AT HE HAD WORK$ \T A SYN!SIS :5 HE OPTIMI/ICALLY WROTE3 0,! HI<E/ P]FECTION ( SOCIETY LIES 9 ! UNION ( ORD] ) AN>*Y04 ,BUT A QU>T] ( A C5TURY LAT]1 HE NOT$ GLUMLY3 0,!SE TWO IDEAS1 FRE$OM444 & ORD]1 >E BACK TO BACK444 ,!Y CANNOT BE SEP>AT$1 NOR CAN ! ONE ABSORB ! O!R3 WE MU/ RESIGN \RSELVES TO LIV+ ) !M BO? & /RIK+ A BALANCE BETWE5 !M444 ,NO POLITICAL =CE HAS YET COME UP ) A TRUE SOLUTION 9 ! RECONCIL+ ( FRE$OM & ORD]40 

,TODAY A VA/ EMPIRE BUILT UND] ! EGIS ( 0SOCIALISM0 IS SEEK+ TIRESOMELY & EMPIRICALLY & SOMETIMES CONVULSIVELY TO ESCAPE FROM ! IRON YOKE ( AN 0ORD]0 F\ND$ UPON CON/RA9T & R$ISCOV] ! ROAD TO ! FRE$OM TO :I* ITS MILLIONS ( SUBJECTS1 GR[+ CO>S] & MORE ALIVE TO ! FACT1 ASPIRE4 

,! PROBLEM ?US REMA9S POS$ ACUTELY1 & WE HAVE NOT YET HE>D ! LA/ ( IT4 

,IF WE EXAM9E IT MORE CLOSELY1 ?IS PROBLEM BOA/S ?REE RELATIVELY DI/9CT BUT CLOSELY CONNECT$ FACETS3 

,9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 :AT %\LD ! PROP] RATIO BE BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS1 BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! LEAD]%IP8 

,ONCE ! OLD OPPRESSIVE REGIME HAS BE5 OV]?R[N1 :AT =M ( POLITICAL OR ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION %\LD REPLACE ! ONE OV]?R[N8 

,F9ALLY1 BY :OM & H[ %\LD ! ECONOMY BE ADM9I/]$ FOLL[+ ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 7A PROBLEM POS$ 9 FULL MEASURE AS F> AS ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION IS CONC]N$ BUT :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION FAC$ ONLY 9 EMBRYONIC =M78 

,ON EA* ( !SE C\NTS1 ! #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALI/S HESITAT$ & DI!R$1 CONTRADICT$ ONE ANO!R & CLA%$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,:AT SOCIALI/S8 

,BROADLY1 WE CAN ID5TIFY ?REE MA9 CURR5TS AMONG !M3 

! ONES :OM ,I W\LD T]M ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 ! /ATI/S1 ! C5TRALI/S1 ! HEIRS -- SOME ( !M TO ! ,JACOB9 & ,BLANQUI/ TRADITION ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION -- & O!RS TO ! ,G]MAN 7OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 ,PRUSSIAN7 TRADITION ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & ! ,/ATE ) A CAPITAL ',S'4 

! ONES ,I W\LD T]M ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 ! LIB]T>IANS1 HEIRS1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( #agic & ! COMMUNALI/1 F$]ALI/ IDEA3 &1 ON ! O!R1 TO ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN APOLITICALISM AIM+ TO REPLACE POLITICAL GOV]NANCE ) ! 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S04 

F9ALLY1 ! SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/S 7,M>X & ,5GELS71 /RIV+ LABORI\SLY & NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFULLY OR 9 A COH]5T WAY1 & (T5 = M]ELY TACTICAL REASONS 7= !Y HAD TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN W+S ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T ALIKE71 TO RECONCILE ! TWO A=EM5TION$ CURR5TS & COME UP ) SOME COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA & ! LIB]T>IAN ONE4 

,LET US ATTEMPT TO SUMM>IZE BRIEFLY ! ATTEMPTS MADE BY !SE ?REE CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+ TO RESOLVE ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

#a4 ,SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS 

,AU?ORIT>IANS HAVE NO CONFID5CE 9 ! MASSES' ABILITY TO ATTA9 CONSCI\SNESS UNAID$1 &1 EV5 :5 !Y CLAIM O!RWISE1 !Y HAVE A PANIC-/RICK5 T]ROR ( ! MASSES4 ,IF !Y >E TO BE CR$IT$1 ! MASSES >E /ILL BRUTALIZ$ BY C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION4 ,!Y >E 9 NE$ ( GUIDANCE & DIRECTION4 ,A T9Y ELITE ( LEAD]S HAS TO /& 9 = !M1 TEA* !M A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY & LEAD !M TO VICTORY4 ,LIB]T>IANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONT5D ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAS TO BE ! DO+ ( ! MASSES !MSELVES1 ( !IR SPONTANEITY & FREE 9ITIATIVE1 !IR CREATIVE POT5TIAL1 AS UNSUSPECT$ AS IT IS =MIDABLE4 ,!Y CAUTION AGA9/ LEAD]S :O1 9 ! NAME ( HI<] CONSCI\SNESS1 SEEK TO OV]RULE ! MASSES SO AS TO D5Y !M ! FRUITS ( !IR VICTORY LAT] ON4 

,AS = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 SOMETIMES !Y PLACE ! ACC5T ON SPONTANEITY & SOMETIMES ON CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT !IR SYN!SIS REMA9S LAME1 UNSURE1 CONTRADICTORY4 ,MOREOV] IT \<T TO BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! LIB]T>IANS TOO W]E NOT ALWAYS FREE ( ! SAME AFFLICTIONS4 ,9 ,PR\DHON1 ALONGSIDE AN OPTIMI/IC PEAN TO ! 0POLITICAL CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES01 ONE CAN F9D PESSIMI/IC /RA9S CA/+ D\BT UPON ?AT CAPACITY & L9+ UP ) ! AU?ORIT>IANS 9 !IR SUGGE/ION ?AT ! MASSES \<T TO BE DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,BAKUN9 NEV] QUITE MANAG$ TO %AKE (F ! 0#d#h8]0 CONSPIRATORIALISM ( HIS Y\NG] DAYS &1 RI<T AFT] HE HAS HON$ 9 ON ! MASSES' IRRESI/IBLE PRIMAL 9/9CT1 WE F9D HIM ADVOCAT+ COV]T 0P5ETRATION0 ( ! LATT] BY CONSCI\S LEAD]S ORGANIZ$ 9 SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,H5CE ?IS QUE] CRISS-CROSS+3 ! PEOPLE :OM HE B]AT$1 NOT )\T GOOD GR\NDS P]HAPS1 = !IR AU?ORIT>IANISM CAT* HIM R$-H&$ 9 AN ACT ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,MAC*IAVELLIANISM4 

,! TWO COMPET+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL TOOK EA* O!R TO TASK1 EA* ) GOOD REASON1 = SUBT]RANEAN MANEUV]S DESIGN$ TO CAPTURE CONTROL ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 WE W\LD HAVE TO WAIT = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG BE=E A FAIRLY VIABLE MODUS VIV5DI BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS W\LD BE ADVANC$4 ,BUT ,TROTSKY COMPROMIS$ ?IS PA9/AK+LY /RUCK EQUILIBRIUM 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! CONTRADICTION TO ITS EXTREME3 9 SOME RESPECTS HE WAS 0,LUXEMBURGI/03 AS HIS #aie & ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION P>TICUL>LY TE/IFY1 HE HAD A FEEL & AN 9/9CT = REVOLUTION FROM BEL[3 HE PLAC$ ! ACC5T UPON ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! MASSES2 BUT HE COMES >\ND 9 ! 5D -- AFT] HAV+ >GU$ BRILLIANTLY AGA9/ !M -- TO ,L59'S ,BLANQUI/ NOTIONS ( ORGANIZATION &1 ONCE 9 P[]1 HE CAME TO BEHAVE 9 A MANN] EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN HIS P>TY LEAD]4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! T\< /RUGGLE FROM EXILE1 HE WAS TO %ELT] BEH9D A ,L59 :O HAD BECOME UNASSAILABLE 9 ORD] TO BR+ HIS 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ,/AL93 & ?IS ID5TIFICATION ) ,L59 WAS TO D5Y HIM1 UNTIL HIS DY+ DAY1 ! OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE FREE RE9 TO ! ,LUXEMBURGI/ ELEM5T )9 HIM4 

#b4 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,P[] 

,AU?ORIT>IANS MA9TA9 ?AT ! POPUL> MASSES1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( !IR LEAD]S1 MU/ REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE ) !IR [N ,/ATE DECK$ \T ) ! DESCRIPTION 0PROLET>IAN0 & ?AT 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! SURVIVAL ( ! LATT]1 !Y MU/ TAKE ! CO]CIVE ME?ODS EMPLOY$ BY ! =M] 7C5TRALIZATION1 DISCIPL9E1 HI]>*Y1 POLICE7 TO !IR EXTREMES4 ,?IS PROSPECT DREW CRIES ( FE> & HORROR FROM LIB]T>IANS -- A C5TURY & MORE AGO4 ,:AT1 !Y ASK$1 WAS ! USE ( A ,REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD MAKE DO ) REPLAC+ ONE APP>ATUS ( OPPRESSION ) ANO!R8 ,IMPLACABLE FOES ( ! ,/ATE1 ANY =M ( ,/ATE1 !Y LOOK$ TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION = ! UTT] & F9AL ABOLITION ( /ATI/ CON/RA9TS4 ,!Y AIM$ TO REPLACE ! OLD OPPRESSIVE ,/ATE ) ! FREE F$]ATION ( COMB9$ COMMUNES1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM ! GR\ND UP4 

,M>X & ,5GELS S\<T A PA? BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES4 ,JACOB9ISM HAD LEFT ITS M>K ON !M1 BUT CONTACT ) ,PR\DHON >\ND #ahdd ON ! ONE H&1 & ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MOSES ,HESS ON ! O!R1 ! CRITIQUE ( ,HEGELIANISM1 ! DISCOV]Y ( 0ALI5ATION0 HAD LEFT !M A T\* MORE LIB]T>IAN4 ,!Y REPUDIAT$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATISM ( ! ,FR5*MAN ,L\IS ,BLANC & ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN ,LASSALLE1 DECL>+ !IR SUPPORT = ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 GOOD TIME4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?AT 0GOV]NM5TAL HOT*POT*01 IS TO 5DURE AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT = A TIME ONLY4 ,AS SOON AS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS MAK+ IT DISP5SABLE HAVE BE5 A*IEV$1 IT IS TO 0WI!R AWAY04 ,&1 9 ! 9T]IM1 /EPS MU/ BE TAK5 TO 0LESS5 ITS MORE VEXATI\S EFFECTS AS MU* AS POSSIBLE04 ,?IS %ORT T]M PROSPECT RI<TLY WORRIES LIB]T>IANS4 ,SURVIVAL ( ! ,/ATE1 EV5 0TEMPOR>Y0 SURVIVAL1 HAS NO VALIDITY 9 !IR EYES & !Y PROPHETICALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT1 ONCE RE9/ALL$1 ?IS ,LEVIA?AN WILL DOGG$LY REFUSE TO GO QUIETLY4 ,! LIB]T>IANS' UNREMITT+ CRITICISM LEFT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 A BIT ( A PICKLE & !Y EV5TUALLY MADE SU* CONCESSIONS TO !SE DISS5T]S ?AT AT ONE PO9T ! QU>REL AMONG SOCIALI/S OV] ! ,/ATE SEEM$ TO H+E UPON NO?+ MORE & 9DE$ TO AM\NT TO NO?+ MORE ?AN QUIBBL+ OV] WORDS4 ,?IS BLI! AGREEM5T LA/$ NO LONG] ?AN A MORN+4 

,BUT #b? C5TURY ,BOL%EVISM REVEAL$ ?AT IT WAS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( SEMANTICS4 ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S TRANSITIONAL ,/ATE1 BECAME1 9 EMBRYO UND] ,L59 & MU* MORE UND] ,L59'S PO/]ITY1 A MANY-HEAD$ HYDRA BLUNTLY REFUS+ TO WI!R AWAY4 

#c4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY 

,F9ALLY1 :AT =M ( [N]%IP IS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM8 

,! AU?ORIT>IANS HAVE A READY ANSW] TO ?AT4 ,AS !IR *IEF %ORTCOM+ IS A LACK ( IMAG9ATION & AS !Y HAVE A FE> ( ! UNKN[N1 !Y RELY UPON =MS ( ADM9I/RATION & MANAGEM5T BORR[$ FROM ! PA/4 ,! ,/ATE IS TO ?R[ ITS HUGE NET >\ND ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION1 ALL ( EX*ANGE1 & ALL ( F9ANCE4 0,/ATE CAPITALISM0 IS TO SURVIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY1 ALREADY 5ORM\S UND] ,NAPOLEON1 ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA OR ! ,CZ>1 WILL1 UND] SOCIALISM1 NO LONG] MAKE DO ) COLLECT+ TAXES1 RAIS+ >MIES & 9CREAS+ ITS POLICE3 ITS T5TACLES WILL N[ EXT5D 9TO ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! BANKS & ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,LIB]T>IANS %RIEK$ ) HORROR4 ,?IS EXTRAVAGANT EXT5SION ( ! ,/ATE'S P[]S /RUCK !M AS ! DEA? KNELL = SOCIALISM4 ,MAX ,/IRN] WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO REBEL AGA9/ ! /ATISM ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,NOT ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS ANY LESS VOCAL1 & ,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ SUIT3 0,I DESPISE COMMUNISM01 HE DECL>$ 9 ONE SPEE*1 0BECAUSE IT NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 ! C5TRALIZATION ( [N]%IP 9 ,/ATE H&S1 :]EAS ,I444 WANT TO SEE SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ & PROP]TY HELD COLLECTIVELY OR SOCIALLY FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< FREE ASSOCIATION1 & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N ?R\< ANY SORT ( AU?ORITY40 

,BUT ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS W]E NOT UNANIM\S 9 =MULAT+ !IR C\NT]-PROPOSALS4 ,/IRN] SUGGE/$ A 0FREE ASSOCIATION0 ( 0EGOI/S01 :I* WAS TOO PHILOSOPHICAL 9 ITS =MULATION & TOO UN/ABLE AS WELL4 ,! MORE D[N TO E>? ,PR\DHON SUGGE/$ A SOME:AT BACKW>D-LOOK+ PETIT B\RGEOIS COMB9ATION APPROPRIATE TO ! \TMOD$-/AGE ( SMALL 9DU/RY1 PETTY COMM]CE & >TISAN PRODUCTION3 PRIVATE-[N]%IP W\LD BE SAFEGU>D$2 ! SMALL PRODUC]S1 RETA9+ !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 W\LD FAVOR MUTUAL AID2 AT BE/ HE W\LD AGREE TO COLLECTIVE [N]%IP 9 A NUMB] ( SECTORS1 REG>D+ :I* HE CONC$$ ?AT L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY HAD ALREADY TAK5 !M OV]3 TRANSPORT1 M9+1 ETC4 ,BUT ,/IRN] LIKE ,PR\DHON1 EA* AFT] HIS FA%ION1 WAS LEAV+ HIMSELF WIDE OP5 TO ! S\ND BIR*+ :I* ,M>XISM WAS AB\T TO 9FLICT UPON !M1 ALBEIT SOME:AT UNFAIRLY4 

,BAKUN9 MADE A PO9T ( P>T+ COMPANY FROM ,PR\DHON4 ,= A TIME1 HE MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ,M>X 9SIDE ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ HIS M5TOR4 ,HE REPUDIAT$ PO/- ,PR\DHONIAN 9DIVIDUALISM & TOOK NOTICE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,HE :OLE-HE>T$LY ADVOCAT$ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,HE PRES5T$ HIMSELF AS BE+ NEI!R COMMUNI/1 NOR MUTUALI/1 NOR COLLECTIVI/4 ,PRODUCTION HAD TO BE RUN AT ONE & ! SAME TIME LOCALLY1 ?R\< A 0SOLID>IZATION ( COMMUNES01 & 9 TRADE T]MS BY ! WORK]S' COMPANIES 7OR ASSOCIATIONS74 ,UND] ! ,BAKUN9I/S' 9FLU5CE1 ! ,BASLE CONGRESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahfi DECID$ ?AT 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 0GOV]NM5T WILL BE REPLAC$ BY ! C\NCILS ( ! TRADES BODIES04 ,M>X & ,5GELS %UTTL$ & HOV]$ BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREMES4 ,9 ! #ahdh ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9SPIR$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC1 !Y HAD OPT$ = ! ALL TOO CONV5I5T PAN-,/ATI/ SOLUTION4 ,BUT LAT]1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & PRESSURE FROM ! AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E TO TEMP] ?IS /ATISM & SPOKE ( ! 0SELF-GOV]NM5T ( PRODUC]S04 ,BUT SU* LIB]T>IAN NUANCES W]E %ORT-LIV$4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 9 ! /RUGGLE TO ! DEA? :I* !Y WAG$ AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 & HIS DISCIPLES1 !Y REV]T$ TO A MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ VOCABUL>Y4 

,SO IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY )\T REASON 7AL?\< NOT ALWAYS 9 COMPLETE GOOD FAI? EI!R7 ?AT ,BAKUN9 *>G$ ! ,M>XI/S ) DREAM+ ( CONC5TRAT+ ! :OLE ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ,L59'S CASE1 /ATI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN TR5DS1 OV]RID+ AN AN>*ISM :I* !Y CONTRADICT$ & EXT+UI%$1 W]E PRES5T 9 G]M1 & UND] ,/AL91 AS 0QUANTITY0 BECAME 0QUALITY01 !Y DEG5]AT$ 9TO AN OPPRESSIVE ,/ATE CAPITALISM :I* ,BAKUN9 APPE>S TO HAVE ANTICIPAT$ 9 HIS OCCASIONALLY UNFAIR CRITICISMS ( ,M>X4 

,?IS BRIEF HI/ORICAL REVIEW IS ( NO 9T]E/ O!R ?AN ! EXT5T TO :I* IT CAN HELP US TO F9D \R BE>+S 9 ! PRES5T4 ,! LESSONS WE DRAW FROM IT MAKE US UND]/&1 />TL+LY & DRAMATICALLY1 ?AT1 DESPITE MANY NOTIONS :I* TODAY APPE> >*AIC & 9FANTILE & :I* EXP]I5CE HAS REFUT$ 7!IR 0APOLITICISM01 SAY71 ! LIB]T>IANS W]E 9 ESS5CE MORE CORRECT ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IANS4 ,! LATT] %[]$ 9SULTS UPON ! =M]1 DISMISS+ !IR PROGRAM AS A 0COLLECTION ( IDEAS FROM BEYOND ! GRAVE01 OR AS REACTION>Y1 OBSOLETE1 MORIBUND UTOPIAS4 ,BUT TODAY IT TURNS \T ?AT1 AS ,VOL9E EMPHATICALLY UND]SCORES1 IT IS ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA :I*1 F> FROM BELONG+ TO ! FUTURE1 IS M]ELY A HANGOV] FROM ! OLD1 WORN-\T1 MORIBUND B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,IF !RE IS A UTOPIA 9VOLV$ H]E1 IT IS 9 FACT ! UTOPIA ( SO-CALL$ ,/ATE 0COMMUNISM01 ! FAILURE ( :I* IS SO PAT5TLY OBVI\S ?AT ITS [N B5EFICI>IES 7CONC]N$ ABOVE ALL ELSE ) SALVAG+ !IR 9T]E/S AS A PRIVILEG$ CA/E7 >E PRES5TLY BUSILY & BL9DLY ON ! LOOK \T = SOME MEANS TO AM5D & BREAK FREE FROM IT4 

,! FUTURE BELONGS NEI!R TO CLASSICAL CAPITALISM1 NOR1 DESPITE :AT ! LATE ,M]LEAU-,PONTY W\LD HAVE HAD US BELIEVE1 TO A CAPITALISM OV]HAUL$ & CORRECT$ BY 0NEO-LIB]ALISM0 OR BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM4 ,! FAILURE ( BO? ( ?OSE IS EV]Y :IT AS RES\ND+ AS ?AT ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM4 ,! FUTURE BELONGS /ILL1 & MORE ?AN EV]1 TO SOCIALISM1 & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM AT ?AT4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 PROPHETICALLY ANN\NC$ 9 #a#h#i#f1 \R AGE 0WILL BE> ! IMPR9T ( ! AWAK5+ ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS444 ,! NEXT REVOLUTION IS NOT GO+ TO BE ! ,JACOB9 REVOLUTION ANYMORE04 

,! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION :I* WE SKET*$ E>LI] %\LD & CAN BE RESOLV$ AT LA/4 ,NO MORE ! DI!R+ & GROP+ ( #a#i? C5TURY SOCIALI/ ?9K+4 ,! PROBLEMS >E N[ NOT POS$ 9 AB/RACT T]MS1 BUT 9 CONCRETE ONES4 ,TODAY WE CAN CALL UPON AN AMPLE CROP ( PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES4 ,! TE*NIQUE ( REVOLUTION HAS BE5 5RI*$ BEYOND MEASURE4 ,! LIB]T>IAN IDEA IS NO LONG] ET*$ ON ! CL\DS BUT D]IVES FROM ! FACTS !MSELVES1 FROM ! 7EV5 :5 REPRESS$7 DEEPE/ & MO/ AU!NTIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 

,! PROBLEM ( SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS IS MU* MORE EASILY RESOLV$ TODAY ?AN A C5TURY AGO4 ,! MASSES1 ?\< !Y >E1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! V]Y OPPRESSION UND] :I* BURD5 !Y >E B5T1 SOME:AT \T ( T\* AS F> AS ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS CONC]N$1 & /ILL LACK+ 9 $UCATION & POLITICAL CLE>-SI<T$NESS1 HAVE REGA9$ MU* ( ! GR\ND BY :I* !Y LAGG$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,?R\<\T ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES & ?OSE SUBJECT TO SO-CALL$ ,/ATE 0COMMUNISM01 !Y HAVE MADE A PRODIGI\S LEAP =W>D4 ,!Y >E A LOT LESS EASY TO DUPE4 ,!Y KN[ ! EXT5T ( !IR RI<TS4 ,!IR GRASP ( ! WORLD & ( !IR [N FATE HAS 9CREAS$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,:ILE ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT BE=E #a#h#d1 9 T]MS ( ITS LACK ( EXP]I5CE & ITS NUM]ICAL SLI<TNESS1 GAVE RISE TO ,BLANQUISM1 ?OSE ( ! PRE-#a#i#a#g ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT TO ,L59ISM1 & ?OSE ( ! NEW PROLET>IAT EXHAU/$ & 9 DIS>RAY AFT] ! CIVIL W> ( #aiah -- #a#i#b1 OR REC5TLY UPROOT$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5G5D]$ ,/AL9ISM1 TODAY ! TOIL+ MASSES HAVE MU* LESS NE$ TO VE/ !IR P[]S 9 AU?ORIT>IAN & SUPPOS$LY 9FALLIBLE TUTORS4 

,!N AGA91 ?ANKS ESPECIALLY TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 SOCIALI/ ?9K+ HAS BE5 P5ETRAT$ BY ! IDEA ?AT EV5 IF ! MASSES >E NOT YET QUITE RIPE1 & EV5 IF ! FUSION ( SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS 5VISION$ BY ,LASSALLE HAS NOT YET BE5 FULLY REALIZ$1 ! ONLY WAY TO COMBAT ?IS BACKW>DNESS & REM$Y ?IS %ORTCOM+ IS TO HELP ! MASSES $UCATE !MSELVES 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP3 TO IMBUE !M ) A FEEL+ = !IR RESPONSIBILITIES -- 9/EAD ( MA9TA9+ 9 !M1 AS ,/ATE COMMUNISM DOES 7:E!R IT BE 9 P[] OR 9 OPPOSITION71 ! AGE-OLD HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX BEQUEA!D TO !M BY A PA/ ( OPPRESSION4 ,EV5 ?\< SU* AN APPR5TICE%IP MAY SOMETIMES PROVE LABORI\S1 EV5 IF ! RATE ( PROGRESS IS SOMETIMES SL[1 EV5 IF PUTS ADDITIONAL /RA9 UPON SOCIETY1 EV5 IT CAN ONLY PROCE$ AT ! CO/ ( A DEGREE ( 0DISORD]01 !SE DIFFICULTIES1 !SE DELAYS1 !SE ADD$ /RA9S1 !SE GR[+ PA9S >E 9F9ITELY LESS H>MFUL ?AN ! PHONY ORD]1 PHONY DYNAMISM1 PHONY 0EFFICI5CY0 ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM1 :I* R$UCES MAN TO A CIPH]1 MURD]S POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & ULTIMATELY BR+S ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM 9TO DISREPUTE4 

,AS F> AS ! PROBLEM ( ! ,/ATE GOES1 ! LESSON ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS WRITT5 ON ! WALL = ALL TO SEE4 ,TO ]ADICATE ! MASSES' P[] RI<T AFT] ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS WAS DONE1 REBUILD+ ON ! RU9S ( ! OLD /ATE MA*9]Y A NEW MA*9]Y ( OPPRESSION EV5 MORE REF9$ ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR1 & TO PASS ?IS (F FRAUDUL5TLY AS ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT01 &1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ABSORB+ 9TO ! NEW SY/EM 0EXP]TIZE0 FROM ! LATE REGIME 7& /ILL IMBU$ ) ! OLD ,FUHR]PR9ZIP7 LEADS GRADUALLY TO ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS ?AT T5DS TO REG>D ITS [N SURVIVAL AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF & TO P]PETUATE ! ,/ATE :I* ASSURES ?AT SURVIVAL -- SU* IS ! MODEL IT N[ BEHOOVES US NOT TO IMITATE4 ,MOREOV]1 IF WE TAKE LIT]ALLY ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! 0WI!R+ AWAY0 ( ! ,/ATE1 ?OSE MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAD GIV5 RISE TO & 7ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/S7 LEGITIMIZ$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( A /ATE APP>ATUS \<T TO ALL[ US TODAY 9CREAS+LY TO DISP5SE ) ! /ATE1 :I* IS A M$DLESOME G5D>ME GRE$Y = SURVIVAL4 

,9DU/RIALIZATION IS PROCE$+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS ! WORLD OV]1 ALBEIT AT DIFF]5T RATES 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( NEW1 9EXHAU/IBLE S\RCES ( 5]GY IS ACCEL]AT+ ?IS PROCESS PRODIGI\SLY4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY & D]IV+ ITS JU/IFICATION FROM ?AT IS GR[+ DAILY A LITTLE MORE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AS F> AS ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY GOES1 ALL EXP]I5CE1 BO? 9 QU9TESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ! C\NTRIES 9 ?RALL TO 0,/ATE COMMUNISM01 DEMON/RATES ?AT1 AS F> AS BROAD SEGM5TS ( ! ECONOMY AT LEA/ >E CONC]N$1 ! FUTURE NO LONG] LIES ) GIANT PRODUCTION UNITS4 ,! GIGANTISM ?AT ONCE B$AZZL$ BO? ! LATE ,YANKEE CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY & ! COMMUNI/ ,L59 IS N[ A ?+ ( ! PA/3 ,TOO ,BIG IS ! TITLE ( AN ,AM]ICAN /UDY ( ! DAMAGE :I* ?IS BLI<T HAS DONE TO ! ,U,S ECONOMY4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,KHRU%*EV1 WILY OLD BOOR1 EV5TUALLY REALIZ$1 ALBEIT BELAT$LY & FALT]+LY1 ! NE$ = 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,= A LONG TIME IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT ! SACROSANCT IMP]ATIVES ( PLANN+ REQUIR$ ,/ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,TODAY WE CAN SEE ?AT PLANN+ FROM ABOVE1 BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 IS A FRI<TFUL S\RCE ( DISORD] & WA/E & ?AT1 AS ,M]LEAU-,PONTY SAYS1 0PLAN IT DOES NOT40 ,*>LES ,BETTELHEIM HAS %[N US1 9 A BOOK :I* WAS UNDULY CON=MI/ AT ! TIME :5 IT WAS WRITT51 ?AT IT C\LD OP]ATE EFFICI5TLY ONLY IF DIRECT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N1 ONLY IF DIRECTIONS EMANAT$ FROM ! L[] E*ELONS ( PRODUCTION & W]E CONT9UALLY MONITOR$ BY !M -- :]EAS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS SUP]VISION BY ! MASSES IS />TL+LY ABS5T4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ! FUTURE BELONGS TO AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T ( UND]TAK+S BY WORK]S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,:AT HAS YET TO BE CL>IFI$ IS ! ASSUR$LY DELICATE ME*ANISM BY :I* !SE F$]ATE & ! V>I\S 9T]E/S >E RECONCIL$ 9 AN ORD] :I* IS FREE4 ,9 ! LI<T ( :I*1 ! ATTEMPT BY ! ,BELGIAN ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 :O IS TODAY UNJU/LY =GOTT51 TO WORK \T A MODUS VIV5DI BETWE5 AN>*ISM & /ATISM1 DES]VES TO BE EXHUM$4 

,ELSE:]E1 ! V]Y EVOLUTION ( TE*NOLOGY & ( LABOR ORGANIZATION IS OP5+ UP A R\TE TO SOCIALISM FROM BEL[4 ,! MO/ REC5T RESE>* 9TO ! PSY*OLOGY ( WORK HAS PO9T$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PRODUCTION IS ONLY TRULY 0EFFICI5T0 PROVID$ ?AT IT DOES NOT CRU% MAN & ?AT IT WORKS ) HIM 9/EAD ( ALI5AT+ HIM1 & RELIES UPON HIS 9ITIATIVE & :OLE-HE>T$ COOP]ATION1 TURN+ HIS TOIL FROM OBLIGATION 9TO JOY1 SOME?+ :I* CANNOT BE FULLY A*IEV$ EI!R 9 ! 9DU/RIAL B>RACKS ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM OR ?OSE ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ACCEL]ATION ( TRANSPORT IS A S+UL> BOON TO ! OP]ATION ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,TO TAKE BUT ONE EXAMPLE3 ?ANKS TO ! AIRPLANE1 9 A FEW H\RS ! DELEGATES FROM LOCAL BRAN*ES ( ! MO/ MOD]N ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR UNIONS 7LET US SAY1 ! AUTOMOBILE WORK]S' UNION7 CAN READILY BE BR\<T TOGE!R4 

,BUT IF WE WI% TO REG5]ATE A SOCIALISM :I* HAS BE5 /OOD ON ITS HEAD BY ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 & GET IT ! RI<T WAY UP AGA91 WE HAVE TO ACT QUICKLY4 ,BACK 9 #a#h#i#f1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS =CEFULLY /RESS+ ?AT AS LONG AS SOCIALISM PRES5T$ AN AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ FACE1 IT W\LD 9SPIRE A MEASURE ( DI/RU/ 9 ! WORK]S & W\LD1 AS A RESULT1 F9D ITS EF=TS COMPROMIS$ & ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T FRU/RAT$4 

,PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 CONDEMN$ BY HI/ORY1 ONLY SURVIVES TODAY ?ANKS TO ! >MS RACE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! COMP>ATIVE FAILURE ( ,/ATE COMMUNISM ON ! O!R4 ,WE CANNOT IDEOLOGICALLY R\T ,BIG ,BUS9ESS & ITS SUPPOS$ 0FREE 5T]PRISE01 BEH9D :I* LURKS ! RULE ( A H&FUL ( MONOPOLIES1 & WE CANNOT DISPAT* BACK TO ! PROP ROOM ! NATIONALISM & FASCISM :I* >E EV] READY TO RISE AGA9 FROM !IR A%ES1 UNLESS WE CAN 9 FACT (F] A H>D & FA/ SUB/ITUTE = ,/ATE PSEUDO-COMMUNISM4 ,AS = ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES 7SO-CALL$71 !Y WILL NOT EM]GE FROM !IR CURR5T IMPASSE UNLESS WE HELP !M1 NOT TO LIQUIDATE1 BUT RA!R TO REBUILD !IR SOCIALISM FROM ! F\NDATIONS UP4 

,KHRU%*EV F9ALLY CAME TO GRIEF = HAV+ DI!R$ SO LONG BETWE5 PA/ & FUTURE4 ,= ALL !IR GOOD 9T5TIONS & ESSAYS 9 DE-,/AL9IZATION OR LOOS5+ /ATE CONTROLS1 ! ,GOMULKAS1 ,TITOS & ,DUBCEKS RUN ! RISK ( /&+ /ILL OR SLIPP+ FROM ! TI<TROPE :]E !Y BALANCE UN/EADILY1 &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 RISK RU9ATION1 UNLESS !Y ACQUIRE ! D>+ & F>-SI<T$NESS ?AT W\LD 5ABLE !M TO ID5TIFY ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

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