,*APT] #d 
,( ! ,DURABILITY ( ,HUMAN ,A*IEVEM5TS & ,PRODUCTIONS 

#ahcaahca 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,E,S,S,A,Y ,I,V 

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,!RE IS A VIEW ( ! *>ACT] ( MAN1 CALCULAT$ MORE P]HAPS ?AN ANY O!R TO IMPRESS US ) REV]5CE & AWE4 

,MAN IS ! ONLY CREATURE WE KN[1 ?AT1 :5 ! T]M ( HIS NATURAL LIFE IS 5D$1 LEAVES ! MEMORY ( HIMSELF BEH9D HIM4 

,ALL O!R ANIMALS HAVE BUT ONE OBJECT 9 VIEW 9 !IR MORE CONSID]ABLE ACTIONS1 ! SUPPLY ( ! HUMBL] ACCOMMODATIONS ( !IR NATURE4 ,MAN HAS A P[] SUFFICI5T = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS OBJECT1 & A RESIDUE ( P[] BEYOND1 :I* HE IS ABLE1 & :I* HE NOT UNFREQU5TLY FEELS HIMSELF PROMPT$1 TO EMPLOY 9 CONSECUTIVE EF=TS1 & ?US1 FIR/ BY ! APPLICATION & >RANGEM5T ( MAT]IAL SUB/ANCES1 & AFT]W>DS BY ! FACULTY HE IS F\ND TO POSSESS ( GIV+ A P]MAN5T RECORD TO HIS ?\<TS1 TO REALIZE ! >*ETYPES & CONCEPTIONS :I* PREVI\SLY EXI/$ ONLY 9 HIS M9D4 

,ONE ME?OD1 CALCULAT$ TO PLACE ?IS FACT /RONGLY BE=E US1 IS1 TO SUPPOSE \RSELVES ELEVAT$1 9 A BALLOON OR O!RWISE1 SO AS TO 5ABLE US TO TAKE AN EXT5SIVE PROSPECT ( ! E>? ON :I* WE DWELL4 ,WE %ALL !N SEE ! PLA9S & ! EV]LA/+ HILLS1 ! =E/S & ! RIV]S1 & ALL ! EXUB]ANCE ( PRODUCTION :I* NATURE BR+S =? = ! SUPPLY ( H] LIV+ PROG5Y4 ,WE %ALL SEE MULTITUDES ( ANIMALS1 H]DS ( CATTLE & ( BEA/S ( PREY1 & ALL ! V>IETIES ( ! W+$ T5ANTS ( ! AIR4 ,BUT WE %ALL ALSO BEHOLD1 9 A MANN] ALMO/ EQUALLY CALCULAT$ TO >RE/ \R ATT5TION1 ! TRACES & ! MONUM5TS ( HUMAN 9DU/RY4 ,WE %ALL SEE CA/LES & *UR*ES1 & HAMLETS & MI<TY CITIES4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?IS /RANGE CREATURE1 MAN1 SUBJECT+ ALL NATURE TO HIS WILL4 ,HE BUILDS BRIDGES1 & HE CON/RUCTS AQU$UCTS4 ,HE 0GOES D[N TO ! SEA 9 %IPS10 & V>IEGATES ! OCEAN ) HIS SQUADRONS & HIS FLEETS4 ,TO ! P]SON ?US M\NT$ 9 ! AIR TO TAKE A WIDE & MAGNIFIC5T PROSPECT1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A SORT ( CONTE/ BETWE5 ! FACE ( ! E>?1 AS IT MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 AT FIR/1 & ! +5UITY ( MAN1 :I* %ALL OCCUPY & POSSESS ITSELF ( ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ACRES4 ,WE COV] IMM5SE REGIONS ( ! GLOBE ) ! TOK5S ( HUMAN CULTIVATION4 

,?US ! MATT] /&S AS TO ! EX]TIONS ( ! P[] ( MAN 9 ! APPLICATION & >RANGEM5T ( MAT]IAL SUB/ANCES4 

,BUT !RE IS SOME?+ TO A PR(\ND & CONTEMPLATIVE M9D MU* MORE EXTRAORD9>Y1 9 ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY ! FACULTY WE POSSESS ( GIV+ A P]MAN5T RECORD TO \R ?\<TS4 

,FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS FACULTY ALL HUMAN SCI5CE & LIT]ATURE TAKE !IR COMM5CEM5T4 ,H]E IT IS ?AT WE MO/ DI/9CTLY1 & ) ! GREATE/ A/ONI%M5T1 P]CEIVE ?AT MAN IS A MIRACLE4 ,DECLAIM]S >E P]PETUALLY EXPATIAT+ TO US UPON ! %ORTNESS ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,& YET ALL ?IS IS P]=M$ BY US1 :5 ! WANTS ( \R NATURE HAVE ALREADY BY \R 9DU/RY BE5 SUPPLI$4 ,WE MANUFACTURE !SE SUBLIMITIES & EV]LA/+ MONUM5TS \T ( ! B>E REMNANTS & %R$S ( \R TIME4 

,! LABOR ( ! 9TELLECT ( MAN IS 5DLESS4 ,H[ COPI\S IS ! VOLUME1 & H[ EXTRAORD9>Y ! V>IETY1 ( \R SCI5CES & \R >TS6 ,! NUMB] ( M5 IS EXCE$+LY GREAT 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ /ATE ( SOCIETY1 ?AT MAKE !SE ! SOLE OBJECT ( !IR OCCUPATION4 ,& ?IS HAS BE5 MORE OR LESS ! CONDITION ( \R SPECIES 9 ALL AGES1 EV] S9CE WE LEFT ! SAVAGE & ! PA/ORAL MODES ( EXI/5CE4 

,FROM ?IS VIEW ( ! HI/ORY ( MAN WE >E L$ BY AN EASY TRANSITION TO ! CONSID]ATION ( ! NATURE & 9FLU5CE ( ! LOVE ( FAME 9 MODIFY+ ! ACTIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$ IT TO BE ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/IC DI/9CTIONS ( \R SPECIES TO ]ECT MONUM5TS :I* \TLA/ ! EXI/5CE ( ! P]SONS ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,?IS AT FIR/ WAS ACCID5TAL1 & DID NOT 5T] ! DESIGN ( ! OP]ATOR4 ,! MAN :O BUILT HIMSELF A %$ TO PROTECT HIM FROM ! 9CLEM5CY ( ! SEASONS1 & AFT]W>DS EX*ANG$ ?AT %$ = A SOME:AT MORE COMMODI\S DWELL+1 DID NOT AT FIR/ ADV]T TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ACCOMMODATION MI<T LA/1 :5 HE WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE TO P>TAKE ( IT4 

,9 ?IS WAY P]HAPS ! WI% TO EXT5D ! MEMORY ( \RSELVES BEYOND ! T]M ( \R MORTAL EXI/5CE1 & ! IDEA ( ITS BE+ PRACTICABLE TO GRATIFY ?AT WI%1 DESC5D$ UPON US TOGE!R4 ,9 CONTEMPLAT+ ! BRIEF DURATION & ! UNC]TA9TY ( HUMAN LIFE1 ! IDEA MU/ NECESS>ILY HAVE OCCURR$1 ?AT WE MI<T SURVIVE ?OSE WE LOV$1 OR ?AT !YSURVIVE US4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE WE 9EVITABLY WI% MORE OR LESS TO *]I% ! MEMORY ( ! BE+ :O ONCE WAS AN OBJECT ( AFFECTION TO US1 BUT ( :OSE SOCIETY DEA? HAS DEPRIV$ US4 ,9 ! SECOND CASE IT CAN SC>CELY HAPP5 BUT ?AT WE DESIRE \RSELVES TO BE K9DLY RECOLLECT$ BY ?OSE WE LEAVE BEH9D US4 ,SO SIMPLE IS ! FIR/ G]M ( ?AT LONG+ AFT] PO/HUM\S HONOR1 :I* PRES5TS US ) SO MEMORABLE EFFECTS 9 ! PAGE ( HI/ORY4 

,BUT1 PREVI\SLY TO ! FUR!R CONSID]ATION ( PO/HUM\S FAME1 LET US TURN \R ATT5TION = A MOM5T TO ! FAME1 OR1 AS 9 ?AT S5SE IT IS MORE USUALLY /YL$1 POPUL>ITY1 :I* IS ! LOT ( A FEW FAVOR$ 9DIVIDUALS :ILE !Y LIVE4 ,! ATT5D+ TO ! SUBJECT 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 WILL BE F\ND TO ?R[ LI<T UPON ! MORE EXT5SIVE PROSPECT ( ! QUE/ION TO :I* WE WILL IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS PROCE$4 

,POPUL>ITY IS AN ACQUISITION MORE LEVEL TO ! MO/ ORD9>Y CAPACITIES1 & !RE=E IS A SUBJECT ( MORE G5]AL AMBITION1 ?AN PO/HUM\S FAME4 ,IT ADDRESSES ITSELF TO ! S5SES4 ,APPLAUSE IS A SPECIES ( GOOD =TUNE TO :I* P]HAPS NO MORTAL E> IS 9DIFF]5T4 ,! P]SONS :O CON/ITUTE ! CIRCLE 9 :I* WE >E APPLAUD$1 RECEIVE US ) SMILES ( APPROBATION & SYMPA?Y4 ,!Y PAY !IR C\RT TO US1 SEEM TO BE MADE HAPPY BY \R B>E PRES5CE AMONG !M1 & WELCOME US TO !IR H\SES ) CONGRATULATION & JOY4 ,! VULG> PORTION ( MANK9D SC>CELY UND]/& ! QUE/ION ( PO/HUM\S FAME1 !Y CANNOT COMPREH5D H[ PANEGYRIC & HONOR CAN 0SOO! ! DULL1 COLD E> ( DEA?30 BUT !Y CAN ALL CONCEIVE ! GRATIFICATION TO BE D]IV$ FROM APPLAUD+ MULTITUDES & L\D HUZZAHES4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ OBVI\S FEATURES H[EV] ?AT ATT5DS UPON POPUL>ITY1 IS ITS FUGITIVE NATURE4 ,NO MAN HAS ONCE BE5 POPUL>1 & HAS LIV$ LONG1 )\T EXP]I5C+ NEGLECT AT LEA/1 IF HE W]E NOT ALSO AT SOME TIME SUBJECT$ TO ! V]Y 9TELLIGIBLE DISAPPROBATION & C5SURE ( HIS FELL[S4 ,! GOOD WILL & K9DNESS ( ! MULTITUDE HAS A DEV\R+ APPETITE1 & IS LIKE A WILD BEA/ ?AT Y\ %\LD /ABLE UND] Y\R RO(1 :I*1 IF Y\ DO NOT FE$ ) A CONT9UAL SUPPLY1 WILL TURN AB\T & ATTACK ITS PROTECTOR4  

,ONE T\* ( NATURE MAKES ! :OLE WORLD K91-- 

,?AT ALL1 ) ONE CONS5T1 PRAISE NEW-BORN GAUDS1 

,& GIVE TO DU/1 ?AT IS A LITTLE GILT1 

,MORE LAUD ?AN !Y WILL GIVE TO GOLD O']DU/$4 

,CROMWEL WELL UND]/OOD ! NATURE ( ?IS TOPIC1 :5 HE SAID1 AS WE >E TOLD1 TO ONE ( HIS MILIT>Y COMPANIONS1 :O CALL$ HIS ATT5TION TO ! RAPTUR\S APPROBATION ) :I* !Y W]E RECEIV$ BY ! CR[D ON !IR RETURN FROM A SUCCESSFUL EXP$ITION1 0,AH1 MY FRI5D1 !Y W\LD ACCOMPANY US ) EQUAL DEMON/RATIONS ( DELI<T1 IF1 UPON NO DI/ANT OCCASION1 !Y W]E TO SEE US GO+ TO BE HANG$60 

,! SAME ?+ :I* HAPP5S TO ! POPUL>ITY ATT5DANT ON ! REAL OR IMAG9>Y H]O ( ! MULTITUDE1 HAPP5S ALSO 9 ! RACE AFT] PO/HUM\S FAME4 

,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 ! NUMB] ( M5 IS EXCE$+LY GREAT 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ /ATE ( SOCIETY1 :O MAKE ! SCI5CES & >TS 5G5D]$ BY ! HUMAN M9D1 ! SOLE OR ! PR9CIPAL OBJECTS ( !IR OCCUPATION4 

,?IS WILL P]HAPS BE MO/ /RIK+LY ILLU/RAT$ BY A RETROSPECT ( ! /ATE ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY 9 ! MIDDLE1 OR1 AS !Y >E FREQU5TLY /YL$1 ! D>K AGES4 

,IT HAS BE5 A VULG> ]ROR TO IMAG9E1 ?AT ! M9D ( MAN1 SO F> AS RELATES TO ITS ACTIVE & 9V5TIVE P[]S1 WAS SUNK 9TO A PR(\ND SLEEP1 FROM :I* IT GRADUALLY RECOV]$ ITSELF AT ! P]IOD :5 ,CON/ANT9OPLE WAS TAK5 BY ! ,TURKS1 & ! BOOKS & ! TEA*]S ( ! ANCI5T ,GREEK LANGUAGE W]E DISP]S$ ?R\< ,EUROPE4 ,! EPO* FROM :I* MOD]N 9V5TION TOOK ITS RISE1 COMM5C$ MU* E>LI]4 ,! FEUDAL SY/EM1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ CONTRIVANCES ( MAN 9 SOCIETY1 WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! N9? C5TURY2 & *IVALRY1 ! (FSPR+ ( ?AT SY/EM1 AN 9/ITUTION TO :I* WE >E MA9LY 9DEBT$ = REF9EM5T ( S5TIM5T1 & HUMANE & G5]\S DEMEANOR1 9 ! ELEV5?4 ,\T ( !SE GREW ! ORIG9ALITY & ! POETRY ( ROMANCE4 

,!SE W]E NO MEAN ADVANCEM5TS4 ,BUT P]HAPS ! GREATE/ DEBT :I* AFT] AGES HAVE CONTRACT$ TO ?IS REMOTE P]IOD1 >OSE \T ( ! SY/EM ( MONA/]IES & ECCLESIA/ICAL CELIBACY4 ,[+ TO !SE A NUM]\S RACE ( M5 SUCCE$$ TO EA* O!R P]PETUALLY1 :O W]E SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORLD1 CUT (F FROM ! 5DE>M5TS ( CONJUGAL & P>5TAL AFFECTION1 & :O HAD A PL5ITUDE ( LEISURE = SOLIT>Y APPLICATION4 ,TO !SE M5 WE >E 9DEBT$ = ! PRES]VATION ( ! LIT]ATURE ( ,ROME1 & ! MULTIPLI$ COPIES ( ! WORKS ( ! ANCI5TS4 ,NOR W]E !Y CONT5T$ ONLY ) ! PRAISE ( NEV]-5D+ 9DU/RY4 ,!Y =G$ MANY WORKS1 ?AT AFT]W>DS PASS$ = CLASSICAL1 & :I* HAVE DEM&$ ALL ! P]SPICACITY ( COMP>ATIVE CRITICISM TO REFUTE4 ,& 9 !SE PURSUITS ! 9DEFATIGABLE M5 :O W]E D$ICAT$ TO !M1 W]E NOT EV5 GOAD$ BY ! LOVE ( FAME4 ,!Y W]E SATISFI$ ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N P]SEV]ANCE & +5UITY4 

,BUT ! MO/ MEMORABLE BODY ( M5 ?AT ADORN$ !SE AGES1 W]E ! ,S*OOLM54 ,!Y MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ! DISCOV]]S ( ! >T ( LOGIC4 ,! ANCI5TS POSSESS$ 9 AN EM95T DEGREE ! GIFT ( G5IUS2 BUT !Y HAVE LITTLE TO BOA/ ON ! SCORE ( >RANGEM5T1 & DISCOV] LITTLE SKILL 9 ! /RICTNESS ( AN ACCURATE D$UCTION4 ,!Y RA!R >RIVE AT TRU? BY MEANS ( A FELICITY ( IMPULSE1 ?AN 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HAV+ REGUL>LY GONE ?R\< ! PROCESS :I* LEADS TO IT4 ,! S*OOLS ( ! MIDDLE AGES GAVE BIR? TO ! ,IRREFRAGABLE & ! ,S]APHIC DOCTORS1 ! SUBTLETY ( :OSE DI/9CTIONS1 & ! P]SEV]ANCE ( :OSE 9VE/IGATIONS1 >E AMONG ! MO/ WOND]FUL MONUM5TS ( ! 9TELLECTUAL P[] ( MAN4 ,! ?IRTE5? C5TURY PRODUC$ ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS1 & ,JOHANNES ,DUNS ,SCOTUS1 & ,WILLIAM ,OCCAM1 & ,ROG] ,BACON4 ,9 ! C5TURY BE=E1 ,?OMAS A ,BECKET DREW >\ND HIM A CIRCLE ( LIT]>Y M51 :OSE CORRESPOND5CE HAS BE5 H&$ D[N TO US1 & :O DEEM$ IT !IR PR\DE/ DI/9CTION ?AT !Y CALL$ EA* O!R PHILOSOPH]S4 ,! ,S*OOLM5 (T5 BEWILD]$ !MSELVES 9 !IR SUBTLETIES1 & (T5 DELIV]$ DOGMAS & SY/EMS ?AT MAY A/ONI% ! COMMON S5SE ( UNSOPHI/ICAT$ UND]/&+S4 ,BUT SU* IS MAN4 ,SO GREAT IS HIS P]SEV]+ LABOR1 HIS 9V9CIBLE 9DU/RY1 & ! RESOLUTION ) :I* HE SETS HIMSELF1 YE> AFT] YE>1 & LU/] AFT] LU/]1 TO ACCOMPLI% ! TASK :I* HIS JUDGM5T & HIS ZEAL HAVE COMM&$ HIM TO PURSUE4 

,BUT ,I RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ( LIT]>Y FAME4 ,ALL !SE M51 & M5 ( A HUNDR$ O!R CLASSES1 :O LABOR$ MO/ COMM5DABLY & GALLANTLY 9 !IR DAY1 MAY BE CONSID]$ AS SWEPT AWAY 9TO ! GULF ( OBLIVION4 ,AS ,SWIFT HUMOR\SLY SAYS 9 HIS ,D$ICATION TO ,PR9CE ,PO/]ITY1 0,I HAD PREP>$ A COPI\S LI/ ( ,TITLES TO PRES5T TO Y\R HI<NESS1 AS AN UNDISPUT$ >GUM5T ( ! PROLIFICNESS ( HUMAN G5IUS 9 MY [N TIME3 ! ORIG9ALS W]E PO/$ UPON ALL GATES & CORN]'S ( /REETS3 BUT1 RETURN+ 9 A V]Y FEW H\RS TO TAKE A REVIEW1 !Y W]E ALL TORN D[N1 & FRE% ONES PUT 9 !IR PLACES4 ,I 9QUIR$ AFT] !M AMONG READ]S & BOOKSELL]S1 BUT 9 VA93 ! MEMORIAL ( !M WAS LO/ AMONG M52 !IR PLACE WAS NO MORE TO BE F\ND40 

,IT IS A JU/ REM>K ?AT HAD BE5 MADE BY ,HUME#a3 0,!ORIES ( AB/RACT PHILOSOPHY1 SY/EMS ( PR(\ND !OLOGY1 HAVE PREVAIL$ DUR+ ONE AGE4 ,9 A SUCCESSIVE P]IOD !SE HAVE BE5 UNIV]SALLY EXPLOD$2 !IR ABSURDITY HAS BE5 DETECT$2 O!R !ORIES & SY/EMS HAVE SUPPLI$ !IR PLACE1 :I* AGA9 GAVE WAY TO !IR SUCCESSORS2 & NO?+ HAS BE5 EXP]I5C$ MORE LIABLE TO ! REVOLUTIONS ( *ANCE & FA%ION ?AN !SE PRET5D$ DECISIONS ( SCI5CE4 ,! CASE IS NOT ! SAME ) ! BEAUTIES ( ELOQU5CE & POETRY4 ,JU/ EXPRESSIONS ( PASSION & NATURE >E SURE1 AFT] A LITTLE TIME1 TO GA9 PUBLIC APPLAUSE1 :I* !Y MA9TA9 = EV]4 ,>I/OTLE & ,PLATO & ,EPICURUS & ,DESC>TES MAY SUCCESSIVELY YIELD TO EA* O!R3 BUT ,T]5CE & ,VIRGIL MA9TA9 AN UNIV]SAL1 UNDISPUT$ EMPIRE OV] ! M9DS ( M54 ,! AB/RACT PHILOSOPHY ( ,CIC]O HAS LO/ ITS CR$IT3 ! VEHEM5CE ( HIS ORATORY IS /ILL ! OBJECT ( \R ADMIRATION40 

,A FEW EXAMPLES ( ! 9/ABILITY ( FAME WILL PLACE ?IS QUE/ION 9 ! CLE>E/ LI<T4 

,NI*OLAS ,PEIRESK WAS BORN 9 ! YE> #a#e#h4 ,HIS PROGRESS 9 KN[L$GE WAS SO V>I\S & UNPREC$5T$1 ?AT1 FROM ! TIME ?AT HE WAS TW5TY-ONE YE>S ( AGE1 HE WAS UNIV]SALLY CONSID]$ AS HOLD+ ! HELM ( LE>N+ 9 HIS H&1 & GUID+ ! COMMONWEAL? ( LETT]S4 ,HE DI$ AT ! AGE ( FIFTY-SEV54 ,! ACADEMY ( ! ,HUMORI/I AT ,ROME PAID ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y HONORS TO HIS MEMORY2 MANY ( ! C>D9ALS ASSI/$ AT HIS FUN]AL ORATION2 & A COLLECTION ( V]SES 9 HIS PRAISE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 MORE ?AN =TY LANGUAGES4 

,SALMASIUS WAS REG>D$ AS A PRODIGY ( LE>N+2 & V>I\S PR9CES & P[]S 5T]$ 9TO A COMPETITION :O %\LD BE SO =TUNATE AS TO SECURE HIS RESID5CE 9 !IR /ATES4 ,*RI/9A1 QUE5 ( ,SW$51 HAV+ OBTA9$ ! PREF]5CE1 RECEIV$ HIM ) S+UL> REV]5CE & ATT5TION2 &1 ,SALMASIUS BE+ TAK5 ILL AT ,/OCKHOLM1 & CONF9$ TO HIS B$1 ! QUE5 P]SI/$ ) H] [N H& TO PREP>E HIS CAUDLES1 & M5D HIS FIRE4 ,YET1 BUT = ! ACCID5T ( HIS HAV+ HAD ,MILTON = HIS ADV]S>Y1 HIS NAME W\LD N[ BE AS LITTLE REMEMB]$1 EV5 BY ! G5]ALITY ( ! LE>N$1 AS ?AT ( ,PEIRESK4 

,DU ,B>TAS1 9 ! REIGN ( ,H5RY ! ,F\R? ( ,FRANCE1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL POETS ?AT EV] EXI/$4 ,HIS POEM ON ! ,CREATION ( ! ,WORLD W5T ?R\< UPW>DS ( ?IRTY $ITIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( FIVE OR SIX YE>S1 WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO MO/ ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES1 & ITS COMM5TATORS PROMIS$ TO EQUAL 9 COPI\SNESS & NUMB] ! COMM5TATORS ON ,HOM]4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ ADMIR$ ( \R ,5GLI% POETS AB\T ! CLOSE ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 WAS ,DONNE4 ,UNLIKE MANY ( ?OSE TRIVIAL WRIT]S ( V]SE :O SUCCE$$ HIM AFT] AN 9T]VAL ( =TY OR FIFTY YE>S1 & :O WON = !MSELVES A BRILLIANT REPUTATION BY ! SMOO?NESS ( !IR NUMB]S1 ! ELEGANCE ( !IR CONCEPTIONS1 & ! POLIT5ESS ( !IR /YLE1 ,DONNE WAS FULL ( ORIG9ALITY1 5]GY & VIGOR4 ,NO MAN CAN READ HIM )\T FEEL+ HIMSELF CALL$ UPON = E>NE/ EX]CISE ( HIS ?9K+ P[]S1 &1 EV5 ) ! MO/ FIX$ ATT5TION & APPLICATION1 ! /UD5T IS (T5 OBLIG$ TO CONFESS HIS 9ABILITY TO TAKE 9 ! :OLE ( ! MEAN+ ) :I* ! POET'S M9D WAS P]CEPTIBLY FRAU<T4 ,EV]Y S5T5CE ?AT ,DONNE WRITES1 :E!R 9 V]SE OR PROSE1 IS EXCLUSIVELY HIS [N4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 HIS ?\<TS >E (T5 9 ! NOBLE/ S5SE ( ! WORD POETICAL2 & PASSAGES MAY BE QUOT$ FROM HIM ?AT NO ,5GLI% POET MAY ATTEMPT TO RIVAL1 UNLESS IT BE ,MILTON & ,%AKESPE>4 ,B5 ,JONSON OBS]V$ ( HIM ) GREAT TRU? & A PROPHETIC SPIRIT3 0,DONNE = NOT BE+ UND]/OOD WILL P]I%40 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,IF ,WALL] & ,SUCKL+ & ,C>EW SACRIFIC$ EV]Y ?+ TO ! ,GRACES1 ,DONNE W5T 9TO ! O!R EXTREME4 ,) A FEW SPL5DID & ADMIRABLE EXCEPTIONS1 HIS PHRASEOLOGY & V]SIFICATION >E CRABB$ & REPULSIVE4 ,&1 AS POETRY IS READ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE = PLEASURE1 ,DONNE IS LEFT UNDI/URB$ ON ! %ELF1 OR RA!R 9 ! SEPUL*]2 & NOT ONE 9 AN HUNDR$ EV5 AMONG P]SONS ( CULTIVATION1 CAN GIVE ANY ACC\NT ( HIM1 IF 9 REALITY !Y EV] HE>D ( HIS PRODUCTIONS4 

,! NAME ( ,%AKESPE> IS ?AT BE=E :I* EV]Y KNEE MU/ B[4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT ALWAYS SO4 ,:5 ! FIR/ NOVELTY ( HIS PIECES WAS GONE1 !Y W]E SELDOM CALL$ 9TO REQUISITION4 ,ONLY ?REE OR F\R ( HIS PLAYS W]E UPON ! ACT+ LI/ ( ! PR9CIPAL COMPANY ( PLAY]S DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,*>LES ! ,SECOND2 & ! PRODUCTIONS ( ,BEAUMONT & ,FLET*]1 & ( ,%IRLEY1 W]E ACT$ ?REE TIMES = ONCE ( HIS4 ,AT L5G? ,BETT]TON REVIV$1 & BY HIS ADMIRABLE REPRES5TATION GAVE POPUL>ITY TO1 ,MACBE?1 ,HAMLET & ,LE>1 A POPUL>ITY !Y HAVE EV] S9CE RETA9$4 ,BUT ,MACBE? WAS NOT REVIV$ 7) MUSIC1 & ALT]ATIONS BY SIR ,WILLIAM ,DAV5ANT7 TILL #a#f#g#d2 & ,LE> A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ) LOVE SC5ES & A HAPPY CATA/ROPHE BY ,NAHUM ,TATE4 

,9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! REIGN ( ,*>LES ! ,SECOND1 ,DRYD5 & ,OTWAY & ,LEE HELD ! UNDISPUT$ SUPREMACY 9 ! S]I\S DRAMA4 

,SU* WAS ! 9S5SIBILITY ( ! ,5GLI% PUBLIC TO NATURE1 & H] HI< PRIE/1 ,%AKESPE>4 ,! ONLY ONE ( !IR PRODUCTIONS ?AT HAS SURVIV$ UPON ! !AT]1 IS ,V5ICE ,PRES]V$3 & :Y IT HAS DONE SO IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY2 OR RA!R IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO ASSIGN A JU/ & HONORABLE REASON = IT4 ,ALL ! P]SONAGES 9 ?IS PIECE >E ( AN AB&ON$ & PR(LIGATE *>ACT]4 ,PI]RE IS A MAN RESOLV$ TO DE/ROY & ROOT UP ! REPUBLIC BY :I* HE WAS EMPLOY$1 BECAUSE HIS MI/RESS1 A C\RTESAN1 IS M]C5>Y1 & 5DURES ! AMOR\S VISITS ( AN IMPOT5T OLD LE*]4 ,JAFFI]1 )\T EV5 ! PR(ESSION ( ANY PUBLIC PR9CIPLE1 JO9S 9 ! CONSPIRACY1 BECAUSE HE HAS BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO LUXURY & PRODIGAL EXP5SE & IS POOR4 ,HE HAS H[EV] NO SOON] 5T]$ 9TO ! PLOT1 ?AN HE BETRAYS IT1 & TURNS 9=M] TO ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ HIS ASSOCIATES4 ,BELVID]A 9/IGATES HIM TO ?IS TREA*]Y1 BECAUSE %E CANNOT BE> ! ?\<T ( HAV+ H] FA!R MURD]$1 & IS ABSURD 5\< TO IMAG9E ?AT %E & H] HUSB& %ALL BE T5D] & HAPPY LOV]S EV] AFT]4 ,!IR LOVE 9 ! LATT] ACTS ( ! PLAY IS A CONT9U$ TIRADE ( BOMBA/ & S\ND+ NONS5SE1 )\T ONE REAL S5TIM5T1 ONE JU/ REFLECTION1 OR ONE /RONG EMOTION WORK+ FROM ! HE>T1 & ANALYZ+ ! NATURE ( MAN4 ,! FOLLY ( ?IS LOVE CAN ONLY BE EXCE$$1 BY ! ABJECT & DESPICABLE CR\*+ & FAWN+ ( ,JAFFI] TO ! MAN HE HAD SO BASELY BETRAY$1 & !IR SUBSEQU5T RECONCILIATION4 ,!RE IS NOT A PRODUCTION 9 ! :OLE REALMS ( FICTION1 ?AT HAS LESS PRET5SION TO MANLY1 OR EV5 5DURABLE FEEL+1 OR TO COMMON PROPRIETY4 ,! TOTAL DEFECT ( A MORAL S5SE 9 ?IS PIECE IS /RONGLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! REIGN 9 :I* IT WAS WRITT54 ,IT HAS 9 ! MEAN :ILE A RI*NESS ( MELODY1 & A PICTURESQU5ESS ( ACTION1 ?AT 5ABLES IT TO DELUDE1 & ?AT EV5 DRAWS TE>S FROM ! EYES (1 P]SONS :O CAN BE WON OV] BY ! EYE & ! E>1 ) ALMO/ NO P>TICIPATION ( ! UND]/&+4 ,& ?IS UNMEAN+ RANT & S5SELESS DECLAMATION SUFFIC$ = ! TIME TO ?R[ 9TO %ADE ?OSE EXQUISITE DEL9EATIONS ( *>ACT]1 ?OSE TRANSC5D5T BUR/S ( PASSION1 & ?AT P]FECT ANATOMY ( ! HUMAN HE>T1 :I* R5D] ! MA/]-PIECES ( ,%AKESPE> A PROP]TY = ALL NATIONS & ALL TIMES4 

,:ILE ,%AKESPE> WAS P>TLY =GOTT51 IT CONT9U$ TO BE TOTALLY UNKN[N ?AT HE HAD CONTEMPOR>IES AS 9EXPRESSIBLY SUP]IOR TO ! DRAMATIC WRIT]S ?AT HAVE APPE>$ S9CE1 AS !SE CONTEMPOR>IES W]E !MSELVES BEL[ ! ALMI<TY MA/] ( SC5IC COMPOSITION4 ,IT WAS ! FA%ION TO SAY1 ?AT ,%AKESPE> EXI/$ ALONE 9 A B>B>\S AGE1 & ?AT ALL HIS IMPUT$ CRUDITIES1 & 9T]MIXTURE ( :AT WAS NOBLE/ ) UNP>ALLEL$ ABSURDITY & BUFFOON]Y1 W]E TO BE ALL[$ = TO HIM ON ?AT CONSID]ATION4 

,C[LEY /&S =W>D AS A MEMORABLE 9/ANCE ( ! 9CON/ANCY ( FAME4 ,HE WAS A MO/ AMIABLE MAN2 & ! LOVEL9ESS ( HIS M9D %9ES \T 9 HIS PRODUCTIONS4 ,HE HAD A TRULY POETIC FRAME ( S\L2 & HE P\RS \T ! BEAUTIFUL FEEL+S ?AT POSSESS$ HIM UNRES]V$LY & AT L>GE4 ,HE WAS A GREAT SUFF]] 9 ! ,/U>T CAUSE1 HE HAD BE5 A PR9CIPAL MEMB] ( ! C\RT ( ! EXIL$ QUE52 &1 :5 ! K+ WAS RE/OR$1 IT WAS A DEEP S5TIM5T AMONG HIS FOLL[]S & FRI5DS TO ADMIRE ! V]SES ( ,C[LEY4 ,HE WAS 0! ,POET40 ,! ROYALI/ RHYM]S W]E SET LI<TLY BY 9 COMP>ISON ) HIM4 ,MILTON1 ! REPUBLICAN1 :O1 BY HIS COLLECTION PUBLI%$ DUR+ ! CIVIL W>1 HAD %EWN ?AT HE WAS 5TITL$ TO ! HI<E/ EM95CE1 WAS UNANIM\SLY CONSIGN$ TO OBLIVION4 ,C[LEY DI$ 9 #a#f#f#g2 & ! DUKE ( ,BUCK+HAM1 ! AU?OR ( ! ,REHE>SAL1 EI<T YE>S AFT]1 SET UP HIS TOMB 9 ! CEMET]Y ( ! NATION1 ) AN 9SCRIPTION1 DECL>+ HIM TO BE AT ONCE 0! ,P9D>1 ! ,HORACE & ,VIRGIL ( HIS C\NTRY1 ! DELI<T & ! GLORY ( HIS AGE1 :I* BY HIS DEA? WAS LEFT A P]PETUAL M\RN]40--,YET--SO CAPRICI\S IS FAME --A C5TURY HAS NE>LY ELAPS$1 S9CE ,POPE SAID1 

,:O N[ READS ,C[LEY8 ,IF HE PLEASES YET1 

,HIS MORAL PLEASES1 NOT HIS PO9T$ WIT2 

,=GOT HIS EPIC1 NAY1 ,P9D>IC >T1 

,BUT /ILL ,I LOVE ! LANGUAGE ( HIS HE>T4 

,AS ,C[LEY WAS ! GREAT ROYALI/ POET AFT] ! ,RE/ORATION1 ,CLEVEL& /OOD 9 ! SAME RANK DUR+ ! CIVIL W>4 ,9 ! PUBLICATION ( HIS WORKS ONE $ITION SUCCE$$ TO ANO!R1 YE>LY OR (T5]1 = MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S4 ,HIS SATIRE IS EM95TLY POIGNANT2 HE IS ( A /R5G? & 5]GY ( ?9K+ UNCOMMONLY MASCUL9E2 & HE COMPRESSES HIS MEAN+ SO AS TO GIVE IT EV]Y ADVANTAGE4 ,HIS IMAG9ATION IS FULL ( CORUSCATION & BRILLIANCY4 ,HIS PETITION TO ,CROMWEL1 LORD PROTECTOR ( ,5GL&1 :5 ! POET WAS UND] CONF9EM5T = HIS LOYAL PR9CIPLES1 IS A S+UL> EXAMPLE ( MANLY FIRMNESS1 GREAT 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D1 & A HAPPY *OICE ( TOPICS TO AWAK5 FEEL+S ( =BE>ANCE & CLEM5CY4 ,IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO SAY ?AT ,CLEVEL& IS N[ UNKN[N1 EXCEPT TO SU* AS FEEL !MSELVES IMPELL$ TO SE>* 9TO ?+S =GOTT54 

,IT W\LD BE 5DLESS TO ADDUCE ALL ! EXAMPLES ?AT MI<T BE F\ND ( ! CAPRICES ( FAME4 ,IT HAS BE5 ONE ( ! >TS ( ! 5VI\S TO SET UP A CONTEMPTIBLE RIVAL TO ECLIPSE ! SPL5DOR ( /]L+ M]IT4 ,?US ,CR[NE & ,SETTLE = A TIME DI/URB$ ! S]5ITY ( ,DRYD54 ,VOLTAIRE SAYS1 ! ,PHA$RA ( ,PRADON HAS NOT LESS PASSION ?AN ?AT ( ,RAC9E1 BUT EXPRESS$ 9 RUGG$ V]SE & B>B>\S LANGUAGE4 ,PRADON IS N[ =GOTT53 & ! :OLE ,FR5* POETRY ( ! ,AUGU/AN AGE ( ,L\IS ! ,F\RTE5? IS ?REAT5$ ) ! SAME FATE4 ,HAYLEY = A FEW YE>S WAS APPLAUD$ AS ! G5U9E SUCCESSOR ( ,POPE2 & ! POEM ( ,SYMPA?Y BY ,PRATT W5T ?R\< TWELVE $ITIONS4 ,= A BRIEF P]IOD ALMO/ EA* SUCCESSIVE AGE APPE>S FRAU<T ) RESPL5D5T G5IUS2 BUT !Y GO \T ONE AFT] ANO!R2 !Y SET1 0LIKE />S ?AT FALL1 TO RISE NO MORE40 ,FEW 9DE$ >E 5D[$ ) ?AT /R5G? ( CON/RUCTION1 ?AT %\LD 5ABLE !M TO RIDE TRIUMPHANT ON ! TIDE ( AGES4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) CONQU]ORS4 ,:AT TREM5D\S BATTLES HAVE BE5 F\<T1 :AT OCEANS ( BLOOD HAVE BE5 SPILL$1 BY M5 :O W]E RESOLV$ ?AT !IR A*IEVEM5TS %\LD BE REMEMB]$ = EV]6 ,& N[ EV5 !IR NAMES >E SC>CELY PRES]V$2 & ! V]Y EFFECTS ( ! DISA/]S !Y 9FLICT$ ON MANK9D SEEM TO BE SWEPT AWAY1 AS ( NO MORE VALIDITY ?AN ?+S ?AT NEV] EXI/$4 ,W>RIORS & POETS1 ! AU?ORS ( SY/EMS & ! LI<TS ( PHILOSOPHY1 M5 ?AT A/ONI%$ ! E>?1 & W]E LOOK$ UP TO AS ,GODS1 EV5 LIKE AN ACTOR ON ! /AGE1 HAVE /RUTT$ !IR H\R1 & !N BE5 HE>D ( NO MORE4 

,BOOKS HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL O!R PRODUCTIONS ( ! HUMAN HEAD OR H&4 ,COPIES ( !M MAY BE MULTIPLI$ = EV]1 ! LA/ AS GOOD AS ! FIR/1 EXCEPT SO F> AS SOME SLI<T 9ADV]T5T ]RORS MAY HAVE 9S9UAT$ !MSELVES4 ,! ,ILIAD FL\RI%ES AS GRE5 N[1 AS ON ! DAY ?AT ,PISI/RATUS IS SAID FIR/ TO HAVE /AMP$ UPON IT ITS PRES5T ORD]4 ,! SONGS ( ! ,RHAPSODI/S1 ! ,SCALDS1 & ! ,M9/RELS1 :I* ONCE SEEM$ AS FUGITIVE AS ! BREA? ( HIM :O *AUNT$ !M1 REPOSE 9 LIBR>IES1 & >E EMBALM$ 9 COLLECTIONS4 ,! SPORTIVE SALLIES ( EM95T WITS1 & ! ,TABLE ,TALK ( ,LU!R & ,SELD51 MAY LIVE AS LONG AS !RE %ALL BE M5 TO READ1 & JUDGES TO APPRECIATE !M4 

,BUT O!R HUMAN PRODUCTIONS HAVE !IR DATE4 ,PICTURES1 H[EV] ADMIRABLE1 WILL ONLY LA/ AS LONG AS ! COLORS ( :I* !Y >E COMPOS$1 & ! SUB/ANCE ON :I* !Y >E PA9T$4 ,?REE OR F\R HUNDR$ YE>S ORD9>ILY LIMIT ! EXI/5CE ( ! MO/ FAVOR$4 ,WE HAVE SC>CELY ANY PA9T+S ( ! ANCI5TS1 & BUT A SMALL PORTION ( !IR /ATUES1 :ILE ( !SE A GREAT P>T >E MUTILAT$1 & V>I\S MEMB]S SUPPLI$ BY LAT] & 9F]IOR >TI/S4 ,! LIBR>Y ( ,BUFO IS BY ,POPE DESCRIB$1 

:]E BU/S ( POETS DEAD1 

,& A TRUE ,P9D> /OOD )\T A HEAD4 

,MONUM5TAL RECORDS1 ALIKE ! SLI<TE/ & ! MO/ SOLID1 >E SUBJECT$ TO ! DE/RUCTIVE OP]ATION ( TIME1 OR TO ! BE+ REMOV$ AT ! CAPRICE OR CONV5I5CE ( SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS4 ,! PYRAMIDS ( ,EGYPT REMA91 BUT ! NAMES ( HIM :O F\ND$ !M1 & ( HIM :OSE MEMORY !Y SEEM$ DE/9$ TO P]PETUATE1 HAVE P]I%$ TOGE!R4 ,BUILD+S = ! USE OR HABITATION ( MAN DO NOT LA/ = EV]4 ,MI<TY CITIES1 AS WELL AS DETA*$ $IFICES1 >E DE/9$ TO DISAPPE>4 ,!BES1 & ,TROY1 & ,P]SEPOLIS1 & ,PALMYRA HAVE VANI%$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 

0,?ORNS & BRAMBLES HAVE GR[N UP 9 !IR PALACES3 !Y >E 

 HABITATIONS = S]P5TS1 & A C\RT = ! [L40 

,!RE >E PRODUCTIONS ( MAN H[EV] ?AT SEEM MORE DURABLE ?AN ANY ( ! $IFICES HE HAS RAIS$4 ,SU* >E1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 MODES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( ,SP>TA LA/$ = SEV5 HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,?AT ( ,ROME = AB\T ! SAME P]IOD4 ,9/ITUTIONS1 ONCE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! HABITS ( A PEOPLE1 WILL OP]ATE 9 !IR EFFECTS ?R\< SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS4 ,MODES ( FAI? WILL SOMETIMES BE /ILL MORE P]MAN5T4 ,NOT TO M5TION ! SY/EMS ( ,MOSES & ,*RI/1 :I* WE CONSID] AS DELIV]$ TO US BY DIV9E 9SPIRATION1 ?AT ( ,MAHOMET HAS CONT9U$ = TWELVE HUNDR$ YE>S1 & MAY LA/1 = AU<T ?AT APPE>S1 TWELVE HUNDR$ MORE4 ,! PRACTICES ( ! EMPIRE ( ,*9A >E CELEBRAT$ ALL OV] ! E>? = !IR IMMUTABILITY4 

,?IS BR+S US NATURALLY TO REFLECT UPON ! DURABILITY ( ! SCI5CES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BAILLY1 ! OBS]VATION ( ! HEAV5S1 & A CALCULATION ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! HEAV5LY BODIES1 9 O!R WORDS1 A/RONOMY1 SUBSI/$ 9 MATURITY 9 ,*9A & ! ,EA/1 = AT LEA/ ?REE ?\S& YE>S BE=E ! BIR? ( ,*RI/3 &1 SU* AS IT WAS !N1 IT BIDS FAIR TO LA/ AS LONG AS CIVILIZATION %ALL CONT9UE4 ,! ADDITIONS IT HAS ACQUIR$ ( LATE YE>S MAY FALL AWAY & P]I%1 BUT ! SUB/ANCE %ALL REMA94 ,! CIRCULATION ( ! BLOOD 9 MAN & O!R ANIMALS1 IS A DISCOV]Y ?AT %ALL NEV] BE ANTIQUAT$4 ,& ! SAME MAY BE AV]R$ ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( GEOMETRY & ( SOME O!R SCI5CES4 ,KN[L$GE1 9 ITS MO/ CONSID]ABLE BRAN*ES %ALL 5DURE1 AS LONG AS BOOKS %ALL EXI/ TO H& IT D[N TO SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS4 

,IT IS JU/ !RE=E1 ?AT WE %\LD REG>D ) ADMIRATION & AWE ! NATURE ( MAN1 BY :OM !SE MI<TY ?+S HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! P]I%ABLE QUALITY ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL MONUM5TS1 & ! TEMPOR>Y *>ACT] & 9CON/ANCY ( ?AT FAME :I* 9 MANY 9/ANCES HAS FILL$ ! :OLE E>? ) ITS R5[N1 MAY REASONABLY QUELL ! FUMES ( AN 9ORD9ATE VANITY1 & KEEP ALIVE 9 US ! S5TIM5T ( A :OLESOME DIFFID5CE & HUMILITY4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S 

#a,ESSAYS1 ,P>T #a1 ,ESSAY XXIII4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahc 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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