,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c 
,D5IK9'S ,(F5SIVES & ,F9AL ,DEFEAT 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c4 ,D5IK9'S ,(F5SIVES & ,F9AL ,DEFEAT 

  

0,! ,/ATI/S10 AS ,>*9OV SAYS ) GOOD REASON1 0FE> ! FREE PEOPLE4 ,!Y MA9TA9 ?AT )\T AU?ORITY ! LATT] W\LD LOSE ! AN*OR ( SOCIABILITY1 ?AT !Y W\LD DISP]SE & RETURN TO ! SAVAGE /ATE4 ,!SE >E C]TA9LY ABSURD IDEAS1 HELD BY IDL]S1 LOV]S ( AU?ORITY & ! LABOR ( O!RS1 OR BY ! BL9D ?9K]S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 

,ALREADY1 ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! WORLD ( LABOR & ITS FRE$OM -- AU?ORITY -- WAS PRESS+ CLOSELY ON ! REGION .<( ! ,UKRA9E.>4 ,IT ?REAT5$ FROM TWO SIDES AT ONCE4 ,FROM ! S\!A/ ! >MY ( ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 WAS COM+ UP4 ,FROM ! NOR? ! >MY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ /ATE WAS DESC5D+4 ,D5IK9 >RIV$ FIR/ 

,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY1 SEV]AL C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DETA*M5TS COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,*K\RO1 OP]AT+ AS PATROLS1 HAD 9FILTRAT$ 9TO ! ,UKRA9E ALONG ! ,DON & ,KUBAN RIV]S & HAD APPROA*$ ,POLUGUI & ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ?REAT ( ! NEW C\NT]-REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! LIB]AT$ REGION4 

,NATURALLY1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5T >MY MOV$ TO ?IS SIDE4 ,ITS 9FANTRY & CAVALRY W]E WELL ORGANIZ$ & COMM&$1 FAIRLY WELL >M$ & FULL ( >DOR & 5?USIASM4 ,! 9FANTRY1 9DE$1 W]E EQUIPP$ 9 A V]Y UNUSUAL & ORIG9AL WAY4 ,!Y MOV$ LIKE CAVALRY ) ! AID ( HORSES1 NOT ON HORSEBACK BUT 9 LI<T C>RIAGES ) SPR+S1 CALL$ TAT*ANKA 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E4 ,TRAVEL+ AT A FA/ TROT1 ! SAME SPE$ AS ! CAVALRY1 !SE 9FANTRY C\LD EASILY MOVE FROM SIXTY TO SEV5TY KILOMET]S A DAY1 & EV51 IF NECESS>Y1 N9ETY TO A HUNDR$4 ,AS = ! ,MAKHNOVI/ CAVALRY1 IT WAS C]TA9LY AMONG ! BE/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,ITS ATTACKS W]E FURI\S & IRRESI/IBLE4 

,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT MANY ( !SE REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS HAD F\<T 9 ! #aiad W>1 & ?US W]E TRA9$ & PROV5 FI<T+ M54 ,?IS WAS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 = IT P]MITT$ ! PEASANT POPULATION TO RELIEVE1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! FATIGUE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ FI<T]S4 ,9 FACT1 AT C]TA9 SPECIALLY EXPOS$ SECTIONS ( ! FRONT1 A FEW HUNDR$ PEASANTS FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD W\LD REGUL>LY REPLACE ! EXHAU/$ FI<T]S4 ,! LATT] TURN$ OV] !IR >MS TO !M & W5T HOME4 ,AFT] TWO OR ?REE WEEKS ( RE/1 !Y RETURN$ TO RESUME !IR PLACE AT ! FRONT4 

,WE %\LD ADD ?AT ! PEASANTS ALSO ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 = REGUL>LY SUPPLY+ ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY ) FOOD & FODD]4 ,A C5TRAL PROVISION+ SECTION WAS ORGANIZ$ AT ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,SUPPLIES W]E BR\<T !RE FROM EV]Y DIRECTION TO BE S5T TO ! FRONT4 

,D5IK9 DID NOT AT ALL ANTICIPATE ! /UBBORN RESI/ANCE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 HE C\NT$ ON AN IMM95T /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,PETLURA'S ,DIRECTORATE & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,HE HOP$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS TO BEAT BO? EASILY & E/ABLI% HIS FRONT -- AT LEA/ = ! />T -- BEYOND ! NOR!RN LIMITS ( ! PROV9CE ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,BUT HE UNEXPECT$LY 5C\NT]$ ! EXCELL5T & T5ACI\S ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 

,AFT] ! FIR/ BATTLES1 ,D5IK9'S DETA*M5TS HAD TO BEAT A RETREAT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,DON & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV4 ,9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME1 ALL ! T]RITORY FROM ,POLUGUI TO ! SEA WAS LIB]AT$4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ P>TISANS OCCUPI$ SEV]AL IMPORTANT RAILWAY /ATIONS & CITIES1 SU* AS ,B]DIANSK & ,M>IUPOL4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS MOM5T -- ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i- -- ?AT ! FIR/ FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK9 WAS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$4 ,IT WAS LAT] EXT5D$ = MORE ?AN #a KILOMET]S TO ! EA/ & NOR?-EA/ ( ,M>IUPOL4 

,NATURALLY1 ,D5IK9 DID NOT GIVE UP4 ,HE CONT9U$ & 9T5SIFI$ HIS ATTACKS & 9FILTRATIONS4 ,= SIX MON?S1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HELD BACK ?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y FLOOD4 ,! FI<T+ WAS /UBBORN & FI]CE1 = ,G5]AL ,*K\RO ALSO HAD EXCELL5T CAVALRY4 ,MOREOV]1 HE US$ ! P>TISANS' TACTICS2 HIS DETA*M5TS W\LD P5ETRATE DEEP 9TO ! RE> ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 !N SPREAD \T RAPIDLY1 DE/ROY+1 BURN+ & MASSACR+ ALL !Y C\LD REA*2 !N !Y W\LD DISAPPE> LIKE MAGIC1 & APPE> SUDD5LY 9 ANO!R PLACE TO COMMIT ! SAME DE/RUCTION4 

,IT WAS EXCLUSIVELY ! LABOR+ PEOPLE :O SUFF]$ FROM !SE 9CURSIONS4 ,!Y .<! ,D5IK9I/S.> TOOK REV5GE = ! HELP ! PEASANTS GAVE TO ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 & = !IR HO/ILITY T[>DS ! ,D5IK9I/S4 ,!Y HOP$ ?US TO PROVOKE A REACTION AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,JEWI% POPULATION1 :I* HAD LIV$ = A V]Y LONG TIME 9 SPECIAL COLONIES ( ! ,AZOV REGION1 ALSO SUFF]$ FROM !SE RAIDS4 ,! ,D5IK9I/S MASSACR$ ! ,JEWS ON EV]Y VISIT1 ?US SEEK+ TO PROVOKE A POPUL> ANTI-,JEWI% MOVEM5T :I* W\LD HAVE FACILITAT$ !IR TASK4 

,H[EV]1 DESPITE !IR WELL-TRA9$ & WELL->M$ TROOPS1 DESPITE !IR FURI\S ATTACKS1 ! ,D5IK9ISLS C\LD NOT SUBDUE ! 9SURRECTION>Y TROOPS1 FULL ( REVOLUTION>Y >DOR & QUITE AS SKILLFUL AT GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y DUR+ ! SIX MON?S ( FURI\S FI<T+1 ,G5]AL ,*K\RO MORE ?AN ONCE RECEIV$ SU* BL[S FROM ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REGIM5TS ?AT ONLY PRECIPIT\S RETREATS ( FROM EI<TY TO ONE HUNDR$ & TW5TY KILOMET]S SAV$ HIM FROM COMPLETE DISA/]4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1' ! ,MAKHNOVI/S ADVANC$ AT LEA/ FIVE OR SIX TIMES ALMO/ TO ! WALLS ( ,TAGANROG4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T1 ONLY ! LACK ( M5 & WEAPONS PREV5T$ ,MAKHNO FROM DE/ROY+ ,D5IK9'S C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,! HATR$ & FURY ( ! ,D5IK9I/ (FIC]S T[>DS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S REA*$ 9CR$IBLE HEI<TS4 ,!Y SUBMITT$ !IR PRISON]S TO REF9$ TORTURES4 ,(T5 !Y MANGL$ !M BY EXPLOD+ %ELLS4 ,& SEV]AL CASES >E KN[N -- !Y W]E M5TION$1 ) FULL DETAILS1 9 ! 9SURG5T PRESS -- :]E PRISON]S W]E ROA/$ ALIVE ON %EETS ( R$ HOT IRON4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! FI<T+1 ,MAKHNO'S MILIT>Y TAL5T WAS REVEAL$ 9 A /RIK+ MANN]4 ,HIS REPUTATION AS A REM>KABLE W> LEAD] WAS RECOGNIZ$ EV5 BY HIS 5EMIES1 ! ,D5IK9I/S4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT PREV5T ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 FROM (F]+ HALF A MILLION RUBLES TO :OMEV] KILL$ OR CAPTUR$ ,MAKHNO4 

,DUR+ ?IS :OLE P]IOD1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS REMA9$ DI/ANT BUT AMICABLE4 ,ONE FACT EMPHASIZ$ ?IS4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aiai ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 HAV+ ?R[N BACK ! ,D5IK9I/S T[>DS ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV AFT] A H>D FI<T1 CAPTUR$ A HUNDR$ C>LOADS ( :EAT FROM !M4 ,! FIR/ ?\<T ( ,MAKHNO & ! /AFF ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY WAS TO S5D ?IS BOOTY TO ! />V+ WORK]S ( ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD4 ,?IS IDEA WAS 5?USIA/ICALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! MASS ( ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! HUNDR$ C>LOADS ( :EAT W]E DELIV]$ TO ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD ACCOMPANI$ BY A ,MAKHNOVI/ DELEGATION :I* WAS V]Y W>MLY RECEIV$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ,SOVIET4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS APPE>$ 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T MU* LAT] ?AN ,D5IK94 ,! 9SURG5TS HAD ALREADY BE5 FI<T+ ! LATT] = SEV]AL MON?S2 !Y HAD DRIV5 HIM \T ( !IR REGION & E/ABLI%$ !IR L9E ( DEF5SE TO ! EA/ ( ,M>IUPOL :5 ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIK DIVISIONS1 COM+ FROM ! NOR? & COMM&$ BY ,DYB5KO1 >RIV$ )\T 9T]F]5CE AT ,S9ELNIKOVO4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 LIKE ! :OLE 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T1 WAS ESS5TIALLY UNKN[N TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,UNTIL !N HE HAD BE5 SPOK5 ( 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS AS A BOLD 9SURG5T ( GREAT PROMISE4 ,HIS FI<T ) ,SKOROPADSKY1 !N ) ,PETLURA & ,D5IK91 BR\<T HIM ! GOODWILL ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S :O1 NATURALLY 5\<1 HOP$ TO 9CORPORATE HIS >MY 9TO !IRS4 ,SO !Y SANG ,MAKHNO'S PRAISES 9 ADVANCE1 & DEVOT$ :OLE COLUMNS 9 !IR NEWSPAP]S TO HIM1 )\T HAV+ MADE HIS ACQUA9TANCE4  
  

0,! FIR/ MEET+ BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK FI<T]S & ,MAKHNO'S M5 TOOK PLACE 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#a#i1 UND] ! SAME AUSPICES ( PRAISE & GOODWILL10 ,PET] ,>*9OV RECORDS4 0,MAKHNO WAS IMM$IATELY 9VIT$ TO JO9 ! ,R$ ,>MY ) ALL HIS DETA*M5TS 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE A UNIT$ FRONT = ! PURPOSE ( DEFEAT+ ,D5IK94 ,! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANTS W]E NOT CONSID]$ AN OB/ACLE TO A UNION ON ! BASIS ( A COMMON CAUSE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS LET IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY W\LD NOT BE VIOLAT$4 

0,MAKHNO & HIS /AFF W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT ! >RIVAL ( ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITY WAS A NEW ?REAT TO ! LIB]TY ( ! REGION2 !Y SAW IT AS A PROBABLE OM5 ( CIVIL W> ( A NEW K9D4 ,BUT NEI!R !Y NOR ! >MY NOR ! ,REGIONAL ,SOVIET WANT$ ?IS W>1 :I* MI<T WELL HAVE A FATAL EFFECT ON ! :OLE ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION4 ,!Y DID NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! OP5 & WELL-ORGANIZ$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS APPROA*+ FROM ! ,DON & ! ,KUBAN1 & ) :I* !RE WAS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE RELATION%IP -- ?AT ( >M$ CONFLICT4 

0,?IS DANG] 9CREAS$ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! 9SURG5TS RETA9$ SOME HOPE ?AT ! /RUGGLE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! REALM ( IDEAS4 ,9 ?IS EV5T1 !Y C\LD FEEL P]FECTLY SECURE AB\T !IR REGION1 = ! VIGOR ( ! LIB]T>IAN !ORY1 TOGE!R ) ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMON S5SE ( ! PEASANTS & !IR DEFIANCE ( ELEM5TS =EIGN TO !IR FREE MOVEM5T W]E ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( ! REGION'S FRE$OM4 

0,ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL OP9ION ( ! GUIDES ( ! 9SURRECTION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! MOVEM5T TO CONC5TRATE ALL =CES AGA9/ ! MON>*I/ REACTION & NOT BE CONC]N$ ) IDEOLOGICAL DISAGREEM5TS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS UNTIL ?AT WAS LIQUIDAT$4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! UNION BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,R$ ,>MY TOOK PLACE40  
  

,H]E >E ! ESS5TIAL CLAUSES ( ! AGREEM5T .<?AT WAS 5T]$ 9TO BY ! TWO >MIES.>1 0I4 ,! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY WILL RETA9 ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION 9TACT1 II4 ,IT WILL RECEIVE ,POLITICAL ,COMMISS>S APPO9T$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES1 III4 ,IT WILL ONLY BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,R$ SUPREME COMM& 9 /RICTLY MILIT>Y MATT]S1 IV4 IT CANNOT BE REMOV$ FROM ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK94.<#b#d.> V4 ,IT WILL RECEIVE MUNITIONS & SUPPLIES EQUAL TO ?OSE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY4 VI4 ,IT WILL RETA9 ITS NAME ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY & ITS BLACK FLAGS0 7! BLACK FLAG IS ! ,AN>*I/ FLAG74 

,WE %\LD SPECIFY ?AT AT ! SAME TIME ,MAKHNO'S >MY WAS BAPTIZ$ ! 0,?IRD ,BRIGADE04 ,LAT] IT BECAME ! 0,FIR/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,DIVISION01 & /ILL LAT] IT BECAME 9DEP5D5T AGA9 & ADOPT$ ! DEF9ITE NAME ( 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY ( ! ,UKRA9E 7,MAKHNOVI/740 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T = ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY WAS NATURALLY ! RET5TION ( ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS ?US NOT AN ACT ( 0ORGANIC0 9CORPORATION 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY ?AT TOOK PLACE1 BUT ONLY A PACT ( CLOSE COOP]ATION4 

,H]E ,I WILL PAUSE TO DISCUSS SOME ( ! FEATURES ( ?IS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS BAS$ ON ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES3 #a4 ,VOLUNT>Y 5LI/M5T2 #b4 ,ELIGIBILITY ( ALL = COMM& PO/S2 #c4 ,FREELY ACCEPT$ DISCIPL9E4 

,VOLUNT>Y ,5LI/M5T MEANT ?AT ! >MY WAS COMPOS$ ONLY ( REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S :O 5T]$ IT ( !IR [N FREE WILL4 

,ELIGIBILITY = ,COMM& ,PO/S MEANT ?AT ! COMM&]S ( ALL ! UNITS ( ! >MY1 9CLUD+ ! /AFF1 AS WELL AS ALL ! M5 :O HELD O!R IMPORTANT POSITIONS 9 ! >MY1 W]E EI!R ELECT$ OR ACCEPT$ )\T RES]VATION 7IF !Y HAPP5$ TO BE APPO9T$ 9 URG5T SITUATIONS BY ! COMM&] HIMSELF7 BY ! 9SURG5TS ( ! UNIT 9 QUE/ION OR BY ! :OLE >MY4 

,FREELY ,ACCEPT$ ,DISCIPL9E WAS A*IEV$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 ,ALL ! RULES ( DISCIPL9E W]E DRAWN UP BY COMMISSIONS ( 9SURG5TS1 !N APPROV$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! V>I\S UNITS4 ,ONCE APPROV$1 !Y HAD TO BE RIGOR\SLY OBS]V$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY ( EA* 9SURG5T & EA* COMM&]4 

,! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY WAS /RICTLY MILIT>Y4 ,ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS W]E VOLUNT>ILY EXCLUD$4 ,?IS LEFT ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ! REGION FREE TO FOLL[1 DESPITE ! ALLIANCE1 ! SAME C\RSE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 OR RA!R1 REVOLUTION1 ?AT !Y HAD BE5 PURSU+1 ! ABSOLUTELY FREE & 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITY ( WORK]S :O ACCEPT$ NO P[]4 

,WE %ALL SEE PRES5TLY ?AT ?IS WAS ! SOLE CAUSE ( ! BREAK BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! P>TISANS1 ( ! VILE & CYNICAL ACCUSATIONS LEVEL$ BY ! =M] AGA9/ ! LATT]1 & ( ! >M$ AGGRESSION ( ! ,COMMUNI/S AGA9/ ! FREE REGION4 

,S9CE ! CREATION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,SOVIET 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#i1 ! WORK+ PEOPLE .<( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >EAS.> CONSID]$ !MSELVES UNIT$ & ORGANIZ$1 & ?IS FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY 9DUC$ ! PEASANTS TO DEAL ) O!R CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( GREAT URG5CY4 ,!Y BEGAN BY ORGANIZ+ EV]Y:]E FREE LOCAL ,SOVIETS4 ,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TIME1 ?IS TASK WAS ACCOMPLI%$ SL[LY1 BUT ! PEASANTS HELD CONSI/5TLY TO ! IDEA1 FEEL+ ?AT IT WAS ! ONLY S\ND BASIS ON :I* A REALLY FREE COMMUNITY C\LD BE CON/RUCT$4 

,SOON ! PROBLEM ( DIRECT & SOLID UNION BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! URBAN WORK]S >OSE4 ,9 ! OP9ION ( ! =M]1 SU* A UNION %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ DIRECTLY ) ! WORK]S' 5T]PRISES & ORGANIZATIONS1 \TSIDE ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 ( ! ORGANS ( ! /ATE OR 9T]M$I>Y FUNCTION>IES4 ,!Y FELT 9TUITIVELY ?AT ?IS WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ! CONSOLIDATION & SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y W]E P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T W\LD 9EVITABLY PROVOKE A /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE & GOV]NM5T P>TY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W\LD C]TA9LY NOT R5\NCE !IR HOLD OV] ! MASSES )\T A /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! PEASANTS DID NOT FEEL ?AT ?IS DANG] WAS TOO S]I\S1 = !Y CONSID]$ ?AT ONCE !Y & ! WORK]S W]E UNIT$ !Y C\LD EASILY DEFY ANY POLITICAL P[] ?AT TRI$ TO SUBDUE !M4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! FREE & DIRECT UNION ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S SEEM$ ! ONLY NATURAL & FRUITFUL WAY ( F9ALLY A*IEV+ A TRUE & EMANCIPATORY REVOLUTION & ( ELIM9AT+ ALL ?OSE ELEM5TS ?AT MI<T IMP$E1 DE=M OR /IFLE IT4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ! PROBLEM ( UNION ) ! CITY WORK]S WAS RAIS$ & DISCUSS$1 UNTIL IT F9ALLY BECAME AN OBJECTIVE ( ! :OLE 9SURRECTION>Y REGION4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ) SU* AN ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE & ) PLANS ( ?IS K9D BE+ MADE1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 C\LD HAVE NO SUCCESS 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >EA4 ,:5 !SE P>TIES APPE>$ !RE ) /ATI/ PROGRAMS & PLANS ( ORGANIZATION1 !Y W]E RECEIV$ COLDLY1 9DIFF]5TLY1 SOMETIMES EV5 HO/ILELY4 ,(T5 !IR MILITANTS & AG5TS W]E CRITICIZ$ OP5LY AS PEOPLE :O CAME UN9VIT$ TO M$DLE 9 O!R PEOPLE'S AFFAIRS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES :O 9FILTRAT$ 9TO ALL P>TS ( ! REGION & :O POS$ AS MA/]S W]E MADE TO UND]/& CLE>LY ?AT !Y W]E CONSID]$ 9TRUD]S & IMPO/ORS4 

,AT FIR/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS HOP$ TO OV]COME ?IS PASSIVE RESI/ANCE BY ABSORB+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY & !N HAV+ !IR H&S FREE TO R$UCE ! POPULATION TO OB$I5CE4 ,!Y SOON LE>N$ ?AT ?IS HOPE WAS 9 VA94 ,! PEASANTS ( ! REGION DID NOT WANT TO HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AG5TS4 ,!Y IGNOR$ & BOYCOTT$ !M2 SOMETIMES !Y EV5 MALTREAT$ !M4 ,9 C]TA9 PLACES ! >M$ PEASANTS DROVE \T ( !IR VILLAGES ! 0,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSIONS0 7,*EKA71 & AT ,GULAI-,POLYA ! ,COMMUNI/S NEV] EV5 D>$ TO E/ABLI% SU* AN 9/ITUTION4 ,9 O!R PLACES1 ! ATTEMPTS TO IMPLANT ,COMMUNI/ ADM9I/RATION RESULT$ 9 BLOODY COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! POPULATION & ! AU?ORITIES1 :OSE SITUATION BECAME V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,AS = ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 IT WAS 9TRACTABLE4 

,IT WAS .<:5 !Y REALIZ$ ! TRUE NATURE ( ! SITUATION.> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN AN ORGANIZ$ & ME?ODICAL FI<T AGA9/ ,MAKHNOVISM1 BO? AS AN IDEA & AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,AS USUAL1 ! PRESS />T$ ! CAMPAIGN4 ,:5 ! ORD] WAS GIV51 IT BEGAN TO CRITICIZE ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T1 TREAT+ JT MORE & MORE AS A MOVEM5T ( RI* PEASANTS 7KULAKS71 DESCRIB+ ITS IDEAS & SLOGANS AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & CONDEMN+ ITS ACTIVITIES AS H>MFUL TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,DIRECT ?REATS ADDRESS$ TO ! GUIDES ( ! MOVEM5T APPE>$ 9 ! PAP]S AS WELL AS 9 ! SPEE*ES & ORD]S ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES4 

,SOON ! REGION WAS PRACTICALLY BLOCKAD$4 ,9 C]TA9 PLACES1 ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES E/ABLI%$ ROAD B>RI]S1 & SOON ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS GO+ TO ,GULAI-,POLYA OR RETURN+ FROM IT W]E >RE/$ ON ! WAY2 (T5 !Y DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! SUPPLIES ( AMMUNITION = ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY W]E CONSID]ABLY R$UC$4 

,IT WAS UND] ! %AD[ ( !SE NEW COMPLICATIONS & ?REATS ?AT ! ,?IRD ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANTS1 ,WORK]S & ,P>TISANS MET AT ,GULAI-,POLYA ON ,APRIL #a?1 #a#i#a#i4 

,ITS PURPOSE WAS TO FIX PRECISELY ! IMM$IATE TASKS AHEAD1 & TO CONSID] ! P]SPECTIVES ( REVOLUTION>Y LIFE 9 ! REGION4 ,! DELEGATES ( #gb DI/RICTS1 REPRES5T+ MORE ?AN TWO MILLION PEOPLE1 TOOK P>T 9 ! WORK ( ! CONGRESS4 ,I REGRET ?AT ,I HAVE NO TRANSCRIPT ( ! PROCE$+S1 = FROM ?IS ONE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SEE CLE>LY ) :AT W>M? & AT ! SAME TIME ) :AT WISDOM & CL>ITY ! PEOPLE S\<T !IR [N C\RSE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & !IR [N POPUL> =MS = ! NEW LIFE4 

,IT WAS T[>DS ! 5D ( ?IS ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ?AT ! DRAMA :I* HAD BE5 ANTICIPAT$ = SOME TIME BEGAN4 ,A TELEGRAM FROM ,DYB5KO1 COMM&] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK =CES1 >RIV$ AT ! MEET+ PLACE ( ! CONGRESS4 ,IT BRUTALLY DECL>$ ! CONGRESS 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 & ITS ORGANIZ]S 0\TLAWS04 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ DIRECT ASSAULT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ON ! FRE$OM ( ! REGION1 & IT WAS AT ! SAME TIME A DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 

,! CONGRESS UND]/OOD P]FECTLY ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,IT VOT$ IMM$IATELY AN 9DIGNANT PROTE/ AGA9/ ! TELEGRAM1 :I* WAS PR9T$ /RAI<T AWAY & DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS & WORK]S4 

,SEV]AL DAYS LAT]1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL DREW UP & S5T TO ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES1 9 ! P]SON ( ,DYB5KO1 A DETAIL$ REPLY 9 :I* !Y EMPHASIZ$ ! TRUE P>T PLAY$ BY ! REGION 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 & UNMASK$ ?OSE :O W]E REALLY RESPONSIBLE = DRAGG+ IT 9 A REACTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,?IS REPLY IS L5G?Y1 BUT WE >E TAK+ ! LIB]TY ( REPRODUC+ IT 9 FULL1 S9CE IT 9DICATES ADMIRABLY ! RESPECTIVE POSITIONS ( ! TWO P>TIES3 

0 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO DECL>ES ?AT ! CONGRESS CALL$ AT ,GULAI-,POLYA = ! #a? ,APRIL IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & PUTS ITS ORGANIZ]S \TSIDE ! LAW4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! SEV]E/ REPRESSION %\LD /RIKE !M4 ,WE QUOTE HIS TELEGRAM V]BATIM3 ',NOVO-,ALEXEIVKA1 ,NO4 #b#h#c1 #a? ,APRIL1 AT #b4#d#e P4M4 ,=W>D TO ,COMRADE ,FA!R ,MAKHNO1#a ,G5]AL ,/AFF ( ! ,ALEX&ROVSK ,DIVISION 444 ,ANY CONGRESS CALL$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 :I* IS N[ DISSOLV$ BY MY ORD]1 %ALL BE CONSID]$ MANIFE/LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & ITS ORGANIZ]S WILL EXPOSE !MSELVES TO ! SEV]E/ REPRESSIVE MEASURES1 TO ! EXT5T ( !IR BE+ DECL>$ \TLAWS4.<#b#e.> ORD] ?AT /EPS BE TAK5 IMM$IATELY SO ?AT SU* /EPS MAY NOT BE NECESS>Y4 ,SIGN$3 ,DYB5KO1 ,DIVISION ,COMM&]4' 

0,BE=E DECL>+ ! CONGRESS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO HAS NOT EV5 TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO F9D \T BY :OM & = :AT PURPOSE ?IS CONGRESS WAS CALL$4 ,?US HE SAYS ?AT IT WAS CALL$ BY ! 'DISSOLV$' ,REVOLUTION>Y ,/AFF ( ,GULAI-,POLYA1 :]EAS 9 REALITY IT WAS CALL$ BY ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL4 

0,CONSEQU5TLY1 HAV+ CALL$ ! CONGRESS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL DO NOT KN[ :E!R !Y HAVE BE5 DECL>$ \TLAWS1 OR :E!R ! CONGRESS IS CONSID]$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BY ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO4 ,IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 P]MIT US TO EXPLA9 TO ,Y\R ,EXCELL5CY BY :OM & = :AT PURPOSE ?IS CONGRESS -- 9 Y\R OP9ION C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y -- WAS CALL$4 ,& !N IT MI<T NOT SEEM SO T]RIBLE AS Y\ REPRES5T IT4 

0,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 IT WAS CALL$ BY ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION1 AT ,GULAI-,POLYA ITSELF4 ,IT WAS ! ,?IRD ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS CALL$ = ! PURPOSE ( DET]M9+ ! FUTURE FREE CONDUCT ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL 7Y\ WILL SEE1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO1 ?AT ?REE ( !SE 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' CONGRESSES HAVE TAK5 PLACE74 1 

0,A QUE/ION N[ >ISES -- :]E DOES ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL COME FROM1 & = :AT PURPOSE WAS IT CREAT$8 ,IF Y\ DO NOT ALREADY KN[ ?AT1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO1 WE >E GO+ TO TELL Y\4 ,! ,REGIONAL ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL WAS =M$ FOLL[+ A RESOLUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS :I* TOOK PLACE AT ,GULAI-,POLYA ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b? ( ?IS YE> 7Y\ SEE ?AT IT WAS A LONG TIME AGO -- Y\ W]E NOT EV5 H]E YET74 ,! ,C\NCIL WAS CREAT$ TO ORGANIZE ! FI<T+ M5 & PROCE$ TO A VOLUNT>Y MOBILIZATION1 = ! REGION WAS SURR\ND$ BY ,:ITES & ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS COMPOS$ ( ! FIR/ VOLUNTE]S DID NOT SUFFICE TO HOLD A V]Y EXT5D$ FRONT4 

0,!RE W]E NO ,SOVIET TROOPS 9 \R REGION AT ?AT TIME4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! POPULATION DID NOT C\NT V]Y MU* ON !IR 9T]V5TION1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! DEF5SE ( ITS REGION WAS ITS [N DUTY4 ,IT IS = ?IS PURPOSE ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL WAS CREAT$4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$1 FOLL[+ ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 ( A DELEGATE FROM EA* DI/RICT2 9 ALL1 !RE W]E #cb MEMB]S1 EA* REPRES5T+ ! DI/RICTS ( ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,TAURIDE4 

0,WE WILL GIVE Y\ LAT] SOME MORE DETAILS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,= ! MOM5T1 ! QUE/ION >ISES3 :]E DID ! ,SECOND ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS COME FROM8 ,:O CALL$ IT8 ,:O AU?ORIZ$ IT8 ,W]E ?OSE :O CALL$ IT \TLAW$8 ,&1 IF NOT1 :Y NOT8 ,! ,SECOND ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS WAS 9 FACT CALL$ AT ,GULAI-,POLYA BY AN 9ITIAT+ GR\P COMPOS$ ( FIVE P]SONS ELECT$ BY ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS4 ,?IS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS TOOK PLACE ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b?4 ,&1 TO \R GREAT A/ONI%M5T1 ! P]SONS :O CALL$ IT W]E NOT \TLAW$4 ,=1 Y\ SEE1 !RE W]E NOT YET .<9 ! REGION.> ANY ( ?OSE 'H]OES' :O D>E TO SUPPRESS ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 RI<TS CONQU]$ ) !IR [N BLOOD4 

0,?US A NEW QUE/ION >ISES4 ,:]E DID ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS COME FROM8 ,:O CALL$ IT1 ETC48 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO1 Y\ >E /ILL1 IT SEEMS1 RA!R NEW 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9E1 & WE %ALL HAVE TO TELL Y\ AB\T ITS V]Y BEG9N+S4 ,?AT IS :AT WE >E GO+ TO DO4 ,& AFT] LE>N+ !SE FACTS1 Y\ WILL P]HAPS %IFT Y\R SI<TS A LITTLE4 

0,! ,FIR/ ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS TOOK PLACE ON ,JANU>Y #b#cRD ( ?IS YE> 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y CAMP AT ,GREAT ,MIKHAILOVKA4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! DI/RICTS SITUAT$ NE> ! ,D5IK9 FRONT4 ,! ,SOVIET TROOPS W]E !N F> AWAY1 V]Y F> AWAY4 ,\R REGION WAS ISOLAT$ FROM ! :OLE WORLD1 ON ! ONE SIDE BY ! ,D5IK9I/S & ON ! O!R BY ! ,PETLURI/S4 ,!RE W]E ONLY ! 9SURRECTION>Y DETA*M5TS ) ,FA!R ,MAKHNO & ,/*\SS AT !IR HEAD1 & !SE RETURN$ BL[ = BL[ ) BO? ! 5EMY >MIES4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! V>I\S T[NS & VILLAGES DID NOT AT ?AT TIME ALWAYS BE> ! SAME NAMES4 ,9 ONE T[N !RE WAS A ,SOVIET1 9 ANO!R A ,POPUL> ,(FICE1 9 A ?IRD A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,/AFF1 9 A F\R? A ,PROV9CIAL ,(FICE1 & SO =?4 ,BUT ! SPIRIT WAS EQUALLY REVOLUTION>Y EV]Y:]E4 

0,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS WAS ORGANIZ$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! FRONT & CREATE A C]TA9 UNI=MITY ( ORGANIZATION & ACTION 9 ! :OLE REGION4 ,NO ONE CALL$ IT -- IT MET SPONTANE\SLY1 BY ! WI% & ) ! APPROVAL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,AT ?IS ,CONGRESS1 ! PROPOSAL WAS MADE TO RESCUE FROM ! ,PETLURI/ >MY \R BRO!RS :O HAD BE5 MOBILIZ$ BY =CE4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 A DELEGATION COMPOS$ ( FIVE P]SONS WAS ELECT$4 ,IT WAS GIV5 ! TASK ( PRES5T+ ITSELF TO ,FA!R ,MAKHNO'S /AFF & TO O!R /AFFS IF NE$ BE1 & ( 5T]+ ! >MY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN ,DIRECTORATE 7,PETLURI/7 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 TO \R BRO!RS ?AT !Y HAD BE5 FOOL$ & ?AT !Y %\LD LEAVE ?AT >MY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! DELEGATION WAS 9/RUCT$1 UPON ITS RETURN1 TO CALL A SECOND1 L>G] ,CONGRESS1 = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ ! :OLE REGION DELIV]$ FROM ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B&S & ( CREAT+ A MORE P[]FUL DEF5SE FRONT4 

0,! DELEGATES1 ON RETURN+ FROM !IR MISSION1 !RE=E CALL$ ! ,SECOND ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS1 \TSIDE ( ANY 'P>TY' OR ANY 'P[]' OR ANY 'LAW'4 ,= Y\1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO1 & ! O!R LOV]S ( LAWS LIKE Y\1 W]E !N F> AWAY6 ,& S9CE ! H]OIC GUIDES ( ! 9SURG5T MOVEM5T DID NOT WANT P[] OV] ! PEOPLE :O HAD JU/ BROK5 ) !IR [N H&S ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y1 ! ,CONGRESS WAS NOT PROCLAIM$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y & ?OSE :O CALL$ IT W]E NOT DECL>$ \TLAWS4 

0,LET US RETURN TO ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! CREATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 9 ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION1 ! ,SOVIET ,P[] APPE>$ 9 \R >EA4 ,FOLL[+ ! RESOLUTION PASS$ BY ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS1 ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL DID NOT DROP ITS WORK ON ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES4 ,IT HAD TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! ,C\NCIL WAS NOT AN ORGAN ( COMM& BUT AN EXECUTIVE4 ,IT ?US CONT9U$ TO WORK TO ! BE/ ( ITS ABILITY & HAS ALWAYS FOLL[$ ! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE 9 ITS WORK4 

0,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES BEGAN TO ]ECT OB/ACLES TO ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,! ,COMMISS>S & O!R HI< FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO TREAT ! ,C\NCIL AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL DECID$ TO CALL A ?IRD ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS ON ,APRIL #a? AT ,GULAI-,POLYA TO DET]M9E ! FUTURE CONDUCT ( ! ,C\NCIL OR TO LIQUIDATE IT IF ! ,CONGRESS CONSID]$ ?IS NECESS>Y4 ,& SO ! CONGRESS TOOK PLACE4 

0,!Y W]E NOT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES :O CAME TO IT1 BUT M5 :O W]E ! FIR/ TO RAISE ! /&>D ( ! 9SURRECTION & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y CAME TO IT TO HELP COORD9ATE ! G5]AL FI<T ( ! REGION AGA9/ ALL OPPRESSORS4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SEV5TY-TWO DI/RICTS AS WELL AS ?OSE ( SEV]AL 9SURG5T UNITS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,CONGRESS4 ,ALL ( !M F\ND ?AT ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL WAS NECESS>Y2 !Y EV5 5L>G$ ITS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE & 9/RUCT$ ! LATT] TO C>RY \T A VOLUNT>Y & EQUALIT>IAN MOBILIZATION ( ! REGION4 

0,?IS ,CONGRESS WAS SOME:AT A/ONI%$ TO RECEIVE ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO'S TELEGRAM DECL>+ IT 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'1 9ASMU* AS ?IS REGION WAS ! FIR/ TO RAISE ! /&>D ( 9SURRECTION4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,CONGRESS VOT$ A LIVELY PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS TELEGRAM4 

0,SU* >E ! FACTS1 :I* %\LD 5LI<T5 Y\1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO4 ,?9K6 ,HAVE Y\ ! RI<T -- Y\ ALONE -- TO DECL>E C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y A POPULATION ( A MILLION WORK]S1 A POPULATION :I* BY ITSELF1 ) ITS [N CALL\S$ H&S1 ?REW (F ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y & :I* IS N[ 9 ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ ITS [N LIFE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N WILL4 ,NO6 ,IF Y\ >E REALLY A REVOLUTIONI/1 Y\ WILL COME TO HELP IT 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! OPPRESSORS & 9 ITS WORK ( BUILD+ A NEW1 FREE LIFE4 

0,CAN !RE EXI/ LAWS MADE BY PEOPLE CALL+ !MSELVES REVOLUTIONI/S1 :I* P]MIT !M TO \TLAW A :OLE PEOPLE :O >E MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN !Y >E !MSELVES8 ,= ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,C\NCIL REPRES5TS ! :OLE MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 

0,IS IT P]MISSIBLE1 IS IT ADMISSIBLE ?AT !Y %\LD COME & E/ABLI% LAWS ( VIOL5CE TO SUBJUGATE A PEOPLE :O HAVE JU/ OV]?R[N ALL LAWMAK]S & ALL LAWS8 

0,DOES !RE EXI/ A LAW ACCORD+ TO :I* A 'REVOLUTION>Y' HAS ! RI<T TO APPLY ! MO/ SEV]E P5ALTIES TO A REVOLUTION>Y MASS1 ( :I* HE CALLS HIMSELF ! DEF5D]1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ?IS MASS HAS TAK51 )\T WAIT+ = HIS P]MISSION1 ! GOOD ?+S :I* ! REVOLUTIONI/ HAS PROMIS$ !M3 FRE$OM & EQUALITY8 

0,%\LD ! MASS ( REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE P]HAPS BE SIL5T :5 ! 'REVOLUTIONI/' TAKES AWAY ! FRE$OM :I* !Y HAVE JU/ CONQU]$8 

0,DO ! LAWS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ORD] !M TO %OOT A DELEGATE BECAUSE HE BELIEVES HE \<T TO C>RY \T ! M&ATE GIV5 HIM BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS :I* ELECT$ HIM8 

0,:OSE 9T]E/ %\LD ! REVOLUTION DEF5D8 ,?OSE ( ! P>TY1 OR ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE :O SET ! REVOLUTION 9 MOTION ) !IR BLOOD8 

0,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION HOLDS ITSELF ABOVE ALL PRESSURE1 ALL 9FLU5CE ( ! P>TIES2 IT ONLY RECOGNIZES ! PEOPLE :O ELECT$ IT4 ,ITS DUTY IS TO ACCOMPLI% :AT ! PEOPLE HAVE 9/RUCT$ IT TO DO1 & TO CREATE NO OB/ACLES TO ANY ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ! PROPAGATION ( IDEAS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF ONE DAY ! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA SUCCE$S AMONG ! WORK]S1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL -- ! 'MANIFE/LY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' ORGANIZATION -- WILL BE NECESS>ILY REPLAC$ BY ANO!R ORGANIZATION -- 'MORE REVOLUTION>Y' & ,BOL%EVIK4 ,BUT MEAN:ILE1 DO NOT 9T]F]E ) US1 DO NOT TRY TO /IFLE US4 

0,IF Y\ & Y\R LIKE CONT9UE1 ',COMRADE' ,DYB5KO1 TO C>RY ON ! SAME POLICY AS BE=E1 IF Y\ BELIEVE IT GOOD & CONSCI5TI\S1 !N C>RY Y\R DIRTY LITTLE BUS9ESS TO ITS CONCLUSION4 ,DECL>E ALL ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESSES CALL$ :5 Y\ & Y\R P>TY W]E AT ,KURSK \TLAWS4 ,PROCLAIM C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ALL ?OSE :O FIR/ RAIS$ ! /&>D ( ! 9SURRECTION1 ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & :O ?US ACT$ )\T WAIT+ = Y\R P]MISSION1 )\T FOLL[+ Y\R PROGRAM TO ! LETT]4 ,ALSO DECL>E ALL ?OSE :O S5T !IR DELEGATES TO ! 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' CONGRESSES \TLAWS4 ,F9ALLY1 \TLAW ALL ! VANI%$ COMRADES :O1 )\T Y\R P]MISSION1 TOOK P>T 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,PROCLAIM =EV] ILLEGAL & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ANY ,CONGRESS CALL$ )\T Y\R P]MISSION4 ,BUT KN[ ?AT TRU? WILL 5D BY CONQU]+ =CE4 ,DESPITE Y\R ?REATS1 ! ,C\NCIL DID NOT REL9QUI% ITS DUTIES1 BECAUSE IT HAS NOT ! RI<T TO1 & BECAUSE IT HAS NO RI<T TO USURP ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION4 

,SIGN$3 ,T*]NOKNIJNY1 PRESID5T2 ,KOGAN1 VISE-PRESID5T2 ,K>DBET1 SECRET>Y2 ,KOVAL1 ,PETR5KO1 ,DOTZ5KO & O!R MEMB]S ( ! C\NCIL40 

,! REPLY ( ! ,C\NCIL MADD5$ ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES4 ,IT PROV$ TO !M ?AT !Y HAD TO AB&ON ALL HOPES ( PEACEFULLY SUBJUGAT+ ! ,UKRA9E TO !IR DICTATOR%IP4 ,& FROM ?IS PO9T ON ! ,BOL%EVIKS PLANN$ AN >M$ ATTACK ON ! REGION4 

,! NEWSPAP] CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,MAKHNOVIT*9A R$\BL$ 9 9T5SITY4 ,! WOR/ VISES1 ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE CRIMES W]E IMPUT$ TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,! ,R$ TROOPS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\? & ! ,SOVIET POPULATION 9 G5]AL W]E SY/EMATICALLY >\S$ AGA9/ ! 0,AN>*O-B&ITS0 & ! KULAKS 9 REVOLT4 ,AS E>LI] 9 ,MOSC[ & LAT] 9 ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT1 ,TROTSKY P]SONALLY L$ A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! FREE REGION4 ,HAV+ >RIV$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E TO TAKE ! =?COM+ (F5SIVE 9 H&1 HE PUBLI%$ A S]IES ( (F5SIVE >TICLES1 ! MO/ VIOL5T ( :I* APPE>$ 9 ,NO4 #ea ( HIS PAP] ,ON ! ,ROAD UND] ! TITLE ,MAKHNOVIT*9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY1 ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ONLY A CAM\FLAG$ REVOLT ( ! RI* PEASANTS 7KULAKS7 SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% P[] 9 ! REGION4 ,ALL ! TALK ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S AB\T ! FREE WORK]S' COMMUNE WAS M]ELY A TACTIC ( W>1 ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY4 ,9 REALITY1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S HOP$ TO E/ABLI% 9 ! ,UKRA9E !IR [N 0,AN>*I/ ,P[]0 :I* W\LD AM\NT1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 TO 0?AT ( ! RI* PEASANTS04 

,?IS WAS ! SAME ,TROTSKY :O1 A LITTLE LAT]1 MADE HIS FAM\S PRON\NCEM5T ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 TO GET RID ( ,MAKHNOVISM4 0,IT W\LD BE BETT]01 HE EXPLA9$1 0TO YIELD ! :OLE ,UKRA9E TO ,D5IK91 A FRANK C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 :O C\LD BE EASILY COMPROMIS$ LAT] BY MEANS ( CLASS PROPAG&A1 :ILE ! ,MAKHNOVIT*9A DEVELOP$ 9 ! DEP?S ( ! MASSES & >\S$ ! MASSES !MSELVES AGA9/ US40 

,HE MADE ?IS PROPOSAL AT ! MEET+S ( ! COMM&]S & ! MILIT>Y LEAD]S4 ,& HE ?US PROV$1 ON ONE H&1 ?AT HE WAS P]FECTLY AW>E ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T &1 ON ! O!R1 ?AT HE WAS NOT AT ALL AW>E ( ! REAL *>ACT] ( ,D5IK9'S MOVEM5T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS UND]TOOK A S]IES ( RECONNOIT]+ EXP$ITIONS & 9VE/IGATIONS 9SIDE ! REGION4 ,HI< FUNCTION>IES & RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS -- ,KAM5EV1 ,ANTO-N(F-,OVSEL5KO & O!RS -- VISIT$ ,MAKHNO &1 9 AN APP>5TLY FRI5DLY WAY1 MADE 9QUIRIES & CRITICISMS2 SOMETIMES1 H[EV]1 !Y W5T AS F> AS 9S9UATIONS & EV5 UNDISGUIS$ ?REATS4 

,! PUTS* ( ! ,CZ>I/ EX-(FIC] ,GRIGORIEV -- WE WILL NOT DISCUSS IT 9 DETAIL1 AL?\< IT PRES5TS A C]TA9 9T]E/ -- :I* WAS LIQUIDAT$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HALT$ ?IS CAMPAIGN = A :ILE4 ,BUT IT WAS SOON RESUM$ 9 ALL ITS VIGOR4 

,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO4 ,! PLOT WAS FOIL$ BY ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ?ANKS TO HIS USUAL /RATEGY & ALSO TO A =TUNATE ACCID5T4 ,ANO!R ACCID5T & ! PROMPTNESS ( HIS REACTION P]MITT$ HIM TO GET HIS H&S ON ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! PLOT4 ,!Y W]E EXECUT$4 

,MORE ?AN ONCE1 MOREOV]1 ,MAKHNO WAS W>N$ BY COMRADES EMPLOY$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK 9/ITUTIONS NOT TO GO TO EI!R ,EKAT]-9OSLAV1 ,KH>KOV OR ANY:]E ELSE IF HE W]E CALL$1 S9CE ANY (FICIAL SUMMONS W\LD BE A TRAP :]E DEA? W\LD AWAIT HIM4 

,BUT ! WOR/ ?+ WAS ?AT JU/ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! 0,:ITE DANG]0 BECAME S]I\S1 ,D5IK9 HAV+ RECEIV$ CONSID]ABLE RE9=CEM5TS1 PRECISELY 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ SECTOR1 ?R\< ! >RIVAL ( A L>GE BODY ( ,CAUCASIANS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS COMPLETELY /OPP$ SUPPLY+ ! 9SURG5TS ) MUNITIONS4 ,ALL REQUE/S1 ALL W>N+S1 ALL PROTE/S W]E 9 VA94 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E FIRMLY DET]M9$ TO BLOCKADE ! ,MAKHNOVI/ SECTOR 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 ! >M$ /R5G? ( ! REGION4 ,!IR PLAN WAS V]Y SIMPLE3 TO LET ,D5IK9 WIPE \T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S :ILE PREP>+ TO ?R[ \T ! =M]1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 ) !IR [N =CES4 

,AS WILL BE SE51 !Y W]E S]I\SLY MI/AK5 9 !IR CALCULATIONS1 = !Y W]E NOT AT ALL AW>E ( ,D5IK9'S REAL /R5G? OR ( HIS LONG-RANGE PLANS4 ,HE WAS RAIS+ IMPORTANT CONT+5TS 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ! ,DON REGION1 & 9 ! ,KUBAN1 ) ! AIM ( A G5]AL CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?R[N BACK AGA9/ ! SEA A FEW MON?S PREVI\SLY1 BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS1 ,D5IK9 UND]TOOK ) GREAT 5]GY & C>E1 ! REORGANIZ+1 >M+ & PREP>ATION ( HIS TROOPS4 ,BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 HE HAD TO DE/ROY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY = ! 9SURG5TS ( ,GULAI-,POLYA CON/ITUT$ A P]MAN5T DANG] TO HIS LEFT W+4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ALL ?IS -- OR RA!R1 !Y DID NOT WANT TO KN[ ANY?+ AB\T IT1 BE+ PREOCCUPI$ ) ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,MAKHNOVISM4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,MAY1 #a#i#a#i1 HAV+ COMPLET$ HIS PREP>ATIONS1 ,D5IK9 />T$ HIS SECOND CAMPAIGN :OSE SCOPE & VIGOR SURPRIS$ NOT ONLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS BUT EV5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,?US1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! MON? ( ,JUNE1 ! FREE REGION & ! :OLE ,UKRA9E WAS ?REAT5$ ON TWO SIDES AT ONCE2 ON ! S\?-WE/ BY ! P[]FUL (F5SIVE ( ,D5IK92 FROM ! NOR? BY ! HO/ILE ATTITUDE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O1 )\T ! SLI<TE/ D\BT1 W]E GO+ TO LET ,D5IK9 WIPE \T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & W]E EV5 GO+ TO MAKE ! JOB EASI] = HIM4 

,IT WAS 9 !SE TR\BL$ CONDITIONS ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,GULAI-,POLYA1 9 VIEW ( ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION1 DECID$ TO CALL AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONGRESS ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 P>TISANS1 & ,R$ SOLDI]S ( A NUMB] ( REGIONS 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,KH>KOV1 ,KH]SON1 ,TAURIDE & ! ,DONETZ BAS94 

,?IS ,F\R? ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS -- DRAMATIC 9 ITS V]Y PREP>ATIONS -- WAS CALL$ = ,JUNE #a#e?4 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY TO EXAM9E ! G5]AL SITUATION & MEANS = AV]T+ ! MORTAL DANG] HANG+ OV] ! C\NTRY BO? BECAUSE ( ,D5IK9'S ADVANCE & ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES TO REALIZE :AT !Y W]E UP AGA9/4 

,! ,CONGRESS ALSO HAD TO CONSID] ! PROBLEM ( ! RATION+ ( FOOD AMONG ! POPULATION ( ! REGION1 &1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION 9 G5]AL4 

,H]E IS ! TEXT ( ! CALL TO ?IS ,CONGRESS :I* WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL TO ! WORK]S ( ! ,UKRA9E3  
  

0,CONVOCATION ( ! ,F\R? ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,CONGRESS ( ,WORK]S'1 ,PEASANTS' & ,>TISANS' ,DELEGATES 7,TELEGRAM ,NO4 #d#a#f74 

0,TO ALL ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEES ( ! DI/RICTS1 CANTONS1 COMMUNES & VILLAGES ( ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,TAURID & NEI<BOR+ REGIONS2 TO ALL ! UNITS ( ! #a/ ,9SURRECTION>Y ,DIVISION ( ! ,UKRA9E1 KN[N AS ,FA!R ,MAKHNO'S2 TO ALL ! TROOPS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY LOCAT$ 9 ! SAME REGION6 

0,9 ITS SESSION ( ,MAY #c1 ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL1 AFT] HAV+ EXAM9$ ! SITUATION AT ! FRONT CREAT$ BY ! (F5SIVE ( ! ,:ITE B&S & ALSO ! SITUATION 9 G5]AL -- POLITICAL & ECONOMIC -- ( ! ,SOVIET P[]1 REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ONLY ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES C\LD F9D A SOLUTION4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION HAS DECID$ TO CALL AN EXTRAORD9>Y ,CONGRESS = ,JUNE #ae AT ,GULAI-,POLYA4 

0,ME?OD ( ELECTION3 #a4 ,! PEASANTS & WORK]S WILL S5D A DELEGATE = EA* #c1 TOIL]S2 #b4 ,! 9SURG5TS & ,R$ SOLDI]S WILL DELEGATE A REPRES5TATIVE FROM EA* UNIT ( TROOPS2 #c4 ,! /AFFS3 ?AT ( ,FA!R ,MAKHNO'S DIVISION1 TWO DELEGATES2 ! BRIGADES1 ONE DELEGATE FROM EA* BRIGADE /AFF2 #d4 ,! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ( ! DI/RICTS -- ?OSE :I* RECOGNIZE ! ,SOVIET AS A BASE -- WILL S5D ONE DELEGATE = EA* ORGANIZATION4 

0,REM>KS3 A4 ! ELECTIONS ( DELEGATES ( WORK]S WILL TAKE PLACE AT G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! VILLAGES1 CANTONS1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS2 B4 ! SPECIAL MEET+S ( ! ,SOVIETS OR ! COMMITTEES ( ! V>I\S UNITS WILL NOT S5D DELEGATES2 C4 S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL DOES NOT HAVE ! NECESS>Y MEANS1 ! DELEGATES %\LD BE PROVID$ ) FOOD & MONEY4 

0,AG5DA3 A4 REPORT ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL & REPORTS ( ! DELEGATES2 B4 ! EXI/+ SITUATION2 C4 ! ROLE1 TASKS & AIMS ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION2 D4 REORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! REGION2 E4 MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! REGION2 F4 ! PROBLEM ( FOOD SUPPLY2 G4 ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM2 H4 F9ANCIAL QUE/IONS2 I4 UNION ( ! WORK+ PEASANTS & ! WORK]S2 J4 PUBLIC SECURITY2 K4 EX]CISE ( JU/ICE 9 ! REGION2 L4 NEW BUS9ESS4 

,DONE AT ,GULAI-,POLYA1 ,MAY #c#a1 #a#i#a#i40  
  

,AS SOON AS ?IS CALL WAS S5T \T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECID$ TO ATTACK ! REGION ( ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,:ILE ! 9SURG5T TROOPS W]E M>*+ TO !IR DEA?1 RESI/+ ! FURI\S ASSAULT ( ,D5IK9'S ,COSSACKS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIM5TS 9VAD$ ! 9SURG5T REGION FROM ! NOR?1 /RIK+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S 9 ! RE>4 ,9VAD+ ! VILLAGES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEIZ$ ! MILITANTS & EXECUT$ !M ON ! SPOT2 !Y DE/ROY$ ! FREE COMMUNES & O!R LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,IT WAS ,TROTSKY P]SONALLY :O ORD]$ ! ATTACK4 ,C\LD HE TOL]ATE AN 9DEP5D5T REGION A FEW /EPS AWAY FROM 0HIS ,/ATE08 ,C\LD HE REPRESS HIS ANG] & HATR$ :5 HE HE>D ! FRANK LANGUAGE ( A POPULATION :I* LIV$ FREELY & :I*1 9 !IR NEWSPAP]S1 SPOKE ( HIM )\T FE> OR RESPECT1 AS A SIMPLE ,/ATE FUNCTION>Y2 HE1 ! GREAT ,TROTSKY1 ! SUP]MAN AS HIS ACOLYTES 9 ,FRANCE & ELSE:]E /ILL CALL HIM8 

,?IS MAN ( LIMIT$ QUALITIES1 BUT ( IMMEASURABLE PRIDE & MALEVOL5CE1 ?IS GOOD ORATOR & POLEMICI/1 :O HAD BECOME -- ?ANKS TO ! MISC>RIAGE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ! 09FALLIBLE0 MILIT>Y DICTATOR ( AN IMM5SE C\NTRY1 ?IS 0DEMIGOD01 C\LD HE TOL]ATE AS NEI<BORS A FREE PEOPLE1 9FLU5C$ & HELP$ BY ! 0,AN>*O-B&ITS0 :OM HE CONSID]$ & TREAT$ AS HIS P]SONAL 5EMIES8 

,YET ANY /ATESMAN1 ANY ,SOCIALI/ PONTIFF1 EV5 IF LESS PRET5TI\S & SPITEFUL1 W\LD HAVE ACT$ AS HE DID4 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT HE WORK$ 9 P]FECT AGREEM5T ) ,L594 

,UNLIMIT$ PRIDE & SEE?+ RAGE %[ 9 EV]Y L9E ( ! MANY ORD]S ?AT HE ISSU$ AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVIT*9A4 ,H]E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 IS HIS FAM\S ,ORD] ,NO4 #a#h#b#d1 :I* HE ISSU$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! CALL ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,GULAI-,POLYA4  
  

0,ORD] ,NO4 #ahbd ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,KH>KOV1 ,JUNE #d1 #a#i#a#i4 

0,TO ALL ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISS>S4 ,TO ALL ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISS>S4 ,TO ALL ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEES ( ! DI/RICTS ( ,ALEX&ROVSK1 ,M>IUPOL1 ,B]DIANSK1 ,BAKHMUT1 ,PAVLOGRAD & ,KH]SON4 

0,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ,GULAI-,POLYA1 ) ! COLLABORATION ( ! /AFF ( ,MAKHNO'S BRIGADE1 IS TRY+ TO CALL1 = ! #a#e? ( ?IS MON?1 A CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & 9SURG5TS ( ! DI/RICTS ( ,ALEX&ROVSK1 ,M>IUPOL1 ,BAKHMUT1 ,B]DIANSK1 ,MELITOPOL & ,PAVLOGRAD4 ,?IS ,CONGRESS IS SQU>ELY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 & AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! S\!RN FRONT :]E ,MAKHNO'S BRIGADE IS /ATION$4 

0,?IS ,CONGRESS CAN HAVE NO RESULT O!R ?AN ! EXCIT+ ( SOME NEW1 DISGRACEFUL REVOLT LIKE ?AT ( ,GRIGORIEV1 & ! OP5+ ( ! FRONT TO ! ,:ITES1 BE=E :OM ,MAKHNO'S BRIGADE CAN ONLY RETREAT 9CESSANTLY1 ON ACC\NT ( ! 9COMPET5CE1 CRIM9AL DESIGNS & TREASON ( ITS LEAD]S4  

,BY ! PRES5T ORD]1 ?IS ,CONGRESS IS =BIDD54 ,9 NO CASE %ALL IT TAKE PLACE4  

,ALL ! PEASANT & WORK+-CLASS POPULATION %ALL BE W>N$1 ORALLY & 9 WRIT+1 ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 ! SAID ,CONGRESS %ALL BE CONSID]$ AN ACT ( HI< TREASON AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC & ! FRONT4  

,ALL ! DELEGATES TO ! SAID ,CONGRESS %ALL BE >RE/$ IMM$IATELY & BR\<T BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,TRIBUNAL ( ! #a#d? 7=M]LY #bND7 ,>MY ( ! ,UKRA9E4  

,! P]SONS :O SPREAD ! CALL ( ,MAKHNO & ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ,GULAI-,POLYA %ALL LIKEWISE BE >RE/$4  

,! PRES5T ORD] %ALL HAVE ! =CE ( LAW AS SOON AS IT IS TELEGRAPH$4 ,IT %\LD BE WIDELY DIFFUS$1 DISPLAY$ 9 ALL PUBLIC PLACES & S5T TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 TO ! COMM&]S & COMMISS>S ( ! MILIT>Y UNITS4  
  

,SIGN$3 ,TROTSKY1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REPUBLIC2 ,VATZETIS1 ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF2 ,>AL(F1 MEMB] ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REPUBLIC2 ,KO*K>EFF1 ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISS> ( ! ,KH>KOV REGION40  
  

0,?IS DOCUM5T IS TRULY CLASSIC10 SAYS ,>*9OV4 0,:OEV] /UDIES ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %\LD LE>N IT BY HE>T4 ,IT REPRES5TS SU* A CRY+ USURPATION ( ! RI<TS ( ! WORK]S ?AT IT IS PO9TLESS TO 9SI/ FUR!R ON ?IS SUBJECT40 

0,CAN !RE EXI/ LAWS MADE BY PEOPLE CALL+ !MSELVES REVOLUTIONI/S1 :I* P]MIT !M TO \TLAW A :OLE PEOPLE :O >E MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN !Y >E !MSELVES80 ,SU* WAS ONE ( ! QUE/IONS ASK$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 TWO MON?S PREVI\SLY1 9 !IR FAM\S REPLY TO ,DYB5KO4 ,>TICLE #b ( ,TROTSKY'S ,ORD] REPLIES CLE>LY ?AT SU* LAWS CAN EXI/ & ?AT ,ORD] ,NO4 #ahbd IS ! PRO( ( IT4 

0,DOES !RE EXI/ A LAW0 ASK$ ! REVOLUTIONI/S ( ,GULAI-,POLYA 9 ! SAME DOCUM5T1 0ACCORD+ TO :I* A 'REVOLUTIONI/' HAS ! RI<T TO IMPOSE ! MO/ SEV]E P5ALTIES ON ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS ( :I* HE CALLS HIMSELF ! DEF5D]1 ONLY BECAUSE ?IS MASS HAS TAK51 )\T WAIT+ = HIS P]MISSION1 ! GOOD ?+S ?AT ?IS REVOLUTIONI/ HAS PROMIS$ !M3 ,FRE$OM & ,EQUALITY80 ,! SAME >TICLE #b REPLIES 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE4 ,! 5TIRE PEASANT & LABOR+ POPULATION >E DECL>$ GUILTY ( HI< TREASON IF !Y D>E TO P>TICIPATE 9 !IR [N FREE CONGRESS4 

0,DO ! LAWS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ORD] ! %OOT+ ( A DELEGATE BECAUSE HE BELIEVES HE \<T TO C>RY \T ! M&ATE GIV5 HIM BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS :O ELECT$ HIM80 ,TROTSKY'S ORD] 7,>TICLES #c & #d7 DECL>ES ?AT NOT ONLY DELEGATES C>RY+ \T !IR M&ATES1 BUT EV5 ?OSE :O HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO C>RY !M \T1 %\LD BE >RE/$ & 0BR\<T BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,TRIBUNAL10 :I* WE MU/ EMPHASIZE WAS TANTAM\NT TO A DEA? S5T5CE4 ,SEV]AL Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 ,KO/91 ,POLON91 ,DOBROLUBOV & O!RS W]E BR\<T BE=E ! MILIT>Y TRIBUNAL & %OT1 ON ! *>GE ( HAV+ DISCUSS$ ! CALL ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,GULAI-,POLYA4 

,IT IS SAID ?AT 9 POS+ !IR QUE/IONS TO ,DYB5KO1 ! 9SURG5TS =ESAW ,TROTSKY'S ORD] ,NO4 #a#h#b#d4 ,EV5 IF ?IS W]E NOT ! CASE1 !Y %[$ GREAT P]SPICACITY 9 FRAM+ !M4 

,TROTSKY CONSID]$ ,MAKHNO P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ALL ?AT HAPP5$ AT ,GULAI-,POIYA4 ,HE DID NOT EV5 TAKE ! TR\BLE TO F9D \T ?AT ,CONGRESS WAS CALL$ NEI!R BY ! 0/ALL ( ,MAKHNO'S BRIGADE0 NOT ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ,GULAI-,POLYA1 BUT BY AN ORGAN P]FECTLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! TWO3 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! REGION4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ?IS ORD] ,TROTSKY ALREADY H>P$ ON ! 0TREA*]Y ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ LEAD]S0 :OM HE ACCUS$ ( 0RETREAT+ 9CESSANTLY BE=E ! ,:ITES40 ,HE =GOT TO ADD ?AT HE HIMSELF HAD ORD]$ ON ! V]Y EVE ( ,D5IK9'S ADVANCE ?AT NO MORE MUNITIONS BE SUPPLI$ TO ,MAKHNO'S BRIGADE4 ,?IS WAS A TACTIC4 ,IT WAS ALSO A SIGNAL4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ,TROTSKY & ! :OLE ,COMMUNI/ PRESS EXPATIAT$ ON ! PRET5D$ 0OP5+ ( ! FRONT0 TO ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,& ,ORD] ,NO4 #ahbd WAS FOLL[$ BY NUM]\S O!RS 9 :I* ,TROTSKY COMM&$ ! >MY & ! ,R$ AU?ORITIES TO DE/ROY ,MAKHNOVISM BY EV]Y ME?OD & AT ITS V]Y S\RCE4 ,MOREOV]1 HE GAVE SECRET ORD]S TO CAPTURE AT ANY CO/ NOT ONLY ,MAKHNO & ! MEMB]S ( HIS /AFF1 BUT EV5 ! PEACEFUL MILITANTS :O W]E ONLY C>RY+ ON PURELY $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! 9/RUCTIONS W]E TO BR+ !M ALL BE=E ! ,C\NCIL ( ,W> & EXECUTE !M4 

,TROTSKY KNEW ?AT ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK9 HAD BE5 =M$ ONLY BECAUSE ( ! EF=TS & SACRIFICES ( ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,?IS FRONT >OSE AT A P>TICUL>LY /IRR+ MOM5T ( !IR REVOLT -- :5 ! REGION WAS FREE FROM ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! S\?-EA/1 AS ! S5T9EL = ! FRE$OM !Y HAD WON4 ,= MORE ?AN SIX MON?S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS MA9TA9$ AN UNBREAKABLE B>RI] TO ! MO/ VIGOR\S ASSAULTS ( ! MON>*I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,!Y SACRIFIC$ SEV]AL ?\S& M5 !RE4 ,!Y PLAC$ ALL !IR RES\RCES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! CAUSE & PREP>$ TO DEF5D !IR FRE$OM TO ! 5D4 

,YES1 ,TROTSKY KNEW ALL ?AT4 ,BUT HE NE$$ A =MAL JU/IFICATION = HIS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,& IT WAS ) MON/R\S CYNICISM1 ) UNIMAG9ABLE 9SOL5CE & HYPOCRISY ?AT HE LET ?IS FRONT COLLAPSE1 DEPRIV+ IT ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 TAK+ AWAY ALL MEANS ( ORGANIZATION1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO ACCUSE ! 9SURG5TS ( HAV+ BETRAY$ ! REVOLUTION & OP5$ ! WAY = ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4.<#b#f.> 

,! ,F\R? ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS1 PROJECT$ = ,JUNE #a#e?1 C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,WELL BE=E ?AT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,D5IK9I/S W]E ALREADY ACTIVE 9 ! REGION4 

,9 ! >EAS :]E !Y W]E ALREADY E/ABLI%$1 OR 9 NEI<BOR+ DI/RICTS :I* !Y 9VAD$1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SET AB\T C>RY+ \T ,TROTSKY'S ORD]S4 ,AT ,ALEX&ROVSK1 = 9/ANCE1 ALL ! WORK]S' MEET+S PLANN$ = ! PURPOSE ( DISCUSS+ ! CALL ( ! ,C\NCIL & ! AG5DA ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E =BIDD5 UND] PA9 ( DEA?4 ,?OSE :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 IGNORANCE ( ! ORD] W]E DISP]S$ BY >M$ =CE4 ,9 O!R CITIES & T[NS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACT$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,AS = ! PEASANTS 9 ! VILLAGES1 !Y W]E TREAT$ ) /ILL LESS C]EMONY2 9 MANY PLACES MILITANTS1 & EV5 PEASANTS 0SUSPECT$ ( ACT+ 9 FAVOR ( ! 9SURG5TS & ! ,CONGRESS0 W]E SEIZ$ & EXECUT$ AFT] A SEMBLANCE ( A TRIAL4 ,MANY PEASANTS C>RY+ ! CALL W]E >RE/$1 0TRI$0 & %OT1 BE=E !Y C\LD EV5 F9D \T AB\T ,ORD] ,NO4 #a#h#b#d4 

,NEI!R ,MAKHNO HIMSELF NOR HIS /AFF RECEIV$ ANY COMMUNICATION AB\T ?IS ORD]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT$ TO AVOID AL>M+ !M TOO SOON1 9 ! HOPE ( CAT*+ !M BY SURPRISE1 & IT WAS ONLY BY *ANCE ?AT !Y HE>D ( ! ORD]1 ?REE DAYS AFT] ITS PUBLICATION4 ,MAKHNO REACT$ IMM$IATELY4 ,HE S5T A TELEGRAM TO ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES 9 :I* HE DECL>$ ?AT HE WANT$1 BY REASON ( ! SITUATION ?AT EXI/$1 TO GIVE UP HIS PO/ AS COMM&]4 ,!Y S5T HIM NO ANSW]4 

,WE HAVE N[ REA*$ ! FIR/ ( A S]IES ( EXCEPTIONALLY DRAMATIC TURNS 9 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ EPIC1 A TURN :I* SUBJECT$ ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ! COMM&]S ( ! V>I\S UNITS ( HIS >MY1 ! 9SURG5TS AS A :OLE1 & EV5 ! :OLE POPULATION ( ! FREE REGION1 TO A V]Y SEV]E TE/4 ,IF ?IS SITUATION WAS RESOLV$ TO EV]YBODY'S CR$IT1 IT WAS L>GELY DUE TO ! EXCEPTIONAL QUALITIES1 ! EXTREME VALOR & ! REM>KABLE SELF-DISCIPL9E ( ALL :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 IT4 

,SOME DAYS BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( ,TROTSKY'S ORD] ,NO4 #a#h#b#d1 ,MAKHNO DISCOV]$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD WEAK5$ ! FRONT 9 ! ,GRI*9O SECTOR & ?AT !Y W]E ?US (F]+ ,D5IK9'S TROOPS FREE ACCESS BY ! NOR?-EA/ FLANK 9TO ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION4 ,HE 9=M$ ! /AFF & ! ,C\NCIL DIRECTLY4 

,9 FACT1 HORDES ( ,COSSACKS HAD OV]RUN ! REGION1 NOT ?R\< ! ,9SURRECTION>Y FRONT1 BUT TO ITS LEFT1 :]E ! ,R$ TROOPS W]E /ATION$4 ,! SITUATION BECAME TRAGIC4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 :I* HELD ! FRONT ON ! ,M>IUPOL-,KUTE9IKOVO-,TAGANROG L9E1 WAS BYPASS$ BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS :I*1 9 5ORM\S MASSES1 9VAD$ ! V]Y HE>T ( ! REGION4 

,S9CE ! MON? ( ,APRIL1 ! PEASANTS ( ! :OLE C\NTRY HAD VA9LY S5T GREAT NUMB]S ( VOLUNTE]S TO ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ ) :I* TO >M !M1 S9CE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 CONTR>Y TO !IR PROMISES & ! AGREEM5T !Y CONCLUD$1 HAD CUT (F ALL SUPPLIES TO ! 9SURG5TS & ?US SABOTAG$ ! DEF5SE ( ! REGION4 ,) RAGE 9 !IR HE>TS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ /AFF W]E OBLIG$ TO S5D ! VOLUNTE]S HOME4 ,! ADVANCE ( ! ,D5IK9I/S WAS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT4  
  

0,9 A S+LE DAY10 ,>*9OV RECORDS1 0! PEASANTS ( ,GULAI-,POLYA =M$ A REGIM5T TO TRY & SAVE !IR VILLAGE4 ,!Y >M$ !MSELVES ) AXES1 PICKS1 OLD C>B9ES1 %OT GUNS1 & SET \T TO MEET ! ,:ITES1 SEEK+ TO DAMP5 !IR SPIRITS4 ,AB\T #ae KILOMET]S FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA1 NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,SVIATODUKHOVA1 !Y 5C\NT]$ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( ,DON & ,KUBAN ,COSSACKS4 ,! ,GULAI-,POLYANS 5GAG$ 9 A H]OIC & MURD]\S BATTLE ) !M1 & W]E NE>LY ALL KILL$1 9CLUD+ !IR COMM&]1 ,B4 ,V]ETELNIK(F1 A WORK] FROM ! ,PUTILOV ,WORKS 9 ,PETROGRAD1 :O HAD ORIG9ALLY COME FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,!N A REGUL> AVALAN*E ( ,COSSACKS FELL UPON ,GULAI-,POLYA1 & OCCUPI$ IT ON ,JUNE #f?1 #a#i#a#i4 ,MAKHNO1 ) HIS /AFF & A DETA*M5T ( TROOPS1 ) ONLY ONE BATT]Y1 RETREAT$ TO ! RAILWAY /ATION1 SITUAT$ AB\T SEV5 KILOMET]S FROM ! VILLAGE1 BUT 9 ! EV5+ HE WAS =C$ TO AB&ON ! /ATION AS WELL4 ,HAV+ REGR\P$ DUR+ ! NI<T ALL ! =CES HE C\LD /ILL MU/]1 ,MAKHNO VIGOR\SLY C\NT]-ATTACK$ NEXT MORN+1 & SUCCE$$ 9 DISLODG+ ! 5EMY FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,BUT HE ONLY REMA9$ MA/] ( ! VILLAGE A %ORT :ILE1 & ,D5IK9I/ RES]VES COM+ TO ! RESCUE ( !IR =CES1 OBLIG$ HIM TO AB&ON IT COMPLETELY40  
  

,AL?\< 9 ?IS WAY !Y HAD OP5$ ! FRONT TO ! ,:ITES & GIV5 CONFID5TIAL ORD]S DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CONT9U$ TO FEIGN FRI5D%IP T[>DS ! 9SURG5TS1 AS ?\< NO?+ 9 ! SITUATION HAD *ANG$4 ,?IS WAS A MANEUV] TO CAPTURE ! GUIDES ( ! MOVEM5T1 & ESPECIALLY ,MAKHNO4 ,ON ,JUNE #g?1 TWO DAYS AFT] S5D+ ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES ! TELEGRAM CONTA9+ ,ORD] ,NO4 #a#h#b#d1 ! ,BOL%EVIK SUPREME COMM&] S5T ,MAKHNO AN >MOR$ TRA91 BADE HIM RESI/ 0TO ! 5D01 & PROMIS$ HIM O!R RE9=CEM5TS4 ,9 FACT1 TWO DAYS LAT]1 SEV]AL DETA*M5TS ( ,R$ ,>MY TROOPS >RIV$ AT ! /ATION ( ,GAI*UR1 NE> ,T*APL9O1 TW5TY KILOMET]S FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA4 

,! COMM&]-9-*IEF1 ,VORO%ILOV 7! FUTURE ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> = ,W>71 ! ,COMMISS> ( ! ,>MIES1 ,MEJLAUK1 & O!R HI< ,COMMUNI/ FUNCTION>IES >RIV$ ) !SE DETA*M5TS4 ,CLOSE CONTACT WAS E/ABLI%$1 9 APPE>ANCE1 BETWE5 ! ,R$ COMM& & ?AT ( ! 9SURG5TS4 ,A K9D ( JO9T /AFF WAS CREAT$1 & ,MEJLAUK & ,VORO%ILOV 9VIT$ ,MAKHNO TO MOVE ON TO !IR >MOR$ TRA91 9 ORD]1 !Y SAID1 TO DIRECT OP]ATIONS JO9TLY4 

,ALL ?IS WAS ONLY A CYNICAL COM$Y4 ,AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T ,VORO%ILOV HAD 9 HIS POCKET AN ORD] SIGN$ BY ,TROTSKY1 COMM&+ HIM TO CAPTURE ,MAKHNO & ALL ! O!R RESPONSIBLE LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T1 TO DIS>M ! 9SURG5T TROOPS & TO %OOT )\T QU>T] ALL ?OSE :O ATTEMPT$ ! LEA/ RESI/ANCE4 ,VORO%ILOV WAS ONLY AWAIT+ A PROPITI\S MOM5T TO C>RY \T ?IS ORD]4 

,FAI?FUL FRI5DS W>N$ ,MAKHNO 9 TIME ( ! DANG] :I* HE WAS RUNN+ P]SONALLY & :I* ?REAT5$ HIS :OLE >MY & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,HIS SITUATION BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE WANT$ TO AV]T AT ALL CO/S ! BLOODY /RUGGLE .<BETWE5 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS.> :I* IT APPE>$ W\LD DEVELOP 9 ! FACE ( ! 5EMY4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE C\LD NOT SACRIFICE )\T A /RUGGLE HIS COMRADES1 HIS >M$ =CES & HIS :OLE CAUSE4 

,HE F\ND A SATISFACTORY SOLUTION4 ,WEI<+ EV]Y?+1 HE CAME TO TWO IMPORTANT DECISIONS4 #a4 ,HE RESOLV$ TO AB&ON1 = ! MOM5T1 ! PO/ ( COMM&] ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 #b4 ,HE DECID$ TO ASK ALL ! UNITS ( HIS >MY TO REMA9 :]E !Y W]E & ACCEPT -- TEMPOR>ILY -- ! ,R$ COMM&1 :ILE !Y WAIT$ = ! PROPITI\S MOM5T TO RESUME ! /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION4 

,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ) EXTRAORD9>Y COOLNESS & SKILL1 HE C>RI$ \T ?IS D\BLE MANEUV]4 ,HE QUIETLY LEFT ,VORO%ILOV & ,MEJLAUK1 & DECL>$ TO HIS /AFF ?AT1 = ! TIME BE+1 HIS WORK AS A SIMPLE FI<T] 9 ! RANKS W\LD BE MORE USEFUL4 ,TO ! ,SOVIET ,HI< ,COMM& HE S5T ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3  
  

0,TO ! ,/AFF ( ! #a#d? ,>MY1 ,VORO%ILOV TO ,TROTSKY1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL1 ,KH>KOV1 TO ,L59 & ,KEM5EV1 ,MOSC[4 

0,AS A RESULT ( ,ORD] ,NO4 #ahbd ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,I S5T ! /AFF ( ! #bND ,>MY1 & ,TROTSKY1 A TELEGRAM REQUE/+ ?AT ,I BE RELIEV$ ( ! PO/ ,I N[ OCCUPY4 ,I REPEAT MY REQUE/4 ,H]E >E ! REASONS :I* ,I BELIEVE %\LD JU/IFY IT4 ,AL?\< ,I HAVE MADE W>1 ) ! 9SURG5TS1 AGA9/ ! ,:ITE B&S ( ,D5IK91 PREA*+ NO?+ TO ! PEOPLE O!R ?AN ! LOVE ( FRE$OM & FREE ACTION1 ! :OLE (FICIAL ,SOVIET PRESS1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 HAS SPREAD RUMORS AB\T ME :I* >E UNWOR?Y ( A REVOLUTIONI/4 ,!Y WI% TO MAKE ME SEEM A B&IT1 AN ACCOMPLICE ( ,GRIGORIEV1 A CONSPIRATOR AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC = ! PURPOSE ( REE/ABLI%+ CAPITALISM4 ,?US1 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$ ,MAKHNOVISM 7,ON ! ,ROAD1 ,NO4 #e#a71 ,TROTSKY POSES ! QUE/ION3 ',AGA9/ :OM DID ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5TS >ISE8' & ALL ?R\< HIS >TICLE HE OCCUPIES HIMSELF ) DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ,MAKHNOVISM IS NO?+ BUT A BATTLE FRONT AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,HE DOES NOT SAY A WORD AB\T ! REAL FRONT AGA9/ ! ,:ITES1 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ KILOMET]S LONG1 :]E ! 9SURG5TS HAVE BE5 SUFF]+ 5ORM\S LOSSES = ! LA/ SIX MON?S4 

0,ORD] ,NO4 #ahbd CALLS ME 'A CONSPIRATOR AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC' & ! 'ORGANIZ] ( A REBELLION LIKE ,GRIGORIEV4' #a CONSID] IT AN 9VIOLABLE RI<T ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS -- A RI<T CONQU]$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION -- TO CALL ,CONGRESSES ON !IR [N ACC\NT TO DISCUSS !IR AFFAIRS4 ,?AT IS :Y ! PROHIBITION BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES ( ! CALL+ ( SU* ,CONGRESSES1 & ! DECL>ATION PROCLAIM+ !M ILLEGAL 7,ORD] #a#h#b#d7 REPRES5T A DIRECT & 9SOL5T VIOLATION ( ! RI<TS ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 

0,I UND]/& P]FECTLY ! ATTITUDE ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES ) REG>D TO ME4 ,I AM ABSOLUTELY CONV9C$ ?AT !SE AU?ORITIES CONSID] ! ,9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR ,/ATI/ ACTIVITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y BELIEVE ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T IS CLOSELY TI$ TO ME P]SONALLY & !Y HONOR ME ) ALL ! RES5TM5T & HATR$ !Y FEEL = ! :OLE ,9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,NO?+ C\LD DEMON/RATE ?IS BETT] ?AN ! >TICLE BY ,TROTSKY M5TION$ ABOVE1 9 :I*1 DELIB]ATELY ACCUMULAT+ LIES & SL&]S1 HE GIVES EVID5CE ( P]SONAL ANIMOSITY T[>DS ME4 

0,?IS HO/ILE ATTITUDE -- :I* N[ BECOMES AGGRESSIVE -- ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES T[>DS ! ,9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T LEADS UNAVOIDABLY TO ! CREATION ( A SPECIAL 9T]NAL FRONT1 ON BO? SIDES ( :I* >E ! WORK+ MASSES :O HAVE FAI? 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,I CONSID] ?IS EV5TUALITY AN IMM5SE1 UNP>DONABLE CRIME AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 & ,I BELIEVE IT MY DUTY TO DO :AT ,I CAN TO AV]T IT4 

0,! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS ( PREV5T+ ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES FROM COMMITT+ ?IS CRIME IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 EVID5T4 ,I MU/ LEAVE ! PO/ ,I OCCUPY4 ,I PRESUME ?AT1 HAV+ DONE ?IS1 ,I & ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURG5TS WILL CEASE TO BE SUSPECT$ ( 5GAG+ 9 ANTI-,SOVIET CONSPIRACIES BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES1 & ! LATT] WILL COME TO CONSID] ! 9SURRECTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E AN IMPORTANT PH5OM5ON1 A LIV+1 ACTIVE MANIFE/ATION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! MASSES1 & NOT A HO/ILE MOVEM5T ) :I* !Y CAN ONLY HAVE1 AS !Y HAVE %[N UP TO N[1 RELATIONS ( MI/RU/ & DECEPTION GO+ AS F> AS UNWOR?ILY B>GA9+ = EV]Y CASE ( MUNITIONS & EV5 SOMETIMES SABOTAG+ SUPPLIES1 :I* HAS CO/ ! 9SURG5TS 9NUM]ABLE LOSSES 9 M5 & T]RITORY WON BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 LOSSES :I* W\LD EASILY HAVE BE5 AVOID$ IF ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES HAD ADOPT$ ANO!R ATTITUDE4 

0,I REQUE/ ?AT SOMEONE COME TO TAKE OV] MY PO/4 

,GAI*UR ,/ATION1 ,JUNE #i?1 #a#i#a#i4 ,SIGN$3 ,BATKO ,MAKHNO40  
  

,ON RECEIPT ( ,MAKHNO'S /ATEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 SUPPOS+ HIM /ILL AT ,GAI*UR1 S5T M5 ) ORD]S NOT TO TAKE OV] HIS PO/1 BUT TO SEIZE HIM4 ,AT ! SAME MOM5T1 !Y TREA*]\SLY CAPTUR$ ! *IEF ( /AFF ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 ,OS](F1 ! /AFF MEMB]S ,MIKHALEFF-,PAVL5KO & ,BURBYGA1 & SEV]AL MEMB]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,ALL !SE M5 W]E PUT TO DEA? ON ! SPOT4 ,?IS WAS ! SIGNAL = MANY O!R EXECUTIONS ( ,MAKHNOVI/S :O HAD FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,BUT ,MAKHNO HIMSELF ESCAP$4 ,HAV+ ADROITLY DIS5GAG$ HIMSELF FROM ! T5TACLES ) :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5VELOP$ ,GAI*UR1 HE >RIV$ UNEXPECT$LY AMONG HIS TROOPS AT ,ALEXAN-DROVSK4 ,HE KNEW FROM ! FRI5DS :O HAD W>N$ HIM ( HIS PR$ICAM5T ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BELIEV+ HIM TO BE AT ,GAI*UR1 HAD NAM$ HIS SUCCESSOR AT ,ALEX&ROVSK4 

,!RE1 )\T LOS+ AN 9/ANT1 HE (FICIALLY TURN$ OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ! DIVISION & HIS COMM& TO ?IS NEW *IEF1 :O1 HAV+ JU/ BE5 ASSIGN$1 HAD NOT YET RECEIV$ ANY ORD]S CONC]N+ ,MAKHNO P]SONALLY4 0,HE DID ?IS10 SAYS ,>*9OV1 0BECAUSE HE DESIR$ TO LEAVE HIS PO/ OP5LY & HONE/LY1 SO ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD HAVE NO PRETEXT = ACCUS+ HIM ( ANY?+ ) REG>D TO ! AFFAIRS ( ! DIVISION HE COMM&$4 ,HE WI%$ TO PLAY PRUD5TLY40 

,AFT] ?IS TRANSF] ( COMM&1 HE ADDRESS$ TO ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY AN EXPLANATORY PROCLAMATION 9 :I* HE DESCRIB$ ! NEW SITUATION4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD TO LEAVE HIS PO/ ( COMM&] = ! TIME BE+1 & CALL$ ON ! 9SURG5TS TO FI<T ) ! SAME 5]GY AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 )\T BE+ DI/URB$ BY ! FACT ?AT !Y W\LD TEMPOR>ILY BE UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /AFF4 

,! 9SURG5TS UND]/OOD4 ,NE>LY ALL !IR UNITS REMA9$ :]E !Y W]E1 DECL>+ ?AT !Y RECOGNIZ$ ! ,R$ COMM&] & ACCEPT$ !IR 9CORPORATION 9TO ! ,BOL%EVIK >MY4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS BELIEV$ !Y HAD TRIUMPH$4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT KN[ ?AT AT ! SAME TIME -- 9 AGREEM5T ) ,MAKHNO -- SEV]AL ( ! MORE DEVOT$ REGIM5TAL COMM&]S ( ! 9SURG5TS HAD MET SECRETLY & TAK5 A SOLEMN OA? TO WAIT = ! PROPITI\S MOM5T TO RETURN AGA9 UND] ,MAKHNO'S COMM&1 SO LONG AS ?IS ACT DID NOT PUT ! EXT]NAL FRONT 9 DANG]4 ,NO WORD ( ?IS DECISION LEAK$ \T 

,AFT] DO+ ALL ?IS1 ,MAKHNO1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A SMALL DETA*M5T ( CAVALRY1 DISAPPE>$4 ,MEAN:ILE ! 9SURG5T REGIM5TS1 TRANS=M$ 9TO ,R$ UNITS & REMA9+ UND] !IR REGUL> COMM&]S -- ,KALA*NIK(F1 ,KURIL5KO1 ,BUDAN(F1 ,KLE91 ,D]M5DJI & O!RS -- CONT9U$ TO HOLD (F ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 PREV5T+ !M FROM TAK+ ,ALEX&ROVSK & ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 

,AS WE HAVE SAID1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S W]E NOT AW>E ( ! TRUE PROPORTIONS ( ,D5IK9'S UND]TAK+4 ,ONLY A FEW DAYS BE=E ! FALL ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,KH>KOV1 ,TROTSKY DECL>$ ?AT ,D5IK9 DID NOT REPRES5T A S]I\S ?REAT1 & ?AT ! ,UKRA9E WAS NOT AT ALL 9 DANG]4 ,HE HAD TO *ANGE HIS VIEWS ! NEXT DAY1 :5 HE REALIZ$ ?AT ,KH>KOV WAS S]I\SLY ?REAT5$4 ,IT WAS HI< TIME .<?AT HE %\LD COME TO HIS S5SES.>4 ,EKAT]9OSLAV SUCCUMB$ AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE1 & ,KH>KOV FELL 9TO ,D5IK9'S H&S TWO WEEKS LAT]4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES DID NOT TRY TO REGA9 ! (F5SIVE OR EV5 TO ORGANIZE A DEF5SE2 !Y W]E ONLY CONC]N$ ) EVACUAT+ ! ,UKRA9E4 ,NE>LY ALL ! ,R$ TROOPS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS OP]ATION2 !Y RETREAT$ TO ! NOR?1 TAK+ ) !M AS MANY M5 & AS MU* ROLL+ /OCK AS POSSIBLE4 ,CLE>LY1 !Y W]E AB&ON+ ! ,UKRA9E TO ITS FATE2 !Y W]E DELIV]+ IT :OLE TO ! REACTION>IES4 

,IT WAS N[ ?AT ,MAKHNO CONSID]$ ?AT ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T HAD COME TO REGA9 ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE & TO ACT AGA9 AS GUIDE TO AN 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,?IS TIME1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO ACT AGA9/ BO? ,D5IK9 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,! 9SURG5T DETA*M5TS :O HAD REMA9$ PROVISIONALLY UND] ,BOL%EVIK COMM& RECEIV$ ! 9/RUCTION !Y HAD BE5 PATI5TLY AWAIT+1 TO REMOVE !IR ,BOL%EVIK SUP]IORS1 LEAVE ! ,R$ ,>MY1 & REGR\P !MSELVES UND] ,MAKHNO'S COMM&4 ,YET EV5 BE=E !Y C\LD C>RY \T ?IS 9/RUCTION & REJO9 !IR GUIDE1 A NEW 9SURRECTION>Y >MY HAD =M$ >\ND ,MAKHNO4 

,! NEW SITUATION RECALL$ ! EV5TS FOLL[+ ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN 9VASION4 ,AS WE HAVE SAID1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,D5IK9I/S & !IR MA/]S1 ! =M] LORDS :O RETURN$ ) ! >MY1 WAS 9SOL5T & BRUTAL 9 ! EXTREME T[>DS ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,AS SOON AS !Y W]E REE/ABLI%$1 !SE G5TLEM5 SET AB\T RE/OR+ ! FEUDAL ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,A PITILESS 0,:ITE T]ROR0 ( T]RIBLE REPRISALS DESC5D$ ON ! VILLAGES & CITIES ( ! ,UKRA9E4 

,! REPLY WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,9 GREAT NUMB]S ! PEASANTS FL$ FROM ! REACTION & S\<T \T ,MAKHNO1 :OM !Y NATURALLY CONSID]$ ! MAN CAPABLE ( TAK+ UP ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! NEW OPPRESSORS4 

,9 LESS ?AN TWO WEEKS1 A NEW >MY WAS =M$ UND] HIS DIRECTION4 ,! >MS !Y POSSESS$ W]E 9ADEQUATE1 BUT AT ?IS MOM5T ! 0BASIC0 REGIM5TS :I* HAD LEFT ! ,R$ ,>MY BEGAN TO >RIVE4 ,!Y APPE>$ ONE AFT] ANO!R1 NOT ONLY FULL ( VIGOR1 5?USIASM & FI<T+ SPIRIT1 BUT ALSO WELL SUPPLI$ ) >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,= 9 LEAV+ ! ,R$ ,>MY !Y HAD C>RI$ (F ALL ! >MS !Y C\LD GET HOLD (4 ,! RETREAT+ ,BOL%EVIK COMM&1 :I* WAS TAK5 UNAW>ES & FE>$ MUT9Y AMONG ITS [N TROOPS C\LD NOT OPPOSE ?IS AUDACI\S ACT4 .<,9 ADDITION TO ! RETURN+ ,AN>*I/ BATTALIONS.>1 SEV]AL ,R$ REGIM5TS MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & 5L>G$ ! RANKS ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 

,) !SE NEW TROOPS1 ,MAKHNO FIR/ ATTEMPT$ TO HALT .<! ADVANCE (.> ,D5IK9'S DIVISIONS4 ,HE RETREAT$ /EP BY /EP1 SEEK+ TO ORI5T HIMSELF 9 HIS NEW SURR\ND+S & TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! FIR/ FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY TO RESUME ! (F5SIVE4 ,BUT ! ,D5IK9I/S W]E ON !IR GU>D4 ,!Y HAD NOT =GOTT5 ! LOSSES & DEFEATS :I* ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD CAUS$ !M DUR+ ! PREC$+ W9T]4 ,!IR COMM& ASSIGN$ A :OLE >MY CORPS -- SEV]AL REGIM5TS ( CAVALRY1 9FANTRY & >TILL]Y -- TO FI<T ! 9SURG5TS4 

,:ILE RETREAT+ SL[LY BE=E ! SUP]IOR =CES ( ! 5EMY1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY GRADUALLY TOOK ON A /RANGE APPE>ANCE4 ,IRRITAT$ BY ! REVIVAL ( /UBBORN RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S -- A RESI/ANCE ?AT IMP$$ & S]I\SLY DELAY$ HIS ADVANCE -- ,D5IK9 NOT ONLY MADE W> ON ! >MY AS SU*1 BUT ALSO ON ! :OLE PEASANT POPULATION4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! USUAL P]SECUTIONS & BEAT+S1 ! VILLAGES HE OCCUPI$ W]E BURNT & WRECK$4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ! PEASANTS' DWELL+S W]E LOOT$ & !N DE/ROY$4 ,HUNDR$S ( PEASANTS W]E %OT4 ,! WOM5 W]E MALTREAT$1 & NE>LY ALL ! ,JEWI% WOM51 :O W]E FAIRLY NUM]\S 9 ! ,UKRA9IAN VILLAGES1 W]E RAP$1 NOTABLY AT ,GULAI-,POLYA4 

,?IS K9D ( W>F>E OBLIG$ ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGES ?REAT5$ BY ! APPROA* ( ! ,D5IK9I/S TO AB&ON !IR HE>?S & FLEE4 ,?US ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY WAS JO9$ & FOLL[$ 9 ITS RETREAT BY ?\S&S ( PEASANT FAMILIES 9 FLI<T FROM !IR HOMES ) !IR LIVE/OCK & BELONG+S4 ,IT WAS A V]ITABLE MIGRATION4 ,AN 5ORM\S MASS ( M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 TRAIL$ AFT] ! >MY 9 ITS SL[ RETREAT T[>DS ! WE/1 A RETREAT :I* GRADUALLY EXT5D$ OV] HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S4 

,>RIV+ AT ,MAKHNO'S >MY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ITS )DRAWAL1 ,I SAW ?IS PICTURESQUE 0K+DOM ON :EELS01 AS IT WAS LAT] CALL$1 & FOLL[$ ITS FANTA/IC MOVEM5TS4 ,! SUMM] ( #aiai WAS EXCEPTIONALLY DRY 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,OV] ! DU/Y ROADS & ! NEI<BOR+ FIELDS ?IS HUMAN SEA MOV$ SL[LY1 ) ?\S&S ( CATTLE1 ) WAGONS ( EV]Y K9D1 ) ITS [N FOOD SUPPLY1 ADM9I/RATION & HEAL? S]VICE4 ,IT BECAME A VIRTUAL SUPPLY-TRA9 = ! >MY4 

,BUT ! >MY DID NOT ALL[ ITS MOVEM5TS TO BE 9FLU5C$ BY ?IS MASS ( FUGITIVES4 ,IT KEPT /RICTLY TO ITS C\RSE1 EXCEPT = ! UNITS :I* W5T (F TO PROTECT ! MA9 BODY2 ! CAVALRY1 9 P>TICUL>1 W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS AWAY FI<T+4 

,! 9FANTRY1 :5 IT WAS NOT FI<T+1 L$ ! M>* ( ! >MY4 .<,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID.>1 IT WAS C>RI$ 9 TAT*ANKAS4 ,EA* ( !SE VEHICLES1 :I* W]E DRAWN BY TWO HORSES1 C>RI$ ! DRIV] ON ! FRONT SEAT & TWO SOLDI]S BEH9D !M4 ,9 SOME SECTIONS A MA*9E GUN WAS 9/ALL$ ON ! SEAT BETWE5 !M4 ,! >TILL]Y BR\<T UP ! RE>4 ,A HUGE BLACK FLAG FLOAT$ OV] ! FIR/ C>RIAGE4 ,! SLOGANS 0,LIB]TY OR ,DEA?0 & 0,! ,L& TO ! ,PEASANTS1 ! ,FACTORIES TO ! ,WORK]S0 W]E EMBROID]$ 9 SILV] ON ITS TWO SIDES4 

,DESPITE ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* !Y LIV$1 DESPITE ! CON/ANT DANG] & ! ALMO/ DAILY COMBATS1 ALL !SE PEOPLE W]E FULL ( SPIRIT & C\RAGE4 ,EA* ( !M FELT RESPONSIBLE = ALL1 & ALL = EA*4 ,EV]Y N[ & !N A POPUL> OR A REVOLUTION>Y SONG W\LD R+ \T FROM SOME P>T ( ! L9E1 & SOON IT W\LD BE TAK5 UP BY ?\S&S ( VOICES4 ,>RIV+ AT A VILLAGE1 ?IS MASS ( FUGITIVES W\LD CAMP UNTIL ! ORD] CAME TO TAKE ! ROAD AGA94 ,!N1 )\T WAIT+1 !Y W\LD RESUME ! M>*1 ALWAYS T[>DS ! WE/1 ALWAYS TO ! E*O ( BATTLES ?AT TOOK PLACE ALL >\ND !M4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS RETREAT1 :I* LA/$ = F\R MON?S1 ?\S&S ( !SE REFUGEES LEFT ! >MY1 SET \T ON !IR [N & DISP]S$ OV] ! 5TIRE ,UKRA9E4 ,MO/ ( !M LO/ !IR HOMES & POSSESSIONS = EV]4 ,SOME1 9DE$1 MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% NEW HOMES1 BUT MANY LO/ !IR LIVES1 ?R\< EXHAU/ION1 SICKNESS1 OR FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,:ITES4 

,AT FIR/ ! 9SURG5T >MY TRI$ TO DIG 9 ON ! ,DNIEP] NE> ! CITY ( ,ALEX&ROVSK4 ,= SOME TIME IT REMA9$ MA/] ( ! FAM\S ,KIT*KASS BRIDGE 7ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ,RUSSIA74 ,BUT IT WAS SOON OV]:ELM$ BY ! GREATLY SUP]IOR NUMB]S ( ! 5EMY1 & HAD TO AB&ON ! RIV]1 RETREAT+ FIR/ T[>DS ,DOL9SKAIA1 & LAT] T[>DS ! CITY ( ,ELIZABE?GRAD4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! FEW ,R$ TROOPS :O REMA9$ H]E & !RE 9 ! ,UKRA9E & 9 ! ,CRIMEA W]E COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ BY ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK COMM&1 & LO/ ALL MILIT>Y SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ! FLI<T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES FROM ! ,UKRA9E TO BE A DEFECTION FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,= !SE M51 :O W]E /AGNAT+ 9 9ACTIVITY & D\BT1 ,MAKHNO WAS ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y HOPE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,JULY1 NE>LY ALL ! ,R$ REGIM5TS 9 ! ,CRIMEA MUT9I$1 DEPOS$ !IR COMM&]S & SET \T TO JO9 ,MAKHNO'S >MY4 ,?IS ACTION WAS DELIB]ATELY PREP>$ & C>RI$ \T BY ,MAKHNO-VI/S :O HAD REMA9$ PROVISIONALLY 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,R$ >MY & N[ DEP>T$1 TAK+ ) !M NE>LY ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS4 ,BY =C$ M>*1 C>RY+ !IR =M] COMM&]S ) !M AS PRISON]S1 & BE>+ A L>GE QUANTITY ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 !SE NUM]\S & FRE% REGIM5TS1 :O W]E WELL ORGANIZ$ & FULL ( 5?USIASM AFT] !IR REVOLT1 ADVANC$ 9 SE>* ( ,MAKHNO4 ,!IR DEFECTION WAS A BL[ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 = IT R$UC$ TO ALMO/ NO?+ !IR =CES 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 

,! MEET+ TOOK PLACE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AUGU/1 AT ,DOBROVELIT*KOVKA1 AN IMPORTANT VILLAGE 9 ! DEP>TM5T ( ,KH]SON4 ,MAKHNO'S >MY1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS ACTION1 BECAME P[]FUL AGA94 ,FROM N[ ON IT WAS POSSIBLE TO 5VISAGE MILIT>Y ACTION ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,IT WAS EV5 POSSIBLE TO LOOK T[>DS VICTORY4 

,SOON AFT]W>DS ,MAKHNO HALT$ HIS RETREAT4 ,HE DID SO PRIM>ILY 9 ORD] TO REGR\P HIS =CES1 = :I* VOLUNTE]S W]E COM+ FROM ALL SIDES4 ,HAV+ SET PICKETS ALL >\ND ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORY1 :I* LAY BETWE5 ,POMO/*NAIA1 ,ELIZABE?GRAD & ,VOZNESS5SK -- HE PROCE$$ TO A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( HIS >MY3 ,IT N[ NUMB]$ AB\T #b1 COMBATANTS4 ,!Y W]E DIVID$ 9TO F\R BRIGADES ( 9FANTRY & CAVALRY1 A DIVISION ( >TILL]Y & A REGIM5T ( MA*9E-GUNN]S4 

,! CAVALRY1 :I* WAS COMM&$ BY ,/*USS1 NUMB]$ BETWE5 TWO & ?REE ?\S& SAB]S4 ,! MA*9E-GUN REGIM5T HAD AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ GUNS4 ,! >TILL]Y WAS ADEQUATE4 ,A SQUADRON ( #ae TO #b HORSEM5 WAS =M$ 9TO A SPECIAL UNIT :I* W\LD ALWAYS ACCOMPANY ,MAKHNO 9 HIS TRAVELS1 HIS RAIDS & V>I\S O!R MILIT>Y ACTIONS4 

,ONCE ! REGR\P+ WAS COMPLET$1 ,MAKHNO BEGAN A VIGOR\S (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,! FI<T+ WAS EXTREMELY FI]CE1 & ! ,D5IK9I/ >MY WAS REPEAT$LY ?R[N BACK MANY KILOMET]S TO ! EA/4 ,BUT V]Y SOON ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BEGAN TO RUN \T ( AMMUNITION1 SO ?AT TWO ATTACKS \T ( ?REE W]E ONLY TO CAPTURE SUPPLIES4 ,MOREOV]1 ,D5IK9 S5T GREAT NUMB]S ( FRE% RES]VES 9TO BATTLE4 ,HE WANT$ TO WIPE \T ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY AT ALL CO/S1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO M>* ON ,MOSC[ 9 COMPLETE SECURITY4 ,AS A FUR!R COMPLICATION ( !IR MIS=TUNES1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S HAD TO FACE AT ! SAME TIME SOME ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS :O W]E COM+ UP FROM ,ODESSA & ! ,CRIMEA1 =C+ A PASSAGE ACROSS ! ,UKRA9E TO ! NOR?4 

,F9ALLY ! SITUATION BECAME UNT5ABLE & ,MAKHNO WAS =C$ TO AB&ON ! ,POMO/*NAIA-,ELIZABE?GRAD-,VOZNESS5SK REGION & RETREAT T[>DS ! WE/4 ,?US BEGAN HIS FAM\S )DRAWAL OV] A L9E ( MORE ?AN SIX HUNDR$ KILOMET]S1 9TO ! T]RITORY ( ! DEP>TM5T ( ,KIEV1 A )DRAWAL :I* LA/$ ALMO/ TWO MON?S1 FROM ,AUGU/ TO ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#a#i4 

,D5IK9'S MANIFE/ PLAN WAS TO 5CIRCLE ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY & TO ANNIHILATE IT4 ,HE S5T AGA9/ IT SEV]AL ( HIS BE/ REGIM5TS1 SOME ( :I* W]E COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( Y\NG (FIC]S :O P>TICUL>LY HAT$ ! 0MUJIK RABBLE04 ,AMONG !M1 ! #a/ ,SIMF]OPOL & ! #bND ,LAB9SKY REGIM5TS HAD DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES EV]Y:]E BY !IR BRAV]Y1 !IR COMBATIV5ESS & !IR FURI\S 5]GY4 

,FI]CE FI<T+1 ( AN UNPREC$5T$ VIOL5CE1 TOOK PLACE ALMO/ EV]Y DAY2 9 FACT1 IT WAS AN UN9T]RUPT$ BATTLE :I* LA/$ = TWO MON?S1 & 9 :I* BO? SIDES F\<T EXCEPTIONALLY H>D4 

,I WAS ) ,MAKHNO'S >MY DUR+ ?IS :OLE RETREAT 7FIVE COMRADES1 9CLUD+ ,>*9OV & MYSELF1 CON/ITUT+ ! ,COMMISSION = ,PROPAG&A & ,$UCATION7 & ,I RECALL ?IS LONG S]IES ( DAYS AS IF IT W]E AN 9T]M9ABLE NI<TM>E4 

,?OSE SUMM] NI<TS1 :I* ONLY LA/$ A FEW H\RS1 H>DLY ALL[+ A BRIEF RE/ TO ! M5 & HORSES1 VANI%+ SUDD5LY ) ! FIR/ GLIMM] ( DAYLI<T1 ! RATTLE ( MA*9E GUNS1 ! EXPLOSION ( %ELLS & ! GALLOP ( HORSES6 ,IT WAS ! ,D5IK9I/S :O1 ATTACK+ FROM ALL SIDES1 S\<T ONCE AGA9 TO 5CLOSE ! 9SURG5TS 9 A VISE ( IRON & FIRE4 

,EV]Y DAY !Y BEGAN ?IS MANEUV] AGA91 PRESS+ ,MAKHNO'S TROOPS ALWAYS CLOS] TOGE!R1 DRAW+ !IR CIRCLE ALWAYS TI<T]1 LEAV+ ! 9SURG5TS LESS & LESS SPACE 9 :I* TO MOVE4 

,EV]Y DAY SAVAGE COMBATS1 GO+ AS F> AS ATROCI\S H&-TO-H& FI<T+1 TOOK PLACE ON ! FRONT & ON ! FLANKS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY1 & DID NOT 5D UNTIL NI<TFALL4 ,& EV]Y NI<T ! >MY F\ND ITSELF =C$ TO RETREAT1 B>ELY ESCAP+ ?R\< AN 9CREAS+LY N>R[ PASSAGE1 SO AS NOT TO LET ! ,D5IK9I/ VISE CLOSE ON IT COMPLETELY4 ,& AT SUNRISE1 IT HAD ONCE MORE TO FACE ! IMPLACABLE 5EMY :I* AGA9 S\<T TO 5CIRCLE IT4 

,! 9SURG5TS LACK$ CLO?+1 %OES & SOMETIMES ALSO FOOD4 ,?R\< TORRID HEAT1 UND] A LEAD5 SKY1 & A HAIL ( BULLETS & %ELLS1 !Y W5T FUR!R & FUR!R AWAY FROM !IR [N C\NTRY T[>D AN UNKN[N DE/9ATION & FATE4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! MON? ( ,AUGU/1 ,D5IK9'S >MY CORPS1 :I* ALREADY WEI<$ SO HEAVILY ON ,MAKHNO1 WAS RE9=C$ BY NEW TROOPS FROM NE> ,ODESSA & ,VOZNESS5SK1 ,D5IK91 :O ) ! BULK ( HIS =CES WAS ALREADY M>*+ ON ,OREL 7NOT F> FROM ,MOSC[71 DRIV+ BACK ! ,R$ ,>MY1 WANT$ TO GET RID ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,= AS LONG AS !Y EXI/$ 9 HIS RE>1 HE C\LD NOT FEEL SECURE4 

,! SITUATION GOT WORSE & WORSE EV]Y DAY4 ,BUT ,MAKHNO DID NOT DESPAIR4 ,= ! MOM5T1 HE IMP]TURBABLY CONT9U$ HIS SKILLFUL RETREAT4 ,& ! FI<T+ M51 ANIMAT$ BY !IR IDEAL1 CONSCI\S ( !IR TASK1 KN[+ ?AT !Y F\<T = !IR [N CAUSE1 EV]Y DAY ACCOMPLI%$ V]ITABLE MIRACLES ( C\RAGE & RESI/ANCE4 

,IT WAS F9ALLY DECID$ TO AB&ON ! VIC9ITY ( ! RAILROADS BY :I* ! RETREAT HAD UP TO !N BE5 C>RI$ \T4 .<,BE=E DO+ ?IS ! 9SURG5TS.> BLEW UP ! >MOR$ TRA9S REC5TLY S5T TO ! ,D5IK9I/S1 ONE ( :I*1 ! MORE P[]FUL1 WAS ! FAM\S 0,9V9CIBLE04 

,! RETREAT CONT9U$ BY C\NTRY ROADS1 FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 & BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT = ! PANT+1 EXHAU/$ FUGITIVES4 ,YET NOT = AN 9/ANT DID ! 9SURG5TS LOSE C\RAGE4 ,!Y ALL RETA9$ HOPE ( TRIUMPH+ OV] ! 5EMY4 ,!Y ALL VALIANTLY 5DUR$ ! RIGORS ( ! SITUATION4 ,) 9EXHAU/IBLE PATI5CE1 !IR WILL /RET*$ TO ! LIMIT1 !Y RALLI$ UND] ! CONT9U$ & T]RIBLE FIRE ( ! 5EMY >\ND !IR BELOV$ GUIDE & COMRADE1 .<,MAKHNO.>4 

,& AS = HIM1 ON HIS FEET DAY & NI<T1 SC>CELY 9T]RUPT+ HIS MA9 ACTIVITY BY A FEW H\RS SLEEP1 COV]$ ) DU/ & SWEAT1 BUT 9DEFATIGABLE1 CON/ANTLY SURVEY+ ! FRONT1 KEEP+ AN EYE ON EV]Y?+1 5C\RAG+ ! FI<T]S1 & (T5 ?R[+ HIMSELF FURI\SLY 9TO ! BATTLE1 HE ?\<T ONLY ( ! MOM5T :51 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( SOME MI/AKE ON ! 5EMY'S P>T1 HE C\LD /RIKE A DECISIVE BL[ AGA9/ !M4 

,HE WAT*$ ) A PI]C+ EYE ALL ! MOVEM5TS1 ALL ! ACTS ( ! ,D5IK9I/S4 ,HE 9CESSANTLY S5T \T RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS 9 EV]Y DIRECTION4 ,EXACT REPORTS W]E BR\<T TO HIM AT EV]Y H\R4 ,= HE KNEW ONLY TOO WELL ?AT ! SLI<TE/ ]ROR ( COMM& ON HIS P>T C\LD BE FATAL TO ! 5TIRE >MY & H5CE TO HIS :OLE CAUSE4 ,HE ALSO KNEW ?AT ! MORE ,D5IK9'S TROOPS ADVANC$ TO ! NOR?1 ! MORE VULN]ABLE !Y BECAME 9 !IR RE>1 BY REASON ( ! GREAT EXT5SION ( ! FRONT4 ,HE TOOK /OCK ( ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE & AWAIT$ HIS H\R4 

,T[>DS MID-,SEPTEMB] ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY REA*$ ! CITY ( ,UMAN 9 ! DEP>TM5T ( ,KIEV4 ,!Y F\ND IT 9 ! H&S ( ! ,PETLURI/S4 ,PETLURA WAS 9 A /ATE ( W> ) ,D5IK94 ,9 HIS M>* ON ,MOSC[1 ! LATT] WAS NEGLECT+ ! WE/]N ,UKRA9E1 EXPECT+ TO TAKE IT EASILY AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,:AT W\LD BE ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,PETLURI/S T[>DS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S8 ,& H[ %\LD ! LATT] ACT8 ,%\LD !Y ATTACK ! ,PETLURI/S8 ,%\LD !Y ASK = FREE PASSAGE ACROSS !IR T]RITORY & ?R\< ! CITY1 )\T :I* IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONT9UE ! RETREAT8 ,%\LD !Y PROPOSE ?AT !Y FI<T ! ,D5IK9I/S SIDE BY SIDE ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S8 ,OR %\LD !Y SIMPLY PROPOSE ?AT ! ,PETLURI/S REMA9 NEUTRAL & TAKE ! BE/ POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION LAT] ON8 ,EV]Y?+ CONSID]$1 ! LA/ SOLUTION SEEM$ ! MO/ S5SIBLE4 

,WE %\LD M5TION ?AT ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY HAD AB\T #h1 W\ND$4 ,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES !SE M5 W]E DEPRIV$ ( ALL M$ICAL AID4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y COMPRIS$ AN 5ORM\S TRA9 9 ! RE> ( ! >MY1 :I* S]I\SLY H9D]$ ITS MOVEM5TS & ITS MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,! /AFF 9T5D$ TO ASK ! ,UMAN AU?ORITIES TO TAKE AT LEA/ ! MO/ S]I\SLY W\ND$ 9TO ! CITY HOSPITALS = TREATM5T4 

,BY A =TUNATE CO9CID5CE1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 !SE PROBLEMS W]E BE+ DISCUSS$ 9 ! 9SURG5T CAMP1 A ,PETLURI/ DELEGATION >RIV$ & DECL>$ ?AT1 S9CE !Y W]E AT W> ) ,D5IK91 !Y DESIR$ TO AVOID ! =MATION ( A NEW FRONT BY OP5+ HO/ILITIES ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,?IS CORRESPOND$ P]FECTLY ) ! LATT]'S DESIRES1 & A PACT WAS CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES1 ACCORD+ TO :I* !Y AGRE$ TO MA9TA9 A /RICT MILIT>Y NEUTRALITY T[>DS EA* O!R4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,PETLURI/S CONS5T$ TO TAKE ! W\ND$ ,MAKHNOVI/S 9TO !IR HOSPITALS4 

,! PACT /IPULAT$ ?AT ?IS /RICTLY MILIT>Y NEUTRALITY1 :I* APPLI$ ONLY TO ! IMM$IATE SITUATION1 DID NOT IMPOSE ON EI!R P>TY ANY POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL RE/RICTIONS4 ,S9CE ,I WAS A P>TICIPANT 9 ! P>LEYS1 ,I EXPRESSLY EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS CLAUSE4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S KNEW ?AT ! MASS ( ! ,PETLURI/S HAD A GREAT DEAL ( SYMPA?Y = !M & W\LD LI/5 TO !IR PROPAG&A4 ,IT WAS !RE=E A QUE/ION ( HAV+ ! FRE$OM TO C>RY IT ON )\T 9T]F]5CE1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,:O IS ,PETLURA81 9 :I* ! LATT] WAS UNMASK$ AS A DEF5D] ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & AN 5EMY ( ! WORK]S4 

,AS = ! ,PETLURI/ AU?ORITIES1 :ILE !Y W]E RESOLUTE 5EMIES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 !Y HAD MANY REASONS = PRES]V+ AN ATTITUDE ( EXTREME PRUD5CE T[>DS !M4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! 9SURG5TS KNEW ?AT ! ,PETLURI/ 0NEUTRALITY0 WAS PURELY SUP]FICIAL1 & ?AT ! LATT] MI<T V]Y WELL UNITE SECRETLY ) ! ,D5IK9I/S TO WIPE \T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 A QUE/ION ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY GA9+ A FEW DAYS' RESPITE1 ( GETT+ RID ( !IR W\ND$1 ( AV]T+ AN IMM$IATE ATTACK FROM ! RE>1 9 ORD] NOT TO BE CAU<T UNAW>ES 9 A TRAP4 ,ALL !SE GOALS W]E ATTA9$4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! SUSPICIONS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S SOON RECEIV$ /RIK+ CONFIRMATION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! 0NEUTRALITY0 PACT1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY HAD ! RI<T TO OCCUPY A T]RITORY ( T5 SQU>E KILOMET]S NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,TEKUT*A 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,UMAN4 ,PETLURA'S =CES W]E DISP]S$ TO ! NOR? & WE/1 ,D5IK9'S TO ! EA/ & S\?1 >\ND ,GOLTA4 ,BUT A FEW DAYS AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! PACT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E 9=M$ BY SYMPA?IZ]S ?AT P>LEYS W]E BE+ HELD BETWE5 ! ,PETLURI/S & ! ,D5IK9I/S TO WORK \T A PLAN = COOP]AT+ TO SURR\ND & EXT]M9ATE ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,& 9DE$1 A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ON ! NI<T ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#d?1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ SC\TS REPORT$ ?AT F\R OR FIVE ,D5IK9I/ REGIM5TS W]E 9 !IR RE> 9 ! WE/4 ,!Y C\LD ONLY HAVE GOT !RE BY PASS+ ?R\< ! T]RITORY OCCUPI$ BY ! ,PETLURI/S1 ) ! HELP OR AT LEA/ ! ACQUIESC5CE ( ! LATT]4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#e?1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY ,D5IK9'S TROOPS4 ,! BULK ( HIS =CES REMA9$ CONC5TRAT$ TO ! EA/1 BUT A /RONG B>RI] WAS E/ABLI%$ BEH9D ! ,MAKHNOVI/S"9 & ! CITY ( ,UMAN WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,D5IK9I/S1 :O W]E ALREADY SEEK+ \T & KILL+ ! W\ND$ :O HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! HOSPITALS & 9 PRIVATE HOMES4 

,AN ORD] ISSU$ BY ! ,D5IK9I/ COMM&1 :I* F\ND ITS WAY TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/ /AFF1 READ AS FOLL[S3 0,MAKHNO'S B&S >E SURR\ND$4 ,!Y >E COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$1 DISORGANIZ$1 />V+ & )\T AMMUNITION4 ,I ORD] ?AT !Y BE ATTACK$ & DE/ROY$ )9 ?REE DAYS40 ,IT BORE ! SIGNATURE ( ,G5]AL ,SLA/*(F1 COMM&]-9-*IEF ( ! ,D5IK9I/ =CES 9 ! ,UKRA9E 7HE LAT] W5T OV] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS74 

,ALL RETREAT WAS N[ IMPOSSIBLE = ! 9SURG5T TROOPS1 & ! MOM5T = ! DECISIVE BATTLE HAD COME4 ,! FATE ( ! :OLE ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 ! :OLE MOVEM5T1 ! :OLE CAUSE DEP5D$ ON ?IS SUPREME BATTLE4 

,& AT ?IS MOM5T ,MAKHNO DECL>$ ) ! GREATE/ SIMPLICITY ?AT ! RETREAT UP TO ?AT DAY HAD ONLY BE5 A =C$ /RATEGY1 ?AT ! REAL W> WAS AB\T TO BEG91 NOT LAT] ?AN ! NEXT DAY1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#f?4 ,HE MADE ALL ! NECESS>Y PREP>ATIONS = ?IS LA/ FI<T1 & IMM$IATELY COMM5C$ HIS FIR/ MANEUV]S4 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#e?1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 :O UP TO !N HAD BE5 M>*+ WE/1 SUDD5LY *ANG$ DIRECTION & BEGAN MOV+ EA/1 T[>DS ! BULK ( ! ,D5IK9I/ >MY4 ,! FIR/ 5C\NT] OCCURR$ LATE 9 ! EV5+1 NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,KRUT5KOI4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,FIR/ ,BRIGADE ATTACK$ ,D5IK9'S ADVANCE GU>D !RE1 ! LATT] RETREAT$ TO TAKE UP BETT] POSITIONS & DRAW ! 5EMY AFT] !M T[>DS ! BULK ( ! >MY4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S DID NOT PURSUE !M4 

,AS ,MAKHNO HAD HOP$1 ?IS MANEUV] FOOL$ ! 5EMY1 :O CONSID]$ ! ATTACK A RECONNAISSANCE OR A DIV]SION1 & GA9$ ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! M>* ( ! 9SURG5TS /ILL LAY T[>DS ! WE/4 ,HE MADE READY TO GET BEH9D !M AT ,UMAN & TO WIPE !M \T 9 ! TRAP ?AT HAD BE5 PREP>$4 ,HE DID NOT = AN 9/ANT EXPECT ?AT ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY W\LD D>E TO ATTACK HIS MA9 =CE1 & HE DID NOT PREP>E = ! POSSIBILITY ( A FRONTAL ATTACK4 

,BUT ?IS WAS PRECISELY ,MAKHNO'S PLAN4 ,HIS REASON+ WAS V]Y SIMPLE4 ,TO BREAK ?R\< ! 5EMY L9ES REPRES5T$ ! ONLY *ANCE ( SAFETY = ! >MY1 & IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO TRY IT1 TO ?R[ !MSELVES AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S =CES TO ! EA/1 9 ! HOPE ( WIP+ !M \T4 ,! MANEUV] ( ! DAY BE=E HAD BE5 M]ELY TO DI/RACT ! 5EMY4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NI<T ( ,SEPTEMB] #b#f?1 ALL ! ,MAKHNOVI/ =CES />T$ M>*+ EA/4 ,! MA9 5EMY =CES W]E CONC5TRAT$ NE> ! VILLAGE ( ,P]EGONOVSKA1 :I* WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 7,H]E IS ,PET] ,>*9OV'S DESCRIPTION ( ! BATTLE :I* N[ TOOK PLACE73  
  

0,! FI<T+ />T$ BETWE5 #c & #d A4M4 ,IT KEPT M\NT+ 9 9T5SITY1 & REA*$ ITS PEAK BY #h A4M41 9 A REGUL> HURRICANE ( MA*9E-GUN FIRE ON BO? SIDES4 ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ) HIS CAVALRY ESCORT1 HAD DISAPPE>$ AT NI<TFALL1 SEEK+ TO TURN ! 5EMY'S FLANK4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE BATTLE ?AT 5SU$ !RE WAS NO FUR!R NEWS ( HIM4 

0,BY #i O'CLOCK ! \TNUMB]$ & EXHAU/$ ,MAKHNOVI/S BEGAN TO LOSE GR\ND4 ,ALREADY !Y W]E FI<T+ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! VILLAGE1 & FROM ALL SIDES ! 5EMY RE9=CEM5TS ?AT W]E COM+ UP BR\<T NEW BUR/S ( FIRE TO BE> UPON !M4 ,!Y RETREAT$ SL[LY1 & ! /AFF ( ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY1 AS WELL AS EV]YONE 9 ! VILLAGE :O C\LD H&LE A C>B9E1 >M$ !MSELVES & JO9$ 9 ! FI<T+4 

0,?IS WAS ! CRITICAL MOM5T4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ! BATTLE1 & ) IT ! :OLE CAUSE ( ! 9SURG5TS1 WAS LO/4 ,! ORD] WAS GIV5 = EV]YONE1 EV5 ! WOM51 TO BE READY TO FIRE ON ! 5EMY 9 ! VILLAGE /REETS4 ,ALL PREP>$ = ! SUPREME H\R ( ! BATTLE & ( !IR LIVES4 

0,BUT SUDD5LY ! MA*9E-GUN FIRE ( ! 5EMY1 & !IR FRANTIC *E]S1 BEGAN TO GR[ WEAK] & !N TO REC$E 9TO ! DI/ANCE4 ,! DEF5D]S ( ! VILLAGE REALIZ$ ?AT ! 5EMY WAS RETREAT+ & ?AT ! BATTLE WAS N[ TAK+ PLACE SOME DI/ANCE AWAY4 ,IT WAS ,MAKHNO :O1 APPE>+ UNEXPECT$LY1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 HIS TROOPS W]E DRIV5 BACK & W]E PREP>+ TO FI<T 9 ! /REETS ( ,P]EGONOVSKA1 HAD DECID$ ! FATE ( ! BATTLE4 ,COV]$ ) DU/ & FATIGU$ FROM HIS EX]TIONS1 HE REA*$ ! 5EMY FLANK ?R\< A DEEP RAV9E4 ,)\T A CRY1 BUT ) A BURN+ RESOLVE FIX$ ON HIS FEATURES1 HE ?REW HIMSELF ON ! ,D5IK9I/S AT FULL GALLOP1 FOLL[$ BY HIS ESCORT1 & BROKE 9TO !IR RANKS4 

0,ALL EXHAU/ION1 ALL DISC\RAGEM5T1 DISAPPE>$ LIKE MAGIC FROM ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ',BATKO IS H]E6 ,BATKO IS PLAY+ ) HIS SAB]6' C\LD BE HE>D EV]Y:]E4 ,& ) R$\BL$ 5]GY !Y ALL PU%$ =W>D1 FOLL[+ !IR BELOV$ GUIDE :O SEEM$ DOOM$ TO DEA?4 ,A H&-TO-H& COMBAT ( 9CR$IBLE F]OCITY1 A 'HACK+'1 AS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S CALL$ IT1 FOLL[$4 

0,H[EV] VALOR\S ! #a/ ,(FIC]S' ,REGIM5T ( ,SIMF]OPOL MAY HAVE BE51 !Y W]E ?R[N 9TO RETREAT1 AT FIR/ SL[LY & 9 AN ORD]LY MANN]1 TRY+ TO HALT ! IMPETUS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 & !N 9 EV] GREAT] PRECIPITATION & DISORD]4 ,!Y 5D$ BY FLEE+ = !IR LIVES4 ,! O!R REGIM5TS1 SEIZ$ BY PANIC1 

FOLL[$ !M1 & F9ALLY ALL ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS W]E R\T$1 LEAV+ !IR >MS & TRY+ TO SAVE !MSELVES BY SWIMM+ ! ,RIV] ,S9IUKHA1 AB\T FIFTE5 KILOMET]S FROM ,P]EGONOVSKA4 ,!Y /ILL HOP$ TO BE ABLE TO DIG 9 ON ! OPPOSITE BANK4 

0,BUT ,MAKHNO HA/5$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 :I* HE UND]/OOD P]FECTLY4 ,HE S5T HIS CAVALRY & >TILL]Y AT FULL SPE$ 9 PURSUIT ( ! RETREAT+ 5EMY1 & HIMSELF W5T AT ! HEAD ( ! BE/ M\NT$ REGIM5T BY A %ORT CUT :I* W\LD 5ABLE HIM TO CAT* ! FUGITIVES FROM BEH9D4 ,IT WAS A TRIP ( AB\T TWELVE OR FIFTE5 KILOMET]S4 

0,AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS REA*$ ! RIV]1 !Y W]E OV]TAK5 BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/ CAVALRY1 & HUNDR$S ( !M P]I%$ !RE4 ,MO/ ( !M1 H[EV]1 HAD TIME TO CROSS TO ! O!R BANK1 BUT !RE ,MAKHNO HIMSELF WAS AWAIT+ !M4 ,! ,D5IK9I/ /AFF1 & A RES]VE REGIM5T :I* WAS ) IT1 W]E SURPRIS$ & TAK5 PRISON]4 ,MANY (FIC]S HANG$ !MSELVES ) !IR LEA!R BELTS FROM ! TREES 9 A NE>BY WOOD 9 ORD] TO AVOID FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,ONLY AN 9SIGNIFICANT P>T ( !SE TROOPS :O HAD RAG$ = MON?S 9 ! /UBBORN PURSUIT ( ,MAKHNO MANAG$ TO SAVE !MSELVES4 ,! #a/ ,SIMF]OPOL ,REGIM5T ( (FIC]S & SEV]AL O!R W]E 5TIRELY CUT D[N BY 9SURG5T SAB]S4 ,! R\TE ( !IR RETREAT WAS /REWN ) CORPSES = A DI/ANCE ( TWO OR ?REE KILOMET]S4.<#b#g.> 

,&1 H[EV] HORRIBLE ?IS SPECTACLE WAS TO SOME1 IT WAS ONLY ! NATURAL \TCOME ( ! DUEL BETWE5 ,D5IK9'S >MY & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE PURSUIT1 ! =M] HAD NO ?\<T EXCEPT TO EXT]M9ATE ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! SLI<TE/ ]ROR ON ,MAKHNO'S P>T W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE MEANT ! SAME FATE = ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,EV5 ! WOM5 :O SUPPORT$ ?AT >MY OR F\<T ALONGSIDE !IR M5 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SP>$4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E EXP]I5C$ 5\< TO KN[ ?AT40 7,OP4 CIT41 PP4 #b#b#i-#b#c#b74  
  

,ONCE ,D5IK9'S MA9 =CE HAD BE5 WIP$ \T1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S LO/ NO TIME &1 FOLL[+ ?REE R\TES AT ONCE1 !Y SET (F T[>DS ! ,DNIEP] & !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,?IS RETURN WAS ACCOMPLI%$ AT A WILD PACE4 ,! DAY AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 ,MAKHNO WAS ALREADY MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ KILOMET]S FROM ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,ACCOMPANI$ BY HIS ESCORT1 HE MOV$ =TY KILOMET]S AHEAD ( ! BULK ( ! >MY4 ,A DAY LAT]1 & ! ,MAKHNOVI/S W]E MA/]S ( ,DOL9SKAIA1 ,KRIVOI-,ROG & ,NIKOPOL4 ,! NEXT DAY ! ,KIT*KASS ,BRIDGE WAS TAK5 AT FULL SPE$ & ! CITY ( ,ALEX&ROVSK FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 9SURG5TS4 

,9 !IR FURI\S ADVANCE IT SEEM$ AS ?\< !Y W]E 5T]+ ! 5*ANT$ K+DOM ( A ,SLEEP+ ,BEAUTY4 ,NO-ONE HAD YET HE>D ( ! EV5TS AT ,UMAN4 ,NO-ONE KNEW ! FATE ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! ,D5IK9I/S HAD TAK5 NO PRECAUTIONS = DEF5SE1 !Y W]E PLUNG$ 9 ! LE?>GY ?AT IS CU/OM>Y 9 ! DEP?S ( RE> E*ELONS4 ,LIKE SPR+ LI<TN+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S /RUCK !IR 5EMIES4 ,AFT] ,ALEX&ROVSK1 IT WAS ! TURN ( ,POLOGAI1 !N ,GULAI-,POLYA1 ,B]DIANSK1 ,M>IUPOL4 ,AT ! 5D ( T5 DAYS1 ! :OLE ( ,C5TRAL ,UKRA9E WAS FREE ( TROOPS & AU?ORITIES4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT ONLY A MATT] ( TROOPS & AU?ORITIES4 ,LIKE A GIGANTIC BROOM1 PASS+ ?R\< CITIES1 T[NS1 VILLAGES & HAMLETS1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY SWEPT AWAY EV]Y VE/IGE ( EXPLOITATION & S]VITUDE4 ,! RETURN$ G5TRY1 :O DID NOT EXPECT ANY?+ ( ! K9D1 ! RI* PEASANTS 7KULAKS71 ! BIG 9DU/RIALI/S1 ! POLICE1 ! PRIE/S1 ! ,D5IK9I/ MAYORS1 ! (FIC]S LY+ 9 AMBU% -- ALL !SE W]E SWEPT \T ( ! VICTORI\S PA? ( ,MAKHNOVIT*9A4 ,! PRISONS1 ! POLICE /ATIONS & PO/S1 ALL !SE SYMBOLS ( ! PEOPLE'S S]VITUDE W]E DE/ROY$1 & ALL ?OSE :O W]E KN[N TO BE ACTIVE 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,EV]Y:]E ! BIG L&[N]S & ! KULAKS P]I%$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S4 ,?IS FACT SUFFICES TO GIVE ! LIE TO ! MY? SPREAD BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AB\T ! SO-CALL$ 0KULAK0 *>ACT] ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T4 

,9 ?IS CONNECTION A TYPICAL EPISODE :I* ,I WITNESS$ COMES TO MY MEMORY4 ,ON !IR RETURN1 SEV]AL ,MAKHNOVI/ REGIM5TS TOOK A FAIRLY IMPORTANT VILLAGE4 ,!Y HALT$ TO LET ! M5 & HORSES RE/ & RECUP]ATE4 ,\R ,PROPAG&A ,COMMISSION1 :I* >RIV$ ) !M1 WAS ACCOMMODAT$ BY A PEASANT FAMILY :O LIV$ 9 ! VILLAGE SQU>E1 JU/ OPPOSITE ! *UR*4 

,WE HAD H>DLY 5T]$ :5 WE HE>D MOVEM5T & %\T+ \TSIDE4 ,GO+ \T1 WE SAW A CR[D ( PEASANTS :O W]E EXPLA9+ SOME?+ TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/ P>TISANS4 0,YES1 9DE$1 ,COMRADES1 ! SW9E DREW UP A LI/ ( ALL ! NAMES1 =TY ( !M1 & S5T IT TO ! AU?ORITIES4 ,ALL !SE M5 W]E %OT 4440 

,WE LE>N$ ?AT !Y MEANT ! VILLAGE PRIE/4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PEASANTS1 HE HAD D5\NC$ A NUMB] ( ! 9HABITANTS TO ! ,D5IK9I/ AU?ORITIES AS SUSPECTS OR SYMPA?IZ]S ) ,MAKHNOVISM4 ,A RAPID 9VE/IGATION :I* SOME ( ! 9SURG5TS C>RI$ \T ON ! SPOT DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! PEASANTS W]E TELL+ ! TRU?4 

,!Y DECID$ TO GO TO ! PRIE/'S H\SE1 BUT ! PEASANTS SAID ?AT IT WAS LOCK$ & HE WAS NOT !RE4 ,SOME ?\<T ?AT ! POPE HAD FL$1 & O!RS BELIEV$ HE WAS HID+ 9 ! *UR* ITSELF4 ,A CR[D ( PEASANTS & 9SURG5TS W5T !RE4 ,! DOOR WAS CLOS$ & A GREAT LOCK$ PADLOCK HUNG \TSIDE4 

0,LOOK10 CRI$ SOME1 0HE CANNOT BE !RE IF ! DOOR IS LOCK$ ON ! \TSIDE40 ,BUT O!RS :O W]E BETT] 9=M$ SAID ?AT ! POPE1 NOT HAV+ TIME TO FLEE1 HAD 9DUC$ HIS SACRI/AN TO LOCK HIM 9 ! *UR* TO MAKE IT APPE> ?AT HE HAD FL$4 ,9 ORD] TO MAKE SURE1 SOME ( ! 9SURG5TS BROKE OP5 ! LOCK ) BL[S ( !IR RIFLE BUTTS1 & 5T]$ ! *UR*4 ,!Y EXPLOR$ ! 9T]IOR ?OR\<LY1 & F\ND NO-ONE4 ,BUT !Y DID DISCOV] A *AMB] POT ?AT HAD BE5 US$ & A SUPPLY ( FOOD4 

,!Y W]E N[ SURE ?AT ! POPE WAS HID+ 9 ! *UR*4 ,HAV+ HE>D ! CR[D 5T]1 HE HAD CLIMB$ 9TO ! T[]1 HOP+ ?AT HIS PURSU]S1 NOT F9D+ HIM BEL[1 W\LD GIVE UP LOOK+4 ,! BELFRY WAS REA*$ BY A N>R[ WOOD5 /AIRCASE1 & ! 9SURG5TS RU%$ UP IT ) ANGRY CRIES & A GREAT CLATT] ( SAB]S & GUNS4 

,?OSE :O W]E WAT*+ FROM ! SQU>E SUDD5LY SAW ! TALL FIGURE ( A MAN 9 A BLACK CASSOCK1 GE/UR+ & CRY+ DESP]ATELY1 & CLE>LY V]Y MU* AFRAID1 APPE> FROM UND] ! RO( ( ! BELL-T[]4 ,HE WAS Y\NG1 & HIS LONG1 /RAW-COLOR$ HAIR FLOAT$ \T 9 ! W9D4 ,HIS FACE WAS CONTORT$ ) T]ROR1 & HE /RET*$ \T HIS >MS T[>DS ! SQU>E & CRI$ PLA9TIVELY3 0,LITTLE BRO!RS6 ,LITTLE BRO!RS6 ,I HAVE DONE NO?+1 ,I HAVE DONE NO?+4 ,HAVE PITY1 LITTLE BRO!RS60 

,BUT ALREADY VIGOR\S >MS W]E SEIZ+ HIM FROM BEH9D & DRAGG+ HIM D[N BY ! TAIL ( HIS CASSOCK4 ,!Y PU%$ HIM \T ( ! *UR* & ACROSS ! SQU>E 9TO ! C\RTY>D ( \R HO/4 ,MANY PEASANTS & 9SURG5TS 5T]$4 ,O!RS REMA9$ 9 ! SQU>E1 9 FRONT ( ! OP5 GATE4 

,IMM$IATELY AN IMPROVIS$ PEOPLE'S TRIAL WAS ORGANIZ$4 ,\R ,COMMISSION WAS NOT P>T ( IT1 BUT WE REMA9$ AS WITNESSES4 ,WE LET ! PEOPLE DO IT !MSELVES4 0,WELL10 !Y %\T$ TO ! PRIE/1 0,:AT DO Y\ HAVE TO SAY8 ,Y\'LL HAVE TO PAY N[4 ,MAKE Y\R F>EWELLS1 & SAY Y\R PRAY]S IF Y\ WI%60 

0,MY LITTLE BRO!RS1 MY LITTLE BRO!RS10 HE REPEAT$1 TREMBL+ ALL OV]4 0,I AM 9NOC5T1 ,I AM 9NOC5T1 ,I HAVE DONE NO?+1 LITTLE BRO!RS40 

0,:AT DO Y\ MEAN1 Y\ HAVE DONE NO?+80 %\T$ SEV]AL VOICES4 0,DIDN'T Y\ D5\NCE Y\NG ,IVAN1 & ,PAUL1 & ,S]GE ! HUN*BACK1 & O!RS AS WELL8 ,WASN'T IT Y\ :O DREW UP ! LI/8 ,DO Y\ WANT US TO TAKE Y\ TO ! CEMET]Y & %[ Y\ ! GRAVES ( Y\R VICTIMS8 ,OR TO GO & SE>* = ! PAP]S 9 ! POLICE /ATION8 ,WE MI<T /ILL F9D ! LI/ 9 Y\R H&WRIT+40 

,! POPE FELL ON HIS KNEES & CONT9UALLY REPEAT$1 ) HAGG>D EYES & HIS BODY DRIPP+ ) SWEAT3 0,LITTLE BRO!RS1 P>DON ME1 PITY ME1 ,I HAVE DONE NO?+40 ,A Y\NG WOMAN :O BELONG$ TO \R COMMISSION HAPP5$ TO BE NE> HIM4 ,/ILL ON HIS KNEES1 HE SEIZ$ ! HEM ( H] SKIRT1 BR\<T IT TO HIS LIPS1 & BEGG$3 0,MY LITTLE SI/]1 PROTECT ME4 ,I AM 9NOC5T4 ,SAVE ME1 LITTLE SI/]60 

0,:AT DO Y\ WANT ME TO DO80 %E ASK$ HIM4 0,IF Y\ >E 9NOC5T1 DEF5D Y\RSELF4 ,!SE M5 >E NO WILD ANIMALS4 ,IF Y\ >E REALLY 9NOC5T1 !Y WILL NOT H>M Y\4 ,BUT IF Y\ >E GUILTY1 :AT CAN ,I DO80 

,AN 9SURG5T ON HORSEBACK 5T]$ ! C\RTY>D1 PU%+ HIS WAY ?R\< ! CR[D4 ,9=M$ ( :AT WAS HAPP5+1 HE /OPP$ BEH9D ! POPE1 & FROM HIS HORSE1 BEGAN FURI\SLY :IPP+ ! UN=TUNATE'S BACK4 ,AT EA* BL[ ( ! :IP HE REPEAT$3 0,?AT IS = HAV+ FOOL$ ! PEOPLE6 ,?AT IS = HAV+ FOOL$ ! PEOPLE60 ,! CR[D WAT*$ HIM IMPASSIVELY4 

0,5\<1 ,COMRADE10 ,I SAID S(TLY4 0,AFT] ALL HE WAS NOT A TORTUR]40 

0,OH YES10 !Y CRI$ IRONICALLY >\ND ME1 0!Y NEV] TORTUR$ ANYONE1 DID !Y80 

,ANO!R 9SURG5T ADVANC$4 ,HE %OOK ! POPE R\<LY4 0,WELL1 GET UP6 ,5\< ( ?IS COM$Y6 ,/& UP60 

,! ACCUS$ DID NOT CRY \T ANY MORE4 ,V]Y PALE1 H>DLY CONSCI\S ( :AT WAS HAPP5+1 HE /OOD UP4 ,HIS GAZE WAS LO/ 9 ! DI/ANCE1 & HE MOV$ HIS LIPS )\T SPEAK+4 

,! 9SURG5T SIGNAL$ TO SEV]AL COMRADES1 :O IMM$IATELY SURR\ND$ ! POPE4 0,COMRADES10 HE CRI$ TO ! PEASANTS1 0Y\ ALL SAY ?AT ?IS MAN1 A PROV$ C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/1 HAS DRAWN UP & S5T TO ! ,:ITE AU?ORITIES A LI/ ( 'SUSPECTS' & ?AT AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS D5UNCIATION SEV]AL PEASANTS W]E >RE/$ & EXECUT$4 ,IS ?AT RI<T80 

0,YES1 ?AT IS ! TRU?60 RO>$ ! CR[D4 0,HE HAD =TY ( US ASSASS9AT$4 ,! :OLE VILLAGE KN[S IT40 

,& AGA9 !Y M5TION$ ! NAMES ( ! VICTIMS & CALL$ UPON DEF9ITE WITNESSES4 ,SEV]AL RELATIVES ( ! EXECUT$ M5 CAME TO CONFIRM ! FACTS4 ,! AU?ORITIES !MSELVES HAD SPOK5 TO !M ( ! LI/ DRAWN UP BY ! PRIE/ 9 EXPLANATION ( !IR ACTIONS4 

,! PRIE/ SAID NO MORE4 0,>E !RE ANY PEASANTS H]E TO DEF5D ?IS MAN80 ASK$ ! 9SURG5T4 0,DOES ANYONE D\BT HIS GUILT80 ,NO ONE MOV$4 

,!N ! 9SURG5T SEIZ$ ! POPE4 ,BRUTALLY HE TOOK (F HIS CASSOCK4 0,:AT F9E CLO?60 HE SAID4 0,) ?IS1 WE CAN MAKE A BEAUTIFUL BLACK FLAG4 ,\R'S IS ALL WORN \T40 

,!N HE SAID TO ! POPE4 0,N[ GET ON Y\R KNEES & SAY Y\R PRAY]S )\T TURN+ R\ND40 

,! CONDEMN$ MAN DID SO4 ,HE W5T D[N ON HIS KNEES1 & ) FOLD$ H&S BEGAN TO MURMUR4 0,\R ,FA!R :I* >T 9 HEAV51 HALL[$ BE ?Y NAME1 ?Y K+DOM COME 4440 ,TWO 9SURG5TS CAME UP BEH9D HIM4 ,!Y DREW !IR REVOLV]S1 AIM$ & FIR$ SEV]AL BULLETS 9TO HIS BACK4 ,! %OTS RANG \T1 DRY & IMPLACABLE4 ,! BODY FELL OV]4 ,IT WAS F9I%$4 ,! CR[D DISB&$ SL[LY TALK+ AB\T ! EV5T4 

,MAKHNO TOLD ( SEV]AL O!R DRAMATIC EPISODES 9 :I* HE HAD TAK5 P>T DUR+ HIS ?UND]\S RETURN4 ,T[>D EV5+1 ACCOMPANI$ BY SEV]AL HORSEM51 ALL DRESS$ LIKE ,D5IK9I/ (FIC]S1 HE W\LD PRES5T HIMSELF TO SOME BIG NOBLEMAN1 KN[N TO BE A FI]CE REACTION>Y1 AN ADMIR] ( ,D5IK91 & AN EXECUTION] ( ! PEASANTS4 

,! APP>5T (FIC]S1 RETURN+ FROM A MISSION1 WI%$ TO RE/ A BIT1 TO PASS ! NI<T ON ! E/ATE & LEAVE AGA9 NEXT MORN+4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y W]E RECEIV$ 5?USIA/ICALLY4 0,MESSIEURS ! (FIC]S0 C\LD TAKE !IR EASE4 ,! E/ATE WAS WELL GU>D$ BY A DETA*M5T ( ,D5IK9I/S4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ TO FE>4 

,A FEA/ W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 HONOR ( ! VISITORS4 ,! (FIC] ( ! GU>D & SEV]AL FAI?FUL FRI5DS W\LD ATT5D4 ,DELICI\S FOODS1 R>E W9ES & F9E LIQUEURS W\LD BE S]V$4 ,TONGUES W\LD BE LOOS5$4 ,EV]YONE W\LD TALK EFFUSIVELY1 CURS+ ! 0,MAKHNOVI/ B&ITS0 & ALL ! REBELS1 WI%+ = !IR SPE$Y & COMPLETE SUPPRESSION1 DR9K+ ! HEAL? ( ,D5IK9 & ! ,:ITE ,>MY4 ,SOMETIMES ! OV]-TRU/+ NOBLE W\LD %[ HIS GUE/S HIS MAGNIFIC5T >MS DEPOT1 READY = EV]Y EV5TUALITY4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! FEA/1 ,MAKHNO W\LD BRUTALLY REVEAL HIS ID5TITY & AN 9DESCRIBABLE SC5E ( SURPRISE1 T]ROR & CONFUSION W\LD FOLL[4 0,! PROP]TY IS SURR\ND$ BY ,MAKHNO-VI/S1 ! GU>D IS DIS>M$4 ,Y\ MU/ PAY40 

,NEI!R CRIES1 NOR SUPPLICATIONS1 NOR ATTEMPTS TO FLEE W\LD HAVE ANY EFFECT4 ,! LORD1 HIS FRI5DS & FAI?FUL AG5TS1 ! (FIC]S ( ! GU>D1 W\LD BE EXECUT$ ON ! SPOT4 ,! SOLDI]S ( ! GU>D W\LD BE ?OR\<LY QUE/ION$ & TREAT$ ACCORD+LY4 ,! EPISODE OV]1 !Y W\LD C>RY (F ! >MS & GO ON TO ANO!R NE/ ( FEUDALISM4 

,! OCCUPATION ( ! C5TRAL ,UKRA9E BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS A MORTAL DANG] TO ,D5IK9'S :OLE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS BETWE5 ,VOLNOVAKHA & ,M>IUPOL ?AT ! SUPPLY BASE ( HIS >MY WAS LOCAT$ & IMM5SE /ORES ( MUNITIONS W]E ACCUMULAT$ 9 ALL ! CITIES ( ?IS REGION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ALL !SE SUPPLIES DID NOT FALL IMM$IATELY 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S2 >\ND ,VOLNOVAKHA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! BATTLE BETWE5 !M & ,D5IK9'S NUM]\S RES]VES RAG$ = FIVE DAYS4 ,BUT1 S9CE ALL ! RAILROADS ( ! REGION W]E 9 ! 9SURG5TS' H&S1 NOT A %ELL C\LD GET \T1 & NO W> MAT]IAL C\LD REA* ,D5IK9'S TROOPS1 EI!R 9 ! NOR? OR ELSE:]E4 

,AS AT ,VOLNOVAKHA1 SEV]AL O!R GR\PS ( ,D5IK9I/ RES]VES 9 V>I\S PLACES F\<T ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BUT SOON !Y W]E ALL CONQU]$ & ANNIHILAT$4 ,!N ! FLOOD ( ,MAKHNOVIT*9A ROLL$ T[>DS ! BOTTOM ( ! ,DONETZ BAS9 & ! NOR?4 ,9 ,OCTOB] ! 9SURG5TS TOOK ! CITY ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 

,D5IK9 WAS =C$ TO AB&ON HIS M>* ON ,MOSC[4 ,9 HA/E1 HE S5T HIS BE/ TROOPS TO ! ,GULAI-,POLYA FRONT4 ,BUT HE WAS TOO LATE4 ,! FIRE WAS RAG+ ?R\<\T ! :OLE C\NTRY FROM ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV TO ,KH>KOV & ,POLTAVA4 ,?ANKS TO RE9=CEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY A GREAT NUMB] ( >MOR$ C>S & ! EXCELL5T CAVALRY COMM&$ BY ,MAMONTOV & ,*K\RO1 ! ,:ITES SUCCE$$ = ! MOM5T 9 MAK+ ! ,MAKHNOVI/S RETREAT FROM ,M>IUPOL1 ,B]DIANSK & ,GULAI-,POLYA1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AT ! SAME TIME TOOK ,S9ELNIKOVO1 ,PAVLOGRAD1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV & O!R CITIES & LOCALITIES2 SO ?AT ,D5IK9 C\LD NOT GA9 ANY ADVANTAGE FROM HIS FEW PURELY LOCAL SUCCESSES4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB]1 ,D5IK9'S MA9 =CES1 DESC5D+ FROM ! NOR?1 C>RI$ ON A FURI\S FI<T ) ,MAKHNO4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB]1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 HALF ( :OM1 MORE- OV]1 W]E /RICK5 BY A T]RIBLE EPIDEMIC ( TYPHUS1 W]E =C$ TO AB&ON ,EKAT]9OSLAV & REGR\P AGA9 9 ! S\?4 ,BUT ,D5IK9 C\LD NO LONG] CONSOLIDATE HIMSELF4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S CONT9U$ TO H>ASS HIM 9 EV]Y DIRECTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 COM+ D[N FROM ! NOR? ON HIS TRACKS1 WAS CON/ANTLY JO/L+ HIM4 ,HIS >MY WAS ON ! PO9T ( COLLAPSE4 ,SOON ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( HIS TROOPS -- ! ,CAUCASIANS -- REFUS$ TO CONT9UE FI<T+ AGA9/ ,MAKHNO4 ,!Y AB&ON$ !IR POSITIONS -- ! COMM& C\LD NOT /OP !M -- & SET \T = !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! COMPLETE D[NFALL ( ! ,D5IK9I/ >MY4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE H]E ! HI/ORIC FACT ?AT ! HONOR ( HAV+ ANNIHILAT$ ! ,D5IK9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#i1 BELONGS 5TIRELY TO ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,IF ! 9SURG5TS HAD NOT WON ! DECISIVE VICTORY ( ,P]EGONOVKA1 & HAD NOT CONT9U$ TO SAP ! BASES 9 ,D5IK9'S RE>1 DE/ROY+ HIS SUPPLY S]VICE = >TILL]Y1 FOOD & AMMUNITION1 ! ,:ITES W\LD PROBABLY HAVE 5T]$ ,MOSC[ 9 ,DECEMB] #aiai AT ! LATE/4 

,HAV+ LE>N$ ( ! RETREAT ( ,D5IK9'S BE/ TROOPS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O AT FIR/ W]E SURPRIS$ & ONLY LAT] F\ND \T ! REAL REASON = ?IS AB\T-FACE 7! DEFEAT AT ,P]EGONOVKA & ITS CONSEQU5CES7 QUICKLY RECOGNIZ$ ! ADVANTAGES :I* !Y C\LD GA9 FROM IT4 ,!Y ATTACK$ ,D5IK9 NE> ,OREL & PRECIPITAT$ HIS G5]AL RETREAT4 ,BUT ?IS BATTLE1 AS WELL AS SEV]AL O!RS BETWE5 ! RETREAT+ ,:ITES & ! ,R$S :O W]E PURSU+ !M1 HAD A DI/9CTLY SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,! RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! ,:ITES WAS ONLY TO PROTECT !IR RETREAT & ! EVACUATION ( MUNITIONS & SUPPLIES4 ,ALONG ! :OLE L5G? ( ! R\TE FROM ,OREL1 ?R\< ,KURSK & TO ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA & ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV1 ! ,R$ ,>MY ADVANC$ ALMO/ )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,ITS 5TRY 9TO ! ,UKRA9E & ! REGIONS ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 ON ! TRACKS ( ! RETREAT+ ,:ITES WAS EFFECT$ EXACTLY ! SAME WAY AS1 A YE> E>LI]1 ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY CLE>$ ! WAY = ! ,BOL%EVIK ADVANCE4 

,IT WAS ! ,MAKHNOVI/S :O BORE ! BRUNT ( ! ,:ITE >MY'S RETREAT FROM ! NOR?4 ,UNTIL ITS F9AL COLLAPSE1 IT GAVE MU* TR\BLE TO ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 SAV$ 9DIRECTLY BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TISANS1 RETURN$ TO ! ,UKRA9E TO H>VE/ ! LAURELS !Y HAD NOT WON4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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