,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b 
,=MATION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b4 ,=MATION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY 

  

,SOON ,MAKHNO BECAME ! RALLY+ PO9T = ALL ! 9SURG5TS .<9 HIS REGION.>4 ,9 EV]Y VILLAGE1 ! PEASANTS CREAT$ SECRET LOCAL GR\PS4 ,!Y RALLI$ TO ,MAKHNO1 SUPPORT$ HIM 9 ALL HIS UND]TAK+S1 FOLL[$ HIS ADVICE & SUGGE/IONS4 ,MANY DETA*M5TS ( P>TISANS -- ?OSE ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE AS WELL AS NEWLY =M$ ONES -- JO9$ HIS GR\PS SEEK+ COORD9AT$ ACTION4 ,! NE$ = UNITY & ACTIVITY ON A G5]AL SCALE WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TISANS4 ,& ALL W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ?IS UNITY W\LD BE/ BE A*IEV$ UND] ,MAKHNO'S DIRECTION4 ,SU* WAS ALSO ! OP9ION ( SEV]AL L>GE B&S ( 9SURG5TS :O UNTIL !N HAD BE5 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R4 ,NOTABLE AMONG !SE W]E ! L>GE B& COMM&$ BY ,KURIL5KO 7:O OP]AT$ 9 ! ,B]DIANSK REGION71 ?AT COMM&$ BY ,/*\SS 79 ! ,DIBRIVKA REGION71 & ?AT ( ,PETR5KO-,PLATONOV 79 ! ,GRI*9O REGION74 ,!Y ALL SPONTANE\SLY JO9$ ,MAKHNO4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! UNIFICATION ( ! DETA*$ UNITS ( P>TISANS 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E 9TO A S+LE 9SURRECTION>Y >MY UND] ,MAKHNO'S SUPREME COMM& CAME AB\T NATURALLY1 ?R\< ! =CE ( EV5TS & ! WILL ( ! MASSES4 

,! VA/ & IRREPRESSIBLE PEASANT 9SURRECTION F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 COMPLETELY DISORGANIZ+ ! OCCUPATION TROOPS & ! ,HETMAN'S POLICE4 ,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 SUPPORT$ BY =EIGN BAYONETS1 /EADILY LO/ GR\ND4 ,! 5D ( ! W> & ! POLITICAL TURMOIL ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA GAVE IT ! C\P DE GRACE4 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN TROOPS LEFT ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,HETMAN & ! L&LORDS FL$ ONCE AGA91 ?IS TIME NEV] TO RETURN4 

,FROM ?IS MOM5T1 ?REE V]Y DIFF]5T BASIC =CES W]E ACTIVE 9 ! ,UKRA9E3 ,PETLURISM1 ,BOL%EVISM & ,MAKHNOVISM4 ,WE HAVE SPOK5 5\< AB\T ,BOL%EVISM = ! READ] TO RECOGNIZE1 )\T DIFFICULTY & )\T \R HAV+ TO EXPLA9 !M1 ITS GOALS & TACTICS 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,& WE HAVE JU/ GIV5 AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION ( ! 9DEP5D5T PEASANT MOVEM5T CALL$ ,MAKHNOVISM4 

,IT REMA9S = US TO DESCRIBE BRIEFLY ! ESS5TIAL NATURE & ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,PETLURI/ MOVEM5T4 ,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,UKRA9IAN LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 FE>+ ! 0EXCESSES0 ( ! 0,MUSCOVITE0 REVOLUTION & SEEK+ TO AVOID !M 9 !IR [N C\NTRY1 CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,ONCE ,CZ>ISM WAS OV]?R[N1 !Y C\LD TRY TO A*IEVE ?IS ) SOME HOPE ( SUCCESS1 S9CE ALL ( ! ,LEFT ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL P>TIES HAD SOLEMNLY PROCLAIM$ ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLES TO DO 9 FULL LIB]TY :ATEV] !Y WI%$ ) !IR [N LIVES4 

,SUPPORT$ BY SEV]AL O!R /RATA ( ! ,UKRA9IAN POPULATION1 SU* AS ! RI* PEASANTS 7KULAKS71 ! LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS1 ETC41 ! B\RGEOISIE CREAT$ A VA/ AUTONOMI/1 NATIONALI/ & SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* 5VISAG$ COMPLETE DETA*M5T FROM ! 0,PAN-,RUSSIAN0 ,/ATE4 ,REALIZ+1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! MOVEM5T C\LD NOT HOPE = SUB/ANTIAL & LA/+ SUCCESS UNLESS IT DEVELOP$ A POPUL> >M$ =CE ON :I* IT C\LD DEP5D 9 CASE ( NE$1 ! GUIDES ( ! MOVEM5T1 ,SIMON ,PETLURA & O!RS1 TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO ! MASS ( ,UKRA9IAN SOLDI]S AT ! FRONT & BEH9D ! L9ES4 ,!Y PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE !M1 ON A NATIONAL BASIS1 9TO SPECIAL ,UKRA9IAN REGIM5TS4 

,9 ,MAY #a#i#a#g1 ! LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ A MILIT>Y CONGRESS :I* ELECT$ A G5]AL MILIT>Y COMMITTEE1 TO DIRECT ! MOVEM5T4 ,LAT] ?IS COMMITTEE WAS 5L>G$ & NAM$ ! ,RADA 7,C\NCIL1 9 ,UKRA9IAN74 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 AT ! ,PAN-,UKRA9IAN CONGRESS1 ?IS BECAME ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA1 A K9D ( P>LIAM5T ( ! NEW ,UKRA9IAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC4 ,F9ALLY1 A MON? LAT]1 ! ,C5TRAL ,RADA SOLEMNLY PROCLAIM$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ?IS ,REPUBLIC4 

,?IS EV5T WAS A S]I\S BL[ TO ,BOL%EVISM1 :I* HAD JU/ TAK5 P[] 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 & NATURALLY WANT$ TO E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 DESPITE ! 0RI<TS ( ! PEOPLES04 ,!RE=E1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9 ALL HA/E1 S5T !IR TROOPS 9TO ?AT REGION4 ,A FURI\S /RUGGLE TOOK PLACE BETWE5 !M & ,PETLURA'S DETA*M5TS1 >\ND ,KIEV1 ! ,UKRA9IAN CAPITAL4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#e?1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ! CITY1 9/ALL$ !IR GOV]NM5T1 & SOON BEGAN TO EXT5D !IR P[] ?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9E4 

,!Y ONLY SUCCE$$ P>TIALLY4 ,! ,PETLURA GOV]NM5T1 ! POLITICIANS ( ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T1 & !IR TROOPS1 RETIR$ 9TO ! WE/]N P>T ( ! C\NTRY :]E !Y DUG 9 & PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT A LITTLE LAT] ! LATT] W\LD HAVE SET =? TO EXT+UI% ! AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! IMM$IATE SITUATION PREV5T$ ?IS4 ,9 ,M>* & ,APRIL1 #a#i#a#h1 !Y RETREAT$ 9TO ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 GIV+ WAY TO ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN >MY ( OCCUPATION 9 CON=MITY TO ! CLAUSES ( ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY4 

,SOON1 PREC$+ ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 ! ,PETLURI/S RE5T]$ ,KIEV4 ,!IR GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ ! NEW ,NATIONAL ,UKRA9IAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS ALSO ONLY LA/$ = A FEW WEEKS4 ,IT WAS MU* MORE TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS TO COME TO T]MS ) ! OLD LORDS & MA/]S ( ! ,UKRA9E ?AN ) ! ,PETLURI/S4 ,) ! SUPPORT ( !IR MILIT>Y =CES1 ! ,G]MANS UNC]EMONI\SLY DEPOS$ ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & REPLAC$ IT ) ! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( !IR REG5T3 ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY4 ,PETLURA HIMSELF WAS IMPRISON$ = SOME TIME & HAD TO DISAPPE> TEMPOR>ILY FROM ! POLITICAL >5A4 

,BUT ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,HETMAN'S REGIME WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,! IMM5SE PEASANT 9SURRECTION SOON BEGAN TO DELIV] P[]FUL BL[S AT HIM4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ,SKOROPADSKY'S WEAKNESS1 ! ,PETLUROVTZI W5T 5]GETICALLY TO WORK4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES FAVOR$ !M4 ,! PEASANTS BE+ 9 REVOLT1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 9SURG5TS W]E ONLY WAIT+ = AN APPEAL TO M>* AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN'S GOV]NM5T4 ,S9CE !Y POSSESS$ SUFFICI5T MEANS TO ASSEMBLE1 ORGANIZE & >M A P>T ( !SE =CES1 ! ,PETLUROVTZI ADVANC$ & TOOK SEV]AL L>GE CITIES & DI/RICTS ALMO/ )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y SUBJECT$ ! PROV9CES ?US CONQU]$ TO A NEW K9D ( P[]3 ! 0,DIRECTORATE01 ) ,PETLURA AT ITS HEAD4 ,?US !Y QUICKLY EXT5D$ !IR P[] OV] A GOOD P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! ABS5CE ( O!R ASPIRANTS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ,SKOROPADSKY FL$ & ,PETLURA'S 0,DIRECTORATE0 SOLEMNLY 5T]$ ,KIEV4 ,?IS EV5T EXCIT$ GREAT 5?USIASM 9 ! C\NTRY1 :ILE ! ,PETLUROVTZI DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO MAGNIFY !IR SUCCESS1 & POS$ AS NATIONAL H]OES4 

,9 A %ORT TIME1 !IR P[] AGA9 EXT5D$ OV] ! MAJOR P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! S\?1 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANTS' MOVEM5T1 ?AT !Y 5C\NT]$ S]I\S RESI/ANCE4 ,!RE !Y HAD NO SUCCESS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y EXP]I5C$ SEV]AL S]I\S REV]SES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ALL ! GREAT CITIES ( ! C\NTRY ! ,PETLURI/S TRIUMPH$1 & ?IS TIME ! DOM9ATION ( ! AUTONOMI/ B\RGEOISIE SEEM$ ASSUR$4 ,BUT ?IS SUCCESS WAS ILLUSORY4 ,! NEW P[] HAD H>DLY HAD TIME TO 9/ALL ITSELF :5 IT BEGAN TO DIS9TEGRATE4 ,MILLIONS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S :O1 AT ! MOM5T ( ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,HETMAN1 W]E )9 ! ORBIT ( ! ,PETLUROVTZI W]E SOON DISILLUSION$ & BEGAN TO LEAVE ,PETLURA'S RANKS 5 MASSE4  
  

0,!Y S\<T ANO!R VEHICLE = !IR 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS4 ,! MAJOR P>T DISP]S$ 9TO ! CITIES & VILLAGES & !RE ADOPT$ A HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>D ! NEW P[]4 ,O!RS JO9$ ! 9SURRECTION>Y B&S ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! ,PETLUROVTZI W]E ?US AS SOON DIS>M$ AS !Y HAD BE5 >M$ BY ! M>* ( EV5TS4 ,!IR IDEA ( B\RGEOIS AUTONOMY1 B\RGEOIS NATIONAL UNITY1 C\LD ONLY LA/ = A FEW H\RS AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE4 ,! BURN+ BREA? ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION R$UC$ ?IS FALSE IDEA TO A%ES & LEFT ITS SUPPORT]S 9 COMPLETE IMPOT5CE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MILIT>Y ,BOL%EVISM WAS RAPIDLY APPROA*+1 FROM ! NOR?1 EXP]T 9 ME?ODS ( CLASS AGITATION & FIRMLY RESOLV$ TO TAKE P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,JU/ ONE MON? AFT] ! 5TRY ( ,PETLURA'S ,DIRECTORATE 9TO ,KIEV1 ! ,BOL%EVIK TROOPS 5T]$ 9 !IR TURN4 ,FROM !RE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S' P[] WAS EXT5D$ OV] ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E40 7,P4 ,>*9OV1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#f47  
  

,?US1 SOON AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,HETMAN & ! DEP>TURE ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 ! ,MOSC[ GOV]NM5T HA/5$ TO RE9/ATE 9 ! ,UKRA9E ITS AU?ORITY1 ITS FUNCTION>IES1 ITS CADRES ( MILITANTS & ESPECIALLY ITS TROOPS & POLICE4 

,BUT 9 ! WE/]N & S\!RN P>TS IT WAS SOON HALT$1 ON ! ONE H& BY ! NATIONALI/ ELEM5TS ( ,PETLURA1 :O HAD RETIR$ !RE ONCE MORE1 & ON ! O!R1 BY ! AU!NTIC 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! PEASANT MASSES1 GUID$ BY ,MAKHNO4 ,PETLURA1 *AS$ FROM ! HE>T ( ! C\NTRY1 DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF BEAT52 HAV+ RETIR$ 9TO ! REGION LEA/ ACCESSIBLE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE TRI$ TO RESI/ -- :]EV] HE C\LD -- BO? !M & ,MAKHNO'S 0PEASANT B&S04 ,AS = ! 9DEP5D5T PEASANT MOVEM5T1 IT WAS SOON OBLIG$ TO FACE NOT ONLY ,PETLURA'S B\RGEOISIE 7BE=E GO+ 9TO ACTION1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 AGA9/ ! MON>*I/ ATTEMPTS ( ,D5IK9 & ,WRANGEL7 BUT ALSO ! USURPATIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?US1 ! SITUATION 9 ! ,UKRA9E BECAME MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN EV]4 ,EA* ( ! ?REE =CES PRES5T HAD TO FI<T ! O!R TWO3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AGA9/ ,PETLURA2 ,PETLURA1 AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,MAKHNO2 ,MAKHNO AGA9/ ,PETLURA & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,LAT]1 ?IS CONFUSION WAS FUR!R COMPLICAT$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( A F\R? ELEM5T1 ! 9T]V5TION ( NATIONALI/ & MON>*I/ ,RUSSIAN G5]ALS SEEK+ TO REE/ABLI% ! OLD ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 9 ITS HI/ORICAL 9TEGRITY & ON ITS ABSOLUTE BASIS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T 7SUMM]1 #a#i#a#i7 EA* ( ! F\R =CES C>RI$ ON A BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! O!R ?REE4 

,WE MU/ ADD ?AT 9 !SE *AOTIC CIRCUM/ANCES ! ,UKRA9E BECAME A FREE FIELD = ! EXPLOITS & AUDACI\S SORTIES ( REAL GANGS ( >M$ B&ITS1 COMPOS$ ( ELEM5TS DISLOCAT$ BY ! AFT]MA? ( W> & ! ,REVOLUTION & LIV+ BY PURE BRIG&AGE4 ,SU* B&S OV]RAN ! C\NTRY 9 ALL DIRECTIONS2 !Y HAD HIDE\TS 9 EV]Y CORN]2 !Y OP]AT$ ALMO/ )\T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! C5TRAL ,UKRA9E4.<#b#b.> 

,IT IS EASY TO IMAG9E ! FANTA/IC *AOS 9 :I* ! C\NTRY WAS PLUNG$ & ! IMPROBABLE COMB9ATIONS :I* W]E =M$1 BROK51 & RE=M$ DUR+ ! ?REE YE>S ( FI<T+ 7FROM ! 5D ( #aiah TO #a#i#b#a7 UNTIL ,BOL%EVISM F9ALLY PREVAIL$ OV] ! O!RS4 

,WE MU/ ADD1 & EMPHASIZE1 ) ,>*9OV1 ?AT ! :OLE ACTIVITY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! ,UKRA9E WAS PURE USURPATION1 IMPOS$ BY =CE ( >MS1 A USURPATION ?AT !Y DID NOT EV5 TRY TO CONCEAL4 

,9/ALL+ !IR GOV]NM5T FIR/ AT ,KH>KOV1 !N AT ,KIEV1 !Y S5T !IR TROOPS ?R\< ! REGIONS ALREADY LIB]AT$ FROM ! P[] ( ! ,HETMAN & CREAT$ ! ORGANS ( ,COMMUNI/ P[] BY MILIT>Y =CE4  
  

0,:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS OCCUPI$ SOME PLACE BY MA9 =CE1 & HAD DRIV5 \T ,PETLURA'S P>TISANS1 AS WELL AS 9 PLACES :]E ! REGION WAS FREE & ! WORK]S !IR [N MA/]S1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P[] WAS E/ABLI%$ BY MILIT>Y ORD]4 ,! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS 7,SOVIETS7 :I* HAD SUPPOS$LY CREAT$ ?IS P[] APPE>$ LAT]1 ! DE$ HAV+ BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ & ! P[] ALREADY CONSOLIDAT$4 ,BE=E ! ,SOVIETS1 !RE W]E 'REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES' & BE=E ! 'COMMITTEES' !RE W]E SIMPLY ! MILIT>Y DIVISIONS40 7,P4 ,>*9OV1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#b#i74  
  

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT1 BECAUSE ( MANY SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 NOT ?R\< ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY A POLITICAL P>TY ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT1 BUT1 )\T ANY QUE/ION ( P[]1 ?R\< AN IMM5SE SPONTANE\S REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS AGA9/ !IR NEW OPPRESSORS4 

,9 ! BEG9N+1 ?IS REVOLT WAS LIKE A TEMPE/4 ,) EXASP]AT$ FURY1 ! PEASANT MASSES DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ALL ?AT !Y HAT$1 ALL ?AT HAD OPPRESS$ !M = C5TURIES4 ,AT ?IS TIME NO POSITIVE ELEM5T APPE>$ 9 ! WORK ( DE/RUCTION4 ,BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE1 EV5TS DEVELOP$1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS BECAME ORGANIZ$ & UNIFI$1 & REALIZ$ EV] MORE PRECISELY ITS FUNDAM5TAL CON/RUCTIVE TASKS4 

,S9CE WE CAN ONLY SUMM>IZE EV5TS & MU/ LEAVE \T MANY DETAILS1 WE WILL SET =? IMM$IATELY ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T1 *>ACT]I/ICS :I* MANIFE/$ !MSELVES 9CREAS+LY DUR+ ! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,HETMAN'S REGIME & ! 5D ( ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION4 

,!SE *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MOVEM5T CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO DIFF]5T GR\PS3 ! VIRTUES & M]ITS1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! WEAKNESS & MI/AKES1 ON ! O!R1 = ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T WAS NOT IRREPROA*ABLE1 & SOME ( ITS FAIL+S ALL[$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO SL&] & DEFAME IT4 

,! ADVANTAGES ( ! MOVEM5T W]E3  

,ITS COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL TUTELAGE1 ( ANY P>TY1 ( POLITICS 9 ANY =M & FROM ANY S\RCE -- ! REALLY LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL & HI<LY IMPORTANT QUALITY WAS DUE 7A7 TO ! 9ITIAL SPONTANEITY ( ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION2 7B7 TO ! P]SONAL 9FLU5CE ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,MAKHNO2 7C7 TO ! ACTIVITY ( O!R LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ! REGION 7,MAKHNO BE+ HIMSELF ABSORB$ BY ! TASK ( FI<T+ DID HIS BE/ TO ATTRACT O!R HB]T>IANS :O W]E ABLE TO WORK 9 COMPLETE FRE$OM72 7D7 TO ! LESSONS TAU<T BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! 9SURG5TS 9 !IR DAY-TO-DAY CONTACTS ) POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?IS LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY ( ! MOVEM5T MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 A DEEP-ROOT$ DEFIANCE ( ! NON-WORK+ OR PRIVILEG$ ELEM5TS1 9 A REFUSAL ( DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PEOPLE BY ANY ORGANIZATION1 & 9 ! IDEA ( A FREE & COMPLETE SELF-ADM9I/RATION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ( !IR LOCAL AFFAIRS4  

,! FREE1 F$]ATIVE 7& H5CE MORE SOLID7 COORD9ATION ( ALL ! =CES ( ! MOVEM5T 9TO A VA/1 FREELY ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ SOCIAL MOVEM5T4  

,! HEAL?Y & ADVANC$ IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE :I* ! MOVEM5T EX]CIS$ OV] A WIDE SECTION ( ! C\NTRY1 CONTA9+ SOME SEV5 MILLION 9HABITANTS4  

,! 9COMP>ABLE FI<T+ VALOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANT >MY1 AN >MY :I*1 DESPITE ITS P]PETUAL LACK ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION1 DESPITE ! CON/ANT & %AMEFUL BETRAYALS :I* IT SUFF]$1 DESPITE O!R T]RIBLE DIFFICULTIES1 WAS ABLE TO RESI/ = NE>LY F\R YE>S ALL ! USURPATIONS & ALL ! =CES ( OPPRESSION .<ACTIVE 9 ! ,UKRA9E.>4  

,! ORGANIZATIONAL & /RATEGIC & MILIT>Y G5IUS1 AS WELL AS ! O!R EXCEPTIONAL QUALITIES ( ?AT GUIDE ( ! FI<T+ NUCLEUS ( ! MOVEM5T1 ! AN>*I/ ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4  

,! RAPIDITY ) :I* ! PEASANT MASSES & ! 9SURG5TS1 DESPITE EXTREMELY UNFAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & S\<T TO APPLY !M4  

,C]TA9 POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS :I* ! MOVEM5T MADE1 9 SO F> AS CIRCUM/ANCES P]MITT$1 9 ECONOMICS & 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y MILITANCY4  
  

,! DISADVANTAGES ( ! MOVEM5T W]E3  

,! ALMO/ CONT9UAL NECESSITY ( FI<T+ & DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ ALL K9DS ( 5EMIES1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO CONC5TRATE ON PEACEFUL & TRULY POSITIVE WORKS4  

,! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( AN >MY )9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,= AN >MY1 ( :ATEV] K9D IT MAY BE1 ALWAYS & 9EVITABLY 5DS BY BE+ AFFECT$ BY C]TA9 S]I\S FAULTS1 BY A SPECIAL K9D ( EVIL M5TALITY4  

,! 9SUFFICI5CY ( LIB]T>IAN 9TELLECTUAL =CES )9 ! MOVEM5T4  

,C]TA9 P]SONAL DEFECTS ( ,MAKHNO4 ,\TSIDE ( HIS ORGANIZATIONAL & MILIT>Y G5IUS1 HIS LIB]T>IAN >DOR & HIS O!R REM>KABLE MILIT>Y QUALITIES1 ,MAKHNO POSSESS$ S]I\S WEAKNESSES ( *>ACT] & $UCATION4 ,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 HE WAS NOT EQUAL TO HIS TASK4 ,!SE WEAKNESSES -- WE WILL HAVE OCCASION TO RETURN TO !M -- DIM9I%$ ! SCOPE & ! MORAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOVEM5T4  

,A C]TA9 CASUALNESS1 A LACK ( NECESS>Y DI/RU/1 T[>DS ! ,COMMUNI/S4  

,! ABS5CE ( A VIGOR\S ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* C\LD SUPPORT ?AT ( ! PEASANT 9SURG5TS4  

,! CON/ANT %ORTAGE ( >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S NE>LY ALWAYS HAD TO >M !MSELVES ) WEAPONS CAPTUR$ 9 COMBAT FROM !IR 5EMIES4  
  

,BUT LET US RETURN TO ! EV5TS1 = ?R\<\T ! ACC\NT ?AT FOLL[S WE WILL HAVE OCCASION TO OBS]VE BO? ! M]ITS & DEFECTS ( ! MOVEM5T SUFFICI5TLY TO BE ABLE TO JUDGE IT AS A :OLE4 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#h1 ,MAKHNO'S DETA*M5TS1 UNIT$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y >MY ( P>TISANS1 BEGAN A G5]AL ATTACK ON ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY'S =CES4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN TROOPS W]E COMPLETELY DISORI5T$ BO? BY ! EV5TS ON ! WE/]N FRONT1 & BY ?OSE 9SIDE ! C\NTRY !Y W]E OCCUPY+4 ,MAKHNO TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,9 C]TA9 PLACES1 HE TREAT$ ) !SE TROOPS1 OBTA9$ !IR NEUTRALITY & EV5 MANAG$ TO DIS>M !M )\T DIFFICULTY1 ?US GA9+ POSSESSION ( !IR >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,ELSE:]E1 HE DEFEAT$ !M 9 BATTLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AFT] A BITT] FI<T ( ?REE DAYS1 HE OCCUPI$ ! :OLE ( ,GULAI-,POLYA4 

,EV]Y:]E ! 5D ( ! ,HETMAN'S REGIME WAS EXPECT$4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN TROOPS & ! ,HETMAN'S GU>D 7V>TA7 W]E NE>LY ALL DISP]S$ BE=E ! EXTRAORD9>Y GR[? ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! Y\NG PEASANTS FL[$ 5 MASSE 9TO ,MAKHNO'S >MY1 :I* WAS UNABLE TO >M ALL !SE VOLUNTE]S & HAD TO TURN MO/ ( !M AWAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURG5T >MY .<WAS ALREADY ABLE TO EQUIP.> SEV]AL REGIM5TS ( 9FANTRY & CAVALRY1 :ILE IT ALSO HAD A LITTLE >TILI]Y & MANY MA*9E-GUNS4 

,SOON IT HAD BECOME MA/] ( A V]Y L>GE REGION1 :I* WAS LIB]AT$ ( ALL P[]4 ,BUT ! ,HETMAN /ILL HELD ,KIEV4 ,MAKHNO !RE=E SET \T = ! NOR?4 ,HE OCCUPI$ ! IMPORTANT RAILROAD /ATIONS AT ,T*APL9O1 ,GRI*9O & ,S9ELNIKOVA1 & ! CITY ( ,PAVLOGRAD4 ,HE !N TURN$ WE/1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 

,!RE HE 5C\NT]$ ! ORGANIZ$ & COMPLETELY EQUIPP$ =CES ( ,PETLURA4 ,AT ?IS P]IOD1 ! PETLUROVTZI CONSID]$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T AN IMPORTANT EPISODE 9 ! ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION4 ,NOT KN[+ IT WELL1 !Y HOP$ TO ATTRACT !SE 0B&S ( REBELS0 9TO !IR SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE & PLACE !M UND] !IR [N CONTROL4 ,V]Y AMICABLY1 !Y ADDRESS$ TO ,MAKHNO A S]IES ( POLITICAL QUE/IONS3 ,:AT WAS HIS OP9ION ( ! ,PETLURI/ MOVEM5T & ,PETLURA'S GOV]NM5T8 ,H[ DID HE CONCEIVE ! FUTURE POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,UKRA9E8 ,W\LD HE NOT F9D IT DESIRABLE & USEFUL TO WORK 9 COMMON = ! CREATION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,UKRA9E8 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S' REPLY WAS TO ! PO9T4 ,!Y DECL>$1 ?AT 9 !IR OP9ION ,PETLUROVT*9A WAS A B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :OSE ROAD WAS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 ?AT ! ,UKRA9E %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON A BASIS ( FREE LABOR & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ?AT !Y DID NOT ACCEPT UNION ) ANYONE1 & ?AT NO?+ BUT /RUGGLE WAS POSSIBLE BETWE5 ,MAKHNOVIT*9A1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 & ! ,PETLUROVT*9A1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! EV5TS :I* FOLL[$ ?IS 0EX*ANGE ( VIEWS0 ILLU/RATE ! K9D ( TANGLE ?AT WAS COMMON 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,MAKHNO'S >MY /OPP$ AT ,NIJNE-,DNIEPROVSK1 A SUBURB ( ,EKAT]-9OSLAV & PREP>$ TO ATTACK ! CITY4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A ,BOL%EVIK COMMITTEE !RE1 :O POSSESS$ A FEW TROOPS1 BUT NOT 5\< = ACTION4 ,MAKHNO BE+ KN[N 9 ! REGION AS A VALIANT REVOLUTIONI/ & A V]Y GIFT$ MILIT>Y GUIDE1 ?IS 0,COMMITTEE0 (F]$ HIM ! COMM& ( ! P>TY'S WORK]S' DETA*M5TS4 ,MAKHNO ACCEPT$4 

,AS HE (T5 DID1 HE HAD REC\RSE TO A RUSE1 :I* WAS FULL ( RISK BUT PROMIS$ A GREAT DEAL IF IT %\LD SUCCE$4 ,HE LOAD$ A TRA9 ) HIS TROOPS & S5T IT FROM ,NIJNE-,DNIEPROVSK RI<T 9TO ! RAILWAY /ATION ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,AS HE KNEW1 SU* TRA9S BR\<T ! WORK+ PEOPLE FROM ! SUBURBS 9TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 & USUALLY TNEY PASS$ ?R\< )\T OB/ACLE OR 9SPECTION4 ,IF1 BY *ANCE1 ! RUSE HAD BE5 DISCOV]$ BE=E ! TRA9 /OPP$1 ! :OLE TROOP W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 PRISON]4 ,BUT IT W5T ?R\< UNH9D]$ & /OPP$ 9 ! /ATION4 O ,9 AN 9/ANT ! ,MAKHNOVI/S OCCUPI$ ! /ATION & ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,A FI]CE BATTLE BROKE \T 9 ! CITY4 ,! ,PETLURI/S W]E DEFEAT$4 ,!Y BEAT A RETREAT & AB&ON$ ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,!Y W]E NOT PURSU$1 = ,MAKHNO CONT5T$ HIMSELF1 = ! MOM5T1 ) TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! T[N & REORGANIZ+ HIS =CES4 

,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 ! ,PETLURI/S C\NT]ATTACK$ ) RE9=CEM5TS1 BEAT ,MAKHNO'S >MY & REGA9$ ! CITY4 ,BUT !Y 9 TURN DID NOT FEEL /RONG 5\< TO PURSUE ! ,MAKHNOVI/S4 ,! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,>MY RETREAT$ AGA9 9TO ! ,S9ELNIKOVO REGION1 :]E IT DUG 9 & E/ABLI%$ A FRONT BETWE5 ITSELF & ! ,PETLURI/S ON ! NOR?-WE/ FRONTI] ( ! 9SURG5T REGION4 

,PETLURA'S TROOPS1 COMPOS$ *IEFLY ( 9SURG5T PEASANTS1 OR CONSCRIPTS1 RAPIDLY DIS9TEGRAT$ UPON CONTACT ) ! ,MAKHNOVI/S1 & SOON ?IS FRONT MELT$ AWAY )\T A BATTLE4 ,LAT]1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O1 = ! MOM5T1 DID NOT RISK GO+ BEYOND ! CITY4 ,MAKHNO DID NOT FEEL ?AT HIS =CES W]E SUFFICI5T TO HOLD BO? ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ! VA/ LIB]AT$ REGION4 ,HE DECID$ TO LEAVE ! CITY TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ONLY 5SURE CONTROL ( ! FRONTI]S ( HIS REGION4 ,?US1 TO ! S\? & EA/ ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 A VA/ >EA ( SEV]AL ?\S& SQU>E KILOMET]S WAS FREE FROM ALL AU?ORITY & ALL TROOPS4 ,AT ,EKAT]9OSLAV ! ,BOL%EVIKS RUL$1 & TO ! WE/ ! ,PETLURI/S DOM9AT$ ! C\NTRY4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANTS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FRE$OM & RELATIVE PEACEFULNESS ( !IR REGION -- :I* UN=TUNATELY WAS ( %ORT DURATION -- TO ACCOMPLI% C]TA9 POSITIVE TASKS4 

,= SOME SIX MON?S1 FROM ,DECEMB] #aiah TO ,JUNE #a#i#a#i1 ! PEASANTS ( ,GULAI-,POLYA LIV$ )\T ANY POLITICAL P[]4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y NOT BREAK ! SOCIAL BONDS BETWE5 !M1 BUT1 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y CREAT$ NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION3 FREE WORK]S' COMMUNES & ,SOVIETS4 

,LAT] ON1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S =MULAT$ !IR SOCIAL IDEAS -- & P>TICUL>LY !IR CONCEPTION ( ! ,SOVIETS -- 9 A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ 0,G5]AL ,!SES ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5TS 7,MAKHNOVI/S7 CONC]N+ ! ,FREE ,WORK]S' ,SOVIET40 ,ACCORD+ TO ! 9SURG5TS1 ! ,SOVIETS %\LD BE ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES2 !Y %\LD BE P>T ( A G5]AL ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON SOCIAL EQUALITY1 !IR MEMB]S %\LD BE REAL WORK]S1 %\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ MASSES & OBEY ONLY !IR WILL1 & !IR 9ITIATORS %\LD NOT EX]CISE ANY P[]4 

,AS = ! COMMUNES1 9 SEV]AL PLACES ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO ORGANIZE SOCIAL LIFE ON A COMMUNAL1 JU/ & EQUALIT>IAN BASIS1 & ! V]Y PEASANTS :O %[$ !MSELVES HO/ILE TO ! (FICIAL COMMUNES .<( ! ,BOL%EVIKS.> PROCE$$ 5?USIA/ICALLY TO SET UP FREE COMMUNES4 

,! FIR/ COMMUNE1 CALL$ 0,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG01 WAS ORGANIZ$ NE> ! T[N ( ,PROKOVSKOIE4 ,AT FIR/ IT ONLY CONTA9$ A FEW DOZ5 MEMB]S1 BUT LAT] ! NUMB] EXCE$$ ?REE HUNDR$4 ,?IS COMMUNE WAS CREAT$ BY ! POORE/ PEASANTS ( ! LOCALITY4 ,9 CONSECRAT+ IT TO ! MEMORY ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 !Y GAVE WITNESS TO !IR IMP>TIALITY & NOBILITY ( S5TIM5T4 ,!Y HAD KN[N = SOME TIME ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS A M>TYR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( ! COMMUNE DID NOT CORRESPOND AT ALL TO ! DOCTR9ES = :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD /RUGGL$4 ,BUT ! PEASANTS JU/LY WANT$ TO HONOR A VICTIM ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,?IS COMMUNE WAS BAS$ ON ! NON-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE4 ,IT ACCOMPLI%$ V]Y GOOD RESULTS & ULTIMATELY EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE OV] ! PEASANTS ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4.<#b#c.> 

,SEV5 KILOMET]S FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA ANO!R COMMUNE WAS E/ABLI%$1 :I* WAS SIMPLY CALL$ 0,COMMUNE ,NO4 #a ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA ,PEASANTS40 ,IT WAS ALSO ! WORK ( POOR PEASANTS4 ,TW5TY KILOMET]S AWAY W]E COMMUNES ,NOS4 #b & #c4 ,!RE W]E ALSO SOME 9 O!R PLACES4 

,ALL !SE COMMUNES W]E CREAT$ FREELY1 BY A SPONTANE\S IMPULSE ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 ) ! HELP ( A FEW GOOD ORGANIZ]S1 = ! PURPOSE ( PROVID+ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE = ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,!Y HAD NO RESEMBLANCE TO ! >TIFICIAL & SO-CALL$ 0EXEMPL>Y COMMUNES0 :I* W]E RUN V]Y 9EFFICI5TLY BY ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES1 :]E !RE W]E USUALLY ASSEMBL$ ILL-ASSORT$ ELEM5TS1 :O HAD BE5 GA!R$ TOGE!R AT R&OM1 & W]E 9CAPABLE ( DO+ S]I\S WORK4 ,!SE SO-CALL$ 0COMMUNES0 ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NO?+ BUT WA/E GRA9 & RU9 ! L&4 ,SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS BY ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y LIV$ (F ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE :ILE PRET5D+ TO TEA* !M TO WORK4 

,! COMMUNES .<AT ,GULAI-,POLYA.> ) :I* WE >E H]E CONC]N$ W]E REAL WORK+ COMMUNES4 ,!Y GA!R$ AU!NTIC PEASANTS1 ACCU/OM$ FROM 9FANCY TO H>D WORK4 ,!Y W]E BAS$ ON REAL MAT]IAL MUTUAL AID & ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,EV]YONE -- M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 -- HAD TO WORK1 EA* TO ! EXT5T ( HIS ABILITY4 ,! ORGANIZ+ FUNCTIONS W]E CONFID$ TO COMRADES :O C\LD FULFILL !M ADEQUATELY4 ,!IR TASK ACCOMPLI%$1 !SE COMRADES REJO9$ ! COMMON WORK SIDE BY SIDE ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE4 ,!SE1 S\ND1 S]I\S PR9CIPLES W]E DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! COMMUNES >OSE FROM ! WORK]S !MSELVES & !IR DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$ A NATURAL C\RSE4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/ P>TISANS NEV] EX]T$ ANY PRESSURE ON ! PEASANTS1 CONF9+ !MSELVES TO PROPAGAT+ ! IDEA ( FREE COMMUNES4 ,! LATT] W]E =M$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! POOR PEASANTS !MSELVES4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ & SIGNIFICANT TO OBS]VE ?AT ! IDEAS & ACTIVITIES ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ PEASANTS W]E SIMIL> 9 ALL RESPECTS TO ?OSE ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT :5 ! LABOR+ MASSES HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY ( ?9K+1 SEEK+ & ACT+ FREELY1 !Y GRADUALLY F9D ! SAME C\RSE1 :ATEV] ! PLACE1 ! SURR\ND+S1 OR EV5 -- WE MI<T ADD -- ! TIME1 AS ONE CAN SEE BY EXAM9+ PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS4 ,9DEP5D5T ( ALL O!R REASON+1 ?IS %\LD LEAD US TO BELIEVE ?AT1 ON ! :OLE1 ?IS C\RSE IS ! RI<T1 JU/ & TRUE C\RSE = ! WORK]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 = MANY REASONS1 ! LABOR+ MASSES HAVE UP TO ! PRES5T NEV] BE5 ABLE TO KEEP TO ?IS C\RSE4 ,BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( NOT AB&ON+ IT1 OR FOLL[+ IT TO ! 5D1 IS ONLY A QUE/ION ( TIME & DEVELOPM5T4 

,! CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PEASANTS WAS NOT CONF9$ TO !SE EXP]IM5TS 9 FREE COMMUNISM4 ,TASKS ?AT W]E MU* VA/] & MORE IMPORTANT W]E NOT SL[ 9 PRES5T+ !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO F9D A COMMON PRACTICAL SOLUTION = V>I\S PROBLEMS :I* CONC]N$ ! :OLE REGION1 & = ?IS IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO E/ABLI% G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS1 FIR/ EMBRAC+ A DI/RICT1 LAT] A DEP>TM5T1 & F9ALLY ! :OLE REGION4 

,! PEASANTS DID NOT FAIL4 ,!Y HAD REC\RSE TO P]IODIC CONGRESSES ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & P>TISANS4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ?AT ! REGION REMA9$ FREE1 !RE W]E ?REE SU* REGIONAL CONGRESSES4 ,!Y P]MITT$ ! PEASANTS TO /R5G!N !IR CONTACTS1 TO ORI5T !MSELVES MORE C]TA9LY 9 ! COMPLEX CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! MOM5T1 & TO DET]M9E CLE>LY ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & O!R TASKS ?AT HAD TO BE DONE4 

,! ,FIR/ ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS TOOK PLACE ON ,JANU>Y #b#cRD1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ! T[N ( ,GREAT] ,MIKHAILOVKA4 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ! DANG] ( ! REACTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ,PETLURA & ,D5IK94 ,! ,PETLURI/S W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( REORGANIZ+ !IR =CES 9 ! WE/ ( ! C\NTRY = A NEW (F5SIVE4 ,AS = ,D5IK91 HIS PREP>ATIONS = CIVIL W> DI/URB$ ! PEASANTS & P>TISANS /ILL MORE4 ,! CONGRESS =MULAT$ MEASURES = RESI/ANCE TO ! TWO =CES4 ,MOREOV]1 PATROL ACTION1 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT1 WAS ALREADY OCCURR+ NE>LY EV]Y DAY ON ! S\!A/]N BORD] ( ! REGION4 

,! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS MET ?REE WEEKS LAT]1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#a#i1 AT ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! IMM95T DANG] ( AN (F5SIVE BY ,D5IK9 AGA9/ ! FREE REGION PREV5T$ ! CONGRESS FROM DEVOT+ ITSELF TO ! PROBLEMS1 H[EV] IMPORTANT1 ( PEACEFUL CON/RUCTION4 ,! SESSIONS W]E 5TIRELY OCCUPI$ BY QUE/IONS ( DEF5SE & FI<T+ AGA9/ ! NEW 9VAD]S4 

,! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY ( ! ,MAKHNOVTZI NUMB]$ AT ?IS MOM5T >\ND #b1 VOLUNTE] FI<T]S4 ,BUT MANY ( !M W]E WORN \T BY FATIGUE1 HAV+ HAD TO FI<T 9CESSANTLY ON ! FRONTI] AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S ADVANCE GU>D & O!R ATTEMPTS AT P5ETRATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ,D5IK9'S TROOPS W]E RAPIDLY GR[+ /RONG]4 

,AFT] LONG & PASSIONATE DEBATES1 ! CONGRESS RESOLV$ TO CALL ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! REGION TO A G5]AL VOLUNT>Y & EQUALIT>IAN MOBILIZATION4 ,BY 0VOLUNT>Y MOBILIZATION0 IT MEANT ?AT :ILE ?IS APPEAL1 SANCTION$ BY ! MORAL AU?ORITY ( ! CONGRESS1 EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ = FRE% TROOPS 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY1 NO ONE WAS COMPELL$ TO 5LI/3 ! APPEAL WAS DIRECT$ TO EV]YONE'S CONSCI5CE & GOOD WILL4 ,BY 0EQUALIT>IAN MOBILIZATION0 IT MEANT ?AT 9 FILL+ \T ! >MY1 ATT5TION W\LD BE GIV5 TO ! P]SONAL SITUATION ( EA* VOLUNTE]1 SO ?AT ! WEI<T ( ! MOBILIZATION W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ 4& SUPPORT$ BY ! POPULATION AS EQUALLY & JU/LY AS POSSIBLE4 

,AS A K9D ( G5]AL DIRECT+ BODY = ! FI<T AGA9/ ,PETLURA & ,D5IK91 TO MA9TA9 & SUPPORT1 DUR+ ! FI<T+1 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS AMONG ! WORK]S !MSELVES & ALSO BETWE5 !M & ! P>TISANS1 TO TAKE C>E ( ! NE$S = 9=MATION & CONTROL1 F9ALLY TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! V>I\S MEASURES :I* W]E ADOPT$ BY ! CONGRESS & :I* MI<T BE TAK5 UP BY SUCCE$+ CONF]5CES1 ?IS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS E/ABLI%$ A REGIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL 7,SOVIET7 ( PEASANTS1 WORK]S & P>TISANS4 

,?IS C\NCIL EMBRAC$ ! :OLE FREE REGION4 ,IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO C>RY \T ALL ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & MILIT>Y DECISIONS MADE AT ! CONGRESS4 ,IT WAS ?US1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 ! SUPREME EXECUTIVE ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT AT ALL AN AU?ORIT>IAN ORGAN4 ,ONLY /RICTLY EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS W]E ASSIGN$ TO IT4 ,IT CONF9$ ITSELF TO C>RY+ \T ! 9/RUCTIONS & DECISIONS ( ! CONGRESS4 ,AT ANY MOM5T1 IT C\LD BE DISSOLV$ BY ! CONGRESS & CEASE TO EXI/4 

,ONCE ! RESOLUTIONS ( ?IS ,SECOND ,CONGRESS W]E MADE KN[N TO ! PEASANTS ( ! REGION1 EA* NEW T[N & VILLAGE BEGAN TO S5D TO ,GULAI-,POLYA1 5 MASSE1 NEW VOLUNTE]S DESIR+ TO GO TO ! FRONT AGA9/ ,D5IK94 ,! NUMB] ( !SE NEW FI<T]S WAS 5ORM\S & SURPASS$ ALL EXPECTATIONS4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE TO >M & TRA9 ALL ( !M1 ! TRAGIC EV5TS :I* FOLL[$ W\LD NEV] HAVE OCCURR$4 ,MOREOV]1 ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MI<T HAVE BE5 SWIT*$ TO A NEW C\RSE4 ,! 0MIRACLE0 :I* ! LIB]T>IANS HAD HOP$ = MI<T HAVE HAPP5$4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 >MS W]E SC>CE 9 ! REGION4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 =M+ NEW DETA*M5TS AT ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T4 ,!Y HAD TO TURN AWAY N9ETY P] C5T1 ( ! VOLUNTE]S :O CAME TO 5LI/4 ,?IS HAD UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CES = ! REGION DUR+ ,D5IK9'S G5]AL (F5SIVE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#i4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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