,SECTION #c #ahhgahhg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,METRO ,C5TRIC1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITY CONSI/$ !N1 AS IT /ILL DOES1 ( 9DIVIDUAL FAMILIES4 ,BUT ALL ! FAMILIES ( ! SAME VILLAGE [N$ ! L& 9 COMMON4 ,!Y CONSID]$ IT AS !IR COMMON H]ITAGE & %>$ IT \T AMONG !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( ! SIZE ( EA* FAMILY - !IR NE$S & !IR POT5TIAL4 ,HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S /ILL LIVE 9 ?IS WAY 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,9DIA1 ,JAVA1 ETC4 ,IT IS ! SAME K9D ( SY/EM ?AT HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 \R TIME BY ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 FREELY 9 ,SIB]IA1 AS SOON AS ! ,/ATE GAVE !M A *ANCE TO OCCUPY ! VA/ ,SIB]IAN T]RITORY 9 !IR [N WAY4 ,TODAY ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& 9 A VILLAGE COMMUNITY IS C>RI$ \T BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL H\SEHOLD 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,S9CE ALL ! >ABLE L& IS %>$ \T BETWE5 ! FAMILIES 7& FUR!R %>$ \T :5 NECESS>Y7 EA* CULTIVATES ITS FIELD AS BE/ IT CAN4 ,BUT ORIG9ALLY1 ! L& WAS ALSO WORK$ 9 COMMON1 & ?IS CU/OM IS /ILL C>RI$ ON 9 MANY PLACES - AT LEA/ ON A P>T ( ! L&4 ,AS TO ! CLE>+ ( WOODL& & ! ?9N+ ( =E/S1 ! CON/RUCTION ( BRIDGES1 ! BUILD+ ( SMALL =TS & TURRETS1 = USE AS PLACES ( SAFETY 9 ! EV5T ( 9VASION - ALL !SE ACTIVITIES W]E C>RI$ \T ON A COMMUNAL BASIS1 JU/ AS HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEASANTS /ILL DO :]E ! VILLAGE COMMUNE HAS HELD \T AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT 'CONSUMPTION' - TO USE A MOD]N T]M - WAS ALREADY OP]AT+ ON A FAMILY BASIS1 EA* FAMILY HAV+ ITS CATTLE1 ITS KIT*5 G>D5 & /ORES4 ,! MEANS BO? = HO>D+ & = H&+ D[N GOODS & *ATTELS ACCUMULAT$ ?R\< 9H]ITANCE HAD ALREADY BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,9 ALL ITS AFFAIRS ! VILLAGE COMMUNE WAS SOV]EIGN4 ,LOCAL CU/OM WAS LAW & ! PL5>Y ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! HEADS ( FAMILY1 M5 & WOM51 WAS ! JUDGE1 ! ONLY JUDGE1 9 CIVIL & CRIM9AL MATT]S4 ,:5 AN 9HABITANT HAD LODG$ A COMPLA9T AGA9/ ANO!R & /UCK HIS KNIFE 9 ! GR\ND AT ! PLACE :]E ! COMMUNE NORMALLY ASSEMBL$1 ! COMMUNE HAD TO 'F9D ! S5T5CE' ACCORD+ TO LOCAL CU/OM ONCE ! FACT ( AN (F5SE HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! JURIES ( ! TWO P>TIES 9 LITIGATION4 ,W]E ,I TO REC\NT ALL ! 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( ?IS PHASE1 ,I W\LD NOT HAVE ! SPACE 9 :I* TO DO SO4 ,I MU/ !RE=E REF] ! READ] TO ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,SUFFICE IT TO M5TION H]E ?AT ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* ,/ATES W]E TO SEIZE LAT] = ! B5EFIT ( M9ORITIES1 ?AT ALL NOTIONS ( LAW ?AT EXI/ 9 \R CODES 7:I* HAVE BE5 MUTILAT$ 9 FAVOR ( M9ORITIES7 & ALL =MS ( JUDICIAL PROC$URE1 9 SO F> AS !Y (F] GU>ANTEES TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 HAD !IR BEG9N+S 9 ! VILLAGE COMMUNE4 ,SO :5 WE IMAG9E ?AT WE HAVE MADE GREAT ADVANCES 9 9TRODUC+ = 9/ANCE1 ! JURY1 ALL WE HAVE DONE IS TO RETURN TO ! 9/ITUTION ( ! SO-CALL$ 'B>B>IANS' AFT] HAV+ *ANG$ IT TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,ROMAN LAW WAS SIMPLY GRAFT$ TO CU/OM>Y LAW4 ,! S5SE ( NATIONAL UNITY WAS DEVELOP+ AT ! SAME TIME ?R\< L>GE FREE F$]ATIONS ( VILLAGE COMMUNES4 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNE1 BE+ BAS$ ON ! POSSESSION 9 COMMON & V]Y (T5 9 ! CULTIVATION 9 COMMON ( ! L&2 & BE+ SOV]EIGN BO? AS JUDGE & LEGISLATOR ( CU/OM>Y LAW1 SATISFI$ MO/ ( ! NE$S ( ! SOCIAL BE+4 ,BUT NOT ALL ITS NE$S3 !RE W]E /ILL O!RS ?AT HAD TO BE SATISFI$4 ,N[1 ! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES WAS NOT TO APPEAL TO A GOV]NM5T AS SOON AS A NEW NE$ WAS MAK+ ITSELF FELT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! 9DIVIDUALS !MSELVES W\LD TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE TO COME TOGE!R1 TO JO9 =CES1 & TO F$]ATE2 TO CREATE AN 5T5TE1 L>GE OR SMALL1 NUM]\S OR RE/RICT$1 :I* WAS 9 KEEP+ ) ! NEW NE$4 ,& SOCIETY !N WAS LIT]ALLY COV]$1 AS IF BY A NETWORK1 ( SWORN BRO!RHOODS2 ( GUILDS = MUTUAL AID1 ( 'CONJURATIONS'1 9 ! VILLAGE AS WELL AS \TSIDE IT1 9 ! F$]ATION4 ,WE MAY OBS]VE ?IS PHASE & SPIRIT AT WORK EV5 TODAY1 AMONG MANY B>B>IAN F$]ATIONS1 :I* HAVE REMA9$ \TSIDE ! MOD]N ,/ATES COPI$ ON ! ,ROMAN OR RA!R ,BYZANT9E MODEL4 ,?US1 TO TAKE ONE EXAMPLE AMONG MANY1 ! ,KABYLES HAVE MA9TA9$ !IR VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ) ! *>ACT]I/ICS ,I HAVE JU/ M5TION$3 L& 9 COMMON1 COMMUNAL TRIBUNALS1 ETC4 ,BUT MAN FEELS ! NE$ = ACTION BEYOND ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( HIS HAMLET4 ,SOME ROVE ! WORLD SEEK+ ADV5TURE AS P$DL]S4 ,O!RS TAKE UP SOME K9D ( TRADE - OR '>T'4 ,& ?OSE P$DL]S & ?OSE >TISANS JO9 TOGE!R 9 'FRAT]NITIES'1 EV5 :5 !Y BELONG TO DIFF]5T VILLAGES1 TRIBES OR CONF$]ATIONS4 ,UNION IS NE$$ = MUTUAL SUCCOR ON VOYAGES TO DI/ANT L&S1 = ! MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( ! MY/]IES ( ONE'S TRADE1 & SO !Y JO9 =CES4 ,!Y SWE> BRO!RHOOD & PRACTICE IT 9 A WAY ?AT MAKES A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ,EUROPEANS2 IT IS A REAL BRO!RHOOD & NOT JU/ EMPTY WORDS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MIS=TUNE CAN OV]TAKE ANYONE4 ,:O KN[S BUT ?AT TOMORR[ 9 A BRAWL A NORMALLY G5TLE & QUIET MAN MAY EXCE$ ! E/ABLI%$ LIMITS ( DECORUM & SOCIABILITY8 ,:O KN[S :E!R HE MIY TO PAY HEAVY COMP5SATION TO ! (F5D$ OR W\ND$ P>TY2 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PLEAD ONE'S CAUSE BE=E ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLY1 & TO RECON/RUCT ! FACTS1 ON ! TE/IMONY ( SIX1 T5 OR TWELVE 'SWORN BRO!RS'4 ,ALL ! MORE REASON TO 5T] A FRAT]NITY4 ,BESIDES1 MAN FEELS ! NE$ TO M$DLE 9 POLITICS1 TO 5GAGE 9 9TRIGUE P]HAPS1 OR TO PROPAGATE A P>TICUL> MORAL OP9ION OR A P>TICUL> CU/OM4 ,F9ALLY1 EXT]NAL PEACE HAS TO BE SAFEGU>D$2 ALLIANCES ) O!R TRIBES TO BE CONCLUD$1 F$]ATIONS TO BE CON/ITUT$ F> & WIDE2 ELEM5TS ( 9T]TRIBAL LAW TO BE SPREAD ABROAD4 ,WELL !N1 TO GRATIFY ALL !SE NE$S ( AN EMOTIONAL OR 9TELLECTUAL NATURE1 ! ,KABYLES1 ! ,MONGOLS1 ! ,MALAYS1 DO NOT APPEAL TO A GOV]NM5T2 !Y HAV5'T ONE4 ,BE+ M5 ( CU/OM>Y LAW1 & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 !Y HAVE NOT BE5 P]V]T$ FROM ACT+ = !MSELVES BY ! CORRUPT+ =CE ( GOV]NM5T & ,*UR*4 ,!Y UNITE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!Y =M SWORN BRO!RHOODS1 POLITICAL & RELIGI\S ASSOCIATIONS1 CRAFT ASSOCIATIONS - GUILDS AS !Y W]E CALL$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & C(S AS !Y >E CALL$ TODAY BY ! ,KABYLES4 ,& !SE C(S EXT5D BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ! HAMLET2 !Y EXT5D F> & WIDE 9TO ! DES]T & TO =EIGN CITIES2 & BRO!RHOOD IS PRACTIC$ 9 !SE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,TO REFUSE HELP TO A MEMB] ( ONE'S C( - EV5 AT ! RISK ( LOS+ ALL ONE'S POSSESSIONS & ONE'S LIFE - IS TO COMMIT AN ACT ( TREASON TO ! 'BRO!RHOOD'2 IT IS TO BE TREAT$ AS ONE'S 'BRO!R'S' MURD]]4 ,:AT WE F9D TODAY AMONG ! ,KABYLES1 ,MONGOLS1 ,MALAYS1 ETC41 WAS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( LIFE ( ! B>B>IANS 9 ,EUROPE FROM ! FIF? TO ! TWELF? & EV5 UNTIL ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,UND] ! NAME ( GUILDS1 FRI5D%IPS1 BRO!RHOODS1 ETC41 ASSOCIATIONS AB\ND$ = MUTUAL DEF5SE1 TO AV5GE AFFRONTS SUFF]$ BY SOME MEMB]S ( ! UNION & TO EXPRESS SOLID>ITY1 TO REPLACE ! 'EYE = AN EYE' V5GEANCE BY COMP5SATION1 FOLL[$ BY ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! AGGRESSOR 9 ! BRO!RHOOD2 = ! EX]CISE ( TRADES1 = AID 9 CASE ( ILLNESS1 = DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY2 TO PREV5T 5CROA*M5TS ( A NASC5T AU?ORITY2 = COMM]CE1 = ! PRACTICE ( 'GOOD NEIS & ! ,POPES1 N[ADAYS EXPECT FROM ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS EV5 V]Y D\BTFUL :E!R !RE WAS A S+LE MAN 9 ?AT P]IOD1 FREE MAN OR S]F1 AP>T FROM ?OSE :O HAD BE5 BANN$ BY !IR [N BRO!RHOODS1 :O DID NOT BELONG TO A BRO!RHOOD OR SOME GUILD1 AS WELL AS TO HIS COMMUNE4 ,! ,SC&9AVIAN ,SAGAS EXTOLL !IR A*IEVEM5TS2 ! DEVOTION ( SWORN BRO!RS IS ! !ME ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL POEMS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,*UR* & NASC5T K+S1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,BYZANT9E 7OR ,ROMAN7 LAW :I* REAPPE>$1 HURL !IR EXCOMMUNICATIONS & !IR RULES & REGULATIONS AT ! BRO!RHOOD1 BUT =TUNATELY !Y REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! EPO* LOSES ITS MEAN+ & IS QUITE 9COMPREH5SIBLE IF ONE DOES NOT TAKE ?OSE BRO!RHOODS 9TO CONSID]ATION1 !SE UNIONS ( BRO!RS & SI/]S1 :I* SPRANG UP EV]Y:]E TO DEAL ) ! MANY NE$S 9 ! ECONOMIC & P]SONAL LIVES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ORD] TO APPRECIATE ! IMM5SE PROGRESS A*IEV$ BY ?IS D\BLE 9/ITUTION ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES & FREELY SWORN BRO!RHOODS - \TSIDE ANY ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC OR ,/ATI/ 9FLU5CE - TAKE = 9/ANCE ,EUROPE AS IT WAS AT ! TIME ( ! B>B>IAN 9VASION1 & COMP>E IT ) :AT IT BECAME 9 ! T5? & ELEV5? C5TURIES4 ,! UNTAM$ =E/ IS CONQU]$ & COLONIZ$2 VILLAGES COV] ! C\NTRY & >E SURR\ND$ BY FIELDS & H$GES & PROTECT$ BY SMALL =TS 9T]L9K$ BY PA?S CROSS+ =E/S & ! M>%ES4 ,9 !SE VILLAGES ONE F9DS ! SE$S ( 9DU/RIAL >TS & DISCOV]S A :OLE NETWORK ( 9/ITUTIONS = MA9TA9+ 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL PEACE4 ,9 ! EV5T ( MURD] OR W\ND+S ! VILLAG]S NO LONG] SEEK AS 9 ! TRIBE1 TO ELIM9ATE OR TO 9FLICT AN EQUIVAL5T W\ND ON ! AGGRESSOR1 OR EV5 ONE ( HIS RELATIVES OR SOME ( HIS FELL[ VILLAG]S4 ,RA!R IS IT ! BRIG&-LORDS :O /ILL ADH]E TO ?AT PR9CIPLE 7H5CE !IR W>S )\T 5D71 :]EAS AMONG VILLAG]S COMP5SATION1 FIX$ BY >BIT]S1 BECOMES ! RULE AFT] :I* PEACE IS REE/ABLI%$ & ! AGGRESSOR IS (T51 IF NOT ALWAYS1 ADOPT$ BY ! FAMILY :O HAS BE5 WRONG$ BY HIS AGGRESSION4 ,>BITRATION = ALL DISPUTES BECOMES A DEEPLY ROOT$ 9/ITUTION 9 DAILY USE - 9 SPITE ( & AGA9/ ! BI%OPS & ! NASC5T K+LETS :O W\LD WI% EV]Y DIFF]5CE %\LD BE LAID BE=E !M1 OR !IR AG5TS1 9 ORD] TO B5EFIT FROM ! F]D - ! F9E =M]LY LEVI$ BY ! VILLAGE ON VIOLATORS ( ! PEACE :5 !Y BR\E ALREADY UNIT$ 9 P[]FUL F$]ATIONS1 SWORN TO 9T]NAL PEACE1 :O LOOK UPON !IR T]RITORY AS A COMMON H]ITAGE & >E UNIT$ = MUTUAL PROTECTION4 ,!SE W]E ! SE$S ( ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,& TO ?IS DAY ONE CAN /ILL /UDY ?OSE F$]ATIONS 9 OP]ATION AMONG ! ,MONGOL1 ! ,TURKO-,F9NI% & ,MALAYAN TRIBES4 ,MEAN:ILE BLACK CL\DS >E GA!R+ ON ! HORIZON4 ,O!R UNIONS - ( DOM9ANT M9ORITIES - >E ALSO E/ABLI%$1 :I* SEEK SL[LY TO MAKE !SE FREE M5 9TO S]FS1 9TO SUBJECTS4 ,ROME IS DEAD1 BUT ITS TRADITION IS REBORN1 & ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*1 HAUNT$ BY ! VISIONS ( ,EA/]N !OCRACIES1 GIVES ITS P[]FUL SUPPORT TO ! NEW P[]S ?AT SEEK TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES4 ,F> FROM BE+ ! BLOOD?IR/Y BEA/ HE WAS MADE \T TO BE 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! NE$ TO DOM9ATE HIM1 ,MAN HAS ALWAYS PREF]R$ PEACE & QUIET4 ,QU>RELSOME RA!R ?AN FI]CE1 HE PREF]S HIS CATTLE1 ! L&1 & HIS HUT TO SOLDI]+4 ,= ?IS REASON1 NO SOON] HAD ! GREAT MIGRATIONS ( B>B>IANS SL[$ D[N1 NO SOON] HAD ! HORDES & ! TRIBES =TIFI$ !MSELVES MORE OR LESS 9 !IR RESPECTIVE T]RITORIES1 ?AN WE SEE ?AT DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY AGA9/ NEW WAVES ( EMIGRANTS IS 5TRU/$ TO SOMEONE :O 5GAGES A SMALL B& ( ADV5TUR]S - H>D5$ W>RIORS OR BRIG&S - TO FOLL[ HIM1 :ILE ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 5GAGES 9 RE>+ CATTLE1 9 WORK+ ! L&4 ,& ?AT DEF5D] SOON BEG9S TO ACCUMULATE RI*ES2 HE GIVES HORSES & IRON 7!N V]Y EXP5SIVE7 TO ! MIS]ABLE CULTIVATOR :O HAS NEI!R HORSE NOR PL[1 & R$UCES HIM TO S]VITUDE4 ,HE ALSO BEG9S TO LAY D[N ! BASES = MILIT>Y P[]4 ,& AT ! SAME TIME1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! TRADITION ?AT MAKES ! LAW IS BE+ =GOTT5 BY ! MAJORITY4 ,9 EA* VILLAGE ONLY A FEW OLD FOLK CAN REMEMB] ! V]SES & SONGS CONTA9+ ! 'PREC$5TS' ON :I* CU/OM>Y LAW IS BAS$1 & ON FE/IVE OCCASIONS ! REPEAT !SE BE=E ! COMMUNITY4 ,& SL[LY1 C]TA9 FAMILIES MAKE IT !IR SPECIALTY1 TRANSMITT$ FROM FA!R TO SON1 ( REMEMB]+ !SE SONGS & V]SES1 ( PRES]V+ ! PURITY ( ! LAW4 ,VILLAG]S W\LD GO TO !M TO ADJUDICATE ON COMPLICAT$ DISPUTES1 ESPECIALLY :5 TWO CONF$]ATIONS C\LD NOT AGREE TO ACCEPT ! DECISIONS ( ! >BIT]S *OS5 FROM AMONG !MSELVES4 ,PR9CELY & ROYAL AU?ORITY IS ALREADY G]M9AT+ 9 !SE FAMILIES1 & ! MORE ,I /UDY ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ?AT P]IOD ! MORE DO ,I SEE ?AT CU/OM>Y LAW DID MU* MORE TO CREATE ?AT AU?ORITY ?AN DID ! P[] ( ! SWORD4 ,MAN ALL[$ HIMSELF TO BE 5SLAV$ MU* MORE BY HIS DESIRE TO 'PUNI%' ! AGGRESSOR ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ?AN BY DIRECT MILIT>Y CONQUE/4 ,& GRADUALLY ! FIR/ 'CONC5TRATION ( P[]S'1 ! FIR/ MUTUAL ASSURANCE = DOM9ATION - BY JUDGE & MILIT>Y LEAD] - IS MADE AGA9/ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,A S+LE MAN ASSUMES !SE TWO FUNCTIONS4 ,HE SURR\NDS HIMSELF ) >M$ M5 TO C>RY \T ! JUDICIAL DECISIONS2 HE =TIFIES HIMSELF 9 HIS TURRET2 HE ACCUMULATES = HIS FAMILY FAMILY ! RI*ES ( ! TIME - BREAD1 CATTLE IRON - & SL[LY IMPOSES HIS DOM9ATION OV] ! PEASANT 9 ! VIC9ITY4 ,! LE>N$ MAN ( ! P]IOD1 ?AT IS ! SORC]] OR ! PRIE/1 SOON GAVE HIM HIS SUPPORT EI!R TO %>E HIS P[] OR1 BY ADD+ =CE TO ! KN[L$GE ( CU/OM>Y LAW TO HIS P[]S AS A FE>$ MAGICIAN1 ! PRIE/ TAKES IT OV] HIMSELF4 ,FROM :I* /EMS ! TEMPORAL AU?ORITY ( ! BI%OPS 9 ! N9?1 T5? & ELEV5? C5TURIES4 ,I W\LD NE$ A S]IES ( LECTURES RA!R ?AN A *APT] TO DEAL ) ?IS SUBJECT :I* IS SO FULL ( NEW LESSONS1 & TO REC\NT H[ FREE M5 GRADUALLY BECAME S]FS1 =C$ TO WORK = ! LORD ( ! MANOR1 TEMPORAL OR CL]ICAL2 ( H[ AU?ORITY WAS BUILT UP OV] ! VILLAGES & BOR\$ TO BE MOV+ T[>DS ! CON/ITUTION ( ?OSE B>B>IAN K+DOMS1 SIMIL> TO ! ONES F\ND TODAY 9 ! HE>T ( ,AFRICA1 OR ?OSE ( !OCRACIES ONE KN[S AB\T FROM ,ORI5TAL HI/ORY4 ,?IS C\LD NOT HAPP5 9 A DAY2 BUT ! SE$S ( ?OSE PETTY ROYALTIES & = ?OSE PETTY !OCRACIES W]E ALREADY !RE & W]E 9CREAS+LY MANIFE/+ !MSELVES4 ,=TUNATELY ! 'B>B>IAN' SPIRIT - ,SC&9AVIAN1 ,SAXON1 ,CELT1 ,G]MAN ,SLAV - :I* = SEV5 OR EIB>IANS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE 5SLAV$1 !Y WORK$ = ! MA/]1 BUT !IR FEEL+ = FREE ACTION & FREE AGREEM5T HAD NOT YET BE5 BROK5 D[N4 ,!IR BRO!RHOODS W]E MORE ALIVE ?AN EV]1 & ! CRUSADES HAD ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 >\S+ & DEVELOP+ !M 9 ! ,WE/4 ,& SO ! REVOLUTION ( ! URBAN COMMUNITIES1 RESULT+ FROM ! UNION ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY & ! SWORN BRO!RHOOD ( ! >TISANS & ! M]*ANT - :I* HAD BE5 PREP>$ LONG S9CE BY ! F$]AL MOOD ( ! P]IOD - EXPLOD$ 9 ! ELEV5? & TWELF? C5TURIES ) /RIK+ EFFECT 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IT HAD ALREADY />T$ 9 ! ,ITALIAN COMMUNITIES 9 ! T5? C5TURY4 ,?IS REVOLUTION1 :I* MO/ UNIV]SITY HI/ORIANS PREF] TO IGNORE1 OR TO UND]E/IMATE1 SAV$ ,EUROPE FROM ! DISA/] :I* ?REAT5$ IT4 ,IT >RE/$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( !OCRATIC & DESPOTIC K+DOMS 9 :I* \R CIVILIZATION MI*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/