,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GUY ,DEBORD 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE 

      #ebd ,WORDS2 #c1#b#i#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,CULM9ATION ( ,SEP>ATION 

      #b1#h#g#g ,WORDS2 #a#i1#c#i#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,COMMODITY AS ,SPECTACLE 

      #b1#a#g#c ,WORDS2 #a#d1#c#h#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,UNITY & ,DIVISION ,)9 ,APPE>ANCES 

      #b1#f#f#g ,WORDS2 #a#h1#h#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT AS ,SUBJECT & ,REPRES5TATION 

      #a1#f#d#f ,WORDS2 #g#a1#b#b#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,TIME & ,HI/ORY 

      #c1#i#d#h ,WORDS2 #b#e1#g#c#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,SPECTACUL> ,TIME 

      #a1#f#e#a ,WORDS2 #a#a1#c#a#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,T]RITORIAL ,DOM9ATION 

      #a1#g#d#d ,WORDS2 #a#b1#a#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,NEGATION & ,CONSUMPTION ,)9 ,CULTURE 

      #d1#b#c#e ,WORDS2 #b#h1#a#g#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,IDEOLOGY ,MAT]IALIZ$ 

      #a1#a#g#g ,WORDS2 #h1#b#e ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE 
,TRANSLATOR'S ,NOTE 

  

,!RE HAVE BE5 SEV]AL PREVI\S ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS ( ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE4 ,I HAVE GONE ?R\< !M ALL & HAVE RETA9$ :ATEV] SEEM$ ALREADY TO BE ADEQUATE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,I HAVE ADOPT$ QUITE A FEW ( ,DONALD ,NI*OLSON-,SMI?'S R5D]+S1 ?\< ,I HAVE DIV]G$ FROM HIM 9 MANY O!R CASES4 ,HIS TRANSLATION 7,ZONE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#d7 & ! E>LI] ONE BY ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN & ,JOHN ,SUPAK 7,BLACK & ,R$1 #a#i#g#g7 >E BO? 9 PR9T1 & BO? CAN ALSO BE F\ND AT ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,ONL9E WEBSITE4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT MY TRANSLATION CONVEYS ,DEBORD'S ACTUAL MEAN+ MORE ACCURATELY1 AS WELL AS MORE CLE>LY & IDIOMATICALLY1 ?AN ANY ( ! O!R V]SIONS4 ,I AM NEV]!LESS AW>E ?AT IT IS F> FROM P]FECT1 & WELCOME ANY CRITICISMS OR SUGGE/IONS4 

,IF Y\ F9D ! OP5+ *APT]S TOO DIFFICULT1 Y\ MI<T TRY />T+ ) ,*APT] #d OR ,*APT] #e4 ,AS Y\ SEE H[ ,DEBORD DEALS ) CONCRETE HI/ORICAL EV5TS1 Y\ MAY GET A BETT] IDEA ( ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( IDEAS ?AT >E PRES5T$ MORE AB/RACTLY 9 ! O!R *APT]S4 

,! BOOK IS NOT1 H[EV]1 AS DIFFICULT OR AB/RACT AS IT IS REPUT$ TO BE4 ,IT IS NOT AN IVORY-T[] ACADEMIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL DISC\RSE4 ,IT IS AN EF=T TO CL>IFY ! NATURE ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES & ! ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS ( V>I\S ME?ODS = *ANG+ IT4 ,EV]Y S+LE !SIS HAS A DIRECT OR 9DIRECT BE>+ ON ISSUES ?AT >E MATT]S ( LIFE & DEA?4 ,*APT] #d1 :I* ) REM>KABLE CONCIS5ESS SUMS UP ! LESSONS ( TWO C5TURIES ( REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 IS SIMPLY ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 

,K5 ,KNABB1 ,FEBRU>Y #bb 

,M>* #bb 

  

,9 ANSW] TO A NUMB] ( QU]IES ,I HAVE RECEIV$3 ,AT ! MOM5T ,I HAVE NO PLANS TO PUBLI% ?IS TRANSLATION 9 BOOK =M4 ,= ONE ?+1 ,I'M NOT YET COMPLETELY SATISFI$ ) IT1 & WILL BE F9E-TUN+ IT OV] ! NEXT FEW MON?S4 ,!N ,I MAY />T CONSID]+ DIFF]5T PUBLICATION POSSIBILITIES1 DEP5D+ ON :AT SORT ( 9T]E/ HAS BE5 EXPRESS$4 

,ANO!R REASON IS ?AT ,ALICE ,DEBORD HAS ASK$ ME TO PREP>E NEW TRANSLATIONS ( ALL ( ,DEBORD'S FILMS1 TO BE US$ 9 SUBTITL+ !M = ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ AUDI5CES4 ,ONE ( ?OSE FILMS1 ( C\RSE1 IS BAS$ ON ?IS BOOK1 SO ,I WILL WANT TO GET ?AT TAK5 C>E ( 7:I* MAY 9VOLVE M9OR LA/-M9UTE *ANGES 9 ! PORTIONS ( ! BOOK ?AT >E US$ 9 ! FILM7 BE=E ?9K+ AB\T BOOK PUBLICATION4 

,JULY #b#b3 

  

,DUR+ ! LA/ FEW WEEKS ,I HAVE MADE A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( /YLI/IC REVISIONS 9 ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE TRANSLATION4 ,AL?\< ,I WILL CONT9UE TO MAKE ANY IMPROVEM5TS ?AT OCCUR TO ME1 ! TRANSLATION AS IT N[ /&S IS PROBABLY PRETTY CLOSE TO F9AL4 

,JANU>Y #b#e3 

  

,A BOOK $ITION ( ?IS TRANSLATION HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GL& BY ,REBEL ,PRESS4 7,NOTE3 ,9 ! FIR/ PR9T+ ( ?IS $ITION ! PUBLI%] ]RONE\SLY REF]R$ TO ?IS AS 0A NEW AU?ORIZ$ TRANSLATION40 ,! TRANSLATION WAS 9 FACT DONE 9DEP5D5TLY & WAS NOT AU?ORIZ$4 ,! FIR/ PR9T+ ALSO BEG9S ,*APT] #b ) !SIS _?#c#h4 ,IT %\LD BEG9 ) _?#c#e4 ,BO? ( !SE ]RORS HAVE BE5 CORRECT$ 9 ! SECOND PR9T+47 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,CULM9ATION ( ,SEP>ATION 
,*APT] #a3 ,! ,CULM9ATION ( ,SEP>ATION 

  
  

0,BUT = ! PRES5T AGE1 :I* PREF]S ! SIGN TO ! ?+ SIGNIFI$1 ! COPY TO ! ORIG9AL1 REPRES5TATION TO REALITY1 APPE>ANCE TO ESS5CE 444 TRU? IS CONSID]$ PR(ANE1 & ONLY ILLUSION IS SACR$4 ,SACR$NESS IS 9 FACT HELD TO BE 5HANC$ 9 PROPORTION AS TRU? DECREASES & ILLUSION 9CREASES1 SO ?AT ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( ILLUSION COMES TO BE ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( SACR$NESS40  
  
  

,FEU]BA*1 ,PREFACE TO ! SECOND $ITION ( ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY   

#a 

  

,9 SOCIETIES DOM9AT$ BY MOD]N CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 LIFE IS PRES5T$ AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( SPECTACLES4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS DIRECTLY LIV$ HAS REC$$ 9TO A REPRES5TATION4 

#b 

  

,! IMAGES DETA*$ FROM EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE M]GE 9TO A COMMON /REAM 9 :I* ! UNITY ( ?AT LIFE CAN NO LONG] BE RECOV]$4 ,FRAGM5T$ VIEWS ( REALITY REGR\P !MSELVES 9TO A NEW UNITY AS A SEP>ATE PSEUD[ORLD ?AT CAN ONLY BE LOOK$ AT4 ,! SPECIALIZATION ( IMAGES ( ! WORLD EVOLVES 9TO A WORLD ( AUTONOMIZ$ IMAGES :]E EV5 ! DECEIV]S >E DECEIV$4 ,! SPECTACLE IS A CONCRETE 9V]SION ( LIFE1 AN AUTONOM\S MOVEM5T ( ! NONLIV+4 

#c 

  

,! SPECTACLE PRES5TS ITSELF SIMULTANE\SLY AS SOCIETY ITSELF1 AS A P>T ( SOCIETY1 & AS A MEANS ( UNIFICATION4 ,AS A P>T ( SOCIETY1 IT IS ! FOCAL PO9T ( ALL VISION & ALL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT DUE TO ! V]Y FACT ?AT ?IS SECTOR IS SEP>ATE1 IT IS 9 REALITY ! DOMA9 ( DELUSION & FALSE CONSCI\SNESS3 ! UNIFICATION IT A*IEVES IS NO?+ BUT AN (FICIAL LANGUAGE ( UNIV]SAL SEP>ATION4 

#d 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS NOT A COLLECTION ( IMAGES2 IT IS A SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 PEOPLE ?AT IS M$IAT$ BY IMAGES4 

#e 

  

,! SPECTACLE CANNOT BE UND]/OOD AS A M]E VISUAL EXCESS PRODUC$ BY MASS-M$IA TE*NOLOGIES4 ,IT IS A WORLDVIEW ?AT HAS ACTUALLY BE5 MAT]IALIZ$1 A VIEW ( A WORLD ?AT HAS BECOME OBJECTIVE4 

#f 

  

,UND]/OOD 9 ITS TOTALITY1 ! SPECTACLE IS BO? ! RESULT & ! PROJECT ( ! DOM9ANT MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS NOT A M]E DECORATION ADD$ TO ! REAL WORLD4 ,IT IS ! V]Y HE>T ( ?IS REAL SOCIETY'S UNREALITY4 ,9 ALL ( ITS P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATIONS -- NEWS1 PROPAG&A1 ADV]TIS+1 5T]TA9M5T -- ! SPECTACLE REPRES5TS ! DOM9ANT MODEL ( LIFE4 ,IT IS ! OMNIPRES5T AFFIRMATION ( ! *OICES ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 MADE 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION & 9 ! CONSUMPTION IMPLI$ BY ?AT PRODUCTION4 ,9 BO? =M & CONT5T ! SPECTACLE S]VES AS A TOTAL JU/IFICATION ( ! CONDITIONS & GOALS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,! SPECTACLE ALSO REPRES5TS ! CON/ANT PRES5CE ( ?IS JU/IFICATION S9CE IT MONOPOLIZES ! MAJORITY ( ! TIME SP5T \TSIDE ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

#g 

  

,SEP>ATION IS ITSELF AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! UNITY ( ?IS WORLD1 ( A GLOBAL SOCIAL PRACTICE SPLIT 9TO REALITY & IMAGE4 ,! SOCIAL PRACTICE CONFRONT$ BY AN AUTONOM\S SPECTACLE IS AT ! SAME TIME ! REAL TOTALITY :I* CONTA9S ?AT SPECTACLE4 ,BUT ! SPLIT )9 ?IS TOTALITY MUTILATES IT TO ! PO9T ?AT ! SPECTACLE SEEMS TO BE ITS GOAL4 ,! LANGUAGE ( ! SPECTACLE CONSI/S ( SIGNS ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM ( PRODUCTION -- SIGNS :I* >E AT ! SAME TIME ! ULTIMATE 5D-PRODUCTS ( ?AT SY/EM4 

#h 

  

,! SPECTACLE CANNOT BE AB/RACTLY CONTRA/$ TO CONCRETE SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,EA* SIDE ( SU* A DUALITY IS ITSELF DIVID$4 ,! SPECTACLE ?AT FALSIFIES REALITY IS NEV]!LESS A REAL PRODUCT ( ?AT REALITY4 ,CONV]SELY1 REAL LIFE IS MAT]IALLY 9VAD$ BY ! CONTEMPLATION ( ! SPECTACLE1 & 5DS UP ABSORB+ IT & ALIGN+ ITSELF ) IT4 ,OBJECTIVE REALITY IS PRES5T ON BO? SIDES4 ,EA* ( !SE SEEM+LY FIX$ CONCEPTS HAS NO O!R BASIS ?AN ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO ITS OPPOSITE3 REALITY EM]GES )9 ! SPECTACLE1 & ! SPECTACLE IS REAL4 ,?IS RECIPROCAL ALI5ATION IS ! ESS5CE & SUPPORT ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 

#i 

  

,9 A WORLD ?AT IS REALLY UPSIDE D[N1 ! TRUE IS A MOM5T ( ! FALSE4 

#a 

  

,! CONCEPT ( 0! SPECTACLE0 9T]RELATES & EXPLA9S A WIDE RANGE ( SEEM+LY UNCONNECT$ PH5OM5A4 ,! APP>5T DIV]SITIES & CONTRA/S ( !SE PH5OM5A /EM FROM ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( APPE>ANCES1 :OSE ESS5TIAL NATURE MU/ ITSELF BE RECOGNIZ$4 ,CONSID]$ 9 ITS [N T]MS1 ! SPECTACLE IS AN AFFIRMATION ( APPE>ANCES & AN ID5TIFICATION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE ) APPE>ANCES4 ,BUT A CRITIQUE ?AT GRASPS ! SPECTACLE'S ESS5TIAL *>ACT] REVEALS IT TO BE A VISIBLE NEGATION ( LIFE -- A NEGATION ?AT HAS TAK5 ON A VISIBLE =M4 

#aa 

  

,9 ORD] TO DESCRIBE ! SPECTACLE1 ITS =MATION1 ITS FUNCTIONS1 & ! =CES ?AT WORK AGA9/ IT1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE SOME >TIFICIAL DI/9CTIONS4 ,9 ANALYZ+ ! SPECTACLE WE >E OBLIG$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T TO USE ! SPECTACLE'S [N LANGUAGE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE HAVE TO OP]ATE ON ! ME?ODOLOGICAL T]RA9 ( ! SOCIETY ?AT EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! SPECTACLE4 ,= ! SPECTACLE IS BO? ! MEAN+ & ! AG5DA ( \R P>TICUL> SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION4 ,IT IS ! HI/ORICAL MOM5T 9 :I* WE >E CAU<T4 

#ab 

  

,! SPECTACLE PRES5TS ITSELF AS A VA/ 9ACCESSIBLE REALITY ?AT CAN NEV] BE QUE/ION$4 ,ITS SOLE MESSAGE IS3 0,:AT APPE>S IS GOOD2 :AT IS GOOD APPE>S40 ,! PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE IT DEM&S IS ALREADY EFFECTIVELY IMPOS$ BY ITS MONOPOLY ( APPE>ANCES1 ITS MANN] ( APPE>+ )\T ALL[+ ANY REPLY4 

#ac 

  

,! TAUTOLOGICAL *>ACT] ( ! SPECTACLE /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ITS MEANS & 5DS >E ID5TICAL4 ,IT IS ! SUN ?AT NEV] SETS OV] ! EMPIRE ( MOD]N PASSIVITY4 ,IT COV]S ! 5TIRE SURFACE ( ! GLOBE1 5DLESSLY BASK+ 9 ITS [N GLORY4 

#ad 

  

,! SOCIETY BAS$ ON MOD]N 9DU/RY IS NOT ACCID5TALLY OR SUP]FICIALLY SPECTACUL>1 IT IS FUNDAM5TALLY SPECTACLI/4 ,9 ! SPECTACLE -- ! VISUAL REFLECTION ( ! RUL+ ECONOMIC ORD] -- GOALS >E NO?+1 DEVELOPM5T IS EV]Y?+4 ,! SPECTACLE AIMS AT NO?+ O!R ?AN ITSELF4 

#ae 

  

,AS 9DISP5SABLE EMBELLI%M5T ( CURR5TLY PRODUC$ OBJECTS1 AS G5]AL >TICULATION ( ! SY/EM'S RATIONALES1 & AS ADVANC$ ECONOMIC SECTOR ?AT DIRECTLY CREATES AN EV]-9CREAS+ MASS ( IMAGE-OBJECTS1 ! SPECTACLE IS ! LEAD+ PRODUCTION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 

#af 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS ABLE TO SUBJECT HUMAN BE+S TO ITSELF BECAUSE ! ECONOMY HAS ALREADY TOTALLY SUBJUGAT$ !M4 ,IT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ECONOMY DEVELOP+ = ITSELF4 ,IT IS AT ONCE A FAI?FUL REFLECTION ( ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S & A DI/ORT+ OBJECTIFICATION ( ! PRODUC]S4 

#ag 

  

,! FIR/ /AGE ( ! ECONOMY'S DOM9ATION ( SOCIAL LIFE BR\<T AB\T AN EVID5T DEGRADATION ( BE+ 9TO HAV+ -- HUMAN FULFILLM5T WAS NO LONG] EQUAT$ ) :AT ONE WAS1 BUT ) :AT ONE POSSESS$4 ,! PRES5T /AGE1 9 :I* SOCIAL LIFE HAS BECOME COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ! ACCUMULAT$ PRODUCTIONS ( ! ECONOMY1 IS BR++ AB\T A G5]AL %IFT FROM HAV+ TO APPE>+ -- ALL 0HAV+0 MU/ N[ D]IVE ITS IMM$IATE PRE/IGE & ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE FROM APPE>ANCES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ALL 9DIVIDUAL REALITY HAS BECOME SOCIAL1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS %AP$ BY SOCIAL =CES & IS DIRECTLY DEP5D5T ON !M4 ,9DIVIDUAL REALITY IS ALL[$ TO APPE> ONLY IF IT IS NOT ACTUALLY REAL4 

#ah 

  

,:5 ! REAL WORLD IS TRANS=M$ 9TO M]E IMAGES1 M]E IMAGES BECOME REAL BE+S -- DYNAMIC FIGM5TS ?AT PROVIDE ! DIRECT MOTIVATIONS = A HYPNOTIC BEHAVIOR4 ,S9CE ! SPECTACLE'S JOB IS TO USE V>I\S SPECIALIZ$ M$IATIONS 9 ORD] TO %[ US A WORLD ?AT CAN NO LONG] BE DIRECTLY GRASP$1 IT NATURALLY ELEVATES ! S5SE ( SI<T TO ! SPECIAL PREEM95CE ONCE OCCUPI$ BY T\*3 ! MO/ AB/RACT & EASILY DECEIV$ S5SE IS ! MO/ READILY ADAPTABLE TO ! G5]ALIZ$ AB/RACTION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! SPECTACLE IS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( IMAGES1 NOR EV5 ( IMAGES PLUS S\NDS4 ,IT IS :ATEV] ESCAPES PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY1 :ATEV] ELUDES !IR PRACTICAL RECONSID]ATION & CORRECTION4 ,IT IS ! OPPOSITE ( DIALOGUE4 ,:]EV] REPRES5TATION BECOMES 9DEP5D5T1 ! SPECTACLE REG5]ATES ITSELF4 

#ai 

  

,! SPECTACLE 9H]ITS ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL PROJECT1 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO UND]/& ACTIVITY BY MEANS ( ! CATEGORIES ( VISION1 & IT IS BAS$ ON ! REL5TLESS DEVELOPM5T ( ! P>TICUL> TE*NICAL RATIONALITY ?AT GREW \T ( ?AT =M ( ?\<T4 ,! SPECTACLE DOES NOT REALIZE PHILOSOPHY1 IT PHILOSOPHIZES REALITY1 R$UC+ EV]YONE'S CONCRETE LIFE TO A UNIV]SE ( SPECULATION4 

#b 

  

,PHILOSOPHY -- ! P[] ( SEP>ATE ?\<T & ! ?\<T ( SEP>ATE P[] -- WAS NEV] BY ITSELF ABLE TO SUP]S$E !OLOGY4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! MAT]IAL RECON/RUCTION ( ! RELIGI\S ILLUSION4 ,SPECTACUL> TE*NOLOGY HAS NOT DISP]S$ ! RELIGI\S MI/S 9TO :I* HUMAN BE+S HAD PROJECT$ !IR [N ALI5AT$ P[]S1 IT HAS M]ELY BR\<T ?OSE MI/S D[N TO E>?1 TO ! PO9T ?AT EV5 ! MO/ MUNDANE ASPECTS ( LIFE HAVE BECOME IMP5ETRABLE & UNBREA?ABLE4 ,! ILLUSORY P>ADISE ?AT REPRES5T$ A TOTAL D5IAL ( E>?LY LIFE IS NO LONG] PROJECT$ 9TO ! HEAV5S1 IT IS EMB$D$ 9 E>?LY LIFE ITSELF4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! TE*NOLOGICAL V]SION ( ! EXIL+ ( HUMAN P[]S 9TO A 0WORLD BEYOND02 ! CULM9ATION ( HUMANITY'S 9T]NAL SEP>ATION4 

#ba 

  

,AS LONG AS NECESSITY IS SOCIALLY DREAM$1 DREAM+ WILL REMA9 A SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! BAD DREAM ( A MOD]N SOCIETY 9 *A9S & ULTIMATELY EXPRESSES NO?+ MORE ?AN ITS WI% = SLEEP4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! GU>DIAN ( ?AT SLEEP4 

#bb 

  

,! FACT ?AT ! PRACTICAL P[] ( MOD]N SOCIETY HAS DETA*$ ITSELF FROM ?AT SOCIETY & E/ABLI%$ AN 9DEP5D5T REALM 9 ! SPECTACLE CAN BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY ! ADDITIONAL FACT ?AT ?AT P[]FUL PRACTICE CONT9U$ TO LACK COHESION & HAD REMA9$ 9 CONTRADICTION ) ITSELF4 

#bc 

  

,! ROOT ( ! SPECTACLE IS ?AT OLDE/ ( ALL SOCIAL SPECIALIZATIONS1 ! SPECIALIZATION ( P[]4 ,! SPECTACLE PLAYS ! SPECIALIZ$ ROLE ( SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ALL ! O!R ACTIVITIES4 ,IT IS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY'S AMBASSADOR TO ITSELF1 DELIV]+ ITS (FICIAL MESSAGES AT A C\RT :]E NO ONE ELSE IS ALL[$ TO SPEAK4 ,! MO/ MOD]N ASPECT ( ! SPECTACLE IS ?US ALSO ! MO/ >*AIC4 

#bd 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS ! RUL+ ORD]'S NON/OP DISC\RSE AB\T ITSELF1 ITS NEV]-5D+ MONOLOGUE ( SELF-PRAISE1 ITS SELF-PORTRAIT AT ! /AGE ( TOTALIT>IAN DOM9ATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,! FETI%I/IC APPE>ANCE ( PURE OBJECTIVITY 9 SPECTACUL> RELATIONS CONCEALS !IR TRUE *>ACT] AS RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE & BETWE5 CLASSES3 A SECOND ,NATURE1 ) ITS [N 9ESCAPABLE LAWS1 SEEMS TO DOM9ATE \R 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT ! SPECTACLE IS NOT ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( SOME SUPPOS$LY NATURAL TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE IS A =M ?AT *OOSES ITS [N TE*NOLOGICAL CONT5T4 ,IF ! SPECTACLE1 CONSID]$ 9 ! LIMIT$ S5SE ( ! 0MASS M$IA0 ?AT >E ITS MO/ GL>+ SUP]FICIAL MANIFE/ATION1 SEEMS TO BE 9VAD+ SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( A M]E TE*NICAL APP>ATUS1 IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS APP>ATUS IS 9 NO WAY NEUTRAL & ?AT IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SPECTACLE'S 9T]NAL DYNAMICS4 ,IF ! SOCIAL NE$S ( ! AGE 9 :I* SU* TE*NOLOGIES >E DEVELOP$ CAN BE MET ONLY ?R\< !IR M$IATION1 IF ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?IS SOCIETY & ALL CONTACT BETWE5 PEOPLE HAS BECOME TOTALLY DEP5D5T ON !SE MEANS ( 9/ANTANE\S COMMUNICATION1 IT IS BECAUSE ?IS 0COMMUNICATION0 IS ESS5TIALLY UNILAT]AL4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( !SE M$IA ?US AM\NTS TO CONC5TRAT+ 9 ! H&S ( ! ADM9I/RATORS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM ! MEANS ?AT 5ABLE !M TO C>RY ON ?IS P>TICUL> =M ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,! SOCIAL SEP>ATION REFLECT$ 9 ! SPECTACLE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! MOD]N /ATE -- ! PRODUCT ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT IS BO? ! *IEF 9/RUM5T ( CLASS RULE & ! CONC5TRAT$ EXPRESSION ( ALL SOCIAL DIVISIONS4 

#be 

  

,SEP>ATION IS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! =M ( CLASS DIVISIONS HAD GIV5 RISE TO AN E>LI]1 RELIGI\S =M ( CONTEMPLATION3 ! MY?ICAL ORD] ) :I* EV]Y P[] HAS ALWAYS CAM\FLAG$ ITSELF4 ,RELIGION JU/IFI$ ! COSMIC & ONTOLOGICAL ORD] ?AT CORRESPOND$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! MA/]S1 EXP\ND+ & EMBELLI%+ EV]Y?+ !IR SOCIETIES C\LD NOT DELIV]4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ALL SEP>ATE P[] HAS BE5 SPECTACUL>4 ,BUT ?IS E>LI] UNIV]SAL DEVOTION TO A FIX$ RELIGI\S IMAG]Y WAS ONLY A %>$ ACKN[L$GM5T ( LOSS1 AN IMAG9>Y COMP5SATION = ! POV]TY ( A CONCRETE SOCIAL ACTIVITY ?AT WAS /ILL G5]ALLY EXP]I5C$ AS A UNIT>Y CONDITION4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! MOD]N SPECTACLE DEPICTS :AT SOCIETY C\LD DELIV]1 BUT 9 SO DO+ IT RIGIDLY SEP>ATES :AT IS POSSIBLE FROM :AT IS P]MITT$4 ,! SPECTACLE KEEPS PEOPLE 9 A /ATE ( UNCONSCI\SNESS AS !Y PASS ?R\< PRACTICAL *ANGES 9 !IR CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,LIKE A FACTITI\S GOD1 IT 5G5D]S ITSELF & MAKES ITS [N RULES4 ,IT REVEALS ITSELF = :AT IT IS3 AN AUTONOM\SLY DEVELOP+ SEP>ATE P[]1 BAS$ ON ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY RESULT+ FROM AN 9CREAS+LY REF9$ DIVISION ( LABOR 9TO P>CELIZ$ GE/URES DICTAT$ BY ! 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( MA*9ES1 & WORK+ = AN EV]-EXP&+ M>KET4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ALL COMMUNITY & ALL CRITICAL AW>5ESS HAVE DIS9TEGRAT$2 & ! =CES ?AT W]E ABLE TO GR[ BY SEP>AT+ FROM EA* O!R HAVE NOT YET BE5 REUNIT$4 

#bf 

  

,! G5]AL SEP>ATION ( WORK] & PRODUCT T5DS TO ELIM9ATE ANY DIRECT P]SONAL COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! PRODUC]S & ANY COMPREH5SIVE S5SE ( :AT !Y >E PRODUC+4 ,) ! 9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION ( SEP>ATE PRODUCTS & ! 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 COMMUNICATION & COMPREH5SION >E MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! MANAG]S ( ! SY/EM4 ,! TRIUMPH ( ?IS SEP>ATION-BAS$ ECONOMIC SY/EM PROLET>IANIZES ! :OLE WORLD4 

#bg 

  

,DUE TO ! V]Y SUCCESS ( ?IS SEP>ATE PRODUCTION ( SEP>ATION1 ! FUNDAM5TAL EXP]I5CE ?AT 9 E>LI] SOCIETIES WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) PEOPLE'S PRIM>Y WORK IS 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ REPLAC$ 79 SECTORS NE> ! CUTT+ $GE ( ! SY/EM'S EVOLUTION7 BY AN ID5TIFICATION ( LIFE ) NONWORK+ TIME1 ) 9ACTIVITY4 ,BUT SU* 9ACTIVITY IS 9 NO WAY LIB]AT$ FROM PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4 ,IT REMA9S DEP5D5T ON IT1 9 AN UNEASY & ADMIR+ SUBMISSION TO ! REQUIREM5TS & CONSEQU5CES ( ! PRODUCTION SY/EM4 ,IT IS ITSELF ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?AT SY/EM4 ,!RE CAN BE NO FRE$OM AP>T FROM ACTIVITY1 & )9 ! SPECTACLE ACTIVITY IS NULLIFI$ -- ALL REAL ACTIVITY HAV+ BE5 =CIBLY *ANNEL$ 9TO ! GLOBAL CON/RUCTION ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,?US1 :AT IS REF]R$ TO AS A 0LIB]ATION FROM WORK10 NAMELY ! MOD]N 9CREASE 9 LEISURE TIME1 IS NEI!R A LIB]ATION ( WORK ITSELF NOR A LIB]ATION FROM ! WORLD %AP$ BY ?IS K9D ( WORK4 ,NONE ( ! ACTIVITY /OL5 BY WORK CAN BE REGA9$ BY SUBMITT+ TO :AT ?AT WORK HAS PRODUC$4 

#bh 

  

,! REIGN+ ECONOMIC SY/EM IS A VICI\S CIRCLE ( ISOLATION4 ,ITS TE*NOLOGIES >E BAS$ ON ISOLATION1 & !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ?AT SAME ISOLATION4 ,FROM AUTOMOBILES TO TELEVISION1 ! GOODS ?AT ! SPECTACUL> SY/EM *OOSES TO PRODUCE ALSO S]VE IT AS WEAPONS = CON/ANTLY RE9=C+ ! CONDITIONS ?AT 5G5D] 0LONELY CR[DS40 ,) EV]-9CREAS+ CONCRET5ESS ! SPECTACLE RECREATES ITS [N PRESUPPOSITIONS4 

#bi 

  

,! SPECTACLE WAS BORN FROM ! WORLD'S LOSS ( UNITY1 & ! IMM5SE EXPANSION ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE REVEALS ! 5ORMITY ( ?IS LOSS4 ,! AB/RACTIFY+ ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL LABOR & ! G5]AL AB/RACTNESS ( :AT IS PRODUC$ >E P]FECTLY REFLECT$ 9 ! SPECTACLE1 :OSE MANN] ( BE+ CONCRETE IS PRECISELY AB/RACTION4 ,9 ! SPECTACLE1 A P>T ( ! WORLD PRES5TS ITSELF TO ! WORLD & IS SUP]IOR TO IT4 ,! SPECTACLE IS SIMPLY ! COMMON LANGUAGE ( ?IS SEP>ATION4 ,SPECTATORS >E L9K$ SOLELY BY !IR ONE-WAY RELATION%IP TO ! V]Y C5T] ?AT KEEPS !M ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R4 ,! SPECTACLE ?US REUNITES ! SEP>AT$1 BUT IT REUNITES !M ONLY 9 !IR SEP>AT5ESS4 

#c 

  

,! ALI5ATION ( ! SPECTATOR1 :I* RE9=CES ! CONTEMPLAT$ OBJECTS ?AT RESULT FROM HIS [N UNCONSCI\S ACTIVITY1 WORKS LIKE ?IS3 ,! MORE HE CONTEMPLATES1 ! LESS HE LIVES2 ! MORE HE ID5TIFIES ) ! DOM9ANT IMAGES ( NE$1 ! LESS HE UND]/&S HIS [N LIFE & HIS [N DESIRES4 ,! SPECTACLE'S E/RANGEM5T FROM ! ACT+ SUBJECT IS EXPRESS$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S GE/URES >E NO LONG] HIS [N2 !Y >E ! GE/URES ( SOMEONE ELSE :O REPRES5TS !M TO HIM4 ,! SPECTATOR DOES NOT FEEL AT HOME ANY:]E1 BECAUSE ! SPECTACLE IS EV]Y:]E4 

#ca 

  

,WORK]S DO NOT PRODUCE !MSELVES1 !Y PRODUCE A P[] 9DEP5D5T ( !MSELVES4 ,! SUCCESS ( ?IS PRODUCTION1 ! ABUNDANCE IT G5]ATES1 IS EXP]I5C$ BY ! PRODUC]S AS AN ABUNDANCE ( DISPOSSESSION4 ,AS !IR ALI5AT$ PRODUCTS ACCUMULATE1 ALL TIME & SPACE BECOME =EIGN TO !M4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! MAP ( ?IS NEW WORLD1 A MAP ?AT IS ID5TICAL TO ! T]RITORY IT REPRES5TS4 ,! =CES ?AT HAVE ESCAP$ US DISPLAY !MSELVES TO US 9 ALL !IR P[]4 

#cb 

  

,! SPECTACLE'S SOCIAL FUNCTION IS ! CONCRETE MANUFACTURE ( ALI5ATION4 ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION CONSI/S PRIM>ILY ( ! EXPANSION ( ?IS P>TICUL> SECTOR ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,! 0GR[?0 G5]AT$ BY AN ECONOMY DEVELOP+ = ITS [N SAKE CAN BE NO?+ O!R ?AN A GR[? ( ! V]Y ALI5ATION ?AT WAS AT ITS ORIG94 

#cc 

  

,?\< SEP>AT$ FROM :AT !Y PRODUCE1 PEOPLE NEV]!LESS PRODUCE EV]Y DETAIL ( !IR WORLD ) EV]-9CREAS+ P[]4 ,!Y ?US ALSO F9D !MSELVES 9CREAS+LY SEP>AT$ FROM ?AT WORLD4 ,! CLOS] !IR LIFE COMES TO BE+ !IR [N CREATION1 ! MORE !Y >E EXCLUD$ FROM ?AT LIFE4 

#cd 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ TO ! PO9T ?AT IT BECOMES IMAGES4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,COMMODITY AS ,SPECTACLE 
,*APT] #b3 ,! ,COMMODITY AS ,SPECTACLE 

  
  

0,! COMMODITY CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 ITS UNDI/ORT$ ESS5CE ONLY :5 IT BECOMES ! UNIV]SAL CATEGORY ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT DOES ! REIFICATION PRODUC$ BY COMMODITY RELATIONS ASSUME DECISIVE IMPORTANCE BO? = ! OBJECTIVE EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY & = ! ATTITUDES ?AT PEOPLE ADOPT T[>D IT1 AS IT SUBJUGATES !IR CONSCI\SNESS TO ! =MS 9 :I* ?IS REIFICATION F9DS EXPRESSION444 ,AS LABOR IS 9CREAS+LY RATIONALIZ$ & ME*ANIZ$1 ?IS SUBJUGATION IS RE9=C$ BY ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY BECOMES LESS & LESS ACTIVE & MORE & MORE CONTEMPLATIVE40  
  
  

,LUKACS1 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS   

#ce 

  

,9 ! SPECTACLE'S BASIC PRACTICE ( 9CORPORAT+ 9TO ITSELF ALL ! FLUID ASPECTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY SO AS TO POSSESS !M 9 A CONGEAL$ =M1 & ( 9V]T+ LIV+ VALUES 9TO PURELY AB/RACT VALUES1 WE RECOGNIZE \R OLD 5EMY ! COMMODITY1 :I* SEEMS AT FIR/ GLANCE SO TRIVIAL & OBVI\S1 YET :I* IS ACTUALLY SO COMPLEX & FULL ( METAPHYSICAL SUBTLETIES4 

#cf 

  

,! FETI%ISM ( ! COMMODITY -- ! DOM9ATION ( SOCIETY BY 09TANGIBLE AS WELL AS TANGIBLE ?+S0 -- ATTA9S ITS ULTIMATE FULFILLM5T 9 ! SPECTACLE1 :]E ! REAL WORLD IS REPLAC$ BY A SELECTION ( IMAGES :I* >E PROJECT$ ABOVE IT1 YET :I* AT ! SAME TIME SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ !MSELVES REG>D$ AS ! EPITOME ( REALITY4 

#cg 

  

,! WORLD AT ONCE PRES5T & ABS5T ?AT ! SPECTACLE HOLDS UP TO VIEW IS ! WORLD ( ! COMMODITY DOM9AT+ ALL LIV+ EXP]I5CE4 ,! WORLD ( ! COMMODITY IS ?US %[N = :AT IT IS1 BECAUSE ITS DEVELOPM5T IS ID5TICAL TO PEOPLE'S E/RANGEM5T FROM EA* O!R & FROM EV]Y?+ !Y PRODUCE4 

#* 

  

,! LOSS ( QUALITY ?AT IS SO EVID5T AT EV]Y LEVEL ( SPECTACUL> LANGUAGE1 FROM ! OBJECTS IT GLORIFIES TO ! BEHAVIOR IT REGULATES1 /EMS FROM ! BASIC NATURE ( A PRODUCTION SY/EM ?AT %UNS REALITY4 ,! COMMODITY =M R$UCES EV]Y?+ TO QUANTITATIVE EQUIVAL5CE4 ,! QUANTITATIVE IS :AT IT DEVELOPS1 & IT CAN DEVELOP ONLY )9 ! QUANTITATIVE4 

#ci 

  

,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T EXCLUDES ! QUALITATIVE1 IT IS ITSELF SUBJECT TO QUALITATIVE *ANGE4 ,! SPECTACLE REFLECTS ! FACT ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS CROSS$ ! ?RE%OLD ( ITS [N ABUNDANCE4 ,AL?\< ?IS QUALITATIVE *ANGE HAS AS YET TAK5 PLACE ONLY P>TIALLY 9 A FEW LOCAL >EAS1 IT IS ALREADY IMPLICIT AT ! UNIV]SAL LEVEL ?AT WAS ! COMMODITY'S ORIG9AL /&>D -- A /&>D ?AT ! COMMODITY HAS LIV$ UP TO BY TURN+ ! :OLE PLANET 9TO A S+LE WORLD M>KET4 

#d 

  

,! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES IS ! UNCONSCI\S HI/ORY ?AT HAS ACTUALLY CREAT$ & ALT]$ ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( HUMAN GR\PS -- ! CONDITIONS 5ABL+ !M TO SURVIVE & ! EXPANSION ( ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,IT HAS BE5 ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( ALL HUMAN UND]TAK+S4 ,)9 NATURAL ECONOMIES1 ! EM]G5CE ( A COMMODITY SECTOR REPRES5T$ A SURPLUS SURVIVAL4 ,COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 :I* IMPLIES ! EX*ANGE ( V>I$ PRODUCTS BETWE5 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S1 T5D$ = A LONG TIME TO RETA9 ITS SMALL-SCALE CRAFT ASPECTS1 RELEGAT$ AS IT WAS TO A M>G9AL ECONOMIC ROLE :]E ITS QUANTITATIVE REALITY WAS /ILL HIDD54 ,BUT :5EV] IT 5C\NT]$ ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( L>GE-SCALE COMM]CE & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 IT TOOK TOTAL CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! 5TIRE ECONOMY !N BECAME :AT ! COMMODITY HAD ALREADY %[N ITSELF TO BE 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS CONQUE/3 A PROCESS ( QUANTITATIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS CON/ANT EXPANSION ( ECONOMIC P[] 9 ! =M ( COMMODITIES TRANS=M$ HUMAN LABOR ITSELF 9TO A COMMODITY1 9TO WAGE LABOR1 & ULTIMATELY PRODUC$ A LEVEL ( ABUNDANCE SUFFICI5T TO SOLVE ! 9ITIAL PROBLEM ( SURVIVAL -- BUT ONLY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! SAME PROBLEM IS CONT9UALLY BE+ REG5]AT$ AT A HI<] LEVEL4 ,ECONOMIC GR[? HAS LIB]AT$ SOCIETIES FROM ! NATURAL PRESSURES ?AT =C$ !M 9TO AN IMM$IATE /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL2 BUT !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM !IR LIB]ATOR4 ,! COMMODITY'S 9DEP5D5CE HAS SPREAD TO ! 5TIRE ECONOMY IT N[ DOM9ATES4 ,?IS ECONOMY HAS TRANS=M$ ! WORLD1 BUT IT HAS M]ELY TRANS=M$ IT 9TO A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY ! ECONOMY4 ,! PSEUDONATURE )9 :I* HUMAN LABOR HAS BECOME ALI5AT$ DEM&S ?AT SU* LABOR REMA9 =EV] 9 ITS S]VICE2 & S9CE ?IS DEM& IS =MULAT$ BY & ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO ITSELF1 IT 9 FACT 5DS UP *ANNEL+ ALL SOCIALLY P]MITT$ PROJECTS & 5DEAVORS 9TO ITS [N RE9=CEM5T4 ,! ABUNDANCE ( COMMODITIES -- ?AT IS1 ! ABUNDANCE ( COMMODITY RELATIONS -- AM\NTS TO NO?+ MORE ?AN AN AUGM5T$ SURVIVAL4 

#da 

  

,AS LONG AS ! ECONOMY'S ROLE AS MAT]IAL BASIS ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS NEI!R NOTIC$ NOR UND]/OOD 7REMA9+ UNKN[N PRECISELY BECAUSE IT WAS SO FAMILI>71 ! COMMODITY'S DOM9ION OV] ! ECONOMY WAS EX]T$ 9 A COV]T MANN]4 ,9 SOCIETIES :]E ACTUAL COMMODITIES W]E FEW & F> BETWE51 MONEY WAS ! APP>5T MA/]1 S]V+ AS PL5IPOT5TI>Y REPRES5TATIVE ( ! GREAT] P[] ?AT REMA9$ UNKN[N4 ,) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION'S MANUFACTURAL DIVISION ( LABOR & MASS PRODUCTION = A GLOBAL M>KET1 ! COMMODITY F9ALLY BECAME FULLY VISIBLE AS A P[] ?AT WAS COLONIZ+ ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT WAS AT ?AT PO9T ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS ! DOM9ANT SCI5CE1 & AS ! SCI5CE ( DOM9ATION4 

#db 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS ! /AGE AT :I* ! COMMODITY HAS SUCCE$$ 9 TOTALLY COLONIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE4 ,COMMODIFICATION IS NOT ONLY VISIBLE1 WE NO LONG] SEE ANY?+ ELSE2 ! WORLD WE SEE IS ! WORLD ( ! COMMODITY4 ,MOD]N ECONOMIC PRODUCTION EXT5DS ITS DICTATOR%IP BO? EXT5SIVELY & 9T5SIVELY4 ,9 ! LESS 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGIONS1 ITS REIGN IS ALREADY MANIFE/$ BY ! PRES5CE ( A FEW /> COMMODITIES & BY ! IMP]IALI/ DOM9ATION IMPOS$ BY ! MORE 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ REGIONS4 ,9 ! LATT]1 SOCIAL SPACE IS BLANKET$ ) EV]-NEW LAY]S ( COMMODITIES4 ,) ! 0SECOND 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION10 ALI5AT$ CONSUMPTION HAS BECOME JU/ AS MU* A DUTY = ! MASSES AS ALI5AT$ PRODUCTION4 ,! SOCIETY'S 5TIRE SOLD LABOR HAS BECOME A TOTAL COMMODITY :OSE CON/ANT TURNOV] MU/ BE MA9TA9$ AT ALL CO/4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 ?IS TOTAL COMMODITY HAS TO BE RETURN$ 9 FRAGM5T$ =M TO FRAGM5T$ 9DIVIDUALS :O >E COMPLETELY CUT (F FROM ! OV]ALL OP]ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! SPECIALIZ$ SCI5CE ( DOM9ATION IS BROK5 D[N 9TO FUR!R SPECIALTIES SU* AS SOCIOLOGY1 APPLI$ PSY*OLOGY1 CYB]NETICS1 & SEMIOLOGY1 :I* OV]SEE ! SELF-REGULATION ( EV]Y PHASE ( ! PROCESS4 

#dc 

  

,:]EAS DUR+ ! PRIMITIVE /AGE ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION 0POLITICAL ECONOMY CONSID]S ! PROLET>IAN ONLY AS A WORK]10 :O ONLY NE$S TO BE ALLOTT$ ! 9DISP5SABLE M9IMUM = MA9TA9+ HIS LABOR P[]1 & NEV] CONSID]S HIM 09 HIS LEISURE & HUMANITY10 ?IS RUL+-CLASS P]SPECTIVE IS REVIS$ AS SOON AS COMMODITY ABUNDANCE REA*ES A LEVEL ?AT REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL COLLABORATION FROM HIM4 ,ONCE HIS WORKDAY IS OV]1 ! WORK] IS SUDD5LY R$EEM$ FROM ! TOTAL CONTEMPT T[>D HIM ?AT IS SO CLE>LY IMPLI$ BY EV]Y ASPECT ( ! ORGANIZATION & SURVEILLANCE ( PRODUCTION1 & F9DS HIMSELF SEEM+LY TREAT$ LIKE A GR[NUP1 ) A GREAT %[ ( POLIT5ESS1 9 HIS NEW ROLE AS A CONSUM]4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! HUMANISM ( ! COMMODITY TAKES *>GE ( ! WORK]'S 0LEISURE & HUMANITY0 SIMPLY BECAUSE POLITICAL ECONOMY N[ CAN & MU/ DOM9ATE ?OSE SPH]ES AS POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,! 0P]FECT$ D5IAL ( MAN0 HAS ?US TAK5 *>GE ( ALL HUMAN EXI/5CE4 

#dd 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS A P]MAN5T OPIUM W> DESIGN$ TO =CE PEOPLE TO EQUATE GOODS ) COMMODITIES & TO EQUATE SATISFACTION ) A SURVIVAL ?AT EXP&S ACCORD+ TO ITS [N LAWS4 ,CONSUMABLE SURVIVAL MU/ CON/ANTLY EXP& BECAUSE IT NEV] CEASES TO 9CLUDE PRIVATION4 ,IF AUGM5T$ SURVIVAL NEV] COMES TO A RESOLUTION1 IF !RE IS NO PO9T :]E IT MI<T /OP EXP&+1 ?IS IS BECAUSE IT IS ITSELF /UCK 9 ! REALM ( PRIVATION4 ,IT MAY GILD POV]TY1 BUT IT CANNOT TRANSC5D IT4 

#de 

  

,AUTOMATION1 :I* IS BO? ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTOR ( MOD]N 9DU/RY & ! EPITOME ( ITS PRACTICE1 OBLIGES ! COMMODITY SY/EM TO RESOLVE ! FOLL[+ CONTRADICTION3 ,! TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AT OBJECTIVELY T5D TO ELIM9ATE WORK MU/ AT ! SAME TIME PRES]VE LABOR AS A COMMODITY1 BECAUSE LABOR IS ! ONLY CREATOR ( COMMODITIES4 ,! ONLY WAY TO PREV5T AUTOMATION 7OR ANY O!R LESS EXTREME ME?OD ( 9CREAS+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY7 FROM R$UC+ SOCIETY'S TOTAL NECESS>Y LABOR TIME IS TO CREATE NEW JOBS4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! RES]VE >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ IS 5LI/$ 9TO ! T]TI>Y OR 0S]VICE0 SECTOR1 RE9=C+ ! TROOPS RESPONSIBLE = DI/RIBUT+ & GLORIFY+ ! LATE/ COMMODITIES2 & 9 ?IS IT IS S]V+ A REAL NE$1 9 ! S5SE ?AT 9CREAS+LY EXT5SIVE CAMPAIGNS >E NECESS>Y TO CONV9CE PEOPLE TO BUY 9CREAS+LY UNNECESS>Y COMMODITIES4 

#df 

  

,EX*ANGE VALUE C\LD >ISE ONLY AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( USE VALUE1 BUT ! VICTORY IT EV5TUALLY WON ) ITS [N WEAPONS CREAT$ ! CONDITIONS = ITS [N AUTONOM\S P[]4 ,BY MOBILIZ+ ALL HUMAN USE VALUE & MONOPOLIZ+ ITS FULFILLM5T1 EX*ANGE VALUE ULTIMATELY SUCCE$$ 9 CONTROLL+ USE4 ,USEFULNESS HAS COME TO BE SE5 PURELY 9 T]MS ( EX*ANGE VALUE1 & IS N[ COMPLETELY AT ITS M]CY4 ,/>T+ \T LIKE A CONDOTTI]E 9 ! S]VICE ( USE VALUE1 EX*ANGE VALUE HAS 5D$ UP WAG+ ! W> = ITS [N SAKE4 

#dg 

  

,! CON/ANT DECL9E ( USE VALUE ?AT HAS ALWAYS *>ACT]IZ$ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY HAS GIV5 RISE TO A NEW =M ( POV]TY )9 ! REALM ( AUGM5T$ SURVIVAL -- ALONGSIDE ! OLD POV]TY :I* /ILL P]SI/S1 S9CE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE >E /ILL =C$ TO TAKE P>T AS WAGE WORK]S 9 ! UN5D+ PURSUIT ( ! SY/EM'S 5DS & EA* ( !M KN[S ?AT HE MU/ SUBMIT OR DIE4 ,! REALITY ( ?IS BLACKMAIL -- ! FACT ?AT EV5 9 ITS MO/ IMPOV]I%$ =MS 7FOOD1 %ELT]7 USE VALUE N[ HAS NO EXI/5CE \TSIDE ! ILLUSORY RI*ES ( AUGM5T$ SURVIVAL -- ACC\NTS = ! G5]AL ACCEPTANCE ( ! ILLUSIONS ( MOD]N COMMODITY CONSUMPTION4 ,! REAL CONSUM] HAS BECOME A CONSUM] ( ILLUSIONS4 ,! COMMODITY IS ?IS MAT]IALIZ$ ILLUSION1 & ! SPECTACLE IS ITS G5]AL EXPRESSION4 

#dh 

  

,USE VALUE WAS =M]LY UND]/OOD AS AN IMPLICIT ASPECT ( EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 )9 ! UPSIDE-D[N WORLD ( ! SPECTACLE1 IT MU/ BE EXPLICITLY PROCLAIM$1 BO? BECAUSE ITS ACTUAL REALITY HAS BE5 ]OD$ BY ! OV]DEVELOP$ COMMODITY ECONOMY & BECAUSE IT S]VES AS A NECESS>Y PSEUDO-JU/IFICATION = A C\NT]FEIT LIFE4 

#di 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS ! FLIP SIDE ( MONEY4 ,IT1 TOO1 IS AN AB/RACT G5]AL EQUIVAL5T ( ALL COMMODITIES4 ,BUT :]EAS MONEY HAS DOM9AT$ SOCIETY AS ! REPRES5TATION ( UNIV]SAL EQUIVAL5CE -- ! EX*ANGEABILITY ( DIFF]5T GOODS :OSE USES REMA9 UNCOMP>ABLE -- ! SPECTACLE IS ! MOD]N COMPLEM5T ( MONEY3 A REPRES5TATION ( ! COMMODITY WORLD AS A :OLE :I* S]VES AS A G5]AL EQUIVAL5T = :AT ! 5TIRE SOCIETY CAN BE & CAN DO4 ,! SPECTACLE IS MONEY ONE CAN ONLY LOOK AT1 BECAUSE 9 IT ALL USE HAS ALREADY BE5 EX*ANG$ = ! TOTALITY ( AB/RACT REPRES5TATION4 ,! SPECTACLE IS NOT JU/ A S]VANT ( PSEUDO-USE1 IT IS ALREADY 9 ITSELF A PSEUDO-USE ( LIFE4 

#e 

  

,) ! A*IEVEM5T ( ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE1 ! CONC5TRAT$ RESULT ( SOCIAL LABOR BECOMES VISIBLE1 SUBJECT+ ALL REALITY TO ! APPE>ANCES ?AT >E N[ ?AT LABOR'S PRIM>Y PRODUCT4 ,CAPITAL IS NO LONG] ! 9VISIBLE C5T] GOV]N+ ! PRODUCTION PROCESS2 AS IT ACCUMULATES1 IT SPREADS TO ! 5DS ( ! E>? 9 ! =M ( TANGIBLE OBJECTS4 ,! 5TIRE EXPANSE ( SOCIETY IS ITS PORTRAIT4 

#ea 

  

,! ECONOMY'S TRIUMPH AS AN 9DEP5D5T P[] AT ! SAME TIME SPELLS ITS [N DOOM1 BECAUSE ! =CES IT HAS UNLEA%$ HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! ECONOMIC NECESSITY ?AT WAS ! UN*ANG+ BASIS ( E>LI] SOCIETIES4 ,REPLAC+ ?AT NECESSITY ) A NECESSITY = B\NDLESS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T CAN ONLY MEAN REPLAC+ ! SATISFACTION ( PRIM>Y HUMAN NE$S 7N[ SC>CELY MET7 ) AN 9CESSANT FABRICATION ( PSEUDONE$S1 ALL ( :I* ULTIMATELY COME D[N TO ! S+LE PSEUDONE$ ( MA9TA9+ ! REIGN ( ! AUTONOM\S ECONOMY4 ,BUT ?AT ECONOMY LOSES ALL CONNECTION ) AU!NTIC NE$S 9S(> AS IT EM]GES FROM ! SOCIAL UNCONSCI\S ?AT UNKN[+LY DEP5D$ ON IT4 0,:ATEV] IS CONSCI\S WE>S \T4 ,:AT IS UNCONSCI\S REMA9S UNALT]ABLE4 ,BUT ONCE IT IS FRE$1 IT TOO FALLS TO RU90 7,FREUD74 

#eb 

  

,ONCE SOCIETY DISCOV]S ?AT IT DEP5DS ON ! ECONOMY1 ! ECONOMY 9 FACT DEP5DS ON ! SOCIETY4 ,:5 ! SUBT]RANEAN P[] ( ! ECONOMY GREW TO ! PO9T ( VISIBLE DOM9ATION1 IT LO/ ITS P[]4 ,! ECONOMIC ,ID MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ! ,I4 ,?IS SUBJECT CAN ONLY >ISE \T ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 \T ( ! /RUGGLE )9 SOCIETY4 ,ITS EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON ! \TCOME ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT IS BO? PRODUCT & PRODUC] ( ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( HI/ORY4 

#ec 

  

,CONSCI\SNESS ( DESIRE & DESIRE = CONSCI\SNESS >E ! SAME PROJECT1 ! PROJECT ?AT 9 ITS NEGATIVE =M SEEKS ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES & ?US ! WORK]S' DIRECT POSSESSION ( EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR ACTIVITY4 ,! OPPOSITE ( ?IS PROJECT IS ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE1 :]E ! COMMODITY CONTEMPLATES ITSELF 9 A WORLD ( ITS [N MAK+4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,UNITY & ,DIVISION ,)9 ,APPE>ANCES 
,*APT] #c3 ,UNITY & ,DIVISION ,)9 ,APPE>ANCES 

  
  

0,A LIVELY NEW POLEMIC AB\T ! CONCEPTS 'ONE DIVIDES 9TO TWO' & 'TWO FUZE 9TO ONE' IS UNFOLD+ ON ! PHILOSOPHICAL FRONT 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,?IS DEBATE IS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ?OSE :O >E = & ?OSE :O >E AGA9/ ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC1 A /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO CONCEPTIONS ( ! WORLD3 ! PROLET>IAN CONCEPTION & ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTION4 ,?OSE :O MA9TA9 ?AT 'ONE DIVIDES 9TO TWO' IS ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ?+S >E ON ! SIDE ( ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC2 ?OSE :O MA9TA9 ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ?+S IS ?AT 'TWO FUZE 9TO ONE' >E AGA9/ ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,! TWO SIDES HAVE DRAWN A CLE> L9E ( DEM>CATION BETWE5 !M1 & !IR >GUM5TS >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$4 ,?IS POLEMIC IS A REFLECTION1 ON ! IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL1 ( ! ACUTE & COMPLEX CLASS /RUGGLE TAK+ PLACE 9 ,*9A & 9 ! WORLD40  
  
  

,R$ ,FLAG 7,BEIJ+71 #ba ,SEPTEMB] #aifd  

#$ 

  

,! SPECTACLE1 LIKE MOD]N SOCIETY ITSELF1 IS AT ONCE UNIT$ & DIVID$4 ,! UNITY ( EA* IS BAS$ ON VIOL5T DIVISIONS4 ,BUT :5 ?IS CONTRADICTION EM]GES 9 ! SPECTACLE1 IT IS ITSELF CONTRADICT$ BY A REV]SAL ( ITS MEAN+3 ! DIVISION IT PRES5TS IS UNIT>Y1 :ILE ! UNITY IT PRES5TS IS DIVID$4 

#ee 

  

,AL?\< ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 DIFF]5T P[]S = CONTROL ( ! SAME SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM >E (FICIALLY PRES5T$ AS IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISMS1 !Y ACTUALLY REFLECT ?AT SY/EM'S FUNDAM5TAL UNITY1 BO? 9T]NATIONALLY & )9 EA* NATION4 

#ef 

  

,! %AM SPECTACUL> /RUGGLES BETWE5 RIVAL =MS ( SEP>ATE P[] >E AT ! SAME TIME REAL1 9 ?AT !Y EXPRESS ! SY/EM'S UNEV5 & CONFLICTUAL DEVELOPM5T & ! MORE OR LESS CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S ( ! CLASSES OR SECTIONS ( CLASSES ?AT ACCEPT ?AT SY/EM & /RIVE TO C>VE \T A ROLE = !MSELVES )9 IT4 ,JU/ AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ ECONOMIES 9VOLVES CLA%ES BETWE5 DIFF]5T PRIORITIES1 TOTALIT>IAN /ATE-BUREAUCRATIC =MS ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T & C\NTRIES UND] COLONIALISM OR SEMICOLONIALISM ALSO EXHIBIT HI<LY DIV]G5T TYPES ( PRODUCTION & P[]4 ,BY 9VOK+ ANY NUMB] ( DIFF]5T CRIT]IA1 ! SPECTACLE CAN PRES5T !SE OPPOSITIONS AS TOTALLY DI/9CT SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,BUT 9 REALITY !Y >E NO?+ BUT P>TICUL> SECTORS :OSE FUNDAM5TAL ESS5CE LIES 9 ! GLOBAL SY/EM ?AT CONTA9S !M1 ! S+LE MOVEM5T ?AT HAS TURN$ ! :OLE PLANET 9TO ITS FIELD ( OP]ATION3 CAPITALISM4 

#eg 

  

,! SOCIETY ?AT BE>S ! SPECTACLE DOES NOT DOM9ATE UND]DEVELOP$ REGIONS SOLELY BY ITS ECONOMIC HEGEMONY4 ,IT ALSO DOM9ATES !M AS ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,EV5 :]E ! MAT]IAL BASE IS /ILL ABS5T1 MOD]N SOCIETY HAS ALREADY US$ ! SPECTACLE TO 9VADE ! SOCIAL SURFACE ( EV]Y CONT95T4 ,IT SETS ! /AGE = ! =MATION ( 9DIG5\S RUL+ CLASSES & FRAMES !IR AG5DAS4 ,JU/ AS IT PRES5TS PSEUDOGOODS TO BE COVET$1 IT (F]S FALSE MODELS ( REVOLUTION TO LOCAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC REGIMES 9 P[] 9 C]TA9 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES HAVE !IR [N P>TICUL> TYPE ( SPECTACLE1 BUT IT IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! TOTAL SPECTACLE1 S]V+ AS ITS PSEUDO-OPPOSITION & ACTUAL SUPPORT4 ,EV5 IF LOCAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! SPECTACLE 9CLUDE C]TA9 TOTALIT>IAN SPECIALIZATIONS ( SOCIAL COMMUNICATION & CONTROL1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! OV]ALL FUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM ?OSE SPECIALIZATIONS >E SIMPLY PLAY+ !IR ALLOTT$ ROLE )9 A GLOBAL DIVISION ( SPECTACUL> TASKS4 

#eh 

  

,AL?\< ?IS DIVISION ( SPECTACUL> TASKS PRES]VES ! EXI/+ ORD] AS A :OLE1 IT IS PRIM>ILY ORI5T$ T[>D PROTECT+ ITS DOM9ANT POLE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ROOT$ 9 ! ECONOMY ( ABUNDANCE1 & ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT ECONOMY ULTIMATELY T5D TO DOM9ATE ! SPECTACUL> M>KET & OV]RIDE ! IDEOLOGICAL OR POLICE-/ATE PROTECTIONI/ B>RI]S SET UP BY LOCAL SPECTACLES ) PRET5SIONS ( 9DEP5D5CE4 

#ei 

  

,BEH9D ! GLITT] ( SPECTACUL> DI/RACTIONS1 A T5D5CY T[>D BANALIZATION DOM9ATES MOD]N SOCIETY ! WORLD OV]1 EV5 :]E ! MORE ADVANC$ =MS ( COMMODITY CONSUMPTION HAVE SEEM+LY MULTIPLI$ ! V>IETY ( ROLES & OBJECTS TO *OOSE FROM4 ,! VE/IGES ( RELIGION & ( ! FAMILY 7! LATT] IS /ILL ! PRIM>Y ME*ANISM = TRANSF]R+ CLASS P[] FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ! NEXT71 ALONG ) ! VE/IGES ( MORAL REPRESSION IMPOS$ BY ?OSE TWO 9/ITUTIONS1 CAN BE BL5D$ ) O/5TATI\S PRET5SIONS ( WORLDLY GRATIFICATION PRECISELY BECAUSE LIFE 9 ?IS P>TICUL> WORLD REMA9S REPRESSIVE & (F]S NO?+ BUT PSEUDO-GRATIFICATIONS4 ,COMPLAC5T ACCEPTANCE ( ! /ATUS QUO MAY ALSO COEXI/ ) PURELY SPECTACUL> REBELLI\SNESS -- DISSATISFACTION ITSELF BECOMES A COMMODITY AS SOON AS ! ECONOMY ( ABUNDANCE DEVELOPS ! CAPACITY TO PROCESS ?AT P>TICUL> RAW MAT]IAL4 

#f 

  

,/>S -- SPECTACUL> REPRES5TATIONS ( LIV+ HUMAN BE+S -- PROJECT ?IS G5]AL BANALITY 9TO IMAGES ( P]MITT$ ROLES4 ,AS SPECIALI/S ( APP>5T LIFE1 />S S]VE AS SUP]FICIAL OBJECTS ?AT PEOPLE CAN ID5TIFY ) 9 ORD] TO COMP5SATE = ! FRAGM5T$ PRODUCTIVE SPECIALIZATIONS ?AT !Y ACTUALLY LIVE4 ,! FUNCTION ( !SE CELEBRITIES IS TO ACT \T V>I\S LIFE/YLES OR SOCIOPOLITICAL VIEWPO9TS 9 A FULL1 TOTALLY FREE MANN]4 ,!Y EMBODY ! 9ACCESSIBLE RESULTS ( SOCIAL LABOR BY DRAMATIZ+ ! BYPRODUCTS ( ?AT LABOR :I* >E MAGICALLY PROJECT$ ABOVE IT AS ITS ULTIMATE GOALS3 P[] & VACATIONS -- ! DECISIONMAK+ & CONSUMPTION ?AT >E AT ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( A PROCESS ?AT IS NEV] QUE/ION$4 ,ON ONE H&1 A GOV]NM5TAL P[] MAY P]SONALIZE ITSELF AS A PSEUDO/>2 ON ! O!R1 A /> ( CONSUMPTION MAY CAMPAIGN = RECOGNITION AS A PSEUDOP[] OV] LIFE4 ,BUT ! ACTIVITIES ( !SE />S >E NOT REALLY FREE1 & !Y (F] NO REAL *OICES4 

#fa 

  

,! AG5T ( ! SPECTACLE :O IS PUT ON /AGE AS A /> IS ! OPPOSITE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL2 HE IS AS CLE>LY ! 5EMY ( HIS [N 9DIVIDUALITY AS ( ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( O!RS4 ,5T]+ ! SPECTACLE AS A MODEL TO BE ID5TIFI$ )1 HE R5\NCES ALL AUTONOM\S QUALITIES 9 ORD] TO ID5TIFY HIMSELF ) ! G5]AL LAW ( OB$I5CE TO ! SUCCESSION ( ?+S4 ,! />S ( CONSUMPTION1 ?\< \TW>DLY REPRES5T+ DIFF]5T P]SONALITY TYPES1 ACTUALLY %[ EA* ( !SE TYPES 5JOY+ EQUAL ACCESS TO1 & D]IV+ EQUAL HAPP9ESS FROM1 ! 5TIRE REALM ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! />S ( DECISIONMAK+ MU/ POSSESS ! FULL RANGE ( ADMIR$ HUMAN QUALITIES3 (FICIAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M >E ?US CANCEL$ \T BY ! (FICIAL SIMIL>ITY IMPLI$ BY !IR SUPPOS$ EXCELL5CE 9 EV]Y FIELD ( 5DEAVOR4 ,AS HEAD ( /ATE1 ,KHRU%*EV RETROSPECTIVELY BECAME A G5]AL SO AS TO TAKE CR$IT = ! VICTORY ( ! BATTLE ( ,KURSK TW5TY YE>S AFT] IT HAPP5$4 ,& ,K5N$Y SURVIV$ AS AN ORATOR TO ! PO9T ( DELIV]+ HIS [N FUN]AL ORATION1 S9CE ,!ODORE ,SOR5SON CONT9U$ TO WRITE SPEE*ES = HIS SUCCESSOR 9 ! SAME /YLE ?AT HAD CONTRIBUT$ SO MU* T[>D ! DEAD MAN'S PUBLIC P]SONA4 ,! ADMIRABLE PEOPLE :O P]SONIFY ! SY/EM >E WELL KN[N = NOT BE+ :AT !Y SEEM2 !Y ATTA9 GREATNESS BY /OOP+ BEL[ ! REALITY ( ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT 9DIVIDUAL LIFE1 & EV]YONE KN[S IT4 

#fb 

  

,! FALSE *OICES (F]$ BY SPECTACUL> ABUNDANCE -- *OICES BAS$ ON ! JUXTAPOSITION ( COMPET+ YET MUTUALLY RE9=C+ SPECTACLES & ( DI/9CT YET 9T]CONNECT$ ROLES 7SIGNIFI$ & EMBODI$ PRIM>ILY BY OBJECTS7 -- DEVELOP 9TO /RUGGLES BETWE5 ILLUSORY QUALITIES DESIGN$ TO G5]ATE F]V5T ALLEGIANCE TO QUANTITATIVE TRIVIALITIES4 ,FALLACI\S >*AIC OPPOSITIONS >E REVIV$ -- REGIONALISMS & RACISMS :I* S]VE TO 5D[ MUNDANE RANK+S 9 ! HI]>*IES ( CONSUMPTION ) A MAGICAL ONTOLOGICAL SUP]IORITY -- & PSEUDOPLAYFUL 5?USIASMS >E >\S$ BY AN 5DLESS SUCCESSION ( LUDICR\S COMPETITIONS1 FROM SPORTS TO ELECTIONS4 ,:]EV] ABUNDANT CONSUMPTION IS E/ABLI%$1 ONE P>TICUL> SPECTACUL> OPPOSITION IS ALWAYS 9 ! =EFRONT ( ILLUSORY ROLES3 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 Y\? & ADULTS4 ,BUT REAL ADULTS -- PEOPLE :O >E MA/]S ( !IR [N LIVES -- >E 9 FACT NO:]E TO BE F\ND4 ,& A Y\?FUL TRANS=MATION ( :AT EXI/S IS 9 NO WAY *>ACT]I/IC ( ?OSE :O >E N[ Y\NG2 IT IS PRES5T SOLELY 9 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 9 ! DYNAMISM ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ?+S ?AT RULE & ?AT >E Y\NG1 VY+ ) EA* O!R & CON/ANTLY REPLAC+ EA* O!R4 

#fc 

  

,SPECTACUL> OPPOSITIONS CONCEAL ! UNITY ( POV]TY4 ,IF DIFF]5T =MS ( ! SAME ALI5ATION /RUGGLE AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 ! GUISE ( IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISMS1 ?IS IS BECAUSE !Y >E ALL BAS$ ON REAL CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >E REPRESS$4 ,! SPECTACLE EXI/S 9 A CONC5TRAT$ =M & A DIFFUSE =M1 DEP5D+ ON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! P>TICUL> /AGE ( POV]TY IT D5IES & SUPPORTS4 ,9 BO? CASES IT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN IMAGE ( HAPPY H>MONY SURR\ND$ BY DESOLATION & HORROR1 AT ! CALM C5T] ( MIS]Y4 

#fd 

  

,! CONC5TRAT$ SPECTACLE IS PRIM>ILY ASSOCIAT$ ) BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM1 ?\< IT MAY ALSO BE IMPORT$ AS A TE*NIQUE = RE9=C+ /ATE P[] 9 MORE BACKW>D MIX$ ECONOMIES OR EV5 ADOPT$ BY ADVANC$ CAPITALISM DUR+ C]TA9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS4 ,BUREAUCRATIC PROP]TY IS ITSELF CONC5TRAT$1 9 ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL BUREAUCRAT TAKES P>T 9 ! [N]%IP ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY ONLY ?R\< HIS MEMB]%IP 9 ! COMMUNITY ( BUREAUCRATS4 ,& S9CE COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS LESS DEVELOP$ UND] BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM1 IT TOO TAKES ON A CONC5TRAT$ =M3 ! COMMODITY ! BUREAUCRACY APPROPRIATES IS ! TOTAL SOCIAL LABOR1 & :AT IT SELLS BACK TO ! SOCIETY IS ?AT SOCIETY'S :OLESALE SURVIVAL4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! BUREAUCRATIC ECONOMY CANNOT LEAVE ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES ANY SIGNIFICANT M>G9 ( *OICE BECAUSE IT HAS HAD TO MAKE ALL ! *OICES ITSELF1 & ANY *OICE MADE 9DEP5D5TLY ( IT1 :E!R REG>D+ FOOD OR MUSIC OR ANY?+ ELSE1 ?US AM\NTS TO A DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE 5=C$ BY P]MAN5T VIOL5CE4 ,ITS SPECTACLE IMPOSES AN IMAGE ( ! GOOD :I* SUBSUMES EV]Y?+ ?AT (FICIALLY EXI/S1 AN IMAGE :I* IS USUALLY CONC5TRAT$ 9 A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 ! GU>ANTOR ( ! SY/EM'S TOTALIT>IAN COHESION4 ,EV]YONE MU/ MAGICALLY ID5TIFY ) ?IS ABSOLUTE /> OR DISAPPE>4 ,?IS MA/] ( EV]YONE ELSE'S NONCONSUMPTION IS ! H]OIC IMAGE ?AT DISGUISES ! ABSOLUTE EXPLOITATION 5TAIL$ BY ! SY/EM ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ACCEL]AT$ BY T]ROR4 ,IF ! 5TIRE ,*9ESE POPULATION HAS TO /UDY ,MAO TO ! PO9T ( ID5TIFY+ ) ,MAO1 ?IS IS BECAUSE !RE IS NO?+ ELSE !Y CAN BE4 ,! DOM9ION ( ! CONC5TRAT$ SPECTACLE IS A POLICE /ATE4 

#fe 

  

,! DIFFUSE SPECTACLE IS ASSOCIAT$ ) COMMODITY ABUNDANCE1 ) ! UNDI/URB$ DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,H]E EA* 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY IS JU/IFI$ 9 ! NAME ( ! GR&EUR ( ! TOTAL COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 ( :I* ! SPECTACLE IS A LAUDATORY CATALOG4 ,IRRECONCILABLE CLAIMS JOCKEY = POSITION ON ! /AGE ( ! AFFLU5T ECONOMY'S UNIFI$ SPECTACLE1 & DIFF]5T /> COMMODITIES SIMULTANE\SLY PROMOTE CONFLICT+ SOCIAL POLICIES4 ,! AUTOMOBILE SPECTACLE1 = EXAMPLE1 /RIVES = A P]FECT TRAFFIC FL[ 5TAIL+ ! DE/RUCTION ( OLD URBAN DI/RICTS1 :ILE ! CITY SPECTACLE NE$S TO PRES]VE ?OSE DI/RICTS AS T\RI/ ATTRACTIONS4 ,! ALREADY DUBI\S SATISFACTION ALLEG$ TO BE OBTA9$ FROM ! CONSUMPTION ( ! :OLE IS ?US CON/ANTLY BE+ DISAPPO9T$ BECAUSE ! ACTUAL CONSUM] CAN DIRECTLY ACCESS ONLY A SUCCESSION ( FRAGM5TS ( ?IS COMMODITY HEAV51 FRAGM5TS :I* 9V>IABLY LACK ! QUALITY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! :OLE4 

#ff 

  

,EA* 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY FI<TS = ITSELF4 ,IT AVOIDS ACKN[L$G+ ! O!RS & /RIVES TO IMPOSE ITSELF EV]Y:]E AS IF IT W]E ! ONLY ONE 9 EXI/5CE4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! EPIC POEM ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 A /RUGGLE ?AT NO FALL ( ,TROY CAN BR+ TO AN 5D4 ,! SPECTACLE DOES NOT S+ ( M5 & !IR >MS1 BUT ( COMMODITIES & !IR PASSIONS4 ,9 ?IS BL9D /RUGGLE EA* COMMODITY1 BY PURSU+ ITS [N PASSION1 UNCONSCI\SLY G5]ATES SOME?+ BEYOND ITSELF3 ! GLOBALIZATION ( ! COMMODITY 7:I* ALSO AM\NTS TO ! COMMODIFICATION ( ! GLOBE74 ,?US1 AS A RESULT ( ! CUNN+ ( ! COMMODITY1 :ILE EA* P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATION ( ! COMMODITY EV5TUALLY FALLS 9 BATTLE1 ! G5]AL COMMODITY-=M CONT9UES ONW>D T[>D ITS ABSOLUTE REALIZATION4 

#fg 

  

,! SATISFACTION ?AT NO LONG] COMES FROM US+ ! COMMODITIES PRODUC$ 9 ABUNDANCE IS N[ S\<T ?R\< RECOGNITION ( !IR VALUE AS COMMODITIES4 ,CONSUM]S >E FILL$ ) RELIGI\S F]VOR = ! SOV]EIGN FRE$OM ( COMMODITIES :OSE USE HAS BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,WAVES ( 5?USIASM = P>TICUL> PRODUCTS >E PROPAGAT$ BY ALL ! COMMUNICATIONS M$IA4 ,A FILM SP>KS A FA%ION CRAZE2 A MAGAZ9E PUBLICIZES NI<T SPOTS :I* 9 TURN SP9 (F DIFF]5T L9ES ( PRODUCTS4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( FADDI% GADGETS REFLECTS ! FACT ?AT AS ! MASS ( COMMODITIES BECOMES 9CREAS+LY ABSURD1 ABSURDITY ITSELF BECOMES A COMMODITY4 ,TR9KETS SU* AS KEY *A9S :I* COME AS FREE BONUSES ) ! PUR*ASE ( SOME LUXURY PRODUCT1 BUT :I* 5D UP BE+ TRAD$ BACK & =? AS VALU$ COLLECTIBLES 9 !IR [N RI<T1 REFLECT A MY/ICAL SELF-AB&ONM5T TO COMMODITY TRANSC5D5CE4 ,?OSE :O COLLECT ! TR9KETS ?AT HAVE BE5 MANUFACTUR$ = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( BE+ COLLECT$ >E ACCUMULAT+ COMMODITY 9DULG5CES -- GLORI\S TOK5S ( ! COMMODITY'S REAL PRES5CE AMONG ! FAI?FUL4 ,REIFI$ PEOPLE PR\DLY DISPLAY ! PRO(S ( !IR 9TIMACY ) ! COMMODITY4 ,LIKE ! OLD RELIGI\S FETI%ISM1 ) ITS CONVULSION>Y RAPTURES & MIRACUL\S CURES1 ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES G5]ATES ITS [N MOM5TS ( F]V5T EXALTATION4 ,ALL ?IS IS USEFUL = ONLY ONE PURPOSE3 PRODUC+ HABITUAL SUBMISSION4 

#fh 

  

,! PSEUDONE$S IMPOS$ BY MOD]N CONSUM]ISM CANNOT BE OPPOS$ BY ANY G5U9E NE$S OR DESIRES ?AT >E NOT !MSELVES ALSO %AP$ BY SOCIETY & ITS HI/ORY4 ,BUT COMMODITY ABUNDANCE REPRES5TS A TOTAL BREAK 9 ! ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,ITS ME*ANICAL ACCUMULATION UNLEA%ES AN UNLIMIT$ >TIFICIALITY :I* OV]P[]S ANY LIV+ DESIRE4 ,! CUMULATIVE P[] ( ?IS AUTONOM\S >TIFICIALITY 5DS UP BY FALSIFY+ ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 

#fi 

  

,! IMAGE ( BLISSFUL SOCIAL UNIFICATION ?R\< CONSUMPTION M]ELY PO/PONES ! CONSUM]'S AW>5ESS ( ! ACTUAL DIVISIONS UNTIL HIS NEXT DISILLUSIONM5T ) SOME P>TICUL> COMMODITY4 ,EA* NEW PRODUCT IS C]EMONI\SLY ACCLAIM$ AS A UNIQUE CREATION (F]+ A DRAMATIC %ORTCUT TO ! PROMIS$ L& ( TOTAL CONSUMMATION4 ,BUT AS ) ! FA%IONABLE ADOPTION ( SEEM+LY >I/OCRATIC FIR/ NAMES :I* 5D UP BE+ GIV5 TO VIRTUALLY ALL 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME AGE1 ! OBJECTS ?AT PROMISE UNIQU5ESS CAN BE (F]$ UP = MASS CONSUMPTION ONLY IF !Y HAVE BE5 MASS-PRODUC$4 ,! PRE/IGI\SNESS ( M$IOCRE OBJECTS ( ?IS K9D IS SOLELY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 PLAC$1 H[EV] BRIEFLY1 AT ! C5T] ( SOCIAL LIFE & HAIL$ AS A REVELATION ( ! UNFA?OMABLE PURPOSES ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! OBJECT ?AT WAS PRE/IGI\S 9 ! SPECTACLE BECOMES MUNDANE AS SOON AS IT IS TAK5 HOME BY ITS CONSUM] -- & BY ALL ITS O!R CONSUM]S4 ,TOO LATE1 IT REVEALS ITS ESS5TIAL POV]TY1 A POV]TY ?AT 9EVITABLY REFLECTS ! POV]TY ( ITS PRODUCTION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 SOME O!R OBJECT IS ALREADY REPLAC+ IT AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! SY/EM & DEM&+ ITS [N MOM5T ( ACCLAIM4 

#g 

  

,! FRAUDUL5CE ( ! SATISFACTIONS (F]$ BY ! SY/EM IS EXPOS$ BY ?IS CONT9UAL REPLACEM5T ( PRODUCTS & ( G5]AL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 BO? ! DIFFUSE & ! CONC5TRAT$ SPECTACLE1 5TITIES ?AT HAVE BRAZ5LY ASS]T$ !IR DEF9ITIVE P]FECTION NEV]!LESS 5D UP *ANG+1 & ONLY ! SY/EM 5DURES4 ,/AL91 LIKE ANY O!R \TMOD$ COMMODITY1 IS D5\NC$ BY ! V]Y =CES ?AT ORIG9ALLY PROMOT$ HIM4 ,EA* NEW LIE ( ! ADV]TIS+ 9DU/RY IS AN ADMISSION ( ITS PREVI\S LIE4 ,& ) EA* D[NFALL ( A P]SONIFICATION ( TOTALIT>IAN P[]1 ! ILLUSORY COMMUNITY ?AT HAD UNANIM\SLY APPROV$ HIM IS EXPOS$ AS A M]E CONGLOM]ATION ( LON]S )\T ILLUSIONS4 

#ga 

  

,! ?+S ! SPECTACLE PRES5TS AS ET]NAL >E BAS$ ON *ANGE1 & MU/ *ANGE AS !IR F\NDATIONS *ANGE4 ,! SPECTACLE IS TOTALLY DOGMATIC1 YET IT IS 9CAPABLE ( >RIV+ AT ANY REALLY SOLID DOGMA4 ,NO?+ /&S /ILL = IT4 ,?IS 9/ABILITY IS ! SPECTACLE'S NATURAL CONDITION1 BUT IT IS COMPLETELY CONTR>Y TO ITS NATURAL 9CL9ATION4 

#gb 

  

,! UNREAL UNITY PROCLAIM$ BY ! SPECTACLE MASKS ! CLASS DIVISION UND]LY+ ! REAL UNITY ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT OBLIGES ! PRODUC]S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD IS ALSO :AT EXCLUDES !M FROM IT4 ,:AT BR+S PEOPLE 9TO RELATION ) EA* O!R BY LIB]AT+ !M FROM !IR LOCAL & NATIONAL LIMITATIONS IS ALSO :AT KEEPS !M AP>T4 ,:AT REQUIRES 9CREAS$ RATIONALITY IS ALSO :AT N\RI%ES ! IRRATIONALITY ( HI]>*ICAL EXPLOITATION & REPRESSION4 ,:AT PRODUCES SOCIETY'S AB/RACT P[] ALSO PRODUCES ITS CONCRETE LACK ( FRE$OM4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT AS ,SUBJECT & ,REPRES5TATION 
,*APT] #d3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT AS ,SUBJECT & ,REPRES5TATION 

  
  

0,EQUAL RI<T TO ALL ! GOODS & PLEASURES ( ?IS WORLD1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL AU?ORITY1 ! NEGATION ( ALL MORAL RE/RA9TS -- 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 !SE >E ! AIMS BEH9D ! ,M>* #a#h? 9SURRECTION & ! *>T] ( ! FE>SOME ORGANIZATION ?AT FURNI%$ IT ) AN >MY40  
  
  

,P>LIAM5T>Y ,9QUE/ ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE  

#gc 

  

,! REAL MOVEM5T ?AT TRANS=MS EXI/+ CONDITIONS HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL =CE S9CE ! B\RGEOISIE'S VICTORY )9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 & ?IS DOM9ANCE BECAME VISIBLE ONCE ?AT VICTORY WAS TRANSLAT$ ONTO ! POLITICAL PLANE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES %ATT]$ ! OLD PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 & ALL /ATIC ORD] CRUMBL$4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS ABSOLUTE BECAME HI/ORICAL4 

#gd 

  

,:5 PEOPLE >E ?RU/ 9TO HI/ORY & =C$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! WORK & /RUGGLES ?AT CON/ITUTE HI/ORY1 !Y F9D !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO VIEW !IR RELATION%IPS 9 A CLE> & DISABUS$ MANN]4 ,?IS HI/ORY HAS NO OBJECT DI/9CT FROM :AT IT CREATES FROM \T ( ITSELF1 AL?\< ! F9AL UNCONSCI\S METAPHYSICAL VISION ( ! HI/ORICAL ]A CONSID]$ ! PRODUCTIVE PROGRESSION ?R\< :I* HI/ORY HAD UNFOLD$ AS ITSELF ! OBJECT ( HI/ORY4 ,AS = ! SUBJECT ( HI/ORY1 IT CAN BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF-PRODUCTION ( ! LIV+ -- LIV+ PEOPLE BECOM+ MA/]S & POSSESSORS ( !IR [N HI/ORICAL WORLD & ( !IR [N FULLY CONSCI\S ADV5TURES4 

#ge 

  

,! CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! LONG ]A ( REVOLUTIONS 9ITIAT$ BY ! RISE ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 T&EM ) ! DIALECTICAL 0?\<T ( HI/ORY0 -- ! ?\<T :I* IS NO LONG] CONT5T TO SEEK ! MEAN+ ( :AT EXI/S1 BUT :I* /RIVES TO COMPREH5D ! DISSOLUTION ( :AT EXI/S1 & 9 ! PROCESS BREAKS D[N EV]Y SEP>ATION4 

#gf 

  

,= ,HEGEL ! PO9T WAS NO LONG] TO 9T]PRET ! WORLD1 BUT TO 9T]PRET ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT BECAUSE HE LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO M]ELY 9T]PRET+ ?AT TRANS=MATION1 ,HEGEL ONLY REPRES5TS ! PHILOSOPHICAL CULM9ATION ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,HE SEEKS TO UND]/& A WORLD ?AT DEVELOPS BY ITSELF4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL ?\<T IS /ILL A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ALWAYS >RIVES TOO LATE1 A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT CAN ONLY =MULATE RETROSPECTIVE JU/IFICATIONS ( :AT HAS ALREADY HAPP5$4 ,IT HAS ?US GONE BEYOND SEP>ATION ONLY 9 ?\<T4 ,HEGEL'S P>ADOXICAL /ANCE -- HIS SUBORD9ATION ( ! MEAN+ ( ALL REALITY TO ITS HI/ORICAL CULM9ATION :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PROCLAIM+ ?AT HIS [N SY/EM REPRES5TS ?AT CULM9ATION -- FL[S FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ?IS ?9K] ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES S\<T 9 HIS PHILOSOPHY ONLY A RECONCILIATION ) ! RESULTS ( ?OSE REVOLUTIONS4 0,EV5 AS A PHILOSOPHY ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 IT DOES NOT EXPRESS ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY ITS CONCLUD+ PHASE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE IT IS A PHILOSOPHY NOT ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ( ! RE/ORATION0 7,K>L ,KORS*1 0,!SES ON ,HEGEL & ,REVOLUTION074 ,HEGEL P]=M$ ! TASK ( ! PHILOSOPH] -- 0! GLORIFICATION ( :AT EXI/S0 -- = ! LA/ TIME2 BUT ALREADY :AT EXI/$ = HIM C\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY4 ,S9CE HE NEV]!LESS MA9TA9$ ! EXT]NAL POSITION ( ?\<T1 ?IS EXT]NALITY C\LD BE MASK$ ONLY BY ID5TIFY+ ?AT ?\<T ) A PREEXI/+ PROJECT ( ! ,SPIRIT -- ( ?AT ABSOLUTE H]OIC =CE :I* HAS DONE :AT IT WILL$ & WILL$ :AT IT HAS DONE1 & :OSE ULTIMATE GOAL CO9CIDES ) ! PRES5T4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ SUP]S$$ BY HI/ORICAL ?\<T1 HAS ?US >RIV$ AT ! PO9T :]E IT CAN GLORIFY ITS WORLD ONLY BY D5Y+ IT1 S9CE 9 ORD] TO SPEAK IT MU/ PRESUPPOSE ?AT ! TOTAL HI/ORY TO :I* IT HAS RELEGAT$ EV]Y?+ HAS ALREADY COME TO AN 5D1 & ?AT ! ONLY TRIBUNAL :]E TRU? C\LD BE JUDG$ IS CLOS$4 

#gg 

  

,:5 ! PROLET>IAT DEMON/RATES ?R\< ITS [N ACTIONS ?AT ?IS HI/ORICAL ?\<T HAS NOT BE5 =GOTT51 ITS REFUTATION ( ?AT ?\<T'S CONCLUSION IS AT ! SAME TIME A CONFIRMATION ( ITS ME?OD4 

#< 

  

,HI/ORICAL ?\<T CAN BE SALVAG$ ONLY BY BECOM+ PRACTICAL ?\<T2 & ! PRACTICE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CAN BE NO?+ LESS ?AN HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS OP]AT+ ON ! TOTALITY ( ITS WORLD4 ,ALL ! !ORETICAL CURR5TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T -- ,/IRN] & ,BAKUN9 AS WELL AS ,M>X -- GREW \T ( A CRITICAL CONFRONTATION ) ,HEGELIAN ?\<T4 

#gi 

  

,! 9SEP>ABILITY ( ,M>X'S !ORY FROM ! ,HEGELIAN ME?OD IS ITSELF 9SEP>ABLE FROM ?AT !ORY'S REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 ?AT IS1 FROM ITS TRU?4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS REG>D ?AT ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>X & ,HEGEL HAS G5]ALLY BE5 IGNOR$ OR MISUND]/OOD1 OR EV5 D5\NC$ AS ! WEAK PO9T ( :AT BECAME FALLACI\SLY TRANS=M$ 9TO A DOCTR9E3 0,M>XISM40 ,B]N/E9 IMPLICITLY REVEAL$ ?IS CONNECTION BETWE5 ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD & HI/ORICAL P>TIZAN%IP :5 9 HIS BOOK ,EVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM HE DEPLOR$ ! #ahdg ,MANIFE/O'S UNSCI5TIFIC PR$ICTIONS ( IMM95T PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY3 0,?IS HI/ORICAL SELF-DECEPTION1 SO ]RONE\S ?AT ! MO/ NAIVE POLITICAL VISION>Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE DONE ANY WORSE1 W\LD BE 9COMPREH5SIBLE 9 A ,M>X :O AT ?AT TIME HAD ALREADY S]I\SLY /UDI$ ECONOMICS IF WE DID NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT IT REFLECT$ ! L+]+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ANTI!TICAL ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC1 FROM :I* ,M>X1 LIKE ,5GELS1 C\LD NEV] COMPLETELY FREE HIMSELF4 ,9 ?OSE TIMES ( G5]AL EFF]VESC5CE ?IS 9FLU5CE WAS ALL ! MORE FATAL TO HIM40 

#h 

  

,! 9V]SION C>RI$ \T BY ,M>X 9 ORD] TO 0SALVAGE0 ! ?\<T ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS BY TRANSF]R+ IT TO A DIFF]5T CONTEXT DOES NOT TRIVIALLY CONSI/ ( PUTT+ ! MAT]IALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 PLACE ( ! J\RNEY ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,SPIRIT T[>D ITS EV5TUAL 5C\NT] ) ITSELF -- ! ,SPIRIT :OSE OBJECTIFICATION IS ID5TICAL TO ITS ALI5ATION & :OSE HI/ORICAL W\NDS LEAVE NO SC>S4 ,= ONCE HI/ORY BECOMES REAL1 IT NO LONG] HAS AN 5D4 ,M>X DEMOLI%$ ,HEGEL'S POSITION ( DETA*M5T FROM EV5TS1 AS WELL AS PASSIVE CONTEMPLATION BY ANY SUPREME EXT]NAL AG5T :ATSOEV]4 ,H5CE=?1 !ORY'S CONC]N IS SIMPLY TO KN[ :AT IT ITSELF IS DO+4 ,9 CONTRA/1 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY'S PASSIVE CONTEMPLATION ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! ECONOMY IS AN UNTRANSC5D$ HOLDOV] FROM ! UNDIALECTICAL ASPECT ( ,HEGEL'S ATTEMPT TO CREATE A CIRCUL> SY/EM2 IT IS AN APPROVAL ?AT IS NO LONG] ON ! CONCEPTUAL LEVEL & ?AT NO LONG] NE$S A ,HEGELIANISM TO JU/IFY ITSELF1 BECAUSE ! MOVEM5T IT N[ PRAISES IS A SECTOR ( A WORLD :]E ?\<T NO LONG] HAS ANY PLACE1 A SECTOR :OSE ME*ANICAL DEVELOPM5T EFFECTIVELY DOM9ATES EV]Y?+4 ,M>X'S PROJECT IS A PROJECT ( CONSCI\S HI/ORY1 9 :I* ! QUANTITATIV5ESS ?AT >ISES \T ( ! BL9D DEVELOPM5T ( M]ELY ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVE =CES MU/ BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A QUALITATIVE APPROPRIATION ( HI/ORY4 ,! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS ! FIR/ ACT ( ?IS 5D ( PREHI/ORY3 0,( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 ! GREATE/ PRODUCTIVE P[] IS ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ITSELF40 

#ha 

  

,M>X'S !ORY IS CLOSELY L9K$ ) SCI5TIFIC ?\<T 9S(> AS IT SEEKS A RATIONAL UND]/&+ ( ! =CES ?AT REALLY OP]ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,BUT IT ULTIMATELY GOES BEYOND SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 PRES]V+ IT ONLY BY SUP]S$+ IT4 ,IT SEEKS TO UND]/& SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 NOT SOCIOLOGICAL LAWS4 0,WE RECOGNIZE ONLY ONE SCI5CE3 ! SCI5CE ( HI/ORY0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY74 

#hb 

  

,! B\RGEOIS ]A1 :I* WANTS TO GIVE HI/ORY A SCI5TIFIC F\NDATION1 OV]LOOKS ! FACT ?AT ! SCI5CE AVAILABLE TO IT C\LD ITSELF >ISE ONLY ON ! F\NDATION ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,BUT HI/ORY IS FUNDAM5TALLY DEP5D5T ON ?IS ECONOMIC KN[L$GE ONLY SO LONG AS IT REMA9S M]ELY ECONOMIC HI/ORY4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! VIEWPO9T ( SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION C\LD OV]LOOK HI/ORY'S EFFECT ON ! ECONOMY 7AN OV]ALL PROCESS MODIFY+ ITS [N SCI5TIFIC PREMISES7 IS %[N BY ! VANITY ( ?OSE SOCIALI/S :O ?\<T !Y HAD CALCULAT$ ! EXACT P]IODICITY ( ECONOMIC CRISES4 ,N[ ?AT CON/ANT GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION HAS SUCCE$$ 9 C\NT]ACT+ ! T5D5CIES T[>D CRISIS1 ! SAME TYPE ( M5TALITY SEES ?IS DELICATE BALANCE AS A DEF9ITIVE ECONOMIC H>MONY4 ,! PROJECT ( TRANSC5D+ ! ECONOMY & MA/]+ HI/ORY MU/ GRASP & 9CORPORATE ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY1 BUT IT CANNOT ITSELF BE A SCI5TIFIC PROJECT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T REMA9S B\RGEOIS 9S(> AS IT ?9KS IT CAN MA/] CURR5T HI/ORY BY MEANS ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 

#hc 

  

,! UTOPIAN CURR5TS ( SOCIALISM1 ?\< !Y >E HI/ORICALLY GR\ND$ 9 CRITICISM ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM1 CAN RI<TLY BE CALL$ UTOPIAN 9S(> AS !Y IGNORE HI/ORY 7?AT IS1 9S(> AS !Y IGNORE ACTUAL /RUGGLES TAK+ PLACE & ANY PASSAGE ( TIME \TSIDE ! IMMUTABLE P]FECTION ( !IR IMAGE ( A HAPPY SOCIETY71 BUT NOT BECAUSE !Y REJECT SCI5CE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! UTOPIAN ?9K]S W]E COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC ?\<T ( E>LI] C5TURIES4 ,!Y S\<T ! COMPLETION & FULFILLM5T ( ?AT G5]AL RATIONAL SY/EM4 ,!Y DID NOT CONSID] !MSELVES UN>M$ PROPHETS1 = !Y FIRMLY BELIEV$ 9 ! SOCIAL P[] ( SCI5TIFIC PRO( & EV51 9 ! CASE ( ,SA9T-,SIMONISM1 9 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY SCI5CE4 0,:Y10 ,SOMB>T ASK$1 0W\LD !Y WANT TO SEIZE ?R\< /RUGGLE :AT M]ELY NE$$ TO BE PROV$80 ,BUT ! UTOPIANS' SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ DID NOT 9CLUDE ! AW>5ESS ?AT SOME SOCIAL GR\PS HAVE VE/$ 9T]E/S 9 MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO1 =CES TO MA9TA9 IT1 & =MS ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS TO RE9=CE IT4 ,!IR GRASP ( REALITY ?US LAGG$ F> BEH9D ! HI/ORICAL REALITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE ITSELF1 :I* HAD BE5 L>GELY ORI5T$ BY ! SOCIAL REQUIREM5TS >IS+ FROM SU* FACTORS1 :I* DET]M9$ NOT ONLY :AT F9D+S W]E CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE1 BUT EV5 :AT MI<T OR MI<T NOT BECOME AN OBJECT ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S REMA9$ PRISON]S ( ! SCI5TIFIC MANN] ( EXP\ND+ ! TRU?1 VIEW+ ?IS TRU? AS A PURE AB/RACT IMAGE -- ! =M 9 :I* IT HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AT A MU* E>LI] /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ,SOREL NOT$1 ! UTOPIANS TOOK A/RONOMY AS !IR MODEL = DISCOV]+ & DEMON/RAT+ ! LAWS ( SOCIETY2 !IR UNHI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( H>MONY WAS ! NATURAL RESULT ( !IR ATTEMPT TO APPLY TO SOCIETY ! SCI5CE LEA/ DEP5D5T ON HI/ORY4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ ?IS H>MONY AS IF !Y W]E ,NEWTONS DISCOV]+ UNIV]SAL SCI5TIFIC LAWS1 & ! HAPPY 5D+ !Y CON/ANTLY EVOK$ 0PLAYS A ROLE 9 !IR SOCIAL SCI5CE ANALOG\S TO ! ROLE ( 9]TIA 9 CLASSICAL PHYSICS0 7,MAT]IALS = A ,!ORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT74 

#hd 

  

,! SCI5TIFIC-DET]M9I/ ASPECT ( ,M>X'S ?\<T WAS PRECISELY :AT MADE IT VULN]ABLE TO 0IDEOLOGIZATION10 BO? DUR+ HIS [N LIFETIME & EV5 MORE SO 9 ! !ORETICAL H]ITAGE HE LEFT TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,! ADV5T ( ! HI/ORICAL SUBJECT CONT9UES TO BE PO/PON$1 & IT IS ECONOMICS1 ! HI/ORICAL SCI5CE P> EXCELL5CE1 :I* IS 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS GU>ANTEE+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( ITS [N FUTURE NEGATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 ! ONLY TRUE AG5T ( ?IS NEGATION1 T5DS TO BE PU%$ \T ( !ORY'S FIELD ( VISION4 ,9/EAD1 IT IS SE5 AS ESS5TIAL TO PATI5TLY /UDY ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & TO GO BACK TO ACCEPT+ ! SUFF]+ :I* ?AT DEVELOPM5T IMPOSES ) A ,HEGELIAN TRANQUILITY4 ,! RESULT REMA9S 0A GRAVEY>D ( GOOD 9T5TIONS40 ,! 0SCI5CE ( REVOLUTIONS0 !N CONCLUDES ?AT CONSCI\SNESS ALWAYS COMES TOO SOON1 & HAS TO BE TAU<T4 0,HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT WE1 & ALL :O ?\<T AS WE DID1 W]E WRONG10 ,5GELS WROTE 9 #a#h#i#e4 0,IT HAS MADE CLE> ?AT ! /ATE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ON ! ,CONT95T AT ?AT TIME WAS F> FROM BE+ RIPE40 ,?R\<\T HIS LIFE ,M>X HAD MA9TA9$ A UNIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW 9 HIS !ORY1 BUT ! EXPOSITION ( HIS !ORY WAS C>RI$ \T ON ! T]RA9 ( ! DOM9ANT ?\<T 9S(> AS IT TOOK ! =M ( CRITIQUES ( P>TICUL> DISCIPL9ES1 MO/ NOTABLY ! CRITIQUE ( ?AT FUNDAM5TAL SCI5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS MUTILAT$ =M1 :I* EV5TUALLY CAME TO BE SE5 AS OR?ODOX1 ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO 0,M>XISM40 

#he 

  

,! WEAKNESS ( ,M>X'S !ORY IS NATURALLY L9K$ TO ! WEAKNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( HIS TIME4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ TO 9AUGURATE A P]MAN5T REVOLUTION 9 #a#h#d#h2 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY C\LD NOT YET BE FULLY REALIZ$4 ,! FACT ?AT ,M>X WAS R$UC$ TO DEF5D+ & REF9+ IT BY CLOI/]$ S*OL>LY WORK 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM HAD A DEBILITAT+ EFFECT ON ! !ORY ITSELF4 ,HIS SCI5TIFIC CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICE APP>5TLY IMPLI$ BY ?OSE CONCLUSIONS1 BECAME OB/ACLES TO PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS AT A LAT] /AGE4 

#hf 

  

,! !ORETICAL %ORTCOM+S ( ! SCI5TIFIC DEF5SE ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 7BO? 9 ITS CONT5T & 9 ITS =M ( EXPOSITION7 ALL ULTIMATELY RESULT FROM ID5TIFY+ ! PROLET>IAT ) ! B\RGEOISIE ) RESPECT TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE ( P[]4 

#hg 

  

,AS E>LY AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X'S EF=T TO DEMON/RATE ! LEGITIMACY ( PROLET>IAN P[] BY CIT+ A REPETITIVE SEQU5CE ( PREC$5TS L$ HIM TO OV]SIMPLIFY HIS HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS 9TO A L9E> MODEL ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MODES ( PRODUCTION1 9 :I* CLASS /RUGGLES 9V>IABLY RESULT$ 0EI!R 9 A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY OR 9 ! MUTUAL RU9 ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES40 ,! PLA9 FACTS ( HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 >E ?AT ! 0,ASIATIC MODE ( PRODUCTION0 7AS ,M>X HIMSELF ACKN[L$G$ ELSE:]E7 MA9TA9$ ITS IMMOBILITY DESPITE ALL ITS CLASS CONFLICTS2 ?AT NO S]F UPRIS+ EV] OV]?REW ! FEUDAL LORDS2 & ?AT NONE ( ! SLAVE REVOLTS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD 5D$ ! RULE ( ! FREEM54 ,! L9E> S*EMA LOSES SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ?AT HAS EV] WON2 & ?AT IT IS ALSO ! ONLY CLASS = :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY WAS BO? ! CAUSE & ! CONSEQU5CE ( ITS TAK+ CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 ,! SAME OV]SIMPLIFICATION L$ ,M>X TO NEGLECT ! ECONOMIC ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,IF ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE SEEM$ TO LIB]ATE ! ECONOMY FROM ! /ATE1 ?IS WAS TRUE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! PREVI\S /ATE WAS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS OPPRESSION )9 A /ATIC ECONOMY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ ITS 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC P[] DUR+ ! M$IEVAL P]IOD :5 ! /ATE HAD BE5 WEAK5$ & FEUDALISM WAS BREAK+ UP ! /ABLE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 DIFF]5T P[]S4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! MOD]N /ATE -- :I* BEGAN TO SUPPORT ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEVELOPM5T ?R\< ITS M]CANTILE POLICIES & :I* DEVELOP$ 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE'S [N /ATE DUR+ ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ]A -- WAS EV5TUALLY TO EM]GE AS A C5TRAL P[] 9 ! PLANN$ MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMIC PROCESS4 ,M>X WAS NEV]!LESS ABLE TO DESCRIBE ! 0,BONAP>TI/0 PROTOTYPE ( MOD]N /ATI/ BUREAUCRACY1 ! FUSION ( CAPITAL & /ATE TO CREATE A 0NATIONAL P[] ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 A PUBLIC =CE DESIGN$ TO MA9TA9 SOCIAL S]VITUDE0 -- A =M ( SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ! B\RGEOISIE R5\NCES ALL HI/ORICAL LIFE AP>T FROM :AT HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO ! ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ?+S1 & W\LD LIKE TO BE 0CONDEMN$ TO ! SAME POLITICAL NO?+NESS AS ALL ! O!R CLASSES40 ,! SOCIOPOLITICAL F\NDATIONS ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE >E ALREADY DISC]NIBLE H]E1 & !SE F\NDATIONS NEGATIVELY IMPLY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS ! ONLY PRET5D] TO HI/ORICAL LIFE4 

#hh 

  

,! ONLY TWO CLASSES ?AT REALLY CORRESPOND TO ,M>X'S !ORY1 ! TWO PURE CLASSES ?AT ! 5TIRE ANALYSIS ( ,CAPITAL BR+S TO ! =E1 >E ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE >E ALSO ! ONLY TWO REVOLUTION>Y CLASSES 9 HI/ORY1 BUT OP]AT+ UND] V]Y DIFF]5T CONDITIONS4 ,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION IS DONE4 ,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS A YET-UNREALIZ$ PROJECT1 BORN ON ! F\NDATION ( ! E>LI] REVOLUTION BUT DIFF]+ FROM IT QUALITATIVELY4 ,IF ONE OV]LOOKS ! ORIG9ALITY ( ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ONE ALSO T5DS TO OV]LOOK ! SPECIFIC ORIG9ALITY ( ! PROLET>IAN PROJECT1 :I* CAN A*IEVE NO?+ UNLESS IT C>RIES ITS [N BANN]S & RECOGNIZES ! 0IMM5SITY ( ITS [N TASKS40 ,! B\RGEOISIE CAME TO P[] BECAUSE IT WAS ! CLASS ( ! DEVELOP+ ECONOMY4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT CREATE ITS [N NEW =M ( P[] EXCEPT BY BECOM+ ! CLASS ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! GR[? ( PRODUCTIVE =CES WILL NOT 9 ITSELF GU>ANTEE ! EM]G5CE ( SU* A P[] -- NOT EV5 9DIRECTLY BY WAY ( ! 9CREAS+ DISPOSSESSION :I* ?AT GR[? 5TAILS4 ,NOR CAN A ,JACOB9-/YLE SEIZURE ( ! /ATE BE A MEANS TO ?IS 5D4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT MAKE USE ( ANY IDEOLOGY DESIGN$ TO DISGUISE ITS P>TIAL GOALS AS G5]AL GOALS1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT PRES]VE ANY P>TIAL REALITY ?AT IS TRULY ITS [N4 

#hi 

  

,IF ,M>X1 DUR+ A C]TA9 P]IOD ( HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 PLAC$ TOO GREAT A RELIANCE ON SCI5TIFIC PR$ICTION1 TO ! PO9T ( CREAT+ ! 9TELLECTUAL BASIS = ! ILLUSIONS ( ECONOMISM1 IT IS CLE> ?AT HE HIMSELF DID NOT SUCCUMB TO ?OSE ILLUSIONS4 ,9 A WELL-KN[N LETT] ( #g ,DECEMB] #a#h#f#g1 ACCOMPANY+ AN >TICLE CRITICIZ+ ,CAPITAL :I* HE HIMSELF HAD WRITT5 BUT :I* HE WANT$ ,5GELS TO PRES5T TO ! PRESS AS ! WORK ( AN ADV]S>Y1 ,M>X CLE>LY 9DICAT$ ! LIMITS ( HIS [N SCI5CE3 0,! AU?OR'S SUBJECTIVE T5D5CY 7IMPOS$ ON HIM1 P]HAPS1 BY HIS POLITICAL POSITION & HIS PA/71 NAMELY ! MANN] 9 :I* HE VIEWS & PRES5TS ! F9AL \TCOME ( ! PRES5T MOVEM5T & SOCIAL PROCESS1 HAS NO CONNECTION ) HIS ACTUAL ANALYSIS40 ,BY ?US DISP>AG+ ! 0T5D5TI\S CONCLUSIONS0 ( HIS [N OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS1 & BY ! IRONY ( ! 0P]HAPS0 ) REF]5CE TO ! EXTRASCI5TIFIC *OICES SUPPOS$LY 0IMPOS$0 ON HIM1 ,M>X IMPLICITLY REVEAL$ ! ME?ODOLOGICAL KEY TO FUS+ ! TWO ASPECTS4 

#i 

  

,! FUSION ( KN[L$GE & ACTION MU/ BE EFFECT$ )9 ! HI/ORICAL /RUGGLE ITSELF1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EA* DEP5DS ON ! O!R = ITS VALIDATION4 ,! PROLET>IAN CLASS IS =M$ 9TO A SUBJECT 9 ITS PROCESS ( ORGANIZ+ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & 9 ITS REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY AT ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION -- ?IS IS :]E ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( CONSCI\SNESS MU/ EXI/1 CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! !ORY ( PRAXIS IS CONFIRM$ BY BECOM+ PRACTICAL !ORY4 ,BUT ?IS CRUCIAL QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION WAS VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ BY REVOLUTION>Y !ORY DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS FIR/ TAK+ %APE -- ! V]Y P]IOD :5 ?AT !ORY /ILL POSSESS$ ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] IT HAD 9H]IT$ FROM HI/ORICAL ?\<T 7& :I* IT HAD RI<TLY V[$ TO DEVELOP 9TO A UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL PRACTICE74 ,9/EAD1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION BECAME ! WEAKE/ ASPECT ( RADICAL !ORY1 A CONFUS$ T]RA9 L5D+ ITSELF TO ! REVIVAL ( HI]>*ICAL & /ATI/ TACTICS BORR[$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T ?AT W]E DEVELOP$ ON ! BASIS ( ?IS !ORETICAL NEGLIG5CE T5D$ 9 TURN TO 9HIBIT ! MA9T5ANCE ( A UNIT>Y !ORY BY BREAK+ IT UP 9TO V>I\S SPECIALIZ$ & FRAGM5T$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,?IS IDEOLOGICALLY ALI5AT$ !ORY WAS !N NO LONG] ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! PRACTICAL V]IFICATIONS ( ! UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL ?\<T IT HAD BETRAY$ :5 SU* V]IFICATIONS EM]G$ 9 SPONTANE\S WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES2 9/EAD1 IT CONTRIBUT$ T[>D REPRESS+ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION & MEMORY ( !M4 ,YET ?OSE HI/ORICAL =MS ?AT TOOK %APE 9 /RUGGLE W]E PRECISELY ! PRACTICAL T]RA9 ?AT WAS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO VALIDATE ! !ORY4 ,!Y W]E :AT ! !ORY NE$$1 YET ?AT NE$ HAD NOT BE5 =MULAT$ !ORETICALLY4 ,! SOVIET1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS NOT A !ORETICAL DISCOV]Y4 ,& ! MO/ ADVANC$ !ORETICAL TRU? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS ITS [N EXI/5CE 9 PRACTICE4 

#ia 

  

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL'S 9ITIAL SUCCESSES 5ABL$ IT TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! CONFUS$ 9FLU5CES ( ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ?AT HAD SURVIV$ )9 IT4 ,BUT ! DEFEAT & REPRESSION ?AT IT SOON 5C\NT]$ BR\<T TO ! SURFACE A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 EA* ( :I* CONTA9$ AN AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT ?AT AM\NT$ TO AB&ON+ ! CONSCI\S SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FEUD BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,BAKUN9I/S1 :I* EV5TUALLY BECAME IRRECONCILABLE1 ACTUALLY C5T]$ ON TWO DIFF]5T ISSUES -- ! QUE/ION ( P[] 9 A FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY & ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CURR5T MOVEM5T -- & EA* ( ! ADV]S>IES REV]S$ !IR POSITION :5 !Y W5T FROM ONE ASPECT TO ! O!R4 ,BAKUN9 D5\NC$ ! ILLUSION ?AT CLASSES C\LD BE ABOLI%$ BY MEANS ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN IMPLEM5TATION ( /ATE P[]1 W>N+ ?AT ?IS W\LD LEAD TO ! =MATION ( A NEW BUREAUCRATIC RUL+ CLASS & TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MO/ KN[L$GEABLE 7OR ( ?OSE REPUT$ TO BE SU*74 ,M>X1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! CONCOMITANT MATURATION ( ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS & ( ! WORK]S' $UCATION 9 DEMOCRACY W\LD R$UCE ! ROLE ( A PROLET>IAN /ATE TO A BRIEF PHASE NE$$ TO LEGITIMIZE ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY OBJECTIVE FACTORS1 D5\NC$ ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S AS AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONSPIRATORIAL ELITE :O W]E DELIB]ATELY PLAC+ !MSELVES ABOVE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ! H>EBRA9$ S*EME ( IMPOS+ ON SOCIETY AN IRRESPONSIBLE DICTATOR%IP ( ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y 7OR ( ?OSE :O W\LD DESIGNATE !MSELVES AS SU*74 ,BAKUN9 DID 9 FACT RECRUIT FOLL[]S ON SU* A BASIS3 0,9 ! MID/ ( ! POPUL> TEMPE/ WE MU/ BE ! 9VISIBLE PILOTS GUID+ ! REVOLUTION1 NOT ?R\< ANY K9D ( OV]T P[] BUT ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( \R ,ALLIANCE -- A DICTATOR%IP )\T ANY BADGES OR TITLES OR (FICIAL /ATUS1 YET ALL ! MORE P[]FUL BECAUSE IT WILL HAVE NONE ( ! APPE>ANCES ( P[]40 ,?US TWO IDEOLOGIES ( WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION OPPOS$ EA* O!R1 EA* CONTA9+ A P>TIALLY TRUE CRITIQUE1 BUT EA* LOS+ ! UNITY ( HI/ORICAL ?\<T & SETT+ ITSELF UP AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY4 ,P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION FAI?FULLY S]V$ ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE IDEOLOGIES2 & EV]Y:]E ! RESULT WAS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT HAD BE5 S\<T4 

#ib 

  

,! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE SE5 ! GOAL ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION AS IMM$IATELY PRES5T REPRES5TS BO? ! /R5G? & ! WEAKNESS ( COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/ /RUGGLES 7! ONLY =MS ( AN>*ISM ?AT CAN BE TAK5 S]I\SLY -- ! PRET5SIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ =MS ( AN>*ISM HAVE ALWAYS BE5 LUDICR\S74 ,FROM ! HI/ORICAL ?\<T ( MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLES COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM RETA9S ONLY ! CONCLUSION1 & ITS CON/ANT H>P+ ON ?IS CONCLUSION IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A DELIB]ATE 9DIFF]5CE TO ANY CONSID]ATION ( ME?ODS4 ,ITS CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE HAS ?US REMA9$ AB/RACT1 :ILE ITS COMMITM5T TO ECONOMIC /RUGGLE HAS BE5 *ANNEL$ T[>D ! MIRAGE ( A DEF9ITIVE SOLUTION ?AT WILL SUPPOS$LY BE A*IEV$ BY A S+LE BL[ ON ?IS T]RA91 ON ! DAY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE OR ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! AN>*I/S HAVE SADDL$ !MSELVES ) FULFILL+ AN IDEAL4 ,AN>*ISM REMA9S A M]ELY IDEOLOGICAL NEGATION ( ! /ATE & ( CLASS SOCIETY -- ! V]Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* 9 !IR TURN FO/] SEP>ATE IDEOLOGIES4 ,IT IS ! IDEOLOGY ( PURE FRE$OM1 AN IDEOLOGY ?AT PUTS EV]Y?+ ON ! SAME LEVEL & LOSES ANY CONCEPTION ( ! 0HI/ORICAL EVIL0 7! NEGATION AT WORK )9 HI/ORY74 ,?IS FUSION ( ALL P>TIAL DEM&S 9TO A S+LE ALL-5COMPASS+ DEM& HAS GIV5 AN>*ISM ! M]IT ( REPRES5T+ ! REJECTION ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE ( LIFE RA!R ?AN FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOME P>TICUL> CRITICAL SPECIALIZATION2 BUT ! FACT ?AT ?IS FUSION HAS BE5 5VISAG$ ONLY 9 ! ABSOLUTE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) 9DIVIDUAL :IM & 9 ADVANCE ( ANY PRACTICAL ACTUALIZATION1 HAS DOOM$ AN>*ISM TO AN ALL TOO OBVI\S 9COH]5CE4 ,AN>*ISM RESPONDS TO EA* P>TICUL> /RUGGLE BY REPEAT+ & REAPPLY+ ! SAME SIMPLE & ALL-EMBRAC+ LESSON1 BECAUSE ?IS LESSON HAS FROM ! BEG9N+ BE5 CONSID]$ ! BE-ALL & 5D-ALL ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ,BAKUN9'S #ahgc LETT] ( RESIGNATION FROM ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION3 0,DUR+ ! PA/ N9E YE>S ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS DEVELOP$ MORE ?AN 5\< IDEAS TO SAVE ! WORLD1 IF IDEAS ALONE C\LD SAVE IT1 & ,I *ALL5GE ANYONE TO COME UP ) A NEW ONE4 ,IT'S NO LONG] ! TIME = IDEAS1 IT'S TIME = ACTIONS40 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE UND\BT$LY RETA9S PROLET>IAN HI/ORICAL ?\<T'S RECOGNITION ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 BUT IT AB&ONS ! HI/ORICAL T]RA9 BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! APPROPRIATE =MS = ?IS TRANSITION TO PRACTICE HAVE ALREADY BE5 DISCOV]$ & WILL NEV] *ANGE4 

#ic 

  

,! AN>*I/S1 :O EXPLICITLY DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T BY !IR IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTION1 REPRODUCE ?IS SEP>ATION ( COMPET5CIES )9 !IR [N RANKS BY PROVID+ A T]RA9 ?AT FACILITATES ! 9=MAL DOM9ATION ( EA* P>TICUL> AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION BY PROPAG&I/S & DEF5D]S ( !IR IDEOLOGY1 SPECIALI/S :OSE M$IOCRE 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY IS L>GELY LIMIT$ TO ! CON/ANT REGURGITATION ( A FEW ET]NAL TRU?S4 ,! AN>*I/S' IDEOLOGICAL REV]5CE = UNANIM\S DECISIONMAK+ HAS 5D$ UP PAV+ ! WAY = UNCONTROLL$ MANIPULATION ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS BY SPECIALI/S 9 FRE$OM2 & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM EXPECTS ! SAME TYPE ( UNANIMITY1 OBTA9$ BY ! SAME MEANS1 FROM ! MASSES ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 LIB]AT$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! AN>*I/S' REFUSAL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! GREAT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! CONDITIONS ( A M9ORITY B&$ TOGE!R 9 PRES5T-DAY /RUGGLES & ( A PO/REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS HAS REPEAT$LY L$ TO ! ISOLATION ( AN>*I/S :5 ! MOM5T = COLLECTIVE DECISIONMAK+ ACTUALLY >RIVES1 AS IS %[N BY ! C\NTLESS AN>*I/ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,SPA9 ?AT W]E CONTA9$ & CRU%$ AT A LOCAL LEVEL4 

#id 

  

,! ILLUSION MORE OR LESS EXPLICITLY MA9TA9$ BY G5U9E AN>*ISM IS ITS CON/ANT BELIEF ?AT A REVOLUTION IS JU/ >\ND ! CORN]1 & ?AT ! 9/ANTANE\S ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION WILL DEMON/RATE ! TRU? ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY & ( ! =M ( PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?AT IDEOLOGY4 ,9 #aicf AN>*ISM DID 9DE$ 9ITIATE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 A REVOLUTION ?AT WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( PROLET>IAN P[] EV] REALIZ$4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?AT CASE IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! G5]AL UPRIS+ BEGAN AS A M]ELY DEF5SIVE REACTION TO ! >MY'S ATTEMPT$ C\P4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9ASMU* AS ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT C>RI$ TO COMPLETION DUR+ ITS OP5+ DAYS 7BECAUSE ,FRANCO CONTROLL$ HALF ! C\NTRY & WAS BE+ /RONGLY SUPPORT$ FROM ABROAD1 BECAUSE ! RE/ ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY BE5 DEFEAT$1 & BECAUSE ! ANTI-,FRANCO CAMP 9CLUD$ V>I\S B\RGEOIS =CES & /ATI/ WORK+-CLASS P>TIES71 ! ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T PROV$ 9CAPABLE ( EXT5D+ ! REVOLUTION'S P>TIAL VICTORIES1 OR EV5 ( DEF5D+ !M4 ,ITS RECOGNIZ$ LEAD]S BECAME GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 HO/AGES TO A B\RGEOIS /ATE ?AT WAS DE/ROY+ ! REVOLUTION EV5 AS IT PROCE$$ TO LOSE ! CIVIL W>4 

#ie 

  

,! 0OR?ODOX ,M>XISM0 ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IS ! SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AN IDEOLOGY :I* ID5TIFIES ITS :OLE TRU? ) OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC PROCESSES & ) ! PROGRESSIVE RECOGNITION ( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ?OSE PROCESSES BY A WORK+ CLASS $UCAT$ BY ! ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY REVIVES ! FAI? 9 P$AGOGICAL DEMON/RATION ?AT WAS F\ND AMONG ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 COMB9+ ?AT FAI? ) A CONTEMPLATIVE 9VOCATION ( ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY2 BUT IT HAS LO/ BO? ! ,HEGELIAN DIM5SION ( TOTAL HI/ORY & ! /ATIC IMAGE ( TOTALITY PRES5T$ BY ! UTOPIANS 7MO/ RI*LY BY ,F\RI]74 ,?IS TYPE ( SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE1 :I* CAN DO NO?+ MORE ?AN RESURRECT ! TRADITIONAL DILEMMAS BETWE5 SYMMETRICAL E?ICAL *OICES1 IS AT ! ROOT ( ,HILF]D+'S ABSURD CONCLUSION ?AT RECOGNIZ+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( SOCIALISM 0GIVES NO 9DICATION AS TO :AT PRACTICAL ATTITUDE %\LD BE ADOPT$4 ,= IT IS ONE ?+ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT SOME?+ IS 9EVITABLE1 & QUITE ANO!R TO PUT ONESELF 9 ! S]VICE ( ?AT 9EVITABILITY0 7,F9ANZKAPITAL74 ,?OSE :O FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT = ,M>X & = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT UNIT>Y HI/ORICAL ?\<T WAS 9 NO WAY DI/9CT FROM A PRACTICAL ATTITUDE TO BE ADOPT$ G5]ALLY 5D$ UP BECOM+ VICTIMS ( ! PRACTICE !Y DID ADOPT4 

#if 

  

,! IDEOLOGY ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS PUT ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! PR(ESSORS :O W]E $UCAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 & !IR ORGANIZATIONAL =MS CORRESPOND$ TO ?IS TYPE ( PASSIVE APPR5TICE%IP4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( ! SOCIALI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES WAS ADMITT$LY CONCRETE1 BUT IT WAS PR(\NDLY UNCRITICAL4 ,IT WAS A MANIFE/LY RE=MI/ PRACTICE C>RI$ ON 9 ! NAME ( AN ILLUSORY REVOLUTIONISM4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY ( REVOLUTION 9EVITABLY F\ND]$ ON ! V]Y SUCCESSES ( ?OSE :O PROCLAIM$ IT4 ,! ELEVATION ( SOCIALI/ J\RNALI/S & P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES ABOVE ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T 5C\RAG$ !M TO BECOME HABITUAT$ TO A B\RGEOIS LIFE/YLE 7MO/ ( !M HAD 9 ANY CASE BE5 RECRUIT$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA74 ,& EV5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ \T ( /RUGGLES 9 ! FACTORIES W]E TRANS=M$ BY ! TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRACY 9TO BROK]S ( LABOR-P[]1 :OSE TASK WAS TO MAKE SURE ?AT ?AT COMMODITY WAS SOLD AT A 0FAIR0 PRICE4 ,= ! ACTIVITY ( ALL !SE PEOPLE TO HAVE RETA9$ ANY APPE>ANCE ( BE+ REVOLUTION>Y1 CAPITALISM W\LD HAVE HAD TO HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE CONV5I5TLY 9CAPABLE ( TOL]AT+ ?IS ECONOMIC RE=MISM1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT HAD NO TR\BLE TOL]AT+ ! LEGALI/IC POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME RE=MISM4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' SCI5TIFIC IDEOLOGY CONFID5TLY AFFIRM$ ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD NOT TOL]ATE !SE ECONOMIC ANTAGONISMS2 BUT HI/ORY REPEAT$LY PROV$ !M WRONG4 

#ig 

  

,B]N/E91 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT LEA/ ATTA*$ TO POLITICAL IDEOLOGY & MO/ OP5LY ATTA*$ TO ! ME?ODOLOGY ( B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 WAS HONE/ 5\< TO PO9T \T ?IS CONTRADICTION 7A CONTRADICTION :I* HAD ALSO BE5 IMPLI$ BY ! RE=MI/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S1 :O NEV] BO!R$ TO 9VOKE ANY REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY74 ,BUT IT WAS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ITSELF :I* ULTIMATELY PROVID$ ! DEF9ITIVE DEMON/RATION4 ,AL?\< FULL ( ILLUSIONS 9 O!R REG>DS1 ,B]N/E9 HAD D5I$ ?AT A CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION W\LD MIRACUL\SLY =CE ! H& ( ! SOCIALI/S1 :O WANT$ TO 9H]IT ! REVOLUTION ONLY BY WAY ( ?IS OR?ODOX SEQU5CE ( EV5TS4 ,! PR(\ND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL T\*$ (F BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ?\< IT L$ TO A WIDESPREAD AWAK5+ ( RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 TWICE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC HI]>*Y HAD FAIL$ TO PROVIDE ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ) A REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION CAPABLE ( TURN+ !M 9TO !ORI/S3 FIR/1 :5 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! P>TY RALLI$ TO ! IMP]IALI/ W>2 !N1 FOLL[+ ! ,G]MAN DEFEAT1 :5 ! P>TY CRU%$ ! ,SP>TAKI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! EX-WORK] ,EB]T1 :O HAD BECOME ONE ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S1 APP>5TLY /ILL BELIEV$ 9 S9 S9CE HE ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAT$ REVOLUTION 0LIKE S940 ,& HE PROV$ HIMSELF A FITT+ PRECURSOR ( ! SOCIALI/ REPRES5TATION ?AT WAS SOON TO EM]GE AS ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E1 :5 HE ACCURATELY SUMM$ UP ! ESS5CE ( ?IS NEW =M ( ALI5ATION3 0,SOCIALISM MEANS WORK+ A LOT40 

#ih 

  

,AS A ,M>XI/ ?9K]1 ,L59 WAS SIMPLY A FAI?FUL & CONSI/5T ,KAUTSKYI/ :O APPLI$ ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( 0OR?ODOX ,M>XISM0 )9 ! CONDITIONS EXI/+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 CONDITIONS :I* DID NOT L5D !MSELVES TO ! RE=MI/ PRACTICE C>RI$ ON ELSE:]E BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT1 ! ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE ( DIRECT+ ! PROLET>IAT FROM \TSIDE1 BY MEANS ( A DISCIPL9$ UND]GR\ND P>TY UND] ! CONTROL ( 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD BECOME 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES10 BECAME A NEW PR(ESSION -- A PR(ESSION :I* REFUS$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ANY ( ! PR(ESSIONAL RUL+ /RATA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7! ,CZ>I/ POLITICAL REGIME WAS 9 ANY CASE 9CAPABLE ( (F]+ ANY OPPORTUNITIES = SU* COMPROMISE1 :I* DEP5DS ON AN ADVANC$ /AGE ( B\RGEOIS P[]74 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 9TRANSIG5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5D$ UP BECOM+ ! SOLE PRACTITION]S ( ! PR(ESSION ( TOTALIT>IAN SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 

#ii 

  

,) ! W> & ! COLLAPSE ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! FACE ( ?AT W>1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGICAL RADICALISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ABLE TO SPREAD ITS 9FLU5CE ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,! BLOODY 5D ( ! DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T TRANS=M$ ! 5TIRE WORLD 9TO A ,RUSSIA1 & ,BOL%EVISM1 REIGN+ OV] ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y BREAK?R\< 5G5D]$ BY ?IS P]IOD ( CRISIS1 (F]$ ITS HI]>*ICAL & IDEOLOGICAL MODEL TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES1 URG+ !M TO ADOPT IT 9 ORD] TO 0SPEAK ,RUSSIAN0 TO !IR [N RUL+ CLASSES4 ,L59 DID NOT REPROA* ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL = BE+ A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 BUT = CEAS+ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 

#a 

  

,! HI/ORICAL MOM5T :5 ,BOL%EVISM TRIUMPH$ = ITSELF 9 ,RUSSIA & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY F\<T VICTORI\SLY = ! OLD WORLD M>KS ! 9AUGURATION ( ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT IS AT ! HE>T ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE'S DOM9ATION3 ! REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BECOME AN 5EMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

#aa 

  

0,9 ALL PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS10 WROTE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,DIE ,ROTE ,FAHNE ( #ba ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h1 0! COMBATANTS FAC$ EA* O!R OP5LY & DIRECTLY -- CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 PROGRAM AGA9/ PROGRAM4 ,9 ! PRES5T REVOLUTION1 ! TROOPS PROTECT+ ! OLD ORD] >E NOT FI<T+ UND] ! 9SIGNIA ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT UND] ! BANN] ( A 'SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY4' ,IF ! C5TRAL QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION WAS POS$ OP5LY & HONE/LY -- ,CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM8 -- ! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD TODAY HAVE NO D\BTS OR HESITATIONS40 ,?US1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ITS DE/RUCTION1 ! RADICAL CURR5T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT DISCOV]$ ! SECRET ( ! NEW CONDITIONS 5G5D]$ BY ! :OLE PROCESS ?AT HAD GONE BE=E 7A DEVELOPM5T TO :I* ! REPRES5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD GREATLY CONTRIBUT$73 ! SPECTACUL> ORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ ORD]'S DEF5SE1 ! SOCIAL REIGN ( APPE>ANCES :]E NO 0C5TRAL QUE/ION0 CAN ANY LONG] BE POS$ 0OP5LY & HONE/LY40 ,! REVOLUTION>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD AT ?IS /AGE BECOME BO? ! PRIM>Y CAUSE & ! C5TRAL RESULT ( ! G5]AL FALSIFICATION ( SOCIETY4 

#ab 

  

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL RESULT$ FROM ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA & FROM ! AB&ONM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY ! WORK]S MOVEM5TS ( ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,!SE SAME BACKW>D CONDITIONS ALSO T5D$ TO FO/] ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ASPECTS :I* ?AT =M ( ORGANIZATION HAD UNCONSCI\SLY CONTA9$ FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 ,! REPEAT$ FAILURE ( ! MASS ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S MOVEM5T TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! GOLD5 OPPORTUNITIES ( ! #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b P]IOD 7A FAILURE :I* 9CLUD$ ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( ITS [N RADICAL M9ORITY7 FAVOR$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK DEVELOPM5T & 5ABL$ ?AT FRAUDUL5T \TCOME TO PRES5T ITSELF TO ! WORLD AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE PROLET>IAN SOLUTION4 ,BY SEIZ+ A /ATE MONOPOLY AS SOLE REPRES5TATIVE & DEF5D] ( WORK+-CLASS P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY JU/IFI$ ITSELF & BECAME :AT IT ALREADY WAS3 ! P>TY ( ! [N]S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 [N]S :O ESS5TIALLY ELIM9AT$ E>LI] =MS ( PROP]TY4 

#ac 

  

,= TW5TY YE>S ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD 5GAG$ 9 AN UNRESOLV$ DEBATE OV] ALL ! CONDITIONS ?AT MI<T BE> ON ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM -- ! WEAKNESS ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! PEASANT MAJORITY2 & ! POT5TIALLY DECISIVE ROLE ( A PROLET>IAT :I* WAS CONC5TRAT$ & COMBATIVE BUT :I* CON/ITUT$ ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,?IS DEBATE WAS EV5TUALLY RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE BY A FACTOR ?AT HAD NOT FIGUR$ 9 ANY ( ! HYPO!SES3 A REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRACY ?AT PLAC$ ITSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! PROLET>IAT1 SEIZ$ /ATE P[] & PROCE$$ TO IMPOSE A NEW =M ( CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,A /RICTLY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION HAD BE5 IMPOSSIBLE2 TALK ( A 0DEMOCRATIC DICTATOR%IP ( WORK]S & PEASANTS0 WAS MEAN+LESS V]BIAGE2 & ! PROLET>IAN P[] ( ! SOVIETS C\LD NOT SIMULTANE\SLY MA9TA9 ITSELF AGA9/ ! CLASS ( SMALL L&[N]S1 AGA9/ ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ,:ITE REACTION1 & AGA9/ ITS [N REPRES5TATION :I* HAD BECOME EXT]NALIZ$ & ALI5AT$ 9 ! =M ( A WORK+-CLASS P>TY ?AT MA9TA9$ TOTAL CONTROL OV] ! /ATE1 ! ECONOMY1 ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION1 & SOON EV5 OV] PEOPLE'S ?\<TS4 ,TROTSKY'S & ,P>VUS'S !ORY ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION1 :I* ,L59 ADOPT$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 WAS ! ONLY !ORY ?AT PROV$ TRUE = C\NTRIES ) UND]DEVELOP$ B\RGEOISIES2 BUT IT BECAME TRUE ONLY AFT] ! UNKN[N FACTOR ( BUREAUCRATIC CLASS P[] CAME 9TO ! PICTURE4 ,9 ! NUM]\S >GUM5TS )9 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP1 ,L59 WAS ! MO/ CONSI/5T ADVOCATE ( CONC5TRAT+ DICTATORIAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ?IS SUPREME IDEOLOGICAL REPRES5TATION4 ,L59 WAS RI<T EV]Y TIME 9 ! S5SE ?AT HE 9V>IABLY SUPPORT$ ! SOLUTION IMPLI$ BY E>LI] *OICES ( ! M9ORITY ?AT N[ EX]CIS$ ABSOLUTE P[]3 ! DEMOCRACY ?AT WAS KEPT FROM PEASANTS BY MEANS ( ! /ATE W\LD HAVE TO BE KEPT FROM WORK]S AS WELL1 :I* L$ TO D5Y+ IT TO ,COMMUNI/ UNION LEAD]S & TO P>TY MEMB]S 9 G5]AL1 & F9ALLY TO ! HI<E/ RANKS ( ! P>TY HI]>*Y4 ,AT ! ,T5? ,CONGRESS1 AS ! ,KRON/ADT SOVIET WAS BE+ CRU%$ BY >MS & BURI$ UND] A B>RAGE ( SL&]1 ,L59 ATTACK$ ! RADICAL-LEFT BUREAUCRATS :O HAD =M$ A 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 FACTION ) ! FOLL[+ ULTIMATUM1 ! LOGIC ( :I* ,/AL9 W\LD LAT] EXT5D TO AN ABSOLUTE DIVISION ( ! WORLD3 0,Y\ CAN /& H]E ) US1 OR AGA9/ US \T !RE ) A GUN 9 Y\R H&1 BUT NOT )9 SOME OPPOSITION444 ,WE'VE HAD 5\< OPPOSITION40 

#ad 

  

,AFT] ,KRON/ADT1 ! BUREAUCRACY CONSOLIDAT$ ITS P[] AS SOLE [N] ( A SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM -- 9T]NALLY BY MEANS ( A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY 7! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY07 & EXT]NALLY BY US+ ! WORK]S REGIM5T$ 9TO ! BUREAUCRATIC P>TIES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AS A BACKUP =CE = ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY1 SABOTAG+ ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & SUPPORT+ B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS :OSE SUPPORT IT 9 TURN HOP$ TO SECURE 9 ! SPH]E ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS 7! ,KUOM9TANG REGIME 9 ! ,*9A ( #a#i#b#e-#b#g1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONTS 9 ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE1 ETC474 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY !N C>RI$ ?IS CONSOLIDATION ( P[] TO ! NEXT /AGE BY SUBJECT+ ! PEASANTRY TO A REIGN ( T]ROR1 IMPLEM5T+ ! MO/ BRUTAL PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 HI/ORY4 ,! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,/AL9 ]A REVEAL$ ! BUREAUCRACY'S ULTIMATE FUNCTION3 CONT9U+ ! REIGN ( ! ECONOMY BY PRES]V+ ! ESS5CE ( M>KET SOCIETY3 COMMODIFI$ LABOR4 ,IT ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ECONOMY3 ! ECONOMY HAS COME TO DOM9ATE SOCIETY SO COMPLETELY ?AT IT HAS PROV$ CAPABLE ( RECREAT+ ! CLASS DOM9ATION IT NE$S = ITS [N CONT9U$ OP]ATION2 ?AT IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS CREAT$ AN 9DEP5D5T P[] ?AT IS CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ ITSELF EV5 )\T A B\RGEOISIE4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY WAS NOT 0! LA/ [N+ CLASS 9 HI/ORY0 9 ,BRUNO ,RIZZI'S S5SE2 IT WAS M]ELY A SUB/ITUTE RUL+ CLASS = ! COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,AN IMPOT5T CAPITALI/ PROP]TY SY/EM WAS REPLAC$ BY A CRUD] V]SION ( ITSELF -- SIMPLIFI$1 LESS DIV]SIFI$1 & CONC5TRAT$ AS ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS4 ,?IS UND]DEVELOP$ TYPE ( RUL+ CLASS IS ALSO A REFLECTION ( ECONOMIC UND]DEVELOPM5T1 & IT HAS NO AG5DA BEYOND OV]COM+ ?IS UND]DEVELOPM5T 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 ,! HI]>*ICAL & /ATI/ FRAMEWORK = ?IS CRUDE REMAKE ( ! CAPITALI/ RUL+ CLASS WAS PROVID$ BY ! WORK+-CLASS P>TY1 :I* WAS ITSELF MODEL$ ON ! HI]>*ICAL SEP>ATIONS ( B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS ,ANTE ,CILIGA NOT$ :ILE 9 ONE ( ,/AL9'S PRISONS1 0,TE*NICAL QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION TURN$ \T TO BE SOCIAL QUE/IONS0 7,L59 & ! ,REVOLUTION74 

#ae 

  

,L59ISM WAS ! HI<E/ VOLUNT>I/IC EXPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY -- A COH]5CE ( ! SEP>ATE GOV]N+ A REALITY ?AT RESI/$ IT4 ,) ! ADV5T ( ,/AL9ISM1 REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY RETURN$ TO ITS FUNDAM5TAL 9COH]5CE4 ,AT ?AT PO9T1 IDEOLOGY WAS NO LONG] A WEAPON1 IT HAD BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT A LIE ?AT CAN NO LONG] BE *ALL5G$ BECOMES 9SANE4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGICAL PRON\NCEM5T OBLIT]ATES REALITY AS WELL AS PURPOSE2 NO?+ EXI/S BUT :AT IT SAYS EXI/S4 ,AL?\< ?IS CRUDE =M ( ! SPECTACLE HAS BE5 CONF9$ TO C]TA9 UND]DEVELOP$ REGIONS1 IT HAS NEV]!LESS PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! SPECTACLE'S GLOBAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS P>TICUL> MAT]IALIZATION ( IDEOLOGY DID NOT TRANS=M ! WORLD ECONOMICALLY1 AS DID ADVANC$ CAPITALISM2 IT SIMPLY US$ POLICE-/ATE ME?ODS TO TRANS=M PEOPLE'S P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

#af 

  

,! RUL+ TOTALIT>IAN-IDEOLOGICAL CLASS IS ! RUL] ( A WORLD TURN$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,! MORE P[]FUL ! CLASS1 ! MORE IT CLAIMS NOT TO EXI/1 & ITS P[] IS EMPLOY$ ABOVE ALL TO 5=CE ?IS CLAIM4 ,IT IS MODE/ ONLY ON ?IS ONE PO9T1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ?IS (FICIALLY NONEXI/5T BUREAUCRACY SIMULTANE\SLY ATTRIBUTES ! CR[N+ A*IEVEM5TS ( HI/ORY TO ITS [N 9FALLIBLE LEAD]%IP4 ,?\< ITS EXI/5CE IS EV]Y:]E 9 EVID5CE1 ! BUREAUCRACY MU/ BE 9VISIBLE AS A CLASS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ALL SOCIAL LIFE BECOMES 9SANE4 ,! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( TOTAL FALSEHOOD /EMS FROM ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION4 

#ag 

  

,/AL9ISM WAS ALSO A REIGN ( T]ROR )9 ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS4 ,! T]RORISM ON :I* ?IS CLASS'S P[] WAS BAS$ 9EVITABLY CAME TO /RIKE ! CLASS ITSELF1 BECAUSE ?IS CLASS HAS NO JURIDICAL LEGITIMACY1 NO LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ /ATUS AS AN [N+ CLASS :I* C\LD BE EXT5D$ TO EA* ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,ITS [N]%IP HAS TO BE MASK$ BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS FALSE CONSCI\SNESS CAN MA9TA9 ITS TOTAL P[] ONLY BY MEANS ( A TOTAL REIGN ( T]ROR 9 :I* ALL REAL MOTIVES >E ULTIMATELY OBSCUR$4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRATIC CLASS HAVE ! RI<T ( [N]%IP OV] SOCIETY ONLY COLLECTIVELY1 AS P>TICIPANTS 9 A FUNDAM5TAL LIE3 !Y HAVE TO PLAY ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT GOV]N+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY2 !Y HAVE TO BE ACTORS FAI?FUL TO A SCRIPT ( IDEOLOGICAL BETRAYAL4 ,YET !Y CANNOT ACTUALLY P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS C\NT]FEIT 5TITY UNLESS !IR LEGITIMACY IS VALIDAT$4 ,NO BUREAUCRAT CAN 9DIVIDUALLY ASS]T HIS RI<T TO P[]1 BECAUSE TO PROVE HIMSELF A SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAN HE W\LD HAVE TO DEMON/RATE ?AT HE WAS ! OPPOSITE ( A BUREAUCRAT1 :ILE TO PROVE HIMSELF A BUREAUCRAT IS IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE ! BUREAUCRACY'S (FICIAL L9E IS ?AT !RE IS NO BUREAUCRACY4 ,EA* BUREAUCRAT IS ?US TOTALLY DEP5D5T ON ! C5TRAL SEAL ( LEGITIMACY PROVID$ BY ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY1 :I* VALIDATES ! COLLECTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ITS 0SOCIALI/ REGIME0 ( ALL ! BUREAUCRATS IT DOES NOT LIQUIDATE4 ,AL?\< ! BUREAUCRATS >E COLLECTIVELY EMP[]$ TO MAKE ALL SOCIAL DECISIONS1 ! COHESION ( !IR [N CLASS CAN BE 5SUR$ ONLY BY ! CONC5TRATION ( !IR T]RORI/ P[] 9 A S+LE P]SON4 ,9 ?IS P]SON RESIDES ! ONLY PRACTICAL TRU? ( ! RUL+ LIE3 ! P[] TO DET]M9E AN UN*ALL5GEABLE B\ND>Y L9E :I* IS NEV]!LESS CON/ANTLY BE+ ADJU/$4 ,/AL9 DECIDES )\T APPEAL :O IS & :O IS NOT A MEMB] ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY -- :O %\LD BE CONSID]$ A 0PROLET>IAN 9 P[]0 & :O BR&$ 0A TRAITOR 9 ! PAY ( ,WALL ,/REET & ! ,MIKADO40 ,! ATOMIZ$ BUREAUCRATS CAN F9D !IR COLLECTIVE LEGITIMACY ONLY 9 ! P]SON ( ,/AL9 -- ! LORD ( ! WORLD :O ?US COMES TO SEE HIMSELF AS ! ABSOLUTE P]SON1 = :OM NO SUP]IOR SPIRIT EXI/S4 0,! LORD ( ! WORLD RECOGNIZES HIS [N NATURE -- OMNIPRES5T P[] -- ?R\< ! DE/RUCTIVE VIOL5CE HE EX]TS AGA9/ ! CONTRA/+LY P[]LESS SELFHOOD ( HIS SUBJECTS40 ,HE IS ! P[] ?AT DEF9ES ! T]RA9 ( DOM9ATION1 & HE IS ALSO 0! P[] ?AT RAVAGES ?AT T]RA940 

#ah 

  

,:5 IDEOLOGY HAS BECOME TOTAL ?R\< ITS POSSESSION ( TOTAL P[]1 & HAS *ANG$ FROM P>TIAL TRU? TO TOTALIT>IAN FALSEHOOD1 HI/ORICAL ?\<T HAS BE5 SO TOTALLY ANNIHILAT$ ?AT HI/ORY ITSELF1 EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( ! MO/ EMPIRICAL KN[L$GE1 CAN NO LONG] EXI/4 ,TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY LIVES 9 A P]PETUAL PRES5T 9 :I* :ATEV] HAS PREVI\SLY HAPP5$ IS DET]M9$ SOLELY BY ITS POLICE4 ,! PROJECT ALREADY 5VISION$ BY ,NAPOLEON ( 0MON>*ICALLY CONTROLL+ MEMORY0 HAS BE5 REALIZ$ 9 ,/AL9ISM'S CON/ANT REWRIT+ ( ! PA/1 :I* ALT]S NOT ONLY ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( PA/ EV5TS BUT EV5 ! EV5TS !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! PRICE PAID = ?IS LIB]ATION FROM ALL HI/ORICAL REALITY IS ! LOSS ( ! RATIONAL FRAME ( REF]5CE ?AT IS 9DISP5SABLE TO CAPITALISM AS A HI/ORICAL SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,! ,LYS5KO FIASCO IS JU/ ONE WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE ( H[ MU* ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( IDEOLOGY GONE MAD HAS CO/ ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION -- ! FACT ?AT A TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY TRY+ TO ADM9I/] AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ SOCIETY IS CAU<T BETWE5 ITS NE$ = RATIONALITY & ITS REPRESSION ( RATIONALITY -- IS ALSO ONE ( ITS MA9 WEAKNESSES 9 COMP>ISON ) NORMAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,JU/ AS ! BUREAUCRACY CANNOT RESOLVE ! QUE/ION ( AGRICULTURE AS ORD9>Y CAPITALISM HAS DONE1 IT ALSO PROVES 9F]IOR TO ! LATT] 9 ! FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE ITS UNREALI/IC AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+ IS BAS$ ON OMNIPRES5T FALSIFICATIONS4 

#ai 

  

,BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD W>S ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! JO9T ACTION ( ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY & ( FASCI/ TOTALIT>IANISM 7! LATT]'S ORGANIZATIONAL =M HAV+ BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! TOTALIT>IAN P>TY ?AT HAD FIR/ BE5 TE/$ & DEVELOP$ 9 ,RUSSIA74 ,FASCISM WAS A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO DEF5D ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY FROM ! DUAL ?REAT ( CRISIS & PROLET>IAN SUBV]SION1 A /ATE ( SIEGE 9 :I* CAPITALI/ SOCIETY SAV$ ITSELF BY GIV+ ITSELF AN EM]G5CY DOSE ( RATIONALIZATION 9 ! =M ( MASSIVE /ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,BUT ?IS RATIONALIZATION IS HAMP]$ BY ! EXTREME IRRATIONALITY ( ITS ME?ODS4 ,AL?\< FASCISM RALLIES TO ! DEF5SE ( ! MA9 ICONS ( A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AT HAS BECOME CONS]VATIVE 7FAMILY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 MORAL ORD]1 PATRIOTISM71 :ILE MOBILIZ+ ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S :O >E PANIC-/RICK5 BY ECONOMIC CRISIS OR DISILLUSION$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T'S FAILURE TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION1 IT IS NOT ITSELF FUNDAM5TALLY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,IT PRES5TS ITSELF AS :AT IT IS -- A VIOL5T RESURRECTION ( MY? CALL+ = P>TICIPATION 9 A COMMUNITY DEF9$ BY >*AIC PSEUDOVALUES3 RACE1 BLOOD1 LEAD]4 ,FASCISM IS A TE*NOLOGICALLY EQUIPP$ PRIMITIVISM4 ,ITS FACTITI\S MY?OLOGICAL REHA%ES >E PRES5T$ 9 ! SPECTACUL> CONTEXT ( ! MO/ MOD]N MEANS ( CONDITION+ & ILLUSION4 ,IT IS ?US A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 ! =MATION ( ! MOD]N SPECTACLE1 & ITS ROLE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ALSO MAKES IT ONE ( ! F\ND+ =CES ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,BUT S9CE IT IS ALSO ! MO/ CO/LY ME?OD ( PRES]V+ ! CAPITALI/ ORD]1 IT HAS G5]ALLY 5D$ UP BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! MAJOR CAPITALI/ /ATES1 :I* REPRES5T /RONG] & MORE RATIONAL =MS ( ?AT ORD]4 

#aa 

  

,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY HAS F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ AWAY ) ! VE/IGES ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY ?AT HAMP]$ ITS RULE OV] ! ECONOMY1 & 9 DEVELOP+ ?IS ECONOMY = ITS [N PURPOSES1 & 9 BE+ RECOGNIZ$ AS A MEMB] ( ! CLUB ( GREAT P[]S1 IT WANTS TO 5JOY ITS WORLD 9 PEACE & TO DIS5CUMB] ITSELF FROM ! >BITR>9ESS TO :I* IT IS /ILL SUBJECT$4 ,IT ?US D5\NCES ! ,/AL9ISM AT ITS ORIG94 ,BUT ?IS D5UNCIATION REMA9S ,/AL9I/ -- >BITR>Y1 UNEXPLA9$1 & SUBJECT TO CONT9UAL MODIFICATION -- BECAUSE ! IDEOLOGICAL LIE AT ITS ORIG9 CAN NEV] BE REVEAL$4 ,! BUREAUCRACY CANNOT LIB]ALIZE ITSELF EI!R CULTURALLY OR POLITICALLY BECAUSE ITS EXI/5CE AS A CLASS DEP5DS ON ITS IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY1 :I*1 = ALL ITS CUMB]SOM5ESS1 IS ITS SOLE TITLE TO P[]4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY HAS LO/ ! PASSION ( ITS ORIG9AL EXPRESSION1 BUT ITS PASSIONLESS R\T9IZATION /ILL HAS ! REPRESSIVE FUNCTION ( CONTROLL+ ALL ?\<T & PROHIBIT+ ANY COMPETITION :ATSOEV]4 ,! BUREAUCRACY IS ?US HELPLESSLY TI$ TO AN IDEOLOGY ?AT IS NO LONG] BELIEV$ BY ANYONE4 ,! P[] ?AT US$ TO 9SPIRE T]ROR N[ 9SPIRES RIDICULE1 BUT ?IS RIDICUL$ P[] /ILL DEF5DS ITSELF ) ! ?REAT ( RESORT+ TO ! T]RORIZ+ =CE IT W\LD LIKE TO BE RID (4 ,?US1 AT ! V]Y TIME :5 ! BUREAUCRACY HOPES TO DEMON/RATE ITS SUP]IORITY ON ! T]RA9 ( CAPITALISM IT REVEALS ITSELF TO BE A POOR C\S9 ( CAPITALISM4 ,JU/ AS ITS ACTUAL HI/ORY CONTRADICTS ITS FACADE ( LEGALITY & ITS CRUDELY MA9TA9$ IGNORANCE CONTRADICTS ITS SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS1 SO ITS ATTEMPT TO VIE ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITY ABUNDANCE IS /YMI$ BY ! FACT ?AT SU* ABUNDANCE CONTA9S ITS [N IMPLICIT IDEOLOGY1 & IS G5]ALLY ACCOMPANI$ BY ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE FROM AN UNLIMIT$ RANGE ( SPECTACUL> PSEUDOALT]NATIVES -- A PSEUD(RE$OM ?AT REMA9S 9COMPATIBLE ) ! BUREAUCRACY'S IDEOLOGY4 

#aaa 

  

,! BUREAUCRACY'S IDEOLOGICAL TITLE TO P[] IS ALREADY COLLAPS+ AT ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,! P[] ?AT E/ABLI%$ ITSELF NATIONALLY 9 ! NAME ( AN O/5SIBLY 9T]NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE IS N[ =C$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT CAN NO LONG] IMPOSE ITS SY/EM ( LIES BEYOND ITS [N NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,! UNEQUAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( DIV]SE BUREAUCRACIES ) COMPET+ 9T]E/S ?AT HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N 0SOCIALISM0 9 MORE ?AN ONE C\NTRY HAS L$ TO AN ALL-\T PUBLIC CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN LIE & ! ,*9ESE LIE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON1 EA* BUREAUCRACY 9 P[] WILL HAVE TO F9D ITS [N WAY2 & ! SAME IS TRUE = EA* ( ! TOTALIT>IAN P>TIES ASPIR+ TO SU* P[] 7NOTABLY ?OSE ?AT /ILL SURVIVE FROM ! ,/AL9I/ P]IOD AMONG C]TA9 NATIONAL WORK+ CLASSES74 ,?IS 9T]NATIONAL COLLAPSE HAS BE5 FUR!R AGGRAVAT$ BY ! EXPRESSIONS ( 9T]NAL NEGATION :I* FIR/ BECAME VISIBLE TO ! \TSIDE WORLD :5 ! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATS & DEM&$ A 0GOV]NM5T ( /EEL WORK]S0 -- A NEGATION :I* HAS 9 ONE CASE ALREADY GONE TO ! PO9T ( SOV]EIGN WORK]S C\NCILS 9 ,HUNG>Y4 ,BUT 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ?IS CRUMBL+ ( ! GLOBAL ALLIANCE ( PSEUDOSOCIALI/ BUREAUCRACIES IS ALSO A MO/ UNFAVORABLE DEVELOPM5T = ! FUTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE IS 9 ! PROCESS ( LOS+ ! ADV]S>Y ?AT OBJECTIVELY SUPPORT$ IT BY PROVID+ AN ILLUSORY UNIFICATION ( ALL OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 TWO MUTUALLY RE9=C+ =MS ( ! SPECTACLE COMES TO AN 5D :5 ! PSEUDOREVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 TURN DIVIDES4 ,! SPECTACUL> COMPON5T ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T IS ITSELF HEAD$ = DE/RUCTION4 

#aab 

  

,! ONLY CURR5T P>TISANS ( ! ,L59I/ ILLUSION >E ! V>I\S ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CIES1 :I* /UBBORNLY P]SI/ 9 ID5TIFY+ ! PROLET>IAN PROJECT ) AN IDEOLOGICALLY BAS$ HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION DESPITE ALL ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ?AT HAVE REFUT$ ?AT P]SPECTIVE4 ,! DI/ANCE ?AT SEP>ATES ,TROTSKYISM FROM A REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY IS RELAT$ TO ! DEF]5TIAL DI/ANCE ! ,TROTSKYI/S MA9TA9 REG>D+ POSITIONS ?AT W]E ALREADY MI/AK5 :5 !Y W]E ACT$ ON 9 REAL /RUGGLES4 ,TROTSKY REMA9$ FUNDAM5TALLY LOYAL TO ! UPP] BUREAUCRACY UNTIL #a#i#b#g1 :ILE /RIV+ TO GA9 CONTROL ( IT SO AS TO MAKE IT RESUME A G5U9ELY ,BOL%EVIK =EIGN POLICY4 7,IT IS WELL KN[N1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO HELP CONCEAL ,L59'S FAM\S 0,TE/AM5T0 HE W5T SO F> AS TO SL&]\SLY DISAV[ HIS [N SUPPORT] ,MAX ,EA/MAN1 :O HAD MADE IT PUBLIC47 ,TROTSKY WAS DOOM$ BY HIS BASIC P]SPECTIVE1 BECAUSE ONCE ! BUREAUCRACY BECAME AW>E ?AT IT HAD EVOLV$ 9TO A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ON ! DOME/IC FRONT1 IT WAS B\ND TO OPT = A SIMIL>LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 O!R C\NTRIES 7?\< /ILL1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION74 ,TROTSKY'S SUBSEQU5T EF=TS TO CREATE A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL REFLECT ! SAME 9CONSI/5CY4 ,ONCE HE HAD BECOME AN UNCONDITIONAL P>TISAN ( ! ,BOL%EVIK =M ( ORGANIZATION 7:I* HE DID DUR+ ! SECOND ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION71 HE REFUS$ = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY WAS A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,:5 ,LUKACS1 9 #a#i#b#c1 PRES5T$ ?IS SAME ORGANIZATIONAL =M AS ! LONG-S\<T L9K BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 9 :I* PROLET>IANS CEASE BE+ M]E 0SPECTATORS0 ( ! EV5TS ?AT OCCUR 9 !IR ORGANIZATION & BEG9 CONSCI\SLY *OOS+ & EXP]I5C+ ?OSE EV5TS1 HE WAS DESCRIB+ AS M]ITS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY EV]Y?+ ?AT ?AT P>TY WAS NOT4 ,DESPITE HIS PR(\ND !ORETICAL WORK1 ,LUKACS REMA9$ AN IDEOLOGUE1 SPEAK+ 9 ! NAME ( ! P[] ?AT WAS MO/ GROSSLY ALI5 TO ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 YET BELIEV+ & PRET5D+ ?AT HE F\ND HIMSELF COMPLETELY AT HOME ) IT4 ,AS SUBSEQU5T EV5TS DEMON/RAT$ H[ ?AT P[] DISAV[S & SUPPRESSES ITS LACKEYS1 ,LUKACS'S 5DLESS SELF-REPUDIATIONS REVEAL$ ) C>ICATURAL CL>ITY ?AT HE HAD ID5TIFI$ ) ! TOTAL OPPOSITE ( HIMSELF & ( EV]Y?+ HE HAD >GU$ = 9 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NO ONE BETT] ?AN ,LUKACS ILLU/RATES ! VALIDITY ( ! FUNDAM5TAL RULE = ASSESS+ ALL ! 9TELLECTUALS ( ?IS C5TURY3 ,:AT !Y RESPECT IS A PRECISE GAUGE ( !IR [N DEGRADATION4 ,YET ,L59 HAD H>DLY 5C\RAG$ !SE SORTS ( ILLUSIONS AB\T HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT 0A POLITICAL P>TY CANNOT EXAM9E ITS MEMB]S TO SEE IF !RE >E CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !IR PHILOSOPHY & ! P>TY PROGRAM40 ,! P>TY :OSE IDEALIZ$ PORTRAIT ,LUKACS HAD SO 9OPPORTUNELY DRAWN WAS 9 REALITY SUIT$ = ONLY ONE V]Y SPECIFIC & LIMIT$ TASK3 ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4 

#aac 

  

,S9CE ! NEO-,L59I/ ILLUSION C>RI$ ON BY PRES5T-DAY ,TROTSKYISM IS CON/ANTLY BE+ CONTRADICT$ BY ! REALITY ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES 7BO? B\RGEOIS & BUREAUCRATIC71 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT IT GETS ITS MO/ FAVORABLE RECEPTION 9 ! NOM9ALLY 9DEP5D5T 0UND]DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES1 :]E ! LOCAL RUL+ CLASSES' V]SIONS ( BUREAUCRATIC /ATE SOCIALISM 5D UP AM\NT+ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A M]E IDEOLOGY ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! HYBRID COMPOSITION ( !SE RUL+ CLASSES T5DS TO CORRESPOND TO !IR POSITION )9 ! B\RGEOIS-BUREAUCRATIC SPECTRUM4 ,!IR 9T]NATIONAL MANEUV]+ BETWE5 ?OSE TWO POLES ( CAPITALI/ P[]1 ALONG ) !IR NUM]\S IDEOLOGICAL COMPROMISES 7NOTABLY ) ,ISLAM7 /EMM+ FROM !IR HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL BASES1 5D UP REMOV+ FROM !SE DEGRAD$ V]SIONS ( IDEOLOGICAL SOCIALISM EV]Y?+ S]I\S EXCEPT ! POLICE4 ,ONE TYPE ( BUREAUCRACY E/ABLI%ES ITSELF BY =G+ AN ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( COMB9+ NATIONAL /RUGGLE ) AGR>IAN PEASANT REVOLT2 IT !N1 AS 9 ,*9A1 T5DS TO APPLY ! ,/AL9I/ MODEL ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 SOCIETIES ?AT >E EV5 LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN ,RUSSIA WAS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,A BUREAUCRACY ABLE TO 9DU/RIALIZE ! NATION MAY ALSO DEVELOP \T ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ) P[] BE+ SEIZ$ BY >MY (FIC]S1 AS HAPP5$ 9 ,EGYPT4 ,9 O!R SITUATIONS1 SU* AS ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,ALG]IAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 A BUREAUCRACY ?AT HAS E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS A P>A-/ATE AU?ORITY 9 ! C\RSE ( /RUGGLE MAY SEEK A /ABILIZ+ COMPROMISE BY M]G+ ) A WEAK NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! =M] COLONIES ( BLACK ,AFRICA ?AT REMA9 OP5LY TI$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE1 A LOCAL B\RGEOISIE CON/ITUTES ITSELF 7USUALLY BAS$ ON ! P[] ( TRADITIONAL TRIBAL *IEFS7 ?R\< ITS POSSESSION ( ! /ATE4 ,=EIGN IMP]IALISM REMA9S ! REAL MA/] ( ! ECONOMY ( !SE C\NTRIES1 BUT AT A C]TA9 /AGE ITS NATIVE AG5TS >E REW>D$ = !IR SALE ( LOCAL PRODUCTS BY BE+ GRANT$ POSSESSION ( A LOCAL /ATE -- A /ATE ?AT IS 9DEP5D5T FROM ! LOCAL MASSES BUT NOT FROM IMP]IALISM4 ,9CAPABLE ( ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL1 ?IS >TIFICIAL B\RGEOISIE DOES NO?+ BUT SQU&] ! SURPLUS VALUE IT EXTRACTS FROM LOCAL LABOR & ! SUBSIDIES IT RECEIVES FROM PROTECTOR /ATES & 9T]NATIONAL MONOPOLIES4 ,BECAUSE ( ! OBVI\S 9ABILITY ( !SE B\RGEOIS CLASSES TO FULFILL ! NORMAL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ( A B\RGEOISIE1 !Y SOON F9D !MSELVES *ALL5G$ BY OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON ! BUREAUCRATIC MODEL 7MORE OR LESS ADAPT$ TO P>TICUL> LOCAL CONDITIONS74 ,BUT IF SU* BUREAUCRACIES SUCCE$ 9 !IR FUNDAM5TAL PROJECT ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 !Y PRODUCE ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS = !IR [N DEFEAT3 BY ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL !Y ALSO ACCUMULATE A PROLET>IAT1 ?US CREAT+ !IR [N NEGATION 9 C\NTRIES :]E ?AT NEGATION HAD NOT PREVI\SLY EXI/$4 

#aad 

  

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS COMPLEX & T]RIBLE EVOLUTION :I* HAS BR\<T ! ]A ( CLASS /RUGGLES TO A NEW SET ( CONDITIONS1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES HAS LO/ ITS ABILITY TO ASS]T ITS [N 9DEP5D5T P]SPECTIVE4 ,9 A FUNDAM5TAL S5SE1 IT HAS ALSO LO/ ITS ILLUSIONS4 ,BUT IT HAS NOT LO/ ITS BE+4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,IT REMA9S IRR$UCIBLY PRES5T )9 ! 9T5SIFI$ ALI5ATION ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ?AT VA/ MAJORITY ( WORK]S :O HAVE LO/ ALL P[] OV] !IR LIVES & :O1 ONCE !Y BECOME AW>E ( ?IS1 R$EF9E !MSELVES AS ! PROLET>IAT1 ! =CE WORK+ TO NEGATE ?IS SOCIETY FROM )94 ,?IS PROLET>IAT IS BE+ OBJECTIVELY RE9=C$ BY ! VIRTUAL ELIM9ATION ( ! PEASANTRY & BY ! 9CREAS+ DEGREE TO :I* ! 0S]VICE0 SECTORS & 9TELLECTUAL PR(ESSIONS >E BE+ SUBJECT$ TO FACTORYLIKE WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,SUBJECTIVELY1 H[EV]1 ?IS PROLET>IAT IS /ILL F> REMOV$ FROM ANY PRACTICAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 & ?IS GOES NOT ONLY = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S BUT ALSO = BLUE-COLL> WORK]S1 :O HAVE YET TO BECOME AW>E ( ANY P]SPECTIVE BEYOND ! IMPOT5CE & MY/IFICATIONS ( ! OLD POLITICS4 ,BUT :5 ! PROLET>IAT DISCOV]S ?AT ITS [N EXT]NALIZ$ P[] CONTRIBUTES TO ! CON/ANT RE9=CEM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 NO LONG] ONLY 9 ! =M ( ITS ALI5AT$ LABOR BUT ALSO 9 ! =M ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & /ATE P[]S ?AT IT HAD CREAT$ 9 ! EF=T TO LIB]ATE ITSELF1 IT ALSO DISCOV]S ?R\< CONCRETE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IT IS ! CLASS ?AT MU/ TOTALLY OPPOSE ALL RIGIDIFI$ EXT]NALIZATIONS & ALL SPECIALIZATIONS ( P[]4 ,IT BE>S A REVOLUTION ?AT CANNOT LEAVE ANY?+ \TSIDE ITSELF1 A REVOLUTION EMBODY+ ! P]MAN5T DOM9ATION ( ! PRES5T OV] ! PA/ & A TOTAL CRITIQUE ( SEP>ATION2 & IT MU/ DISCOV] ! APPROPRIATE =MS ( ACTION TO C>RY \T ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,NO QUANTITATIVE AMELIORATION ( ITS IMPOV]I%M5T1 NO ILLUSORY P>TICIPATION 9 A HI]>*IZ$ SY/EM1 CAN PROVIDE A LA/+ CURE = ITS DISSATISFACTION1 BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT TRULY RECOGNIZE ITSELF 9 ANY P>TICUL> WRONG IT HAS SUFF]$1 NOR 9 ! RI<T+ ( ANY P>TICUL> WRONG4 ,IT CANNOT RECOGNIZE ITSELF EV5 9 ! RI<T+ ( MANY SU* WRONGS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! RI<T+ ( ! ABSOLUTE WRONG ( BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM ANY REAL LIFE4 

#aae 

  

,NEW SIGNS ( NEGATION >E PROLIF]AT+ 9 ! MO/ ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,AL?\< !SE SIGNS >E MISUND]/OOD & FALSIFI$ BY ! SPECTACLE1 !Y >E SUFFICI5T PRO( ?AT A NEW P]IOD HAS BEGUN4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! FAILURE ( ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN ASSAULT AGA9/ CAPITALISM2 N[ WE >E WITNESS+ ! FAILURE ( CAPITALI/ ABUNDANCE4 ,ON ONE H&1 ANTI-UNION /RUGGLES ( ,WE/]N WORK]S >E BE+ REPRESS$ FIR/ ( ALL BY ! UNIONS2 ON ! O!R1 REBELLI\S Y\? >E RAIS+ NEW PROTE/S1 PROTE/S :I* >E /ILL VAGUE & CONFUS$ BUT :I* CLE>LY IMPLY A REJECTION ( >T1 ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & ( ! OLD SPECIALIZ$ POLITICS4 ,!SE >E TWO SIDES ( A NEW SPONTANE\S /RUGGLE ?AT IS AT FIR/ TAK+ ON A CRIM9AL APPE>ANCE4 ,!Y =E%AD[ A SECOND PROLET>IAN ASSAULT AGA9/ CLASS SOCIETY4 ,AS ! LO/ *ILDR5 ( ?IS AS YET IMMOBILE >MY REAPPE> ON ?IS BATTLEGR\ND -- A BATTLEGR\ND :I* HAS *ANG$ & YET REMA9S ! SAME -- !Y >E FOLL[+ A NEW 0,G5]AL ,LUDD0 :O1 ?IS TIME1 URGES !M TO ATTACK ! MA*9]Y ( P]MITT$ CONSUMPTION4 

#aaf 

  

0,! LONG-S\<T POLITICAL =M ?R\< :I* ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD C>RY \T ITS [N ECONOMIC LIB]ATION0 HAS TAK5 ON A CLE> %APE 9 ?IS C5TURY1 9 ! =M ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S C\NCILS :I* ASSUME ALL DECISIONMAK+ & EXECUTIVE P[]S & :I* F$]ATE ) EA* O!R BY MEANS ( DELEGATES :O >E ANSW]ABLE TO !IR BASE & REVOCABLE AT ANY MOM5T4 ,! C\NCILS ?AT HAVE ACTUALLY EM]G$ HAVE AS YET PROVID$ NO MORE ?AN A R\< H9T ( !IR POSSIBILITIES BECAUSE !Y HAVE IMM$IATELY BE5 OPPOS$ & DEFEAT$ BY CLASS SOCIETY'S V>I\S DEF5SIVE =CES1 AMONG :I* !IR [N FALSE CONSCI\SNESS MU/ (T5 BE 9CLUD$4 ,AS ,PANNEKOEK RI<TLY /RESS$1 OPT+ = ! P[] ( WORK]S C\NCILS 0POSES PROBLEMS0 RA!R ?AN PROVID+ A SOLUTION4 ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY )9 ?IS =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN F9D !IR REAL SOLUTION4 ,?IS IS ! T]RA9 :]E ! OBJECTIVE PRECONDITIONS ( HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS >E BR\<T TOGE!R -- ! T]RA9 :]E ACTIVE DIRECT COMMUNICATION IS REALIZ$1 M>K+ ! 5D ( SPECIALIZATION1 HI]>*Y & SEP>ATION1 & ! TRANS=MATION ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9TO 0CONDITIONS ( UNITY40 ,9 ?IS PROCESS PROLET>IAN SUBJECTS CAN EM]GE FROM !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR CONTEMPLATIVE POSITION2 !IR CONSCI\SNESS IS EQUAL TO ! PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION !Y HAVE *OS5 = !MSELVES BECAUSE ?IS CONSCI\SNESS HAS BECOME 9SEP>ABLE FROM COH]5T 9T]V5TION 9 HI/ORY4 

#aag 

  

,) ! P[] ( ! C\NCILS -- A P[] ?AT MU/ 9T]NATIONALLY SUPPLANT ALL O!R =MS ( P[] -- ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BECOMES ITS [N PRODUCT4 ,?IS PRODUCT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 :OSE GOAL HAS BECOME NO?+ O!R ?AN !IR [N FULFILLM5T4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! SPECTACLE'S NEGATION ( LIFE BE NEGAT$ 9 ITS TURN4 

#aah 

  

,! APPE>ANCE ( WORK]S C\NCILS DUR+ ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ?IS C5TURY WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( ! OLD PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 BUT IT WAS UNNOTIC$ OR =GOTT51 EXCEPT 9 TRAVE/I$ =MS1 BECAUSE IT WAS REPRESS$ & DE/ROY$ ALONG ) ALL ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,N[1 FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( ! NEW /AGE ( PROLET>IAN CRITIQUE1 ! C\NCILS CAN BE SE5 9 !IR TRUE LI<T AS ! ONLY UNDEFEAT$ ASPECT ( A DEFEAT$ MOVEM5T4 ,! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT ! C\NCILS >E ! ONLY T]RA9 9 :I* IT CAN ?RIVE CAN N[ SEE ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] AT ! P]IPH]Y ( A MOVEM5T ?AT IS SUBSID+1 BUT AT ! C5T] ( A MOVEM5T ?AT IS RIS+4 

#aai 

  

,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXI/S BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! P[] ( WORK]S C\NCILS WILL DISCOV] ITS [N APPROPRIATE =M ?R\< /RUGGLE2 BUT ALL !SE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES HAVE ALREADY MADE IT CLE> ?AT IT CANNOT CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS TASK1 RA!R1 IS TO EMBODY A RADICAL SEP>ATION FROM ! WORLD ( SEP>ATION4 

#ab 

  

,REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS ! COH]5T EXPRESSION ( ! !ORY ( PRAXIS 5T]+ 9TO TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION ) PRACTICAL /RUGGLES1 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+ PRACTICAL !ORY4 ,ITS [N PRACTICE IS TO FO/] ! COMMUNICATION & COH]5CE ( !SE /RUGGLES4 ,AT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T :5 SOCIAL SEP>ATIONS >E DISSOLV$1 ! ORGANIZATION MU/ DISSOLVE ITSELF AS A SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION4 

#aba 

  

,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ CON/ITUTE AN 9TEGRAL CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 IT MU/ MAKE A COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE ( ALL ASPECTS ( ALI5AT$ SOCIAL LIFE :ILE REFUS+ TO COMPROMISE ) ANY =M ( SEP>ATE P[] ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ! ORGANIZATION'S /RUGGLE ) CLASS SOCIETY1 ! COMBATTANTS !MSELVES >E ! FUNDAM5TAL WEAPONS3 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION MU/ ?US SEE TO IT ?AT ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY'S CONDITIONS ( SEP>ATION & HI]>*Y >E NOT REPRODUC$ )9 ITSELF4 ,IT MU/ CON/ANTLY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ITS DE=MATION BY ! RUL+ SPECTACLE4 ,! ONLY LIMIT TO P>TICIPATION 9 ITS TOTAL DEMOCRACY IS ?AT EA* ( ITS MEMB]S MU/ HAVE RECOGNIZ$ & APPROPRIAT$ ! COH]5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION'S CRITIQUE -- A COH]5CE ?AT MU/ BE DEMON/RAT$ BO? 9 ! CRITICAL !ORY AS SU* & 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 ?AT !ORY & PRACTICAL ACTIVITY4 

#abb 

  

,AS CAPITALISM'S EV]-9T5SIFY+ IMPOSITION ( ALI5ATION AT ALL LEVELS MAKES IT 9CREAS+LY H>D = WORK]S TO RECOGNIZE & NAME !IR [N IMPOV]I%M5T1 PUTT+ !M 9 ! POSITION ( HAV+ TO REJECT ?AT IMPOV]I%M5T 9 ITS TOTALITY OR NOT AT ALL1 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION HAS HAD TO LE>N ?AT IT CAN NO LONG] COMBAT ALI5ATION BY MEANS ( ALI5AT$ =MS ( /RUGGLE4 

#abc 

  

,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON ! CONDITION ?AT1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 !ORY AS UND]/&+ ( HUMAN PRACTICE BE RECOGNIZ$ & LIV$ BY ! MASSES4 ,IT REQUIRES ?AT WORK]S BECOME DIALECTICIANS & PUT !IR ?\<T 9TO PRACTICE4 ,IT ?US DEM&S ( ITS 0PEOPLE )\T QUALITIES0 MORE ?AN ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION DEM&$ ( ! QUALIFI$ 9DIVIDUALS IT DELEGAT$ TO C>RY \T ITS TASKS 7BECAUSE ! P>TIAL IDEOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOP$ BY A SEGM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS WAS BAS$ ON ! ECONOMY1 ?AT C5TRAL P>T ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* ?AT CLASS WAS ALREADY 9 P[]74 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY TO ! /AGE ( ! SPECTACUL> ORGANIZATION ( NONLIFE IS ?US LEAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT TO BECOME VISIBLY :AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 9 ESS5CE4 

#abd 

  

,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS N[ ! 5EMY ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 & IT KN[S IT4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,TIME & ,HI/ORY 
,*APT] #e3 ,TIME & ,HI/ORY 

  
  

,O1 G5TLEM51 ! TIME ( LIFE IS %ORT6 444 

,AN IF WE LIVE1 WE LIVE TO TREAD ON K+S4  
  

,%AKESPE>E1 ,H5RY ,I,V 

#abe 

  

,MAN1 0! NEGATIVE BE+ :O IS SOLELY TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE SUPPRESSES ,BE+10 IS ONE ) TIME4 ,MAN'S APPROPRIATION ( HIS [N NATURE IS AT ! SAME TIME HIS GRASP ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! UNIV]SE4 0,HI/ORY IS ITSELF A REAL P>T ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 ( ! TRANS=MATION ( NATURE 9TO MAN0 7,M>X74 ,CONV]SELY1 ?IS 0NATURAL HI/ORY0 HAS NO REAL EXI/5CE O!R ?AN ?R\< ! PROCESS ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! ONLY VANTAGE PO9T FROM :I* ONE CAN TAKE 9 ?AT HI/ORICAL TOTALITY 7LIKE ! MOD]N TELESCOPE :OSE P[] 5ABLES ONE TO LOOK BACK 9 TIME AT ! REC$+ NEBULAS AT ! P]IPH]Y ( ! UNIV]SE74 ,HI/ORY HAS ALWAYS EXI/$1 BUT NOT ALWAYS 9 ITS HI/ORICAL =M4 ,! TEMPORALIZATION ( HUMANITY1 BR\<T AB\T ?R\< ! M$IATION ( A SOCIETY1 AM\NTS TO A HUMANIZATION ( TIME4 ,! UNCONSCI\S MOVEM5T ( TIME BECOMES MANIFE/ & TRUE )9 HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 

#abf 

  

,TRUE 7?\< /ILL HIDD57 HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T BEG9S ) ! SL[ & IMP]CEPTIBLE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 0REAL NATURE ( MAN0 -- ! 0NATURE ?AT IS BORN ) HUMAN HI/ORY1 \T ( ! G5]ATIVE ACTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY40 ,BUT EV5 :5 SU* A SOCIETY HAS DEVELOP$ A TE*NOLOGY & A LANGUAGE & IS ALREADY A PRODUCT ( ITS [N HI/ORY1 IT IS CONSCI\S ONLY ( A P]PETUAL PRES5T4 ,KN[L$GE IS C>RI$ ON ONLY BY ! LIV+1 NEV] GO+ BEYOND ! MEMORY ( ! SOCIETY'S OLDE/ MEMB]S4 ,NEI!R DEA? NOR PROCREATION IS UND]/OOD AS A LAW ( TIME4 ,TIME REMA9S MOTIONLESS1 LIKE AN 5CLOS$ SPACE4 ,:5 A MORE COMPLEX SOCIETY F9ALLY BECOMES CONSCI\S ( TIME1 IT TRIES TO NEGATE IT -- IT VIEWS TIME NOT AS SOME?+ ?AT PASSES1 BUT AS SOME?+ ?AT RETURNS4 ,?IS /ATIC TYPE ( SOCIETY ORGANIZES TIME 9 A CYCLICAL MANN]1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( NATURE4 

#abg 

  

,CYCLICAL TIME IS ALREADY DOM9ANT AMONG ! NOMADIC PEOPLES BECAUSE !Y F9D ! SAME CONDITIONS REPEAT$ AT EA* /AGE ( !IR J\RNEY4 ,AS ,HEGEL NOTES1 0! W&]+ ( NOMADS IS ONLY NOM9AL BECAUSE IT IS LIMIT$ TO UNI=M SPACES40 ,:5 A SOCIETY SETTLES 9 A P>TICUL> LOCATION & GIVES SPACE A CONT5T BY DEVELOP+ DI/9CTIVE >EAS )9 IT1 IT F9DS ITSELF CONF9$ )9 ?AT LOCALITY4 ,! P]IODIC RETURN TO SIMIL> PLACES N[ BECOMES ! PURE RETURN ( TIME 9 ! SAME PLACE1 ! REPETITION ( A SEQU5CE ( ACTIVITIES4 ,! TRANSITION FROM PA/ORAL NOMADISM TO S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE M>KS ! 5D ( AN IDLE & CONT5TLESS FRE$OM & ! BEG9N+ ( LABOR4 ,! AGR>IAN MODE ( PRODUCTION1 GOV]N$ BY ! RHY?M ( ! SEASONS1 IS ! BASIS = FULLY DEVELOP$ CYCLICAL TIME4 ,ET]NITY IS )9 ?IS TIME1 IT IS ! RETURN ( ! SAME H]E ON E>?4 ,MY? IS ! UNIT>Y M5TAL CON/RUCT :I* GU>ANTEES ?AT ! COSMIC ORD] CON=MS ) ! ORD] ?AT ?IS SOCIETY HAS 9 FACT ALREADY E/ABLI%$ )9 ITS FRONTI]S4 

#abh 

  

,! SOCIAL APPROPRIATION ( TIME & ! PRODUCTION ( MAN BY HUMAN LABOR DEVELOP )9 A SOCIETY DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES4 ,! P[] ?AT E/ABLI%ES ITSELF ABOVE ! POV]TY ( ! SOCIETY ( CYCLICAL TIME1 ! CLASS ?AT ORGANIZES ?IS SOCIAL LABOR & APPROPRIATES ITS LIMIT$ SURPLUS VALUE1 SIMULTANE\SLY APPROPRIATES ! TEMPORAL SURPLUS VALUE RESULT+ FROM ITS ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL TIME3 IT ALONE POSSESSES ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( ! LIV+4 ,! WEAL? ?AT CAN ONLY BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL]S & SP5T 9 EXTRAVAGANT FE/IVITIES AM\NTS TO A SQU&]+ ( HI/ORICAL TIME AT ! SURFACE ( SOCIETY4 ,! [N]S ( ?IS HI/ORICAL SURPLUS VALUE >E ! ONLY ONES 9 A POSITION TO KN[ & 5JOY REAL EV5TS4 ,SEP>AT$ FROM ! COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATION ( TIME ASSOCIAT$ ) ! REPETITIVE PRODUCTION AT ! BASE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ?IS HI/ORICAL TIME FL[S 9DEP5D5TLY ABOVE ITS [N /ATIC COMMUNITY4 ,?IS IS ! TIME ( ADV5TURE & W>1 ! TIME 9 :I* ! MA/]S ( CYCLICAL SOCIETY PURSUE !IR P]SONAL HI/ORIES2 IT IS ALSO ! TIME ?AT EM]GES 9 ! CLA%ES ) =EIGN COMMUNITIES ?AT DISRUPT ! UN*ANG+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,HI/ORY ?US >ISES AS SOME?+ ALI5 TO PEOPLE1 AS SOME?+ !Y NEV] S\<T & FROM :I* !Y HAD ?\<T !MSELVES PROTECT$4 ,BUT IT ALSO REVIVES ! NEGATIVE HUMAN RE/LESSNESS ?AT HAD BE5 AT ! V]Y ORIG9 ( ?IS :OLE 7TEMPOR>ILY SUSP5D$7 DEVELOPM5T4 

#abi 

  

,9 ITSELF1 CYCLICAL TIME IS A TIME )\T CONFLICT4 ,BUT CONFLICT IS ALREADY PRES5T EV5 9 ?IS 9FANCY ( TIME1 AS HI/ORY FIR/ /RUGGLES TO BECOME HI/ORY 9 ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ! MA/]S4 ,?IS HI/ORY CREATES A SURFACE IRREV]SIBILITY2 ITS MOVEM5T CON/ITUTES ! V]Y TIME IT USES UP )9 ! 9EXHAU/IBLE TIME ( CYCLICAL SOCIETY4 

#ac 

  

0,/ATIC SOCIETIES0 >E SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE R$UC$ !IR HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T TO A M9IMUM & ?AT HAVE MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 !IR 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & !IR CONFLICTS ) ! NATURAL & HUMAN 5VIRONM5T 9 A CON/ANT EQUILIBRIUM4 ,AL?\< ! EXTRAORD9>Y DIV]SITY ( ! 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$ = ?IS PURPOSE BE>S ELOQU5T TE/IMONY TO ! FLEXIBILITY ( HUMAN NATURE'S SELF-CREATION1 ?IS DIV]SITY IS APP>5T ONLY TO ! EXT]NAL OBS]V]1 ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O LOOKS BACK FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( HI/ORICAL TIME4 ,9 EA* ( !SE SOCIETIES A DEF9ITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE HAS ELIM9AT$ ANY POSSIBILITY ( *ANGE4 ,! TOTAL CON=MISM ( !IR SOCIAL PRACTICES1 ) :I* ALL HUMAN POSSIBILITIES >E ID5TIFI$ = ALL TIME1 HAS NO EXT]NAL LIMIT BUT ! FE> ( FALL+ BACK 9TO A =MLESS ANIMAL CONDITION4 ,! MEMB]S ( !SE SOCIETIES REMA9 HUMAN AT ! PRICE ( ALWAYS REMA9+ ! SAME4 

#aca 

  

,) ! EM]G5CE ( POLITICAL P[] -- :I* SEEMS TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LA/ GREAT TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS 7SU* AS IRON SMELT+7 AT ! ?RE%OLD ( A P]IOD ?AT W\LD EXP]I5CE NO FUR!R MAJOR UPHEAVALS UNTIL ! RISE ( MOD]N 9DU/RY -- K9%IP TIES BEG9 TO DISSOLVE4 ,! SUCCESSION ( G5]ATIONS )9 A NATURAL1 PURELY CYCLICAL TIME BEG9S TO BE REPLAC$ BY A L9E> SUCCESSION ( P[]S & EV5TS4 ,?IS IRREV]SIBLE TIME IS ! TIME ( ?OSE :O RULE1 & ! DYNA/Y IS ITS FIR/ UNIT ( MEASUREM5T4 ,WRIT+ IS ! RUL]S' WEAPON4 ,9 WRIT+1 LANGUAGE ATTA9S ITS COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE AS A M$IATION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESSES4 ,BUT ?IS 9DEP5D5CE CO9CIDES ) ! 9DEP5D5CE ( SEP>ATE P[]1 ! M$IATION ?AT %APES SOCIETY4 ,) WRIT+ !RE APPE>S A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS NO LONG] C>RI$ & TRANSMITT$ DIRECTLY AMONG ! LIV+ -- AN IMP]SONAL MEMORY1 ! MEMORY ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY4 0,WRIT+S >E ! ?\<TS ( ! /ATE2 >*IVES >E ITS MEMORY0 7,NOVALIS74 

#acb 

  

,! *RONICLE IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( P[]4 ,IT ALSO S]VES TO 9SPIRE ! CONT9U$ PROGRESSION ( ?AT TIME BY RECORD+ ! PA/ \T ( :I* IT HAS DEVELOP$1 S9CE ?IS ORI5TATION ( TIME T5DS TO COLLAPSE ) ! FALL ( EA* P>TICUL> P[] & W\LD O!RWISE S9K BACK 9TO ! 9DIFF]5T OBLIVION ( CYCLICAL TIME 7! ONLY TIME KN[N TO ! PEASANT MASSES :O1 DUR+ ! RISE & FALL ( ALL ! EMPIRES & !IR *RONOLOGIES1 NEV] *ANGE74 ,! [N]S ( HI/ORY HAVE GIV5 TIME A DIRECTION1 A DIRECTION :I* IS ALSO A MEAN+4 ,BUT ?IS HI/ORY DEVELOPS & P]I%ES SEP>ATELY1 LEAV+ ! UND]LY+ SOCIETY UN*ANG$1 BECAUSE IT REMA9S SEP>AT$ FROM ! COMMON REALITY4 ,?IS IS :Y WE T5D TO R$UCE ! HI/ORY ( ,ORI5TAL EMPIRES TO A HI/ORY ( RELIGIONS3 ! *RONOLOGIES ?AT HAVE FALL5 TO RU9S HAVE LEFT NO?+ BUT ! SEEM+LY 9DEP5D5T HI/ORY ( ! ILLUSIONS ?AT VEIL$ !M4 ,! MA/]S :O US$ ! PROTECTION ( MY? TO MAKE HI/ORY !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY DID SO FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! REALM ( ILLUSION4 ,9 ,*9A & ,EGYPT1 = EXAMPLE1 !Y LONG HELD A MONOPOLY ON ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L2 & !IR E>LIE/ (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ DYNA/IES W]E NO?+ BUT IMAG9>Y RECON/RUCTIONS ( ! PA/4 ,BUT ?IS ILLUSORY [N]%IP BY ! MA/]S WAS ! ONLY [N]%IP !N POSSIBLE1 BO? ( ! COMMON HI/ORY & ( !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,AS !IR REAL HI/ORICAL P[] EXP&$1 ?IS ILLUSORY-MY?ICAL [N]%IP BECAME 9CREAS+LY VULG>IZ$4 ,ALL !SE CONSEQU5CES FL[$ FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT AS ! MA/]S PLAY$ ! ROLE ( MY?ICALLY GU>ANTEE+ ! P]MAN5CE ( CYCLICAL TIME 7AS 9 ! SEASONAL RITES P]=M$ BY ! ,*9ESE EMP]ORS71 !Y !MSELVES A*IEV$ A RELATIVE LIB]ATION FROM CYCLICAL TIME4 

#acc 

  

,! DRY1 UNEXPLA9$ *RONOLOGY ?AT A DEIFI$ AU?ORITY (F]$ TO ITS SUBJECTS1 :O W]E SUPPOS$ TO ACCEPT IT AS ! E>?LY FULFILLM5T ( MY?IC COMM&M5TS1 WAS DE/9$ TO BE TRANSC5D$ & TRANS=M$ 9TO CONSCI\S HI/ORY4 ,BUT = ?IS TO HAPP51 SIZABLE GR\PS ( PEOPLE HAD TO HAVE EXP]I5C$ REAL P>TICIPATION 9 HI/ORY4 ,\T ( ?IS PRACTICAL COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ?OSE :O HAVE RECOGNIZ$ EA* O!R AS POSSESSORS ( A UNIQUE PRES5T1 :O HAVE EXP]I5C$ A QUALITATIVE RI*NESS ( EV5TS 9 !IR [N ACTIVITY & :O >E AT HOME 9 !IR [N ]A1 >ISES ! G5]AL LANGUAGE ( HI/ORICAL COMMUNICATION4 ,?OSE = :OM IRREV]SIBLE TIME TRULY EXI/S DISCOV] 9 IT BO? ! MEMORABLE & ! ?REAT ( OBLIVION3 0,H]ODOTUS ( ,HALIC>NASSUS H]E PRES5TS ! RESULTS ( HIS RESE>*ES1 SO ?AT TIME WILL NOT ABOLI% ! DE$S ( M54440 

#acd 

  

,EXAM9+ HI/ORY AM\NTS TO EXAM9+ ! NATURE ( P[]4 ,GREECE WAS ! MOM5T :5 P[] & *ANGES 9 P[] W]E FIR/ DEBAT$ & UND]/OOD4 ,IT WAS A DEMOCRACY ( ! MA/]S ( SOCIETY -- A TOTAL CONTRA/ TO ! DESPOTIC /ATE1 :]E P[] SETTLES ACC\NTS ONLY ) ITSELF1 )9 ! IMP5ETRABLE OBSCURITY ( ITS 9N] SANCTUM1 BY MEANS ( PALACE REVOLUTIONS1 :I* >E BEYOND ! PALE ( DISCUSSION :E!R !Y FAIL OR SUCCE$4 ,BUT ! %>$ P[] 9 ! ,GREEK COMMUNITIES WAS LIMIT$ TO ! CONSUMPTION ( A SOCIAL LIFE :OSE PRODUCTION REMA9$ ! SEP>ATE & /ATIC DOMA9 ( ! S]VILE CLASS4 ,! ONLY PEOPLE :O LIV$ W]E ?OSE :O DID NOT WORK4 ,! DIVISIONS AMONG ! ,GREEK COMMUNITIES & !IR /RUGGLES TO EXPLOIT =EIGN CITIES W]E ! EXT]NALIZ$ EXPRESSION ( ! 9T]NAL PR9CIPLE ( SEP>ATION ON :I* EA* ( !M WAS BAS$4 ,AL?\< ,GREECE HAD DREAM$ ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY1 IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 UNIFY+ ITSELF 9 ! FACE ( =EIGN 9VASION1 OR EV5 9 UNIFY+ ! CAL5D>S ( ITS 9DEP5D5T CITY-/ATES4 ,HI/ORICAL TIME BECAME CONSCI\S 9 ,GREECE1 BUT IT WAS NOT YET CONSCI\S ( ITSELF4 

#ace 

  

,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ?AT HAD FAVOR$ ! ,GREEK COMMUNITIES BR\<T AB\T A REGRESSION ( ,WE/]N HI/ORICAL ?\<T1 BUT IT DID NOT LEAD TO A RE/ORATION ( ! OLD MY?IC /RUCTURES4 ,! CLA%ES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN PEOPLES & ! RISE & FALL ( ! ,ROMAN /ATE GAVE RISE 9/EAD TO SEMIHI/ORICAL RELIGIONS1 :I* BECAME A NEW >MOR = SEP>ATE P[] & BASIC COMPON5TS ( A NEW CONSCI\SNESS ( TIME4 

#acf 

  

,! MONO!I/IC RELIGIONS W]E A COMPROMISE BETWE5 MY? & HI/ORY1 BETWE5 ! CYCLICAL TIME ?AT /ILL GOV]N$ ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION & ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ?AT WAS ! !AT] ( CONFLICTS & REGR\P+S AMONG DIFF]5T PEOPLES4 ,! RELIGIONS ?AT EVOLV$ \T ( ,JUDAISM W]E AB/RACT UNIV]SAL ACKN[L$GM5TS ( AN IRREV]SIBLE TIME ?AT HAD BECOME DEMOCRATIZ$ & OP5 TO ALL1 BUT ONLY 9 ! REALM ( ILLUSION4 ,TIME IS TOTALLY ORI5T$ T[>D A S+LE F9AL EV5T3 0,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD IS SOON TO COME40 ,!SE RELIGIONS W]E ROOT$ 9 ! SOIL ( HI/ORY1 BUT !Y REMA9$ RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO HI/ORY4 ,! SEMIHI/ORICAL RELIGIONS E/ABLI% A QUALITATIVE PO9T ( DEP>TURE 9 TIME 7! BIR? ( ,*RI/1 ! FLI<T ( ,MOHAMM$71 BUT !IR IRREV]SIBLE TIME -- 9TRODUC+ AN ACCUMULATION ?AT W\LD TAKE ! =M ( CONQUE/ 9 ,ISLAM & ( 9CREAS+ CAPITAL 9 ,RE=MATION ,*RI/IANITY -- IS 9V]T$ 9 RELIGI\S ?\<T & BECOMES A SORT ( C\NTD[N3 WAIT+ = TIME TO RUN \T BE=E ! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T & ! ADV5T ( ! O!R1 TRUE WORLD4 ,ET]NITY HAS EM]G$ FROM CYCLICAL TIME1 AS SOME?+ BEYOND IT4 ,IT IS ALSO ! ELEM5T ?AT RE/RA9S ! IRREV]SIBILITY ( TIME1 SUPPRESS+ HI/ORY )9 HI/ORY ITSELF BY POSITION+ ITSELF ON ! O!R SIDE ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME AS A PURE PO9T 9TO :I* CYCLICAL TIME RETURNS & DISAPPE>S4 ,BOSSUET WILL /ILL SAY3 0,BY WAY ( TIME1 :I* PASSES1 WE 5T] ET]NITY1 :I* DOES NOT PASS40 

#acg 

  

,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AN 9COMPLETE MY?ICAL WORLD :OSE CONSUMMATION LAY \TSIDE ITSELF1 IS ! P]IOD :5 CYCLICAL TIME1 ?\< /ILL GOV]N+ ! MAJOR P>T ( PRODUCTION1 REALLY BEG9S TO BE UND]M9$ BY HI/ORY4 ,AN ELEM5T ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME IS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! SUCCESSIVE /AGES ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE4 ,LIFE IS SE5 AS A ONE-WAY J\RNEY ?R\< A WORLD :OSE MEAN+ LIES ELSE:]E3 ! PILGRIM IS ! P]SON :O LEAVES CYCLICAL TIME BEH9D & ACTUALLY BECOMES ! TRAVEL] ?AT EV]YONE ELSE IS SYMBOLICALLY4 ,P]SONAL HI/ORICAL LIFE /ILL F9DS ITS FULFILLM5T )9 ! SPH]E ( P[]1 :E!R 9 /RUGGLES WAG$ BY P[] OR 9 /RUGGLES OV] DISPUT$ P[]2 BUT P[]'S IRREV]SIBLE TIME IS N[ %>$ TO AN UNLIMIT$ DEGREE DUE TO ! G5]AL UNITY BR\<T AB\T BY ! ORI5T$ TIME ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,]A -- A WORLD ( >M$ FAI?1 :]E ! ADV5TURES ( ! MA/]S REVOLVE >\ND FEALTY & DISPUTES OV] :O [ES FEALTY TO :OM4 ,FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS BORN FROM ! M]G+ ( 0! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( ! CONQU]+ >MIES ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! PROCESS ( CONQUE/0 ) 0! PRODUCTIVE =CES F\ND 9 ! CONQU]$ REGIONS0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 & ! FACTORS CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ?OSE PRODUCTIVE =CES 9CLUDE ! RELIGI\S LANGUAGE 9 :I* !Y W]E EXPRESS$4 ,SOCIAL DOM9ATION WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! /ATE1 ! LATT] P[] BE+ 9 TURN SUBDIVID$ 9 ! COMPLEX RELATIONS ( SUZ]A9TY & VASSALAGE )9 & BETWE5 RURAL DOMA9S & URBAN COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS DIV]SIFICATION ( POT5TIAL HI/ORICAL LIFE REFLECT$ ! GRADUAL EM]G5CE 7FOLL[+ ! FAILURE ( ?AT GREAT (FICIAL 5T]PRISE ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 ! ,CRUSADES7 ( ! ]A'S UNNOTIC$ 9NOVATION3 ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ?AT WAS SIL5TLY UND]M9+ ! SOCIETY1 ! TIME EXP]I5C$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 ! F\NDATION & EXPANSION ( CITIES1 & ! COMM]CIAL DISCOV]Y ( ! PLANET -- A PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TATION ?AT DE/ROY$ EV]Y MY?ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! COSMOS ONCE & = ALL4 

#a* 

  

,) ! WAN+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ?AT HAD 9VAD$ SOCIETY WAS EXP]I5C$ BY A CONSCI\SNESS /ILL ATTA*$ TO ! OLD ORD] AS AN OBSESSION ) DEA?4 ,?IS WAS ! MELAN*OLY ( A WORLD PASS+ AWAY1 ! LA/ WORLD :]E ! SECURITY ( MY? /ILL C\NT]BALANC$ HI/ORY2 & = ?IS MELAN*OLY ALL E>?LY ?+S MOVE 9EVITABLY T[>D DECAY4 ,! GREAT ,EUROPEAN PEASANT REVOLTS W]E ALSO AN ATTEMPT TO RESPOND TO HI/ORY -- A HI/ORY ?AT WAS VIOL5TLY WRE/+ ! PEASANTS FROM ! PATRI>*AL SLUMB] ?AT HAD BE5 IMPOS$ BY !IR FEUDAL GU>DIANS4 ,! MILL5>IANS' UTOPIAN ASPIRATION ( CREAT+ HEAV5 ON E>? REVIV$ A DREAM ?AT HAD BE5 AT ! ORIG9 ( ! SEMIHI/ORICAL RELIGIONS1 :5 ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES1 LIKE ! ,JUDAIC MESSIANISM FROM :I* !Y SPRUNG1 RESPOND$ TO ! TR\BLES & MIS=TUNES ( !IR TIME BY 5VISION+ ! IMM95T REALIZATION ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD1 !REBY ADD+ AN ELEM5T ( UNRE/ & SUBV]SION TO ANCI5T SOCIETY4 ,:5 ,*RI/IANITY REA*$ ! PO9T ( %>+ P[] )9 ! EMPIRE1 IT D5\NC$ :ATEV] /ILL REMA9$ ( ?IS HOPE AS M]E SUP]/ITION4 ,?IS IS :AT ,/4 ,AUGU/9E WAS DO+ :51 9 A =MULA ?AT CAN BE SE5 AS ! >*ETYPE ( ALL ! MOD]N IDEOLOGICAL APOLOGETICS1 HE DECL>$ ?AT ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD HAD 9 FACT ALREADY COME LONG AGO -- ?AT IT WAS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! E/ABLI%$ ,*UR*4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLTS ( ! MILL5>IAN PEASANTRY NATURALLY BEGAN BY DEF9+ !IR GOAL AS ! OV]?R[ ( ?AT ,*UR*4 ,BUT MILL5>IANISM DEVELOP$ 9 A HI/ORICAL WORLD1 NOT ON ! T]RA9 ( MY?4 ,MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y HOPES >E NOT IRRATIONAL CONT9UATIONS ( ! RELIGI\S PASSION ( MILL5>IANISM1 AS ,NORMAN ,COHN ?\<T HE HAD DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,! ,PURSUIT ( ! ,MILL5NIUM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MILL5>IANISM1 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE SPEAK+ ! LANGUAGE ( RELIGION = ! LA/ TIME1 WAS ALREADY A MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY1 A T5D5CY ?AT LACK$ ONLY ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IT WAS A PURELY HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T4 ,! MILL5>IANS W]E DOOM$ TO DEFEAT BECAUSE !Y W]E UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE !IR REVOLUTION AS !IR [N UND]TAK+4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y HESITAT$ TO ACT UNTIL !Y HAD RECEIV$ SOME EXT]NAL SIGN ( ,GOD'S WILL WAS AN IDEOLOGICAL COROLL>Y TO ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS' PRACTICE ( FOLL[+ LEAD]S FROM \TSIDE !IR [N RANKS4 ,! PEASANT CLASS C\LD NOT ATTA9 A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! WORK+S ( SOCIETY OR ( H[ TO CONDUCT ITS [N /RUGGLE1 & BECAUSE IT LACK$ !SE CONDITIONS = UNIFY+ ITS ACTION & CONSCI\SNESS1 IT EXPRESS$ ITS PROJECT & WAG$ ITS W>S ) ! IMAG]Y ( AN E>?LY P>ADISE4 

#aci 

  

,! ,R5AISSANCE WAS A JOY\S BREAK ) ET]NITY4 ,?\< SEEK+ ITS H]ITAGE & LEGITIMACY 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 IT REPRES5T$ A NEW =M ( HI/ORICAL LIFE4 ,ITS IRREV]SIBLE TIME WAS ?AT ( A NEV]-5D+ ACCUMULATION ( KN[L$GE1 & ! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS 5G5D]$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES & ( ! =CES ?AT DE/ROY !M N[ TOOK UP ONCE AGA91 ) ,MA*IAVELLI1 ! ANALYSIS ( SECUL>IZ$ P[]1 SAY+ ! PREVI\SLY UNSAYABLE AB\T ! /ATE4 ,9 ! EXUB]ANT LIFE ( ! ,ITALIAN CITIES1 9 ! CREATION ( FE/IVALS1 LIFE IS EXP]I5C$ AS AN 5JOYM5T ( ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,BUT ?IS 5JOYM5T ( TRANSI5CE IS ITSELF TRANSI5T4 ,! SONG ( ,LOR5ZO DE' ,M$ICI1 :I* ,BURCKH>DT CONSID]$ 0! V]Y SPIRIT ( ! ,R5AISSANCE10 IS ! EULOGY ?IS FRAGILE HI/ORICAL FE/IVAL DELIV]S ON ITSELF3 0,H[ BEAUTIFUL ! SPR+ ( LIFE -- & H[ QUICKLY IT VANI%ES40 

#ad 

  

,! CON/ANT T5D5CY T[>D ! MONOPOLIZATION ( HI/ORICAL LIFE BY ! ABSOLUTE-MON>*I/ /ATE -- A TRANSITIONAL =M ON ! WAY TO COMPLETE DOM9ATION BY ! B\RGEOIS CLASS -- BR+S 9TO CLE> VIEW ! NATURE ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S NEW TYPE ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME4 ,! B\RGEOISIE IS ASSOCIAT$ ) A LABOR TIME ?AT HAS F9ALLY BE5 FRE$ FROM CYCLICAL TIME4 ,) ! B\RGEOISIE1 WORK BECOMES WORK ?AT TRANS=MS HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE IS ! FIR/ RUL+ CLASS = :I* WORK IS A VALUE4 ,& ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* SUPPRESSES ALL PRIVILEGE & RECOGNIZES NO VALUE ?AT DOES NOT /EM FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 HAS APPROPRIATELY ID5TIFI$ ITS [N VALUE AS A RUL+ CLASS ) LABOR1 & HAS MADE ! PROGRESS ( LABOR ! MEASURE ( ITS [N PROGRESS4 ,! CLASS ?AT ACCUMULATES COMMODITIES & CAPITAL CONT9UALLY MODIFIES NATURE BY MODIFY+ LABOR ITSELF1 BY UNLEA%+ LABOR'S PRODUCTIVITY4 ,AT ! /AGE ( ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 ALL SOCIAL LIFE WAS ALREADY CONC5TRAT$ )9 ! ORNAM5T$ POV]TY ( ! ,C\RT1 ! GAUDY TRAPP+S ( A BLEAK /ATE ADM9I/RATION :OSE APEX WAS ! 0PR(ESSION ( K+02 & ALL P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL FRE$OMS HAD TO SURR5D] TO ?IS NEW P[]4 ,! FREE PLAY ( ! FEUDAL LORDS' IRREV]SIBLE TIME CAME TO AN 5D 9 !IR LA/1 LO/ BATTLES -- 9 ! ,FRONDE & 9 ! ,SCOTTI% UPRIS+ 9 SUPPORT ( ,BONNY ,PR9CE ,*>LIE4 ,! WORLD N[ HAD A NEW F\NDATION4 

#ada 

  

,! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! VICTORY ( A PR(\NDLY HI/ORICAL TIME1 BECAUSE IT IS ! TIME CORRESPOND+ TO AN ECONOMIC PRODUCTION ?AT CONT9U\SLY TRANS=MS SOCIETY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,SO LONG AS AGR>IAN PRODUCTION REMA9S ! PR$OM9ANT =M ( LABOR1 ! CYCLICAL TIME ?AT REMA9S AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY RE9=CES ! JO9T =CES ( TRADITION1 :I* T5D TO HOLD BACK ANY HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY ]ADICATES ?OSE VE/IGES ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,HI/ORY1 :I* UNTIL !N HAD SEEM$ TO 9VOLVE ONLY ! ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 & :I* HAD ?US BE5 RECORD$ AS A M]E *RONOLOGY ( EV5TS1 IS N[ UND]/OOD AS A G5]AL MOVEM5T -- A REL5TLESS MOVEM5T ?AT CRU%ES ANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 ITS PA?4 ,BY DISCOV]+ ITS BASIS 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 HI/ORY BECOMES AW>E ( :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 UNCONSCI\S2 BUT ?IS BASIS REMA9S UNCONSCI\S BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE BR\<T TO LI<T4 ,?IS BL9D PREHI/ORY1 ?IS NEW FATE ?AT NO ONE CONTROLS1 IS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT ! COMMODITY ECONOMY HAS DEMOCRATIZ$4 

#adb 

  

,! HI/ORY ?AT IS PRES5T 9 ALL ! DEP?S ( SOCIETY T5DS TO BECOME 9VISIBLE AT ! SURFACE4 ,! TRIUMPH ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME IS ALSO ITS METAMORPHOSIS 9TO A TIME ( ?+S1 BECAUSE ! WEAPON ?AT BR\<T AB\T ITS VICTORY WAS ! MASS PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAWS ( ! COMMODITY4 ,! MA9 PRODUCT ?AT ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAS TRANS=M$ FROM A LUXURI\S R>ITY TO A COMMONLY CONSUM$ ITEM IS ?US HI/ORY ITSELF -- BUT ONLY 9 ! =M ( ! HI/ORY ( ! AB/RACT MOVEM5T ( ?+S ?AT DOM9ATES ALL QUALITATIVE ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,:ILE ! E>LI] CYCLICAL TIME HAD SUPPORT$ AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE ( HI/ORICAL TIME LIV$ BY 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 ! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( PRODUCTION T5DS TO SOCIALLY ELIM9ATE SU* LIV$ TIME4 

#adc 

  

,! B\RGEOISIE HAS ?US MADE IRREV]SIBLE HI/ORICAL TIME KN[N & HAS IMPOS$ IT ON SOCIETY1 BUT IT HAS PREV5T$ SOCIETY FROM US+ IT4 0,ONCE !RE WAS HI/ORY1 BUT NOT ANY MORE10 BECAUSE ! CLASS ( [N]S ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* IS 9EXTRICABLY TI$ TO ECONOMIC HI/ORY1 MU/ REPRESS EV]Y O!R IRREV]SIBLE USE ( TIME BECAUSE IT IS DIRECTLY ?REAT5$ BY !M ALL4 ,! RUL+ CLASS1 MADE UP ( SPECIALI/S 9 ! POSSESSION ( ?+S :O >E !MSELVES !RE=E POSSESS$ BY ?+S1 IS =C$ TO L9K ITS FATE ) ! PRES]VATION ( ?IS REIFI$ HI/ORY1 ?AT IS1 ) ! PRES]VATION ( A NEW IMMOBILITY )9 HI/ORY4 ,MEAN:ILE ! WORK] AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY IS = ! FIR/ TIME NOT MAT]IALLY E/RANG$ FROM HI/ORY1 BECAUSE ! IRREV]SIBLE MOVEM5T IS N[ G5]AT$ FROM ?AT BASE4 ,BY DEM&+ TO LIVE ! HI/ORICAL TIME ?AT IT PRODUCES1 ! PROLET>IAT DISCOV]S ! SIMPLE1 UN=GETTABLE CORE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT2 & EA* PREVI\SLY DEFEAT$ ATTEMPT TO C>RY \T ?IS PROJECT REPRES5TS A POSSIBLE PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A NEW HI/ORICAL LIFE4 

#add 

  

,! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT HAD JU/ SEIZ$ P[] WAS AT FIR/ CALL$ BY ITS [N NAME & ASSIGN$ AN ABSOLUTE ORIG93 ,YE> ,ONE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( G5]AL FRE$OM ?AT HAD S]V$ TO OV]?R[ ! LA/ REMNANTS ( A MY?-BAS$ ORD]+ ( VALUES1 ALONG ) ALL ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 WAS ALREADY UNABLE TO COMPLETELY CONCEAL ! REAL GOAL ?AT IT HAD DRAP$ 9 ,ROMAN CO/UME3 UNRE/RICT$ FRE$OM ( TRADE4 ,COMMODITY SOCIETY1 DISCOV]+ ITS NE$ TO RE/ORE ! PASSIVITY ?AT IT HAD SO PR(\NDLY %AK5 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ITS [N UN*ALL5G$ RULE1 N[ F\ND ?AT1 = ITS PURPOSES1 0,*RI/IANITY ) ITS CULT ( MAN 9 ! AB/RACT 444 IS ! MO/ FITT+ =M ( RELIGION0 7,CAPITAL74 ,! B\RGEOISIE ?US 5T]$ 9TO A COMPROMISE ) ?AT RELIGION1 A COMPROMISE ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ITS PRES5TATION ( TIME3 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D> WAS AB&ON$ & IRREV]SIBLE TIME RETURN$ TO ! /RAITJACKET ( A DULY EXT5D$ ,*RI/IAN ,]A4 

#ade 

  

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 IRREV]SIBLE TIME HAS BECOME GLOBALLY UNIFI$4 ,UNIV]SAL HI/ORY BECOMES A REALITY BECAUSE ! 5TIRE WORLD IS BR\<T UND] ! SWAY ( ?IS TIME'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS HI/ORY ?AT IS EV]Y:]E SIMULTANE\SLY ! SAME IS AS YET NO?+ BUT AN 9TRAHI/ORICAL REJECTION ( HI/ORY4 ,:AT APPE>S ! WORLD OV] AS ! SAME DAY IS M]ELY ! TIME ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION1 TIME CUT UP 9TO EQUAL AB/RACT FRAGM5TS4 ,?IS UNIFI$ IRREV]SIBLE TIME BELONGS TO ! GLOBAL M>KET1 & ?US ALSO TO ! GLOBAL SPECTACLE4 

#adf 

  

,! IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( PRODUCTION IS FIR/ ( ALL ! MEASURE ( COMMODITIES4 ,! TIME (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD AS ! G5]AL TIME ( SOCIETY ACTUALLY ONLY REFLECTS ! SPECIALIZ$ 9T]E/S ?AT CON/ITUTE IT1 & ?US IS M]ELY ONE P>TICUL> TYPE ( TIME4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,SPECTACUL> ,TIME 
,*APT] #f3 ,SPECTACUL> ,TIME 

  
  

0,WE HAVE NO?+ ( \R [N EXCEPT TIME1 :I* EV5 ! HOMELESS CAN EXP]I5CE40  
  
  

,BALTAS> ,GRACIAN1 ,! ,>T ( ,WORLDLY ,WISDOM  

#adg 

  

,! TIME ( PRODUCTION -- COMMODIFI$ TIME -- IS AN 9F9ITE ACCUMULATION ( EQUIVAL5T 9T]VALS4 ,IT IS IRREV]SIBLE TIME MADE AB/RACT1 9 :I* EA* SEGM5T NE$ ONLY DEMON/RATE BY ! CLOCK ITS PURELY QUANTITATIVE EQUALITY ) ALL ! O!RS4 ,IT HAS NO REALITY AP>T FROM ITS EX*ANGEABILITY4 ,UND] ! SOCIAL REIGN ( COMMODIFI$ TIME1 0TIME IS EV]Y?+1 MAN IS NO?+2 HE IS AT MO/ ! C>CASS ( TIME0 7,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY74 ,?IS DEVALU$ TIME IS ! COMPLETE OPPOSITE ( TIME AS 0T]RA9 ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T40 

#adh 

  

,?IS G5]AL TIME ( HUMAN NONDEVELOPM5T ALSO HAS A COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECT -- A CONSUMABLE =M ( TIME BAS$ ON ! PRES5T MODE ( PRODUCTION & PRES5T+ ITSELF 9 EV]YDAY LIFE AS A PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME4 

#adi 

  

,?IS PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME IS 9 FACT M]ELY A CONSUMABLE DISGUISE ( ! PRODUCTION SY/EM'S COMMODIFI$ TIME4 ,IT EXHIBITS ! LATT]'S ESS5TIAL TRAITS3 HOMOG5\S EX*ANGEABLE UNITS & SUPPRESSION ( ANY QUALITATIVE DIM5SION4 ,BUT AS A BYPRODUCT ( COMMODIFI$ TIME :OSE FUNCTION IS TO PROMOTE & MA9TA9 ! BACKW>DNESS ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 IT IS LOAD$ ) PSEUDOVALORIZATIONS & MANIFE/S ITSELF AS A SUCCESSION ( PSEUDO9DIVIDUALIZ$ MOM5TS4 

#ae 

  

,PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! CONSUMPTION ( MOD]N ECONOMIC SURVIVAL -- ! AUGM5T$ SURVIVAL 9 :I* EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE IS CUT (F FROM DECISIONMAK+ & SUBJECT$ NO LONG] TO ! NATURAL ORD]1 BUT TO ! PSEUDO-NATURE CREAT$ BY ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,IT IS ?US QUITE NATURAL ?AT IT E*OES ! OLD CYCLICAL RHY?M ?AT GOV]N$ SURVIVAL 9 PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 9CORPORAT+ ! NATURAL VE/IGES ( CYCLICAL TIME :ILE G5]AT+ NEW V>IANTS3 DAY & NI<T1 WORK & WEEK5D1 P]IODIC VACATIONS4 

#aea 

  

,PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME IS A TIME ?AT HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ BY 9DU/RY4 ,! TIME BAS$ ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS ITSELF A CONSUMABLE COMMODITY1 ONE ?AT RECOMB9ES EV]Y?+ ?AT ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! OLD UNIT>Y SOCIETIES HAD DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO PRIVATE LIFE1 ECONOMIC LIFE1 & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! 5TIRE CONSUMABLE TIME ( MOD]N SOCIETY 5DS UP BE+ TREAT$ AS A RAW MAT]IAL = V>I\S NEW PRODUCTS PUT ON ! M>KET AS SOCIALLY CONTROLL$ USES ( TIME4 0,A PRODUCT ?AT ALREADY EXI/S 9 A =M SUITABLE = CONSUMPTION MAY NEV]!LESS S]VE AS RAW MAT]IAL = SOME O!R PRODUCT0 7,CAPITAL74 

#aeb 

  

,9 ITS MO/ ADVANC$ SECTORS1 CONC5TRAT$ CAPITALISM IS 9CREAS+LY T5D+ TO M>KET 0FULLY EQUIPP$0 BLOCKS ( TIME1 EA* FUNCTION+ AS A UNIFI$ COMMODITY COMB9+ A V>IETY ( O!R COMMODITIES4 ,9 ! EXP&+ ECONOMY ( 0S]VICES0 & LEISURE ACTIVITIES1 ! PAYM5T = !SE BLOCKS ( TIME IS EQUALLY UNIFI$3 0EV]Y?+'S 9CLUD$10 :E!R IT IS A MATT] ( SPECTACUL> LIV+ 5VIRONM5TS1 T\RI/IC PSEUDOTRAVEL1 SUBSCRIPTIONS TO CULTURAL CONSUMPTION1 OR EV5 ! SALE ( SOCIABILITY ITSELF 9 ! =M ( 0EXCIT+ CONV]SATIONS0 & 0MEET+S ) CELEBRITIES40 ,SPECTACUL> COMMODITIES ( ?IS TYPE1 :I* W\LD OBVI\SLY NEV] SELL W]E IT NOT = ! 9CREAS+ IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! REALITIES !Y P>ODY1 JU/ AS OBVI\SLY REFLECT ! MOD]NIZATION ( SALES TE*NIQUES BY BE+ PAYABLE ON CR$IT4 

#aec 

  

,CONSUMABLE PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME IS SPECTACUL> TIME1 BO? 9 ! N>R[ S5SE AS TIME SP5T CONSUM+ IMAGES & 9 ! BROAD] S5SE AS IMAGE ( ! CONSUMPTION ( TIME4 ,! TIME SP5T CONSUM+ IMAGES 7IMAGES :I* 9 TURN S]VE TO PUBLICIZE ALL ! O!R COMMODITIES7 IS BO? ! P>TICUL> T]RA9 :]E ! SPECTACLE'S ME*ANISMS >E MO/ FULLY IMPLEM5T$ & ! G5]AL GOAL ?AT ?OSE ME*ANISMS PRES5T1 ! FOCUS & EPITOME ( ALL P>TICUL> CONSUMPTIONS4 ,?US1 ! TIME ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY IS CON/ANTLY SEEK+ TO 0SAVE0 BY 9CREAS+ TRANSPORTATION SPE$S OR US+ PACKAG$ S\PS 5DS UP BE+ SP5T BY ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN 9 WAT*+ TELEVISION ?REE TO SIX H\RS A DAY4 ,AS = ! SOCIAL IMAGE ( ! CONSUMPTION ( TIME1 IT IS EXCLUSIVELY DOM9AT$ BY LEISURE TIME & VACATIONS -- MOM5TS PORTRAY$1 LIKE ALL SPECTACUL> COMMODITIES1 AT A DI/ANCE & AS DESIRABLE BY DEF9ITION4 ,!SE COMMODIFI$ MOM5TS >E EXPLICITLY PRES5T$ AS MOM5TS ( REAL LIFE :OSE CYCLICAL RETURN WE >E SUPPOS$ TO LOOK =W>D TO4 ,BUT ALL ?AT IS REALLY HAPP5+ IS ?AT ! SPECTACLE IS DISPLAY+ & REPRODUC+ ITSELF AT A HI<] LEVEL ( 9T5SITY4 ,:AT IS PRES5T$ AS TRUE LIFE TURNS \T TO BE M]ELY A MORE TRULY SPECTACUL> LIFE4 

#a$ 

  

,AL?\< ! PRES5T AGE PRES5TS ITSELF AS A S]IES ( FREQU5TLY RECURR+ FE/IVITIES1 IT IS AN AGE ?AT KN[S NO?+ ( REAL FE/IVALS4 ,! MOM5TS )9 CYCLICAL TIME :5 MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY JO9$ TOGE!R 9 A LUXURI\S EXP5DITURE ( LIFE >E IMPOSSIBLE = A SOCIETY ?AT LACKS BO? COMMUNITY & LUXURY4 ,ITS VULG>IZ$ PSEUD(E/IVALS >E P>ODIES ( REAL DIALOGUE & GIFT-GIV+2 !Y MAY 9CITE WAVES ( EXCESSIVE ECONOMIC SP5D+1 BUT !Y LEAD TO NO?+ BUT DISILLUSIONM5TS1 :I* CAN BE COMP5SAT$ ONLY BY ! PROMISE ( SOME NEW DISILLUSION TO COME4 ,! LESS USE VALUE IS PRES5T 9 ! TIME ( MOD]N SURVIVAL1 ! MORE HI<LY IT IS EXALT$ 9 ! SPECTACLE4 ,! REALITY ( TIME HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! PUBLICITY ( TIME4 

#aee 

  

,:ILE ! CONSUMPTION ( CYCLICAL TIME 9 ANCI5T SOCIETIES WAS CONSI/5T ) ! REAL LABOR ( ?OSE SOCIETIES1 ! PSEUDOCYCLICAL CONSUMPTION ( DEVELOP$ ECONOMIES CONTRADICTS ! AB/RACT IRREV]SIBLE TIME IMPLICIT 9 !IR SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,CYCLICAL TIME WAS ! REALLY LIV$ TIME ( UN*ANG+ ILLUSIONS4 ,SPECTACUL> TIME IS ! ILLUSORILY LIV$ TIME ( A CON/ANTLY *ANG+ REALITY4 

#aef 

  

,! PRODUCTION PROCESS'S CON/ANT 9NOVATIONS >E NOT E*O$ 9 CONSUMPTION1 :I* PRES5TS NO?+ BUT AN EXP&$ REPETITION ( ! PA/4 ,BECAUSE DEAD LABOR CONT9UES TO DOM9ATE LIV+ LABOR1 9 SPECTACUL> TIME ! PA/ CONT9UES TO DOM9ATE ! PRES5T4 

#aeg 

  

,! LACK ( G5]AL HI/ORICAL LIFE ALSO MEANS ?AT 9DIVIDUAL LIFE AS YET HAS NO HI/ORY4 ,! PSEUDO-EV5TS ?AT VIE = ATT5TION 9 SPECTACUL> DRAMATIZATIONS HAVE NOT BE5 LIV$ BY ?OSE :O >E 9=M$ AB\T !M2 & 9 ANY CASE !Y >E SOON =GOTT5 DUE TO !IR 9CREAS+LY FR5ETIC REPLACEM5T AT EV]Y PULSATION ( ! SPECTACUL> MA*9]Y4 ,CONV]SELY1 :AT IS REALLY LIV$ HAS NO RELATION TO ! SOCIETY'S (FICIAL V]SION ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME1 & CONFLICTS ) ! PSEUDOCYCLICAL RHY?M ( ?AT TIME'S CONSUMABLE BYPRODUCTS4 ,?IS 9DIVIDUAL EXP]I5CE ( A DISCONNECT$ EV]YDAY LIFE REMA9S )\T LANGUAGE1 )\T CONCEPTS1 & )\T CRITICAL ACCESS TO ITS [N PA/1 :I* HAS NO:]E BE5 RECORD$4 ,UNCOMMUNICAT$1 MISUND]/OOD & =GOTT51 IT IS SMO!R$ BY ! SPECTACLE'S FALSE MEMORY ( ! UNMEMORABLE4 

#aeh 

  

,! SPECTACLE1 CONSID]$ AS ! REIGN+ SOCIETY'S ME?OD = P>ALYZ+ HI/ORY & MEMORY & = SUPPRESS+ ANY HI/ORY BAS$ ON HI/ORICAL TIME1 REPRES5TS A FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( TIME4 

#aei 

  

,9 ORD] TO =CE ! WORK]S 9TO ! /ATUS ( 0FREE0 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ( COMMODIFI$ TIME1 IT WAS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO VIOL5TLY EXPROPRIATE !IR TIME4 ,! IMPOSITION ( ! NEW SPECTACUL> =M ( TIME BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY AFT] ?IS 9ITIAL DISPOSSESSION ( ! PRODUC]S4 

#af 

  

,! UNAVOIDABLE BIOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS ( ! WORK =CE -- EVID5T BO? 9 ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! NATURAL CYCLE ( SLEEP+ & WAK+ & 9 ! DEBILITAT+ EFFECTS ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME OV] EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFETIME -- >E TREAT$ BY ! MOD]N PRODUCTION SY/EM AS /RICTLY SECOND>Y CONSID]ATIONS4 ,AS SU*1 !Y >E IGNOR$ 9 ?AT SY/EM'S (FICIAL PROCLAMATIONS & 9 ! CONSUMABLE TROPHIES ?AT EMBODY ITS REL5TLESS TRIUMPHANT PROGRESS4 ,FIXAT$ ON ! DELUSORY C5T] >\ND :I* HIS WORLD SEEMS TO MOVE1 ! SPECTATOR NO LONG] EXP]I5CES LIFE AS A J\RNEY T[>D FULFILLM5T & T[>D DEA?4 ,ONCE HE HAS GIV5 UP ON REALLY LIV+ HE CAN NO LONG] ACKN[L$GE HIS [N DEA?4 ,LIFE 9SURANCE ADS M]ELY 9S9UATE ?AT HE MAY BE GUILTY ( DY+ )\T HAV+ PROVID$ = ! SMOO? CONT9UATION ( ! SY/EM FOLL[+ ! RESULTANT ECONOMIC LOSS1 :ILE ! PROMOT]S ( ! 0,AM]ICAN WAY ( DEA?0 /RESS HIS CAPACITY TO PRES]VE MO/ ( ! APPE>ANCES ( LIFE 9 HIS PO/MORTEM /ATE4 ,ON ALL ! O!R FRONTS ( ADV]TIS+ BOMB>DM5T IT IS /RICTLY =BIDD5 TO GR[ OLD4 ,EV]YBODY IS URG$ TO ECONOMIZE ON !IR 0Y\?-CAPITAL10 ?\< SU* CAPITAL1 H[EV] C>EFULLY MANAG$1 HAS LITTLE PROSPECT ( ATTA9+ ! DURABLE & CUMULATIVE PROP]TIES ( ECONOMIC CAPITAL4 ,?IS SOCIAL ABS5CE ( DEA? CO9CIDES ) ! SOCIAL ABS5CE ( LIFE4 

#afa 

  

,AS ,HEGEL %[$1 TIME IS ! NECESS>Y ALI5ATION1 ! T]RA9 :]E ! SUBJECT REALIZES HIMSELF BY LOS+ HIMSELF1 BECOMES O!R 9 ORD] TO BECOME TRULY HIMSELF4 ,9 TOTAL CONTRA/1 ! CURR5T =M ( ALI5ATION IS IMPOS$ ON ! PRODUC]S ( AN E/RANG$ PRES5T4 ,9 ?IS SPATIAL ALI5ATION1 ! SOCIETY ?AT RADICALLY SEP>ATES ! SUBJECT FROM ! ACTIVITY IT /EALS FROM HIM IS 9 REALITY SEP>AT+ HIM FROM HIS [N TIME4 ,?IS POT5TIALLY SURM\NTABLE SOCIAL ALI5ATION IS :AT HAS PREV5T$ & P>ALYZ$ ! POSSIBILITIES & RISKS ( A LIV+ ALI5ATION )9 TIME4 

#afb 

  

,BEH9D ! FA%IONS ?AT COME & GO ON ! FRIVOL\S SURFACE ( ! SPECTACLE ( PSEUDOCYCLICAL TIME1 ! GR& /YLE ( AN ]A CAN ALWAYS BE F\ND 9 :AT IS GOV]N$ BY ! SECRET YET OBVI\S NECESSITY = REVOLUTION4 

#afc 

  

,! NATURAL BASIS ( TIME1 ! CONCRETE EXP]I5CE ( ITS PASSAGE1 BECOMES HUMAN & SOCIAL BY EXI/+ = HUMANITY4 ,! LIMITATIONS ( HUMAN PRACTICE IMPOS$ BY ! V>I\S /AGES ( LABOR HAVE HUMANIZ$ TIME & ALSO DEHUMANIZ$ IT1 9 ! =MS ( CYCLICAL TIME & ( ! SEP>AT$ IRREV]SIBLE TIME ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 ( AN ALL-EMBRAC+ HI/ORICAL LIFE1 IMPLIES ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! SOCIAL MEASUREM5T ( TIME 9 FAVOR ( A F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T TIMES -- A F$]ATION ( PLAYFUL 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE =MS ( IRREV]SIBLE TIME ?AT >E SIMULTANE\SLY PRES5T4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! TEMPORAL REALIZATION ( AU!NTIC COMMUNISM1 :I* 0ABOLI%ES EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S 9DEP5D5TLY ( 9DIVIDUALS40 

#afd 

  

,! WORLD ALREADY DREAMS ( SU* A TIME4 ,9 ORD] TO ACTUALLY LIVE IT1 IT ONLY NE$S TO BECOME FULLY CONSCI\S ( IT4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,T]RITORIAL ,DOM9ATION 
,*APT] #g3 ,T]RITORIAL ,DOM9ATION 

  
  

0,:OEV] BECOMES ! RUL] ( A CITY ?AT IS ACCU/OM$ TO FRE$OM & DOES NOT DE/ROY IT CAN EXPECT TO BE DE/ROY$ BY IT1 = IT CAN ALWAYS F9D A PRETEXT = REBELLION 9 ! NAME ( ITS =M] FRE$OM & AGE-OLD CU/OMS1 :I* >E NEV] =GOTT5 DESPITE ! PASSAGE ( TIME OR ANY B5EFITS IT HAS RECEIV$4 ,NO MATT] :AT ! RUL] DOES OR :AT PRECAUTIONS HE TAKES1 ! 9HABITANTS WILL NEV] =GET ?AT FRE$OM OR ?OSE CU/OMS -- UNLESS !Y >E SEP>AT$ OR DISP]S$ 4440  
  
  

,MA*IAVELLI1 ,! ,PR9CE   

#afe 

  

,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS UNIFI$ SPACE1 BREAK+ D[N ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ONE SOCIETY & ! NEXT4 ,?IS UNIFICATION IS AT ! SAME TIME AN EXT5SIVE & 9T5SIVE PROCESS ( BANALIZATION4 ,JU/ AS ! ACCUMULATION ( COMMODITIES MASS-PRODUC$ = ! AB/RACT SPACE ( ! M>KET %ATT]$ ALL REGIONAL & LEGAL B>RI]S & ALL ! ,M$IEVAL GUILD RE/RICTIONS ?AT MA9TA9$ ! QUALITY ( CRAFT PRODUCTION1 IT ALSO UND]M9$ ! AUTONOMY & QUALITY ( PLACES4 ,?IS HOMOG5IZ+ P[] IS ! HEAVY >TILL]Y ?AT HAS BATT]$ D[N ALL ! WALLS ( ,*9A4 

#aff 

  

,! FREE SPACE ( COMMODITIES IS CON/ANTLY BE+ ALT]$ & R$ESIGN$ 9 ORD] TO BECOME EV] MORE ID5TICAL TO ITSELF1 TO GET AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO MOTIONLESS MONOTONY4 

#afg 

  

,:ILE ELIM9AT+ GEOGRAPHICAL DI/ANCE1 ?IS SOCIETY PRODUCES A NEW 9T]NAL DI/ANCE 9 ! =M ( SPECTACUL> SEP>ATION4 

#afh 

  

,T\RISM -- HUMAN CIRCULATION PACKAG$ = CONSUMPTION1 A BYPRODUCT ( ! CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES -- IS ! OPPORTUNITY TO GO & SEE :AT HAS BE5 BANALIZ$4 ,! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( TRAVEL TO DIFF]5T PLACES ALREADY GU>ANTEES !IR EQUIVAL5CE4 ,! MOD]NIZATION ?AT HAS ELIM9AT$ ! TIME 9VOLV$ 9 TRAVEL HAS SIMULTANE\SLY ELIM9AT$ ANY REAL SPACE FROM IT4 

#afi 

  

,! SOCIETY ?AT RE%APES ITS 5TIRE SURR\ND+S HAS EVOLV$ ITS [N SPECIAL TE*NIQUE = MOLD+ ITS [N T]RITORY1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! MAT]IAL UND]P9N+ = ALL ! FACETS ( ?IS PROJECT4 ,URBANISM -- 0CITY PLANN+0 -- IS CAPITALISM'S ME?OD = TAK+ OV] ! NATURAL & HUMAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,FOLL[+ ITS LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D TOTAL DOM9ATION1 CAPITALISM N[ CAN & MU/ REFA%ION ! TOTALITY ( SPACE 9TO ITS [N P>TICUL> DECOR4 

#ag 

  

,! CAPITALI/ NE$ ?AT IS SATISFI$ BY URBANISM'S CONSPICU\S PETRIFICATION ( LIFE CAN BE DESCRIB$ 9 ,HEGELIAN T]MS AS A TOTAL PR$OM9ANCE ( A 0PEACEFUL COEXI/5CE )9 SPACE0 OV] 0! RE/LESS BECOM+ ?AT TAKES PLACE 9 ! PROGRESSION ( TIME40 

#aga 

  

,:ILE ALL ! TE*NICAL =CES ( CAPITALISM CONTRIBUTE T[>D V>I\S =MS ( SEP>ATION1 URBANISM PROVIDES ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION = ?OSE =CES & PREP>ES ! GR\ND = !IR DEPLOYM5T4 ,IT IS ! V]Y TE*NOLOGY ( SEP>ATION4 

#agb 

  

,URBANISM IS ! MOD]N ME?OD = SOLV+ ! ONGO+ PROBLEM ( SAFEGU>D+ CLASS P[] BY ATOMIZ+ ! WORK]S :O HAVE BE5 DANG]\SLY BR\<T TOGE!R BY ! CONDITIONS ( URBAN PRODUCTION4 ,! CON/ANT /RUGGLE ?AT HAS HAD TO BE WAG$ AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT MI<T LEAD TO SU* COM+ TOGE!R HAS F\ND URBANISM TO BE ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE FIELD ( OP]ATION4 ,! EF=TS ( ALL ! E/ABLI%$ P[]S S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION TO 9CREASE ! MEANS ( MA9TA9+ LAW & ORD] 9 ! /REETS HAVE F9ALLY CULM9AT$ 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! /REET ITSELF4 ,DESCRIB+ :AT HE T]MS 0A ONE-WAY SY/EM10 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D PO9TS \T ?AT 0) ! PRES5T MEANS ( LONG-DI/ANCE MASS COMMUNICATION1 SPRAWL+ ISOLATION HAS PROV$ AN EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE ME?OD ( KEEP+ A POPULATION UND] CONTROL0 7,! ,CITY 9 ,HI/ORY74 ,BUT ! G5]AL TR5D T[>D ISOLATION1 :I* IS ! UND]LY+ ESS5CE ( URBANISM1 MU/ ALSO 9CLUDE A CONTROLL$ RE9TEGRATION ( ! WORK]S BAS$ ON ! PLANN$ NE$S ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS RE9TEGRATION 9TO ! SY/EM MEANS BR++ ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS TOGE!R AS ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,FACTORIES1 CULTURAL C5T]S1 T\RI/ RESORTS & H\S+ DEVELOPM5TS >E SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO FO/] ?IS TYPE ( PSEUDOCOMMUNITY4 ,! SAME COLLECTIVE ISOLATION PREVAILS EV5 )9 ! FAMILY CELL1 :]E ! OMNIPRES5T RECEIV]S ( SPECTACUL> MESSAGES FILL ! ISOLATION ) ! RUL+ IMAGES -- IMAGES ?AT D]IVE !IR FULL P[] PRECISELY FROM ?AT ISOLATION4 

#agc 

  

,9 ALL PREVI\S P]IODS >*ITECTURAL 9NOVATIONS W]E DESIGN$ EXCLUSIVELY = ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,N[ = ! FIR/ TIME A NEW >*ITECTURE HAS BE5 SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ = ! POOR4 ,! ES!TIC POV]TY & VA/ PROLIF]ATION ( ?IS NEW EXP]I5CE 9 HABITATION /EM FROM ITS MASS *>ACT]1 :I* *>ACT] 9 TURN /EMS BO? FROM ITS FUNCTION & FROM ! MOD]N CONDITIONS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,! OBVI\S CORE ( !SE CONDITIONS IS ! AU?ORIT>IAN DECISIONMAK+ :I* AB/RACTLY CONV]TS ! 5VIRONM5T 9TO AN 5VIRONM5T ( AB/RACTION4 ,! SAME >*ITECTURE APPE>S EV]Y:]E AS SOON AS 9DU/RIALIZATION HAS BEGUN1 EV5 9 ! C\NTRIES ?AT >E FUR!/ BEH9D 9 ?IS REG>D1 AS AN ESS5TIAL F\NDATION = IMPLANT+ ! NEW TYPE ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! GR[? ( SOCIETY'S MAT]IAL P[]S & ! CONT9U$ LACK ( PROGRESS T[>D ANY CONSCI\S CONTROL ( ?OSE P[]S IS REVEAL$ AS GL>+LY BY ! DEVELOPM5TS ( URBANISM AS BY ! ISSUES ( !RMONUCLE> WEAPONS OR ( BIR? CONTROL 7:]E ! POSSIBILITY ( MANIPULAT+ H]$ITY IS ALREADY ON ! HORIZON74 

#agd 

  

,! SELF-DE/RUCTION ( ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T IS ALREADY WELL UND] WAY4 ,! EXPLOSION ( CITIES 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 COV]+ IT ) :AT ,MUM=D CALLS 0A =MLESS MASS ( ?9LY SPREAD SEMI-URBAN TISSUE10 IS DIRECTLY GOV]N$ BY ! IMP]ATIVES ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! AUTOMOBILE -- ! PILOT PRODUCT ( ! FIR/ /AGE ( COMMODITY ABUNDANCE -- HAS LEFT ITS M>K ON ! L&SCAPE ) ! DOM9ANCE ( FREEWAYS1 :I* TE> UP ! OLD URBAN C5T]S & PROMOTE AN EV]-WID] DISP]SAL4 ,)9 ?IS PROCESS V>I\S =MS ( P>TIALLY RECON/ITUT$ URBAN FABRIC FLEET+LY CRY/ALLIZE >\ND 0DI/RIBUTION FACTORIES0 -- GIANT %OPP+ C5T]S BUILT 9 ! MIDDLE ( NO:]E & SURR\ND$ BY ACRES ( P>K+ LOTS4 ,!SE TEMPLES ( FR5ETIC CONSUMPTION >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME IRRESI/IBLE C5TRIFUGAL MOM5TUM1 :I* CA/S !M ASIDE AS SOON AS !Y HAVE 5G5D]$ 5\< SURR\ND+ DEVELOPM5T TO BECOME OV]BURD5$ SECOND>Y C5T]S 9 !IR TURN4 ,BUT ! TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION ( CONSUMPTION IS ONLY ! MO/ VISIBLE ASPECT ( ! G5]AL PROCESS ( DECOMPOSITION ?AT HAS BR\<T ! CITY TO ! PO9T ( CONSUM+ ITSELF4 

#age 

  

,ECONOMIC HI/ORY1 :OSE 5TIRE PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T C5T]$ >\ND ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY1 HAS N[ PROGRESS$ TO ! PO9T ( NULLIFY+ BO?4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! CURR5T P>ALYZES ( ANY HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ! 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 ! 9CIPI5T DISAPPE>ANCE ( CITY & C\NTRY DOES NOT REPRES5T A TRANSC5D5CE ( !IR SEP>ATION1 BUT !IR SIMULTANE\S COLLAPSE4 ,! MUTUAL ]OSION ( CITY & C\NTRY1 RESULT+ FROM ! FAILURE ( ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ?R\< :I* EXI/+ URBAN REALITY C\LD HAVE BE5 OV]COME1 IS REFLECT$ 9 ! ECLECTIC MIXTURE ( !IR DECOMPOS$ FRAGM5TS ?AT BLANKET ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 

#agf 

  

,UNIV]SAL HI/ORY WAS BORN 9 CITIES1 & IT REA*$ MATURITY ) ! CITY'S DECISIVE VICTORY OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,= ,M>X1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ M]ITS ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS WAS ! FACT ?AT IT 0SUBJECT$ ! C\NTRY TO ! CITY10 :OSE 0V]Y AIR IS LIB]AT+40 ,BUT IF ! HI/ORY ( ! CITY IS A HI/ORY ( FRE$OM1 IT IS ALSO A HI/ORY ( TYRANNY -- A HI/ORY ( /ATE ADM9I/RATIONS CONTROLL+ NOT ONLY ! C\NTRYSIDE BUT ! CITIES !MSELVES4 ,! CITY HAS S]V$ AS ! HI/ORICAL BATTLEGR\ND = ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM )\T YET HAV+ BE5 ABLE TO W9 IT4 ,! CITY IS ! FOCAL PO9T ( HI/ORY BECAUSE IT EMBODIES BO? A CONC5TRATION ( SOCIAL P[]1 :I* IS :AT MAKES HI/ORICAL 5T]PRISES POSSIBLE1 & A CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PA/4 ,! CURR5T DE/RUCTION ( ! CITY IS ?US M]ELY ONE MORE REFLECTION ( HUMANITY'S FAILURE1 ?US F>1 TO SUBORD9ATE ! ECONOMY TO HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS2 ( SOCIETY'S FAILURE TO UNIFY ITSELF BY REAPPROPRIAT+ ! P[]S ?AT HAVE BE5 ALI5AT$ FROM IT4 

#agg 

  

0,! C\NTRY REPRES5TS ! COMPLETE OPPOSITE3 ISOLATION & SEP>ATION0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY74 ,AS URBANISM DE/ROYS ! CITIES1 IT RECREATES A PSEUDOC\NTRYSIDE DEVOID BO? ( ! NATURAL RELATIONS ( ! TRADITIONAL C\NTRYSIDE & ( ! DIRECT 7& DIRECTLY *ALL5G$7 SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! HI/ORICAL CITY4 ,! CONDITIONS ( HABITATION & SPECTACUL> CONTROL 9 TODAY'S 0PLANN$ 5VIRONM5T0 HAVE CREAT$ AN >TIFICIAL NEOPEASANTRY4 ,! GEOGRAPHICAL DISP]SAL & ! N>R[-M9D$NESS ?AT HAVE ALWAYS PREV5T$ ! PEASANTRY FROM UND]TAK+ 9DEP5D5T ACTION & BECOM+ A CREATIVE HI/ORICAL =CE >E EQUALLY *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE MOD]N PRODUC]S1 = :OM A WORLD ( !IR [N MAK+ IS AS 9ACCESSIBLE AS W]E ! NATURAL RHY?MS ( WORK 9 AGR>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,! PEASANTRY WAS ! /EADFA/ F\NDATION ( 0,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM10 9 ?AT ITS 9H]5T FRAGM5TATION GAVE RISE TO A NATURAL T5D5CY T[>D BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION4 ,! NEOPEASANTRY PRODUC$ BY ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! MOD]N /ATE DIFF]S FROM ! OLD 9 ?AT ITS APA?Y MU/ N[ BE HI/ORICALLY MANUFACTUR$ & MA9TA9$2 NATURAL IGNORANCE HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ SPECTACLE ( FALSIFICATION4 ,! L&SCAPE ( ! 0NEW CITIES0 9HABIT$ BY ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL PSEUDOPEASANTRY IS A GL>+ EXPRESSION ( ! REPRESSION ( HI/ORICAL TIME ON :I* !Y HAVE BE5 BUILT4 ,!IR MOTTO C\LD BE3 0,NO?+ HAS EV] HAPP5$ H]E1 & NO?+ EV] WILL40 ,! =CES ( HI/ORICAL ABS5CE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CREATE !IR [N L&SCAPE BECAUSE HI/ORICAL LIB]ATION1 :I* MU/ TAKE PLACE 9 ! CITIES1 HAS NOT YET OCCURR$4 

#a< 

  

,! HI/ORY ?AT ?REAT5S ?IS TWILI<T WORLD C\LD POT5TIALLY SUBJECT SPACE TO A DIRECTLY EXP]I5C$ TIME4 ,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ?IS CRITIQUE ( HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ?R\< :I* 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES C\LD CREATE PLACES & EV5TS COMM5SURATE ) ! APPROPRIATION NO LONG] JU/ ( !IR WORK1 BUT ( !IR 5TIRE HI/ORY4 ,! EV]-*ANG+ PLAY+ FIELD ( ?IS NEW WORLD & ! FREELY *OS5 V>IATIONS 9 ! RULES ( ! GAME WILL REG5]ATE A DIV]SITY ( LOCAL SC5ES ?AT >E 9DEP5D5T )\T BE+ 9SUL>4 ,& ?IS DIV]SITY WILL REVIVE ! POSSIBILITY ( AU!NTIC J\RNEYS -- J\RNEYS )9 AN AU!NTIC LIFE ?AT IS ITSELF UND]/OOD AS A J\RNEY CONTA9+ ITS :OLE MEAN+ )9 ITSELF4 

#agi 

  

,! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y IDEA CONC]N+ URBANISM IS NOT ITSELF URBANI/IC1 TE*NOLOGICAL OR ES!TIC4 ,IT IS ! PROJECT ( RECON/RUCT+ ! 5TIRE 5VIRONM5T 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NE$S ( ! P[] ( WORK]S C\NCILS1 ( ! ANTI/ATE DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ( EXECUTORY DIALOGUE4 ,SU* C\NCILS CAN BE EFFECTIVE ONLY IF !Y TRANS=M EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 !IR 5TIRETY2 & !Y CANNOT SET !MSELVES ANY LESS] TASK IF !Y WI% TO BE RECOGNIZ$ & TO RECOGNIZE !MSELVES 9 A WORLD ( !IR [N MAK+4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,NEGATION & ,CONSUMPTION ,)9 ,CULTURE 
,*APT] #h3 ,NEGATION & ,CONSUMPTION ,)9 ,CULTURE 

  
  

0,DO Y\ REALLY BELIEVE ?AT !SE ,G]MANS WILL MAKE A POLITICAL REVOLUTION 9 \R LIFETIME8 ,MY FRI5D1 ?AT IS JU/ WI%FUL ?9K+444 ,LET US JUDGE ,G]MANY ON ! BASIS ( ITS PRES5T HI/ORY -- & SURELY Y\ >E NOT GO+ TO OBJECT ?AT ALL ITS HI/ORY IS FALSIFI$1 OR ?AT ALL ITS PRES5T PUBLIC LIFE DOES NOT REFLECT ! ACTUAL /ATE ( ! PEOPLE8 ,READ :ATEV] NEWSPAP]S Y\ PLEASE1 & Y\ CANNOT FAIL TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT WE NEV] /OP 7& Y\ MU/ CONC$E ?AT ! C5SOR%IP PREV5TS NO ONE FROM /OPP+7 CELEBRAT+ ! FRE$OM & NATIONAL HAPP9ESS ?AT WE 5JOY40  
  
  

,RUGE TO ,M>X1 ,M>* #ahdc  

#ah 

  

,CULTURE IS ! G5]AL SPH]E ( KN[L$GE & ( REPRES5TATIONS ( LIV$ EXP]I5CES )9 HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES4 ,IT IS A G5]ALIZ+ P[] :I* ITSELF EXI/S AS A SEP>ATE 5TITY1 AS DIVISION ( 9TELLECTUAL LABOR & AS 9TELLECTUAL LABOR ( DIVISION4 ,CULTURE DETA*$ ITSELF FROM ! UNITY ( MY?-BAS$ SOCIETY 0:5 HUMAN LIFE LO/ ITS UNIFY+ P[] & :5 OPPOSITES LO/ !IR LIV+ CONNECTIONS & 9T]ACTIONS & BECAME AUTONOM\S0 7,! ,DIFF]5CE ,BETWE5 ! ,SY/EMS ( ,FI*TE & ,S*ELL+74 ,9 ?US GA9+ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 CULTURE EMB>K$ ON AN IMP]IALI/IC C>E] ( SELF-5RI*M5T ?AT ULTIMATELY L$ TO ! DECL9E ( ?AT 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! HI/ORY ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! RELATIVE AUTONOMY ( CULTURE1 & TO ! IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSIONS REG>D+ ?AT AUTONOMY1 IS ALSO EXPRESS$ AS ! HI/ORY ( CULTURE4 ,& ?IS :OLE TRIUMPHANT HI/ORY ( CULTURE CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A PROGRESSIVE REVELATION ( ! 9ADEQUACY ( CULTURE1 AS A M>* T[>D CULTURE'S SELF-ABOLITION4 ,CULTURE IS ! T]RA9 ( ! QUE/ = LO/ UNITY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS QUE/1 CULTURE AS A SEP>ATE SPH]E IS OBLIG$ TO NEGATE ITSELF4 

#aha 

  

,9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 TRADITION & 9NOVATION1 :I* IS ! BASIC !ME ( 9T]NAL CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T 9 HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES1 9NOVATION ALWAYS W9S4 ,BUT CULTURAL 9NOVATION IS G5]AT$ BY NO?+ O!R ?AN ! TOTAL HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T :I*1 9 BECOM+ CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS A :OLE1 T5DS TO GO BEYOND ITS [N CULTURAL PRESUPPOSITIONS & ?US TO MOVE T[>D ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL SEP>ATIONS4 

#ahb 

  

,! RAPID EXPANSION ( SOCIETY'S KN[L$GE1 9CLUD+ ! UND]/&+ ?AT HI/ORY IS ! UND]LY+ BASIS ( CULTURE1 L$ TO ! IRREV]SIBLE SELF-KN[L$GE REFLECT$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( ,GOD4 ,BUT ?IS 0FIR/ CONDITION ( ANY CRITIQUE0 IS ALSO ! FIR/ TASK ( A CRITIQUE )\T 5D4 ,:5 !RE >E NO LONG] ANY T5ABLE RULES ( CONDUCT1 EA* RESULT ( CULTURE PU%ES CULTURE T[>D ITS [N DISSOLUTION4 ,LIKE PHILOSOPHY ! MOM5T IT A*IEV$ FULL 9DEP5D5CE1 EV]Y DISCIPL9E ?AT BECOMES AUTONOM\S IS B\ND TO COLLAPSE -- FIR/ AS A CR$IBLE PRET5SION TO GIVE A COH]5T ACC\NT ( ! SOCIAL TOTALITY1 & ULTIMATELY EV5 AS A FRAGM5T$ ME?ODOLOGY ?AT MI<T BE WORKABLE )9 ITS [N DOMA94 ,SEP>ATE CULTURE'S LACK ( RATIONALITY IS :AT DOOMS IT TO DISAPPE>1 BECAUSE ?AT CULTURE ALREADY EMBODIES A /RIV+ = ! VICTORY ( ! RATIONAL4 

#ahc 

  

,CULTURE GREW \T ( A HI/ORY ?AT DISSOLV$ ! PREVI\S WAY ( LIFE1 BUT AS A SEP>ATE SPH]E )9 A P>TIALLY HI/ORICAL SOCIETY ITS UND]/&+ & S5SORY COMMUNICATION 9EVITABLY REMA9 P>TIAL4 ,IT IS ! MEAN+ ( AN 9SUFFICI5TLY MEAN+FUL WORLD4 

#ahd 

  

,! 5D ( ! HI/ORY ( CULTURE MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 TWO OPPOS+ =MS3 ! PROJECT ( CULTURE'S SELF-TRANSC5D5CE )9 TOTAL HI/ORY1 & ITS PRES]VATION AS A DEAD OBJECT = SPECTACUL> CONTEMPLATION4 ,! FIR/ T5D5CY HAS L9K$ ITS FATE TO SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 ! SECOND TO ! DEF5SE ( CLASS P[]4 

#ahe 

  

,EA* ( !SE TWO =MS ( ! 5D ( CULTURE HAS A UNIT>Y EXI/5CE1 BO? )9 ALL ! ASPECTS ( KN[L$GE & )9 ALL ! ASPECTS ( S5SORY REPRES5TATION 7?AT IS1 )9 :AT WAS =M]LY UND]/OOD AS >T 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! WORD74 ,9 ! CASE ( KN[L$GE1 ! ACCUMULATION ( BRAN*ES ( FRAGM5T>Y KN[L$GE1 :I* BECOME UNUSABLE BECAUSE APPROVAL ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS ULTIMATELY REQUIRES R5\NC+ ONE'S [N KN[L$GE1 IS OPPOS$ BY ! !ORY ( PRAXIS :I* ALONE HAS ACCESS TO ! TRU? ( ALL !SE =MS ( KN[L$GE S9CE IT ALONE KN[S ! SECRET ( !IR USE4 ,9 ! CASE ( S5SORY REPRES5TATIONS1 ! CRITICAL SELF-DE/RUCTION ( SOCIETY'S =M] COMMON LANGUAGE IS OPPOS$ BY ITS >TIFICIAL RECON/RUCTION )9 ! COMMODITY SPECTACLE1 ! ILLUSORY REPRES5TATION ( NONLIFE4 

#ahf 

  

,ONCE SOCIETY HAS LO/ ITS MY?-BAS$ COMMUNITY1 IT LOSES ALL ! REF]5CE PO9TS ( TRULY COMMON LANGUAGE UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! DIVISIONS )9 ! 9ACTIVE COMMUNITY CAN BE OV]COME BY ! 9AUGURATION ( A REAL HI/ORICAL COMMUNITY4 ,:5 >T1 :I* WAS ! COMMON LANGUAGE ( SOCIAL 9ACTION1 DEVELOPS 9TO 9DEP5D5T >T 9 ! MOD]N S5SE1 EM]G+ FROM ITS ORIG9AL RELIGI\S UNIV]SE & BECOM+ 9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION ( SEP>ATE WORKS1 IT TOO BECOMES SUBJECT TO ! MOVEM5T GOV]N+ ! HI/ORY ( ALL SEP>ATE CULTURE4 ,ITS DECL>ATION ( 9DEP5D5CE IS ! BEG9N+ ( ITS 5D4 

#ahg 

  

,! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOD]N DECOMPOSITION & DE/RUCTION ( ALL >T IS ?AT ! LANGUAGE ( COMMUNICATION HAS BE5 LO/4 ,! NEGATIVE IMPLICATION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ?AT A COMMON LANGUAGE CAN NO LONG] TAKE ! =M ( ! UNILAT]AL CONCLUSIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! >T ( HI/ORICAL SOCIETIES -- BELAT$ PORTRAYALS ( SOMEONE ELSE'S DIALOGUELESS LIFE :I* ACCEPT$ ?IS LACK AS 9EVITABLE -- BUT MU/ N[ BE F\ND 9 A PRAXIS ?AT UNIFIES DIRECT ACTIVITY ) ITS [N APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE4 ,! PO9T IS TO ACTUALLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! COMMUNITY ( DIALOGUE & ! GAME ) TIME ?AT UP TILL N[ HAVE M]ELY BE5 REPRES5T$ BY POETIC & >TI/IC WORKS4 

#ahh 

  

,:5 >T BECOMES 9DEP5D5T & PA9TS ITS WORLD 9 DAZZL+ COLORS1 A MOM5T ( LIFE HAS GR[N OLD4 ,SU* A MOM5T CANNOT BE REJUV5AT$ BY DAZZL+ COLORS1 IT CAN ONLY BE EVOK$ 9 MEMORY4 ,! GREATNESS ( >T ONLY EM]GES AT ! DUSK ( LIFE4 

#ahi 

  

,! HI/ORICAL TIME ?AT 9VAD$ >T WAS MANIFE/$ FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! SPH]E ( >T ITSELF1 BEG9N+ ) ! B>OQUE4 ,B>OQUE WAS ! >T ( A WORLD ?AT HAD LO/ ITS C5T] ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! LA/ MY?ICAL ORD]3 ! ,M$IEVAL SYN!SIS ( A UNIFI$ ,*RI/IANITY ) ! <O/ ( AN ,EMPIRE1 :I* HAD H>MONIZ$ HEAV5LY & E>?LY GOV]NM5T4 ,! >T ( *ANGE 9EVITABLY EMBODI$ ! SAME EPHEM]ALITY ?AT IT DISCOV]$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,AS ,EUG5IO D',ORS PUT IT1 IT *OSE 0LIFE 9/EAD ( ET]NITY40 ,! \T/&+ A*IEVEM5TS ( B>OQUE W]E 9 !AT] & FE/IVAL1 OR 9 !ATRICAL FE/IVALS1 :]E ! SOLE PURPOSE ( EA* P>TICUL> >TI/IC EXPRESSION WAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! COMPOSITION ( A SC5E1 A SC5E :I* HAD TO S]VE AS ITS [N C5T] ( UNIFICATION2 & ?AT C5T] WAS ! PASSAGE1 ! EXPRESSION ( A ?REAT5$ EQUILIBRIUM )9 ! OV]ALL DYNAMIC DISORD]4 ,! SOME:AT EXCESSIVE EMPHASIS ON ! CONCEPT ( B>OQUE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ES!TIC DISCUSSIONS REFLECTS ! AW>5ESS ?AT AN >TI/IC CLASSICISM IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE4 ,! ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% A NORMATIVE CLASSICISM OR NEOCLASSICISM DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES HAVE BE5 NO?+ BUT %ORT-LIV$ >TIFICIAL CON/RUCTS SPEAK+ ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE ( ! /ATE 7:E!R ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y OR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE DRAP$ 9 ,ROMAN TOGAS74 ,:AT EV5TUALLY FOLL[$ B>OQUE1 ONCE IT HAD RUN ITS C\RSE1 WAS AN EV] MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC >T ( NEGATION :I*1 FROM ROMANTICISM TO CUBISM1 CONT9UALLY R5EW$ ITS ASSAULTS UNTIL IT HAD FRAGM5T$ & DE/ROY$ ! 5TIRE >TI/IC SPH]E4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( HI/ORICAL >T1 :I* WAS L9K$ TO ! 9T]NAL COMMUNICATION ( AN ELITE & :I* HAD ITS SEMI-9DEP5D5T SOCIAL BASIS 9 ! P>TIALLY PLAYFUL CONDITIONS /ILL EXP]I5C$ BY ! LA/ >I/OCRACIES1 ALSO REFLECTS ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM IS ! FIR/ =M ( CLASS P[] ?AT ACKN[L$GES ITS [N TOTAL LACK ( ONTOLOGICAL QUALITY -- A P[] :OSE BASIS 9 ! M]E MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY IS SYMPTOMATIC ( ! LOSS ( ALL HUMAN MA/]Y4 ,! COMPREH5SIVE UNITY ( ! B>OQUE 5SEMBLE1 :I* HAS LONG BE5 LACK+ 9 ! WORLD ( >TI/IC CREATION1 HAS 9 A S5SE BE5 REVIV$ 9 TODAY'S :OLESALE CONSUMPTION ( ! TOTALITY ( PA/ >T4 ,AS ALL ! >T ( ! PA/ COMES TO BE RECOGNIZ$ & APPRECIAT$ HI/ORICALLY1 & IS RETROSPECTIVELY RECLASSIFI$ AS PHASES ( A S+LE 0WORLD >T10 IT IS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A GLOBAL DISORD] ?AT CAN ITSELF BE SE5 AS A SORT ( B>OQUE /RUCTURE AT A HI<] LEVEL1 A /RUCTURE ?AT ABSORBS B>OQUE >T ITSELF ALONG ) ALL ITS POSSIBLE REVIVALS4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY ! >TS ( ALL AGES & CIVILIZATIONS CAN BE KN[N & ACCEPT$ TOGE!R1 & ! FACT ?AT IT HAS BECOME POSSIBLE TO COLLECT & RECOLLECT ALL !SE >T-HI/ORICAL MEMORIES M>KS ! 5D ( ! WORLD ( >T4 ,9 ?IS AGE ( MUSEUMS 9 :I* >TI/IC COMMUNICATION IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 ALL ! PREVI\S EXPRESSIONS ( >T CAN BE ACCEPT$ EQUALLY1 BECAUSE :ATEV] P>TICUL> COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS !Y MAY HAVE HAD >E ECLIPS$ BY ALL ! PRES5T-DAY OB/ACLES TO COMMUNICATION 9 G5]AL4 

#ai 

  

,>T 9 ITS P]IOD ( DISSOLUTION -- A MOVEM5T ( NEGATION /RIV+ = ITS [N TRANSC5D5CE )9 A HI/ORICAL SOCIETY :]E HI/ORY IS NOT YET DIRECTLY LIV$ -- IS AT ONCE AN >T ( *ANGE & ! PURE/ EXPRESSION ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( *ANGE4 ,! MORE GR&IOSE ITS PRET5SIONS1 ! FUR!R FROM ITS GRASP IS ITS TRUE FULFILLM5T4 ,?IS >T IS NECESS>ILY AVANT-G>DE1 & AT ! SAME TIME IT DOES NOT REALLY EXI/4 ,ITS VANGU>D IS ITS [N DISAPPE>ANCE4 

#aia 

  

,DADAISM & SURREALISM W]E ! TWO CURR5TS ?AT M>K$ ! 5D ( MOD]N >T4 ,?\< !Y W]E ONLY P>TIALLY CONSCI\S ( IT1 !Y W]E CONTEMPOR>IES ( ! LA/ GREAT (F5SIVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 & ! DEFEAT ( ?AT MOVEM5T1 :I* LEFT !M TRAPP$ )9 ! V]Y >TI/IC SPH]E :OSE DECREPITUDE !Y HAD D5\NC$1 WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL REASON = !IR IMMOBILIZATION4 ,DADAISM & SURREALISM W]E HI/ORICALLY L9K$ YET ALSO OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,?IS OPPOSITION 9VOLV$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT & RADICAL CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! TWO MOVEM5TS1 BUT IT ALSO REVEAL$ ! 9T]NAL 9ADEQUACY ( !IR ONE-SID$ CRITIQUES4 ,DADAISM S\<T TO ABOLI% >T )\T REALIZ+ IT2 SURREALISM S\<T TO REALIZE >T )\T ABOLI%+ IT4 ,! CRITICAL POSITION S9CE DEVELOP$ BY ! SITUATIONI/S HAS %[N ?AT ! ABOLITION & REALIZATION ( >T >E 9SEP>ABLE ASPECTS ( A S+LE TRANSC5D5CE ( >T4 

#aib 

  

,! SPECTACUL> CONSUMPTION ?AT PRES]VES PA/ CULTURE 9 CONGEAL$ =M1 9CLUD+ COOPT$ REHA%ES ( ITS NEGATIVE MANIFE/ATIONS1 GIVES OV]T EXPRESSION 9 ITS CULTURAL SECTOR TO :AT IT IMPLICITLY IS 9 ITS TOTALITY3 ! COMMUNICATION ( ! 9COMMUNICABLE4 ,! MO/ EXTREME DE/RUCTION ( LANGUAGE CAN BE (FICIALLY WELCOM$ AS A POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T BECAUSE IT AM\NTS TO YET ONE MORE WAY ( FLAUNT+ ONE'S ACCEPTANCE ( A /ATUS QUO :]E ALL COMMUNICATION HAS BE5 SMUGLY DECL>$ ABS5T4 ,! CRITICAL TRU? ( ?IS DE/RUCTION -- ! REAL LIFE ( MOD]N POETRY & >T -- IS OBVI\SLY CONCEAL$1 S9CE ! SPECTACLE1 :OSE FUNCTION IS TO USE CULTURE TO BURY ALL HI/ORICAL MEMORY1 APPLIES ITS [N ESS5TIAL /RATEGY 9 ITS PROMOTION ( MOD]NI/IC PSEUDO9NOVATIONS4 ,?US A S*OOL ( NEOLIT]ATURE ?AT BALDLY ADMITS ?AT IT DOES NO?+ BUT CONTEMPLATE ! WRITT5 WORD = ITS [N SAKE CAN PASS ITSELF (F AS SOME?+ NEW4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ALONGSIDE ! SIMPLE CLAIM ?AT ! DEA? ( COMMUNICATION HAS A SUFFICI5T BEAUTY ( ITS [N1 ! MO/ MOD]N T5D5CY ( SPECTACUL> CULTURE -- :I* IS ALSO ! ONE MO/ CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! REPRESSIVE PRACTICE ( ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY -- SEEKS BY MEANS ( 0COLLECTIVE PROJECTS0 TO CON/RUCT COMPLEX NEO>TI/IC 5VIRONM5TS \T ( DECOMPOS$ ELEM5TS1 AS CAN BE SE5 9 URBANISM'S ATTEMPTS TO 9CORPORATE SCRAPS ( >T OR HYBRID AES!TICO-TE*NICAL =MS4 ,?IS IS AN EXPRESSION1 9 ! DOMA9 ( SPECTACUL> PSEUDOCULTURE1 ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM'S G5]AL PROJECT ( REMOLD+ ! FRAGM5T$ WORK] 9TO A 0SOCIALLY 9TEGRAT$ P]SONALITY10 A T5D5CY ?AT HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ BY REC5T ,AM]ICAN SOCIOLOGI/S 7,RIESMAN1 ,:YTE1 ETC474 ,9 ALL !SE >EAS ! GOAL REMA9S ! SAME3 TO RE/RUCTURE SOCIETY )\T COMMUNITY4 

#aic 

  

,AS CULTURE BECOMES COMPLETELY COMMODIFI$ IT T5DS TO BECOME ! /> COMMODITY ( SPECTACUL> SOCIETY4 ,CL>K ,K]R1 ONE ( ! =EMO/ IDEOLOGUES ( ?IS T5D5CY1 HAS CALCULAT$ ?AT ! COMPLEX PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION ( KN[L$GE ALREADY ACC\NTS = #b#i.0 ( ! GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & HE PR$ICTS ?AT 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ?IS C5TURY ! 0KN[L$GE 9DU/RY0 WILL BECOME ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY1 AS WAS ! AUTOMOBILE 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ?IS C5TURY & ! RAILROAD 9 ! LA/ HALF ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY4 

#aid 

  

,! TASK ( ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE ?AT >E 9 ! PROCESS ( DEVELOP+ SPECTACUL> ?\<T IS TO JU/IFY AN UNJU/IFIABLE SOCIETY & TO E/ABLI% A G5]AL SCI5CE ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS ?\<T IS TOTALLY CONDITION$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT CANNOT RECOGNIZE1 & DOES NOT WANT TO RECOGNIZE1 ITS [N MAT]IAL DEP5D5CE ON ! SPECTACUL> SY/EM4 

#aie 

  

,! (FICIAL ?\<T ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( APPE>ANCES IS ITSELF OBSCUR$ BY ! G5]ALIZ$ SUBCOMMUNICATION ?AT IT HAS TO DEF5D4 ,IT CANNOT UND]/& ?AT CONFLICT IS AT ! ORIG9 ( EV]Y?+ 9 ITS WORLD4 ,! SPECIALI/S ( SPECTACUL> P[] -- A P[] ?AT IS ABSOLUTE )9 ITS REALM ( ONE-WAY COMMUNICATION -- >E ABSOLUTELY CORRUPT$ BY !IR EXP]I5CE ( CONTEMPT & BY ! SUCCESS ( ?AT CONTEMPT1 BECAUSE !Y F9D !IR CONTEMPT CONFIRM$ BY !IR AW>5ESS ( H[ TRULY CONTEMPTIBLE SPECTATORS REALLY >E4 

#aif 

  

,AS ! V]Y TRIUMPHS ( ! SPECTACUL> SY/EM POSE NEW PROBLEMS1 A NEW DIVISION ( TASKS APPE>S )9 ! SPECIALIZ$ ?\<T ( ?AT SY/EM4 ,ON ONE H&1 A SPECTACUL> CRITIQUE ( ! SPECTACLE IS UND]TAK5 BY MOD]N SOCIOLOGY1 :I* /UDIES SEP>ATION EXCLUSIVELY BY MEANS ( ! CONCEPTUAL & MAT]IAL 9/RUM5TS ( SEP>ATION4 ,ON ! O!R1 ! V>I\S DISCIPL9ES :]E /RUCTURALISM HAS BECOME 5TR5*$ >E DEVELOP+ AN APOLOGETICS ( ! SPECTACLE -- A M9DLESS ?\<T ?AT IMPOSES AN (FICIAL AMNESIA REG>D+ ALL HI/ORICAL PRACTICE4 ,BUT ! FAKE DESPAIR ( NONDIALECTICAL CRITIQUE & ! FAKE OPTIMISM ( OV]T PROMOTION ( ! SY/EM >E EQUALLY SUBMISSIVE4 

#aig 

  

,! SOCIOLOGI/S :O HAVE BEGUN TO RAISE QUE/IONS AB\T ! LIV+ CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY MOD]N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS 7FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 HAVE GA!R$ A GREAT DEAL ( EMPIRICAL DATA1 BUT !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO GRASP ! TRUE NATURE ( !IR OBJECT ( /UDY BECAUSE !Y FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ! CRITIQUE ?AT IS 9H]5T 9 ?AT OBJECT4 ,AS A RESULT1 ?OSE AMONG !M :O S9C]ELY WI% TO RE=M !SE CONDITIONS CAN ONLY APPEAL TO E?ICAL /&>DS1 COMMON S5SE1 MOD]ATION1 & O!R MEASURES ?AT >E EQUALLY 9ADEQUATE = DEAL+ ) ! PROBLEMS 9 QUE/ION4 ,BECAUSE ?IS ME?OD ( CRITICISM IS UNAW>E ( ! NEGATIVITY AT ! HE>T ( ITS WORLD1 IT FOCUSES ON DESCRIB+ & DEPLOR+ AN EXCESSIVE SORT ( NEGATIVITY ?AT SEEMS TO BLI<T ! SURFACE ( ?AT WORLD LIKE SOME IRRATIONAL P>ASITIC 9FE/ATION4 ,?IS \TRAG$ GOOD WILL1 :I* EV5 )9 ITS [N MORALIZ+ FRAMEWORK 5DS UP BLAM+ ONLY ! EXT]NAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! SY/EM1 CAN SEE ITSELF AS CRITICAL ONLY BY IGNOR+ ! ESS5TIALLY APOLOGETIC *>ACT] ( ITS ASSUMPTIONS & ME?ODS4 

#aih 

  

,?OSE :O D5\NCE ! AFFLU5T SOCIETY'S 9CITEM5T TO WA/EFULNESS AS ABSURD OR DANG]\S DO NOT UND]/& ! PURPOSE ( ?IS WA/EFULNESS4 ,9 ! NAME ( ECONOMIC RATIONALITY1 !Y UNGRATEFULLY CONDEMN ! FAI?FUL IRRATIONAL GU>DIANS ?AT KEEP ! P[] ( ?IS ECONOMIC RATIONALITY FROM COLLAPS+4 ,DANIEL ,BOOR/91 = EXAMPLE1 :OSE BOOK ,! ,IMAGE DESCRIBES SPECTACLE-COMMODITY CONSUMPTION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NEV] >RIVES AT ! CONCEPT ( ! SPECTACLE BECAUSE HE ?9KS HE CAN TREAT PRIVATE LIFE & 0HONE/ COMMODITIES0 AS SEP>ATE FROM ! 0EXCESSES0 HE DEPLORES4 ,HE FAILS TO UND]/& ?AT ! COMMODITY ITSELF MADE ! LAWS :OSE 0HONE/0 APPLICATION LEADS BO? TO ! DI/9CT REALITY ( PRIVATE LIFE & TO ITS SUBSEQU5T RECONQUE/ BY ! SOCIAL CONSUMPTION ( IMAGES4 

#aii 

  

,BOOR/9 DESCRIBES ! EXCESSES ( A WORLD ?AT HAS BECOME =EIGN TO US AS IF !Y W]E EXCESSES =EIGN TO \R WORLD4 ,:51 LIKE A MORAL OR PSY*OLOGICAL PROPHET1 HE D5\NCES ! SUP]FICIAL REIGN ( IMAGES AS A PRODUCT ( 0\R EXTRAVAGANT EXPECTATIONS10 HE IS IMPLICITLY CONTRA/+ !SE EXCESSES TO A 0NORMAL0 LIFE ?AT HAS NO REALITY 9 EI!R HIS BOOK OR HIS ]A4 ,BECAUSE ! REAL HUMAN LIFE ?AT ,BOOR/9 EVOKES IS LOCAT$ = HIM 9 ! PA/1 9CLUD+ ! PA/ ?AT WAS DOM9AT$ BY RELIGI\S RESIGNATION1 HE HAS NO WAY ( COMPREH5D+ ! TRUE EXT5T ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY'S DOM9ATION BY IMAGES4 ,WE CAN TRULY UND]/& ?IS SOCIETY ONLY BY NEGAT+ IT4 

#b 

  

,A SOCIOLOGY ?AT BELIEVES ?AT A SEP>ATELY FUNCTION+ 9DU/RIAL RATIONALITY CAN BE ISOLAT$ FROM SOCIAL LIFE AS A :OLE MAY GO ON TO VIEW ! TE*NIQUES ( REPRODUCTION & COMMUNICATION AS 9DEP5D5T ( G5]AL 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US ,BOOR/9 CONCLUDES ?AT ! SITUATION HE DESCRIBES IS CAUS$ BY AN UN=TUNATE BUT ALMO/ =TUIT\S 5C\NT] ( AN EXCESSIVE TE*NOLOGY ( IMAGE-DIFFUSION ) AN EXCESSIVE APPETITE = S5SATIONALISM ON ! P>T ( TODAY'S PUBLIC4 ,?IS AM\NTS TO BLAM+ ! SPECTACLE ON MOD]N MAN'S EXCESSIVE 9CL9ATION TO BE A SPECTATOR4 ,BOOR/9 FAILS TO SEE ?AT ! PROLIF]ATION ( ! PREFABRICAT$ 0PSEUDO-EV5TS0 HE D5\NCES FL[S FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ REALITIES ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIAL EXI/5CE PREV5T PEOPLE FROM ACTUALLY LIV+ EV5TS = !MSELVES4 ,BECAUSE HI/ORY ITSELF HAUNTS MOD]N SOCIETY LIKE A SPECT]1 PSEUDOHI/ORIES HAVE TO BE CONCOCT$ AT EV]Y LEVEL 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ! ?REAT5$ EQUILIBRIUM ( ! PRES5T FROZ5 TIME4 

#ba 

  

,! CURR5T T5D5CY T[>D /RUCTURALI/ SY/EMATIZATION IS BAS$ ON ! EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT ASSUMPTION ?AT ?IS BRIEF FREEZ+ ( HI/ORICAL TIME WILL LA/ =EV]4 ,! ANTIHI/ORICAL ?\<T ( /RUCTURALISM BELIEVES 9 ! ET]NAL PRES5CE ( A SY/EM ?AT WAS NEV] CREAT$ & ?AT WILL NEV] COME TO AN 5D4 ,ITS ILLUSION ?AT ALL SOCIAL PRACTICE IS UNCONSCI\SLY DET]M9$ BY PREEXI/+ /RUCTURES IS BAS$ ON ILLEGITIMATE ANALOGIES ) /RUCTURAL MODELS DEVELOP$ BY L+UI/ICS & AN?ROPOLOGY 7OR EV5 ON MODELS US$ = ANALYZ+ ! FUNCTION+ ( CAPITALISM7 -- MODELS ?AT W]E ALREADY 9ACCURATE EV5 9 !IR ORIG9AL CONTEXTS4 ,?IS FALLACI\S REASON+ /EMS FROM ! LIMIT$ 9TELLECTUAL CAPACITY ( ! ACADEMIC FUNCTION>IES HIR$ TO EXP\ND ?IS ?\<T1 :O >E SO ?OR\<LY CAU<T UP 9 !IR AWE/RUCK CELEBRATION ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM ?AT !Y CAN DO NO?+ BUT R$UCE ALL REALITY TO ! EXI/5CE ( ?AT SY/EM4 

#bb 

  

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& 0/RUCTURALI/0 CATEGORIES1 ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT SU* CATEGORIES1 LIKE ?OSE ( ANY O!R HI/ORICAL SOCIAL SCI5CE1 REFLECT =MS & CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AS ONE DOES NOT JUDGE AN 9DIVIDUAL BY :AT HE ?9KS AB\T HIMSELF1 ONE CANNOT JUDGE OR ADMIRE ?IS P>TICUL> SOCIETY BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! LANGUAGE IT SPEAKS TO ITSELF IS NECESS>ILY TRUE4 0,WE CANNOT JUDGE SU* A P]IOD ( TRANS=MATION BY ITS [N CONSCI\SNESS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT CONSCI\SNESS MU/ BE EXPLA9$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( MAT]IAL LIFE4440 ,/RUCTURES >E ! PROG5Y ( E/ABLI%$ P[]S4 ,/RUCTURALISM IS ?\<T UND]WRITT5 BY ! /ATE1 A =M ( ?\<T ?AT REG>DS ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( SPECTACUL> 0COMMUNICATION0 AS AN ABSOLUTE4 ,ITS ME?OD ( /UDY+ CODE 9 ISOLATION FROM CONT5T IS M]ELY A REFLECTION ( A TAK5-=-GRANT$ SOCIETY :]E COMMUNICATION TAKES ! =M ( A CASCADE ( HI]>*ICAL SIGNALS4 ,/RUCTURALISM DOES NOT PROVE ! TRAN%I/ORICAL VALIDITY ( ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE1 IMPOS+ ITSELF 9 ITS OV]:ELM+ REALITY1 ?AT VALIDATES ! FRIGID DREAM ( /RUCTURALISM4 

#bc 

  

,! CRITICAL CONCEPT ( 0! SPECTACLE0 CAN ALSO UND\BT$LY BE TURN$ 9TO ONE MORE HOLL[ =MULA ( SOCIOLOGICO-POLITICAL RHETORIC US$ TO EXPLA9 & D5\NCE EV]Y?+ 9 ! AB/RACT1 ?US S]V+ TO RE9=CE ! SPECTACUL> SY/EM4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IDEAS ALONE CANNOT LEAD BEYOND ! EXI/+ SPECTACLE2 AT MO/1 !Y CAN ONLY LEAD BEYOND EXI/+ IDEAS AB\T ! SPECTACLE4 ,TO ACTUALLY DE/ROY ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE1 PEOPLE MU/ SET A PRACTICAL =CE 9TO MOTION4 ,A CRITICAL !ORY ( ! SPECTACLE CANNOT BE TRUE UNLESS IT UNITES ) ! PRACTICAL CURR5T ( NEGATION 9 SOCIETY2 & ?AT NEGATION1 ! RESUMPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE1 CAN = ITS P>T ONLY BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITSELF BY DEVELOP+ ! CRITIQUE ( ! SPECTACLE1 :I* IS ! !ORY ( ITS REAL CONDITIONS -- ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( PRES5T-DAY OPPRESSION -- & :I* ALSO REVEALS ITS HIDD5 POT5TIAL4 ,?IS !ORY DOES NOT EXPECT MIRACLES FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT 5VISAGES ! RE=MULATION & FULFILLM5T ( PROLET>IAN DEM&S AS A LONG-T]M TASK4 ,TO MAKE AN >TIFICIAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL /RUGGLE 7= ! =MULATION & COMMUNICATION ( ! TYPE ( !ORY 5VISAG$ H]E IS ALREADY 9CONCEIVABLE )\T A RIGOR\S PRACTICE71 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! OBSCURE & DIFFICULT PA? ( CRITICAL !ORY MU/ ALSO BE ! FATE ( ! PRACTICAL MOVEM5T ACT+ ON ! SCALE ( SOCIETY4 

#bd 

  

,CRITICAL !ORY MU/ COMMUNICATE ITSELF 9 ITS [N LANGUAGE -- ! LANGUAGE ( CONTRADICTION1 :I* MU/ BE DIALECTICAL 9 BO? =M & CONT5T4 ,IT MU/ BE AN ALL-9CLUSIVE CRITIQUE1 & IT MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,IT IS NOT A 0Z]O DEGREE ( WRIT+10 BUT ITS REV]SAL4 ,IT IS NOT A NEGATION ( /YLE1 BUT ! /YLE ( NEGATION4 

#be 

  

,! V]Y /YLE ( DIALECTICAL !ORY IS A SC&AL & ABOM9ATION TO ! PREVAIL+ /&>DS ( LANGUAGE & TO ! S5SIBILITIES MOLD$ BY ?OSE /&>DS1 BECAUSE :ILE IT MAKES CONCRETE USE ( EXI/+ CONCEPTS IT SIMULTANE\SLY RECOGNIZES !IR FLUIDITY & !IR 9EVITABLE DE/RUCTION4 

#bf 

  

,?IS /YLE1 :I* 9CLUDES A CRITIQUE ( ITSELF1 MU/ EXPRESS ! DOM9ATION ( ! PRES5T CRITIQUE OV] ITS 5TIRE PA/4 ,DIALECTICAL !ORY'S MODE ( EXPOSITION REVEALS ! NEGATIVE SPIRIT )9 IT4 0,TRU? IS NOT LIKE SOME F9I%$ PRODUCT 9 :I* ONE CAN NO LONG] F9D ANY TRACE ( ! TOOL ?AT MADE IT0 7,HEGEL74 ,?IS !ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( A MOVEM5T :OSE TRACES MU/ REMA9 VISIBLE )9 IT IS MANIFE/$ BY ! REV]SAL ( E/ABLI%$ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 CONCEPTS & BY ! DET\RNEM5T ( ALL ! A*IEVEM5TS ( E>LI] CRITICAL EF=TS4 ,HEGEL'S PRACTICE ( REV]S+ ! G5ITIVE WAS AN EXPRESSION ( HI/ORICAL REVOLUTIONS1 ?\< ?AT EXPRESSION WAS CONF9$ TO ! =M ( ?\<T4 ,! Y\NG ,M>X1 9SPIR$ BY ,FEU]BA*'S SY/EMATIC REV]SAL ( SUBJECT & PR$ICATE1 A*IEV$ ! MO/ EFFECTIVE USE ( ?IS 9SURRECTIONAL /YLE1 :I* ANSW]S 0! PHILOSOPHY ( POV]TY0 ) 0! POV]TY ( PHILOSOPHY40 ,DET\RNEM5T R]ADICALIZES PREVI\S CRITICAL CONCLUSIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 PETRIFI$ 9TO RESPECTABLE TRU?S & ?US TRANS=M$ 9TO LIES4 ,KI]KEGA>D ALREADY US$ IT DELIB]ATELY1 ?\< HE ALSO D5\NC$ IT3 0,BUT DESPITE ALL Y\R TWI/S & TURNS1 JU/ AS JAM ALWAYS RETURNS TO ! PANTRY1 Y\ ALWAYS 5D UP 9TRODUC+ SOME LITTLE PHRASE :I* IS NOT Y\R [N1 & :I* AWAK5S DI/URB+ RECOLLECTIONS0 7,PHILOSOPHICAL ,FRAGM5TS74 ,AS HE ACKN[L$G$ ELSE:]E 9 ! SAME BOOK1 ?IS USE ( DET\RNEM5T REQUIRES MA9TA9+ ONE'S DI/ANCE FROM :ATEV] HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO AN (FICIAL TRU?3 0,ONE FUR!R REM>K REG>D+ Y\R MANY COMPLA9TS ?AT ,I 9TRODUC$ BORR[$ EXPRESSIONS 9TO MY EXPOSITION4 ,I DO NOT D5Y ?AT ,I DID SO4 ,IT WAS 9 FACT DONE DELIB]ATELY4 ,9 ! NEXT SECTION ( ?IS WORK1 IF ,I EV] WRITE SU* A SECTION1 ,I 9T5D TO CALL ?IS TOPIC BY ITS TRUE NAME & TO CLO! ! PROBLEM 9 ITS HI/ORICAL ATTIRE40 

#bg 

  

,IDEAS IMPROVE4 ,! MEAN+ ( WORDS PLAYS A ROLE 9 ?AT IMPROVEM5T4 ,PLAGI>ISM IS NECESS>Y4 ,PROGRESS DEP5DS ON IT4 ,IT /ICKS CLOSE TO AN AU?OR'S PHRAS+1 EXPLOITS HIS EXPRESSIONS1 DELETES A FALSE IDEA1 REPLACES IT ) ! RI<T ONE4 

#bh 

  

,DET\RNEM5T IS ! OPPOSITE ( QUOTATION1 ( APPEAL+ TO A !ORETICAL AU?ORITY ?AT IS 9EVITABLY TA9T$ BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT HAS BECOME A QUOTATION -- A FRAGM5T TORN FROM ITS [N CONTEXT & DEVELOPM5T1 & ULTIMATELY FROM ! G5]AL FRAMEWORK ( ITS P]IOD & FROM ! P>TICUL> OPTION 7APPROPRIATE OR ]RONE\S7 ?AT IT REPRES5T$ )9 ?AT FRAMEWORK4 ,DET\RNEM5T IS ! FLEXIBLE LANGUAGE ( ANTI-IDEOLOGY4 ,IT APPE>S 9 COMMUNICATION ?AT KN[S IT CANNOT CLAIM TO EMBODY ANY DEF9ITIVE C]TA9TY4 ,IT IS LANGUAGE ?AT CANNOT & NE$ NOT BE CONFIRM$ BY ANY PREVI\S OR SUPRACRITICAL REF]5CE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ITS [N 9T]NAL COH]5CE & PRACTICAL EFFECTIV5ESS >E :AT VALIDATE ! PREVI\S K]NELS ( TRU? IT HAS BR\<T BACK 9TO PLAY4 ,DET\RNEM5T HAS GR\ND$ ITS CAUSE ON NO?+ BUT ITS [N TRU? AS PRES5T CRITIQUE4 

#bi 

  

,! ELEM5T ( OV]T DET\RNEM5T 9 =MULAT$ !ORY REFUTES ANY NOTION ?AT SU* !ORY IS DURABLY AUTONOM\S4 ,BY 9TRODUC+ 9TO ! !ORETICAL DOMA9 ! SAME TYPE ( VIOL5T SUBV]SION ?AT DISRUPTS & OV]?R[S EV]Y EXI/+ ORD]1 DET\RNEM5T S]VES AS A REM9D] ?AT !ORY IS NO?+ 9 ITSELF1 ?AT IT CAN REALIZE ITSELF ONLY ?R\< HI/ORICAL ACTION & ?R\< ! HI/ORICAL CORRECTION ?AT IS ITS TRUE ALLEGIANCE4 

#ba 

  

,! REAL VALUES ( CULTURE CAN BE MA9TA9$ ONLY BY NEGAT+ CULTURE4 ,BUT ?IS NEGATION CAN NO LONG] BE A CULTURAL NEGATION4 ,IT MAY 9 A S5SE TAKE PLACE )9 CULTURE1 BUT IT PO9TS BEYOND IT4 

#baa 

  

,9 ! LANGUAGE ( CONTRADICTION1 ! CRITIQUE ( CULTURE IS A UNIFI$ CRITIQUE1 9 ?AT IT DOM9ATES ! :OLE ( CULTURE -- ITS KN[L$GE AS WELL AS ITS POETRY -- & 9 ?AT IT NO LONG] SEP>ATES ITSELF FROM ! CRITIQUE ( ! SOCIAL TOTALITY4 ,?IS UNIFI$ !ORETICAL CRITIQUE IS ON ITS WAY TO MEET UNIFI$ SOCIAL PRACTICE4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,IDEOLOGY ,MAT]IALIZ$ 
,*APT] #i3 ,IDEOLOGY ,MAT]IALIZ$ 

  
  

0,SELF-CONSCI\SNESS EXI/S 9 ITSELF & = ITSELF ONLY 9S(> AS IT EXI/S 9 & = ANO!R SELF-CONSCI\SNESS2 ?AT IS1 IT EXI/S ONLY BY BE+ RECOGNIZ$ & ACKN[L$G$40  
  
  

,HEGEL1 ,! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT  

#bab 

  

,IDEOLOGY IS ! 9TELLECTUAL BASIS ( CLASS SOCIETIES )9 ! CONFLICTUAL C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS HAVE NEV] BE5 PURE FICTIONS2 !Y REPRES5T A DI/ORT$ CONSCI\SNESS ( REALITIES1 & AS SU* !Y HAVE BE5 REAL FACTORS ?AT HAVE 9 TURN PRODUC$ REAL DI/ORT+ EFFECTS4 ,?IS 9T]CONNECTION IS 9T5SIFI$ ) ! ADV5T ( ! SPECTACLE -- ! MAT]IALIZATION ( IDEOLOGY BR\<T AB\T BY ! CONCRETE SUCCESS ( AN AUTONOMIZ$ SY/EM ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION -- :I* VIRTUALLY ID5TIFIES SOCIAL REALITY ) AN IDEOLOGY ?AT HAS REMOLD$ ALL REALITY 9 ITS [N IMAGE4 

#bac 

  

,ONCE IDEOLOGY -- ! AB/RACT WILL TO UNIV]SALITY & ! ILLUSION ASSOCIAT$ ) ?AT WILL -- IS LEGITIMIZ$ BY ! UNIV]SAL AB/RACTION & ! EFFECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( ILLUSION ?AT PREVAIL 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 IT IS NO LONG] A VOLUNT>I/IC /RUGGLE ( ! FRAGM5T>Y1 BUT ITS TRIUMPH4 ,IDEOLOGICAL PRET5SIONS TAKE ON A SORT ( FLAT1 POSITIVI/IC PRECISION3 !Y NO LONG] REPRES5T HI/ORICAL *OICES1 !Y >E ASS]TIONS ( UND5IABLE FACTS4 ,! P>TICUL> NAMES ( IDEOLOGIES ?US T5D TO DISAPPE>4 ,! SPECIFICALLY IDEOLOGICAL =MS ( SY/EM-SUPPORT+ LABOR >E R$UC$ TO AN 0EPI/EMOLOGICAL BASE0 ?AT IS ITSELF PRESUM$ TO BE BEYOND IDEOLOGY4 ,MAT]IALIZ$ IDEOLOGY HAS NO NAME1 JU/ AS IT HAS NO =MULATABLE HI/ORICAL AG5DA4 ,:I* IS ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT ! HI/ORY ( DIFF]5T IDEOLOGIES IS OV]4 

#bad 

  

,IDEOLOGY1 :OSE :OLE 9T]NAL LOGIC L$ T[>D :AT ,MANNHEIM CALLS 0TOTAL IDEOLOGY0 -- ! DESPOTISM ( A FRAGM5T IMPOS+ ITSELF AS PSEUDOKN[L$GE ( A FROZ5 TOTALITY1 AS A TOTALIT>IAN WORLDVIEW -- HAS REA*$ ITS CULM9ATION 9 ! IMMOBILIZ$ SPECTACLE ( NONHI/ORY4 ,ITS CULM9ATION IS ALSO ITS DISSOLUTION 9TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,:5 ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF IS CONCRETELY DISSOLV$1 IDEOLOGY -- ! F9AL IRRATIONALITY /&+ 9 ! WAY ( HI/ORICAL LIFE -- MU/ ALSO DISAPPE>4 

#bae 

  

,! SPECTACLE IS ! ACME ( IDEOLOGY BECAUSE IT FULLY EXPOSES & MANIFE/S ! ESS5CE ( ALL IDEOLOGICAL SY/EMS3 ! IMPOV]I%M5T1 5SLAVEM5T & NEGATION ( REAL LIFE4 ,! SPECTACLE IS ! MAT]IAL 0EXPRESSION ( ! SEP>ATION & E/RANGEM5T BETWE5 MAN & MAN40 ,! 0NEW P[] ( DECEPTION0 CONC5TRAT$ 9 IT IS BAS$ ON ! PRODUCTION SY/EM 9 :I* 0AS ! MASS ( OBJECTS 9CREASES1 SO DO ! ALI5 P[]S TO :I* MAN IS SUBJECT$40 ,?IS IS ! SUPREME /AGE ( AN EXPANSION ?AT HAS TURN$ NE$ AGA9/ LIFE4 0,! NE$ = MONEY IS ?US ! REAL NE$ CREAT$ BY ! MOD]N ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & ! ONLY NE$ IT CREATES0 7,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS74 ,HEGEL'S *>ACT]IZATION ( MONEY AS 0! SELF-MOV+ LIFE ( :AT IS DEAD0 7,J55S] ,REALPHILOSOPHIE7 HAS N[ BE5 EXT5D$ BY ! SPECTACLE TO ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 

#baf 

  

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! PROJECT \TL9$ 9 ! 0,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*0 7! REALIZATION ( PHILOSOPHY 9 A PRAXIS TRANSC5D+ ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 IDEALISM & MAT]IALISM71 ! SPECTACLE PRES]VES ! IDEOLOGICAL FEATURES ( BO? MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM1 IMPOS+ !M 9 ! PSEUDOCONCRET5ESS ( ITS UNIV]SE4 ,! CONTEMPLATIVE ASPECT ( ! OLD MAT]IALISM1 :I* CONCEIVES ! WORLD AS REPRES5TATION & NOT AS ACTIVITY -- & :I* ULTIMATELY IDEALIZES MATT] -- IS FULFILL$ 9 ! SPECTACLE1 :]E CONCRETE ?+S >E AUTOMATIC MA/]S ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CONV]SELY1 ! DREAM$ ACTIVITY ( IDEALISM IS ALSO FULFILL$ 9 ! SPECTACLE1 ?R\< ! TE*NICAL M$IATION ( SIGNS & SIGNALS -- :I* ULTIMATELY MAT]IALIZE AN AB/RACT IDEAL4 

#bag 

  

,! P>ALLEL BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & S*IZOPHR5IA DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,GABEL'S ,FALSE ,CONSCI\SNESS %\LD BE CONSID]$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS ECONOMIC MAT]IALIZATION ( IDEOLOGY4 ,SOCIETY HAS BECOME :AT IDEOLOGY ALREADY WAS4 ,! REPRESSION ( PRACTICE & ! ANTIDIALECTICAL FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ?AT RESULTS FROM ?AT REPRESSION >E IMPOS$ AT EV]Y MOM5T ( EV]YDAY LIFE SUBJECT$ TO ! SPECTACLE -- A SUBJECTION ?AT SY/EMATICALLY DE/ROYS ! 0FACULTY ( 5C\NT]0 & REPLACES IT ) A SOCIAL HALLUC9ATION3 A FALSE CONSCI\SNESS ( 5C\NT]1 AN 0ILLUSION ( 5C\NT]40 ,9 A SOCIETY :]E NO ONE CAN ANY LONG] BE RECOGNIZ$ BY O!RS1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES 9CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ HIS [N REALITY4 ,IDEOLOGY IS AT HOME2 SEP>ATION HAS BUILT ITS [N WORLD4 

#bah 

  

0,9 CL9ICAL DESCRIPTIONS ( S*IZOPHR5IA10 SAYS ,GABEL1 0! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! DIALECTIC ( TOTALITY 7) DISSOCIATION AS ITS EXTREME =M7 & ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! DIALECTIC ( BECOM+ 7) CATATONIA AS ITS EXTREME =M7 SEEM CLOSELY 9T]RELAT$40 ,IMPRISON$ 9 A FLATT5$ UNIV]SE B\ND$ BY ! SCRE5 ( ! SPECTACLE ?AT HAS 5?RALL$ HIM1 ! SPECTATOR KN[S NO ONE BUT ! FICTITI\S SPEAK]S :O SUBJECT HIM TO A ONE-WAY MONOLOGUE AB\T !IR COMMODITIES & ! POLITICS ( !IR COMMODITIES4 ,! SPECTACLE AS A :OLE S]VES AS HIS LOOK+ GLASS4 ,:AT HE SEES !RE >E DRAMATIZATIONS ( ILLUSORY ESCAPES FROM A UNIV]SAL AUTISM4 

#bai 

  

,! SPECTACLE OBLIT]ATES ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 SELF & WORLD BY CRU%+ ! SELF BESIEG$ BY ! PRES5CE-ABS5CE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT ALSO OBLIT]ATES ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 TRUE & FALSE BY REPRESS+ ALL DIRECTLY LIV$ TRU? B5EA? ! REAL PRES5CE ( ! FALSEHOOD MA9TA9$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( APPE>ANCES4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O PASSIVELY ACCEPT !IR SUBJECTION TO AN ALI5 EV]YDAY REALITY >E ?US DRIV5 T[>D A MADNESS ?AT REACTS TO ?IS FATE BY RESORT+ TO ILLUSORY MAGICAL TE*NIQUES4 ,! ESS5CE ( ?IS PSEUDORESPONSE TO AN UNANSW]ABLE COMMUNICATION IS ! ACCEPTANCE & CONSUMPTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,! CONSUM]'S COMPULSION TO IMITATE IS A TRULY 9FANTILE NE$1 CONDITION$ BY ALL ! ASPECTS ( HIS FUNDAM5TAL DISPOSSESSION4 ,AS ,GABEL PUTS IT 9 DESCRIB+ A QUITE DIFF]5T LEVEL ( PA?OLOGY1 0! ABNORMAL NE$ = REPRES5TATION COMP5SATES = AN AGONIZ+ FEEL+ ( BE+ AT ! M>G9 ( EXI/5CE40 

#bb 

  

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! LOGIC ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* CANNOT TRULY KN[ ITSELF1 ! SE>* = CRITICAL TRU? AB\T ! SPECTACLE MU/ ALSO BE A TRUE CRITIQUE4 ,IT MU/ /RUGGLE 9 PRACTICE AMONG ! IRRECONCILABLE 5EMIES ( ! SPECTACLE1 & ADMIT ?AT IT IS NO?+ )\T !M4 ,BY RU%+ 9TO SORDID RE=MI/ COMPROMISES OR PSEUDOREVOLUTION>Y COLLECTIVE ACTIONS1 ?OSE DRIV5 BY AN AB/RACT DESIRE = IMM$IATE EFFECTIV5ESS >E 9 REALITY OBEY+ ! RUL+ LAWS ( ?\<T1 ADOPT+ A P]SPECTIVE ?AT CAN SEE NO?+ BUT ! LATE/ NEWS4 ,9 ?IS WAY DELIRIUM REAPPE>S 9 ! CAMP ?AT CLAIMS TO BE OPPOS+ IT4 ,A CRITIQUE SEEK+ TO GO BEYOND ! SPECTACLE MU/ KN[ H[ TO WAIT4 

#bba 

  

,! SELF-EMANCIPATION ( \R TIME IS AN EMANCIPATION FROM ! MAT]IAL BASES ( 9V]T$ TRU?4 ,?IS 0HI/ORIC MISSION ( E/ABLI%+ TRU? 9 ! WORLD0 CAN BE C>RI$ \T NEI!R BY ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL NOR BY ATOMIZ$ & MANIPULAT$ MASSES1 BUT ONLY & ALWAYS BY ! CLASS ?AT IS ABLE TO DISSOLVE ALL CLASSES BY R$UC+ ALL P[] TO ! DE-ALI5AT+ =M ( REALIZ$ DEMOCRACY -- TO C\NCILS 9 :I* PRACTICAL !ORY V]IFIES ITSELF & SURVEYS ITS [N ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE ONLY :5 9DIVIDUALS >E 0DIRECTLY L9K$ TO UNIV]SAL HI/ORY0 & DIALOGUE >MS ITSELF TO IMPOSE ITS [N CONDITIONS4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#a1 #bb 3 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,SPECTACLE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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