,*APT] #a 
,RADICALS1 ,EXILES & ,SOCIALI/ ,BEG9N+S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CON/ANCE ,BANTMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,QUAIL 

,AU?OR 3 ,NICK ,HEA? 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a4 ,R,A,D,I,C,A,L,S1 ,E,X,I,L,E,S ,& ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,B,E,G,9,N,+,S 

,SOCIAL AGITATIONS & WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E MANY1 V>I\S & CONTRADICTORY4 ,C]TA9 !MES CAN1 H[EV]1 BE PICK$ \T4 ,EV] PRES5T WAS ! CLASS W> 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( COMPLEXITY4 ,C]TA9 =MAL POLITICAL LIB]TIES W]E /RUGGL$ =3 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS1 FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY & FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME PEOPLE'S MEET+S = !IR V]SION ( FRE$OM W]E BROK5 UP BY O!R PEOPLE ) A DIFF]5T V]SION1 OR ?AT1 SAY1 NONCON=MI/S DESIR$ FRE$OM FROM ,*UR* ( ,5GL& 9T]F]5CE BUT W]E 9 NO WAY PREP>$ TO C\NT5ANCE FRE$OM = SECUL>I/S M]ELY ADDS *>M TO ! PROCE$+S4 ,!RE WAS WIDE SYMPA?Y = NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS ( ONE SORT & ANO!R & = ! ,IRI% P>TICUL>LY2 YET ,BRITI% IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURES C\LD C\NT ON J+OI/ CR[DS TURN+ \T 9 SUPPORT ) MONOTON\S REGUL>ITY 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! C5TURY4 ,EV5 ! MAJOR QUE/ION ( ! EXT5SION ( ! FRAN*ISE MEANT DIFF]5T ?+S AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 

,! ,*>TI/S HAD TRI$ TO A*IEVE A SUDD5 RE>RANGEM5T ( POLITICAL P[] ?R\< ! 'CON/ITUTIONAL' MEANS ( MANHOOD SUFFRAGE4 ,9 EFFECT1 H[EV]1 IT WAS A 'TRANSITIONAL DEM&' -- TO USE ,TROTSKY'S PHRASE -- A DEM& R\ND :I* PEOPLE WILL MOBILIZE BUT :I* W\LD NOT BE GRANT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS ?IS SIDE ( REVOLUTION4 ,& :E!R ! ,*>TI/S W]E ( A T5D5CY T[>DS 'MORAL =CE' OR 'PHYSICAL =CE'1 MANHOOD SUFFRAGE WAS TOO REVOLUTION>Y = ! RUL+ ELITES4 ,!SE W]E1 = MANY DECADES AFT] #a#h#d#h1 OV]:ELM+LY REPRES5TATIVE ( ANCI5T >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE4 ,! SL[ 9CLUSION ( MEMB]S ( ! CAPITALI/ & PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES 9 NO WAY R$UC$ ITS S5SE ( ITS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO RULE4 ,RE=M :5 IT CAME SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ACCEPTABLE BECAUSE ! POLITICAL ELITE HAD DECID$ ?AT ! >TISAN CLASS ?AT IT 5FRAN*IS$1 ?\< P]HAPS UND] PROTE/1 9 ! #ahfg ,RE=M ,ACT DID NOT 9 ANY S]I\S WAY 9T5D TO *ALL5GE ?AT RI<T4 

,! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 CLE>LY 5\< ILLU/RAT$ BY ! CORDIAL RELATIONS ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! SKILL$ ',NEW ,MODEL' TRADES UNIONS & ! ,RADICAL CAPITALI/S ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY4 ,?IS UND]L9$ ! SOCIAL /ABILITY ?AT 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS SEEM$ TO HAVE E/ABLI%$4 ,?AT RISE 9 PROSP]ITY WAS REAL 5\<3 BY #ahfe REAL WAGES W]E #b P] C5T UP ON #a#h#e1 & #cc P] C5T UP ON #ahe BY #a#h#g#e4 ,= ALL ?IS1 IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T ?AT ,BOO? 9 HIS SURVEYS AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS F\ND ?AT FULLY ONE-?IRD ( ! POPULATION WAS LIV+ BEL[ A MO/ /R+5T SUBSI/5CE L9E4 ,! MIS]Y1 DEGRADATION & DISEASE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL HEAP IS MORE FULLY DESCRIB$ 9 O!R WORKS4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ,DORE1 :O ILLU/RAT$ ,DANTE'S ,9F]NO1 F\ND ! SUBJECT A COMP>ABLE *ALL5GE4 

,NEV]!LESS ! S5SE ( 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY WAS REAL 9 ! #a#h#fS AS WAS ! S5SE ( /ABILITY ?AT W5T ) IT4 ,& :ILE ?IS R$UC$ ! ELEM5T ( 9SURRECTION F\ND$ 9 MIS]Y 9 WORK+-CLASS POLITICS IT HEI<T5$ ! S5SE ( SELF-IMPORTANCE4 ,PROSP]ITY WAS SE5 AS ! WAGES ( WOR?1 & IT WAS MORE READILY ASSUM$ ?AT JU/ DEM&S W\LD BE MET1 ONE SU* DEM& BE+ = AN EXT5D$ FRAN*ISE4 ,! ,*>TI/ SPIRIT HAD BY NO MEANS DISAPPE>$3 9 ,LONDON 9 ,MAY #ahff A DEMON/RATION CALL+ = ELECTORAL RE=M TURN$ 9TO A RIOT :I* 9VOLV$1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! DE/RUCTION ( OV] A MILE ( RAIL+S FROM R\ND ,HYDE ,P>K4 ,BUT ! S5SE ( DEM&S MADE & MET UND\BT$LY B\ND TOGE!R ! SOCIAL GR\PS :OSE PLACE IT WAS TO ASK ) ! GR\PS :OSE PLACE IT WAS TO GIVE4 ,AL?\< A MORE DEEP-SEAT$ SPIRIT ( REVOLT MI<T EXI/ AMONG MEMB]S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL OR GR\PS ( OLD ,*>TI/S1 IT IS NEV]!LESS TRUE ?AT ! ACTIVITY CONNECT$ ) ! POSSIBILITIES OP5$ UP BY ! #ahfg ,RE=M ,ACT TOOK LITTLE NOTE ( IT4 

,?IS 7SELF-NAM$7 ,RADICAL ACTIVITY WAS NOT BAS$ ON A SOCIALI/ POLITICS4 ,9 ITS EXTREME =MS ITS 5EMIES W]E ! >I/OCRACY & O!RS :O B5EFIT$ BY UNE>N$ 9COME & ANCI5T PRIVILEGE LIKE ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& CL]GY & ! ROYAL FAMILY4 7,!RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE UND]T[ ( REPUBLICANISM & SECUL>ISM 9 ,RADICAL CIRCLES47 ,RADICALS W]E FREQU5TLY SMALL BUS9ESSM5 OR >TISANS :O C\LD BECOME SU* BY EMPLOY+ A FEW M54 ,!Y T5D$ TO RESPOND MO/ READILY TO AN ANALYSIS :I* DIVID$ SOCIETY 9TO TWO P>TS3 ! PRODUCTIVE CLASSES 7I4E4 MA/]S & M57 & ! UNPRODUCTIVE CLASSES 9 ! %APE ( ! >I/OCRACY1 ,*UR*1 ETC4 ,= ! MO/ P>T ! ,RADICALS AIM$ AT CUTT+ D[N ! 9FLU5CE ( ! UNPRODUCTIVE CLASSES BY RE=M RA!R ?AN BY ! GUILLOT9E4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY 9 A SPIRIT ( RE=M RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,RADICALS BEGAN TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !IR NEW 9FLU5CE AFT] #a#h#f#g4 

,?IS CO9CID$ & IS CONNECT$ ) A RAPID GR[? 9 ! NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T WORK+M5'S CLUBS :I* SPRANG UP ALL OV] ,5GL& BUT :I* W]E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT 9 ,LONDON4 ,IT HAD ALREADY BE5 NOTIC$ ?AT 0,! WORK+ CLASSES1 ALIKE PHYSICALLY & POLITICALLY1 >E N[ A V]Y IMPORTANT P[] 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,!IR RELATIONS BO? TO !IR EMPLOY]S & TO ! C\NTRY AT L>GE >E FULL ( GRAVE RESPONSIBILITY = ! FUTURE ( ! C\NTRY40.<#b.> ,! ,CLUB & ,9/ITUTE ,UNION SET UP 9 #ahfb HAD BE5 DESIGN$ TO 5C\RAGE :OLESOME PURSUITS AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS2 & ON A PROGRAM ( TEMP]ANCE1 CLASS COLLABORATION & DECORUM HAD GA9$ MANY PHILAN?ROPIC UPP]-CLASS PATRONS4 ,FROM ?IS S\RCE HAD /EMM$ A NUMB] ( WELL-APPO9T$1 HI<LY SUBSIDIZ$ & TI<TLY CONTROLL$ CLUBS4 

,9 ! LATE #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS1 H[EV]1 WORK+ M5 BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !IR [N CLUBS1 SOMETIMES TO ESCAPE 9TO A MORE EASY-GO+ ATMOSPH]E )\T PATRONAGE & SOMETIMES = MORE DIRECTLY POLITICAL REASONS4 ,AMONG CLUBS F\ND$ = ! LATT] CAN BE 9CLUD$ ! ,COMMONWEAL? ,CLUB 9 ,BE?NAL ,GRE5 E/ABLI%$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,JOHN ,HALES & ! ,PATRIOTIC ,CLUB 9 ,CL]K5WELL SIMIL>LY S]V$ BY ,TOM ,MOTT]%EAD4 ,BO? !SE M5 HAD BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,JOHN ,HALES WAS TO /& AT ONE PO9T AS A ,RADICAL C&IDATE4 ,:5 ! ,METROPOLITAN ,RADICAL ,F$]ATION WAS E/ABLI%$1 ! 9DEP5D5T CLUBS W]E ! BRAN*ES4 

,AT ! HEI<T ( !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! LATE #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS1 ! ,RADICALS HAD A RELATION%IP ) ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY AM\NT+ TO AN ALLIANCE ( :I* !Y W]E ! LEFT W+4 ,BUT AS TIME W5T BY !Y W]E ABSORB$ & BY ! #a#h#iS 0BECAME A M]E APP5DAGE ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 PUTT+ =W>D OR SUPPORT+ ,LIB]AL C&IDATES 9 ELECTIONS = ! ,S*OOL ,BO>DS1 ! ,BOR\< ,C\NCILS & ! ,L4,C4,C4 ,9/EAD ( CAPTUR+ ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY = ,RADICALISM IT PROVID$ IT ) ELECTION FODD] & C>RI$ \T ELECTION *ORES40.<#c.> ,YET 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ,RADICAL 9DEP5D5CE FAD$1 ! CLUBS PROVID$ C5T]S ( POLITICAL DISCUSSION & SELF-$UCATION :I* BO? CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW SOCIALISM ( ! #a#h#hS & PROVID$ IT ) AN AUDI5CE4 ,! NEW IDEAS MADE SOME HEADWAY AMONG ! ,RADICALS3 BY ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS AN 9=MANT ( ,BOO?'S DESCRIB$ ! TYPICAL ,SUNDAY ( A MEMB] ( ! ,BOR\< ( ,HACKNEY ,RADICAL ,CLUB -- :I* ALLEG$LY HAD MORE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,BOR\< ?AN ANY RELIGI\S BODY -- AS FOLL[S3 0,HE GOES TO ! CLUB 9 ! MORN+ AB\T #a#a1 SITS ) A POT 9 FRONT ( HIM & FRO?S AT ! M\? OV] ALL K9DS ( SOCIALI/IC ROT2 !N HE HAS A B& :I* F9I%ES UP BY PLAY+ ! ,M>SEILLAISE2 9 ! AFT]NOON HE GOES R\ND & VISITS O!R CLUBS & !RE IS MORE FRO?+ ( ! M\? & ( ! POT40.<#d.> 

,SO SOCIALISM WAS TO CREEP 9 & 9FLU5CE ! ,RADICAL RANK & FILE4 ,BUT 9 ONE S5SE IT HAD ALWAYS BE5 !RE1 AL?\< AS A SUBM]G$ & SOMETIMES ONLY JU/ DISC]NIBLE TRADITION :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK ?R\< ! C5TURY1 FROM ,ROB]T ,[51 V>I\S SECTS LIKE ! ,SP5CEAN ,PHILAN?ROPI/S1 SECTIONS ( ! ,*>TI/S & SO ON4 ,EXAMPLES POP UP FROM TIME TO TIME 9 ! PRES5T BOOK4 ,9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS ?IS TRADITION WAS CONT9U$ ?R\< 9DIVIDUALS :O W]E A P>T ( ! ,RADICAL MILIEU4 ,IT IS CLE>1 H[EV]1 FROM ! LIMIT$ WORK ?AT HAS BE5 DONE ?AT FROM ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! E>LY #a#h#gS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW SOCIALISM ( ! #a#h#hS CONT9UITY WAS PRES]V$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 BY SMALL BUT MORE DECISIVELY SOCIALI/ GR\PS4 ,( AN>*I/ GR\PS !RE IS NO TRACE1 ?\< AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALS CAN BE F\ND FROM TIME TO TIME4 

,( ! SOCIALI/ GR\PS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! #a#h#gS1 SOME W]E 9FLU5C$ BY :AT WAS1 AT BASE1 A MORE MILITANT ,RADICALISM1 ?\< ) MORE EMPHASIS ON PHYSICAL =CE4 ,SOME W]E 9FLU5C$ BY !ORIES ( ! MUTUAL ANTAGONISM ( CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,SOME SOCIALI/S PUT ?IS VIEW 9 ! CONTEXT ( TRADITIONAL ASPIRATIONS T[>DS P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION1 ?US PROVID+ ! E>LIE/ APO/LES ( A P>TY ( LABOR 7OR ,LABOR ,P>TY74 

,O!RS PRES]V$ ! ELEM5T ( PHYSICAL =CE1 OPPOS$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY & >GU$ ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION W\LD1 ( NECESSITY1 HAVE TO BE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,IT WAS TO LIB]T>IANS ( ?IS %ADE ( OP9ION ?AT AN>*ISM WAS LAT] TO APPEAL1 NOT 9 A VACUUM BUT TO AN ALREADY DEVELOP$ SET ( IDEAS & TO A BODY ( SELF-CONFID5T & ACTIVE M54 ,! SPECIFIC & DEVELOP$ !ORIES ( AN>*I/ MUTUALISM1 COLLECTIVISM & COMMUNISM W]E REALLY ONLY TAK5 UP BY ,5GLI% PEOPLE 9 ! #a#h#hS2 YET =EIGN AN>*I/ EXILES 9 ,5GL& BE=E ?IS TIME C\LD & DID F9D >EAS ( MUTUAL UND]/&+ ) SECTIONS ( ! ,BRITI% SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,H[ ?IS UND]/&+ DEVELOP$ & :]E IT L$ CAN P]HAPS BE MO/ IMM$IATELY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! LIVES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?\< WE %\LD BEW>E ( POSSIBLE DI/ORTIONS4 ,!SE M5 W]E PROM95T RA!R ?AN PREEM95T4 

,FRANK ,KITZ WAS BORN 9 #a#h#d#h1 ! SON ( AN ,5GLI% MO!R & A ,G]MAN FA!R -- ?\< HE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ORPHAN$ E>LY BECAUSE HE WAS LAT] TO DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS 0A FA!RLESS LAD40.<#e.> ,FROM AN E>LY AGE HE LIV$ ALONE1 AS HIS MO!R F\ND WORK '9 S]VICE' -- I4E4 AS A DOME/IC S]VANT4 0,I SUPPORT$ MYSELF10 HE WROTE LAT]1 

AS ]R& BOY1 PORT] & MESS5G] 9 V>I\S SITUATIONS3 ILL-%OD1 BADLY CLO!D1 & SELDOM 5JOY+ A SQU>E MEAL EXCEPT :5 MY MO!R SMUGGL$ ME 9TO H] EMPLOY]'S KIT*5 444 ,I DECORAT$ ! WALLS ( MY LONELY ROOM ) PICTURES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* ,I PUR*AS$ \T ( MY SCANTY E>N+S4 ,BR\<T UP 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,WE/ ,5D ) ! EVID5CE ( WEAL? & LUXURY CONFRONT+ ME -- WEAL? UNE>N$1 COM=T UNDES]V$ -- & ) MY [N UNDES]V$ H>D%IPS1 ,I NE$$ NO LECTURES UPON SURPLUS VALUE OR DISS]TATIONS UPON ECONOMICS TO CAUSE ME TO *ALL5GE ! JU/ICE ( A SY/EM :I* CONF]S WEAL? UPON ! P>ASITES ( SOCIETY & CL\DS ! LIVES ( ?\S&S AS IT HAD ALREADY CL\D$ M9E ) C>E & POV]TY4 

,AS A BOY HE 0ATT5D$ EV]Y MEET+ OR DEMON/RATION HELD BY ! ADVANC$ MOVEM5T 9 ,LONDON4 ,9 ! RIOT AT ,HYDE ,P>K10 HE WRITES1 0AT ! TIME ( ! ,RE=M ,LEAGUE .<I4E4 #a#h#f#f.> MY :ITE PR9T]'S JACKET MADE ME CONSPICU\S 9 ! SKIRMI%ES ) ! POLICE & ONLY MY NIMBL5ESS SAV$ ME FROM >RE/4 ,! POLICE BEHAV$ ) !IR USUAL BRUTALITY 4440 ,HE WAS BY ?IS TIME APPR5TIC$ AS A DY]1 :I* WAS TO BE HIS TRADE = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4 ,:5 HIS APPR5TICE%IP WAS F9I%$ 9 #a#h#f#i-#a#h#g HE W5T ON ! TRAMP1 FIR/ R\ND S\?-EA/ ,5GL& :]E HE F9ANC$ HIMSELF :5 NO WORK WAS AVAILABLE BY TAK+ ! ,QUE5'S %ILL+ .<! TRADITIONAL D[N PAYM5T ON JO9+ ! >MY.> & !N RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+4 ,HE !N TRAVEL$ ?R\< ! NOR? ( ,5GL&4 0,H]E ,I F\ND EV]Y:]E ! SAME CONDITIONS -- ! FACTORY ) ITS IRON DISCIPL9E1 ! MAZES ( MEAN /REETS & 9SANIT>Y SLUMS = ! WORK]S1 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( WOM5 & *ILDR540 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,LONDON & SETTL$ 9 ,SOHO 9 LATE #ahgc OR E>LY #a#h#g#d4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT HE WAS 9TRODUC$ BY A FRI5D TO A DISCUSSION GR\P CALL$ ! ,DEMOCRATIC & ,TRADES ,ALLIANCE :I* MET REGUL>LY 9 A PUB RUN BY A %OEMAK] :O HAD BE5 BLACKLI/$ = HIS TRADES UNION ACTIVITY4 0,BECOM+ A REGUL> ATT5D] AT !SE MEET+S10 WRITES ,KITZ1 0,I !RE BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ,G4 ,ODG]1 ,JOHN ,ROG]S1 ,G4 ,MILN]1 ,W4 ,T[N%5D1 ! BRO!RS ,MURRAY1 ,G4 ,H>RIS & ,G4 ,ECC>IUS1 ALL MEMB]S ( ! LATELY DEFUNCT ,BRITI% ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 444 ,MO/ ( ! MEMB]S W]E ,SOHO TAILORS & %OEMAK]S1 ALWAYS ! MO/ ADVANC$ AMONG ! WORK]S4 444 ,!RE ,I MADE MY FIR/ ATTEMPT TO OP5 A DEBATE1 READ+ A PAP] AGA9/ POLITICAL ACTION & WAS SAT ON HEAVILY & 9=M$ ?AT ,I W\LD NEV] BE A SPEAK] & NOT TO TRY AGA9 4440.<#f.> ,IT IS TO BE NOT$ ?AT ,KITZ'S FIR/ SPEE* WAS TO BE AGA9/ POLITICAL -- ?AT IS1 ELECTORAL -- ACTIVITY4 ,& ,KITZ IS BE+ TOO MODE/ H]E4 ,:ATEV] ! REACTIONS TO HIS FIR/ SPEE* IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE AFFECT$ HIS /&+ AMONG ?IS '/EADFA/ OLD GU>D'4 ,HE IS FIR/ M5TION$ AS TAK+ P>T 9 A DEBATE ON COMMUNISM 9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#g#d4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] HE TOOK ! *AIR AT A MEET+ -- A POSITION ( SOME PRE/IGE4 ,BY ,DECEMB] ( ?AT YE> HE HAD BE5 ELECT$ SECRET>Y4 

,BUT !RE W]E DISAGREEM5TS )9 ! ALLIANCE3 0,WE HAD \R CONFLICTS ) ! PURELY ,TRADES ,UNIONI/ MEMB]S1 :O1 :5 \R =EIGN COMRADES SOLICIT$ \R HELP .<= A CELEBRATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE.> OPPOS$ COOP]ATION4 ,! BILLS ANN\NC+ ! CELEBRATION 7& BRAVE BILLS !Y W]E1 ) ! ,R$ ,FLAG PR9T$ UPON !M7 W]E REMOV$ FROM ! CLUB ROOM NOTICE BO>D4 ,! BRO!RS ,MURRAY :O REPRES5T$ \R SPEAK+ P[] AT ! TIME1 W5T UN(FICIALLY TO HELP !M4 ,EV5TUALLY WE %$ ?IS FOSSILIZ$ ELEM5T1 %IFT$ \R QU>T]S & BLOSSOM$ \T AS ! ,MANHOOD ,SUFFRAGE ,LEAGUE40 ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahge & ,FRANK ,KITZ WAS ITS SECRET>Y4 ,AL?\< ! ,LEAGUE WAS MORE TO ! LEFT ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR1 ITS MEMB]S W]E BY NO MEANS ALL REVOLUTION>IES3 0,MOD]ATE M5 CAN BE F\ND ON ITS COMMITTEE AS WELL AS EXTREMI/S1 & ON ,SUNDAY EV5+S ?IS DIALECTIC WAS /RONGLY APP>5T4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS AN OP5 =UM & MEET+S C\LD V>Y CONSID]ABLY 9 !IR POLITICAL TONE4 

0,! MO/ ADVANC$ POLITICALS 9 ,LONDON W]E AMONG ! MEMB]S 444 BUT ! DISCUSSION WAS WIDE OP5 & ! MO/ MOD]ATE VIEWS C\LD SOMETIMES PREVAIL 4440.<#g.> 

,ONE MEASURE ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,LEAGUE & ITS PR$ECESSOR1 H[EV]1 LIES 9 ! MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDE TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :I* CAUS$ ! ,LEAGUE TO COME 9TO BE+4 ,FAIRLY ADVANC$ ,RADICALS LIKE ,BRADLAU<1 = EXAMPLE1 BALK$ AT ! 'UNCON/ITUTIONAL' NATURE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,HE WAS REPORT$ AS SAY+ 9 A SPEE* ?AT 0,! ,COMMUNE ASK$ = ! RECOGNITION & CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,BUT HE D5I$ !IR RI<T TO DO IT BY =CE ( >MS 4440 ,RADICALS MI<T BE SICK5$ AT ! SLAU<T] -- SOME #c1 PEOPLE W]E MASSACR$ :5 ! ,COMMUNE WAS CRU%$ -- BUT = !M ! ,COMMUNE WAS NOT A H]OIC BEG9N+ ( A NEW WORLD4 ,! ,MANHOOD ,SUFFRAGE ,LEAGUE ?\<T DIFF]5TLY4 ,KITZ WRITES3 0,FRE$ FROM OB/RUCTION & OPPOSITION1 WE CORDIALLY COOP]AT$ ) \R =EIGN COMRADES 9 HOLD+ AN 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ AT ! ,CLEVEL& ,HALL TO CELEBRATE ! ,COMMUNE4 ,IT WAS A MO/ 5?USIA/IC DEMON/RATION & M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVIVAL0 7I4E4 ( SOCIALISM74 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ,5GLI% WORK+ M5 ATT5D$4 ,BUT :E!R BECAUSE ( ! 9COMPLETE COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION ( ! ,LEAGUE OR ! PRESSURE ( NEW V5TURES1 BY #ahgg ,KITZ WAS NO LONG] SECRET>Y ( ! ,MANHOOD ,SUFFRAGE ,LEAGUE4 ,HE M5TIONS NO P>TICUL> BREAK 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 SO IT IS LIKELY ?AT HE RETA9$ A CONNECTION ) IT ?AT GRADUALLY ATROPHI$ OV] ! YE>S4 ,C]TA9LY BY #ahgg ,KITZ WAS WORK+ = ! =MATION ( A SPECIFICALLY SOCIALI/1 REVOLUTION>Y & 9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,LONDON4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL ELEM5T WAS IMPORTANT4 ,AS HE SAYS1 0! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& [ES ITS ORIG9S L>GELY TO ! PROPAG&I/ ZEAL ( =EIGN WORKM540.<#h.> 

,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 !Y W]E ,G]MAN EXILES4 ,KITZ SPOKE FLU5T ,G]MAN & WAS 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) !M4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS GR[+ 9 ,G]MANY & WAS AN 9CREAS+LY 9FLU5TIAL EXAMPLE 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,IT %\LD NOT BE ASSUM$1 H[EV]1 ?AT 'SOCIAL DEMOCRACY' MEANT !N :AT IT MEANS N[4 ,KITZ WAS COMMITT$ TO REVOLUTION>Y RA!R ?AN ELECTORAL ACTION & BY HIS USE ( ! PHRASE HE CLE>LY MEANT A REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM4 ,! DI/9CTION WAS BETWE5 A TOTAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & A P>TIAL POLITICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,AT ?AT TIME 'SOCIAL DEMOCRACY' WAS NOT R$UCIBLE TO P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MISM4 

,!RE HAD BE5 ,G]MAN POLITICAL REFUGEES 9 ,LONDON S9CE ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 ONE ( ! BETT] KN[N ( !M BE+ ,K>L ,M>X4 ,= ! MO/ P>T !SE REFUGEES W]E M5 MO/LY 0PA/ MIDDLE AGE & ALREADY LONG/&+ MEMB]S ( SOME ,5GLI% TRADE UNION OR ANO!R 4440.<#i.> & !IR MEET+S W]E MA9LY SOCIAL AFFAIRS :]E POLITICS W]E DISCUSS$ AS P>T ( A PLEASANT *AT OV] A DR9K4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 A /EADY 9FLUX ( Y\NG] M5 ) MORE ACTIVI/ T5D5CIES4 ,?IS 9FLUX WAS TO TURN 9TO A FLOOD AS A RESULT ( ! ,G]MAN ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAWS2 YET ! QUICK5+ ( ! ,G]MAN POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E TO :I* !SE ,LAWS W]E SOME?+ ( A RESPONSE HAD ALREADY AFFECT$ ! ,G]MAN EXILES BY #a#h#g#g4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT AT AN 9=MAL GA!R+ AFT] ! ,CLEVEL& ,HALL MEET+ ,KITZ DESCRIBES H[ HE WAS 0URG$ BY MY COMRADE ,JOHANN ,NEVE0 7( :OM MORE LAT]7 0TO =M AN ,5GLI% SECTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,I SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ TOGE!R A NUMB] ( COMRADES 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! ,BRITI% ,F$]ATION :OM ,I HAVE ALREADY REF]R$ TO & ?US WAS />T$ AN ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIETY1 :I*1 WORK+ ) ! =EIGN ELEM5T WAS TO TAKE ITS P>T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 4440 ,?IS ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIETY WAS A P>T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,CLUB1 :I* MET 9 PUBS 9 ,SOHO FROM ITS F\NDATION 9 ,AUGU/ #ahgg UNTIL IT F\ND P]MAN5T PREMISES 9 ,ROSE ,/REET 7N[ ,MANETTE ,/REET7 9 #a#h#g#h4 ,!RE W]E SOME FIVE SECTIONS ACCORD+ TO NATIONALITY1 ) ,FRANK ,KITZ AS SECRET>Y ( ! ,5GLI% SECTION4 ,! MOVE TO CLUB PREMISES WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE N[ DISCUSSION & ORGANIZATION C\LD GO AHEAD )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( L&LORDS2 & )\T ! EXP5SE ( HIR$ ROOMS1 SAYS ,KITZ1 0WE W]E 5ABL$ TO HOLD PUBLIC MEET+S ) GREAT] FREQU5CY40.<#a.> 

,:5 A WAVE ( REFUGEES >RIV$ 9 ,LONDON FROM ,G]MANY AFT] ! PASSAGE ( ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAWS 9 #a#h#g#h1 ! ,ROSE ,/REET CLUB BECAME A C5TRAL PO9T = DEF5SE & AID4 ,! G5]AL PUBLICITY GIV5 TO ! ,LAWS ALSO ATTRACT$ ATT5TION TO ! ?+ !Y W]E DESIGN$ TO REPRESS4 0,%ORTLY AFT] ?IS 9FLUX ( REFUGEES10 WRITES ,KITZ1 0! SECTIONS JO9TLY ISSU$ A PAMPHLET BY ,J4 ,SKET*LEY1 5TITL$ ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?US TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! 9T]E/ AWAK5$4 444 ,MANY ?\S&S ( ?IS PAMPHLET W]E SOLD1 ! ,G]MAN SECTION BE>+ ! MAJOR PORTION ( ! CO/1 9 ORD] TO AID PROPAG&A AMONG \R [N WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,5GLI% SECTION UND]TOOK ! REISSUE ( TWO PAMPHLETS ON COMMUNISM BY ,H4 ,GLASSE2 !Y ALSO PUBLI%$ AN ADDRESS TO ! AMNE/I$ ,COMMUNI/S ( ,P>IS & #e1 COPIES ( ?IS LEAFLET W]E DI/RIBUT$ 4440.<#a#a.> 7,SKET*LEY1 9CID5TALLY1 WAS AN OLD ,*>TI/47 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! REASONS = & ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAWS IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 9 MORE DETAIL :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,G]MANY 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

,A ,G]MAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD EXI/$ S9CE ! MID-#a#h#gS4.<#a#b.> ,!IR PROPAG&A WAS SPREAD BY W&]+ AGITATORS & SMUGGL$ NEWSPAP]S4 ,IT WAS A SMALL MOVEM5T1 9 ISOLATION1 YET IT BEGAN TO HAVE SOME 9FLU5CE ON ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE GREW BECAUSE ( ! ANOMAL\S POSITION ( ! P>TY4 ,IT WAS RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( SEATS IT HELD 9 ! ,REI*/AG 7& DISPLAY+ ALL ! T5D5CIES T[>DS RESPECTABILITY :I* SU* POSITIONS SEEM TO 5TAIL74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 EV5 A MAJORITY ( SEATS HELD BY ! ,S,D,P 9 ! ,REI*/AG W\LD HAVE GIV5 IT NO REAL P[]4 ,! ,REI*/AG WAS ABLE1 UND] ! CON/ITUTION1 ONLY TO ADVISE ! ,KAIS] & HIS ,*ANCELLOR2 & ! LATT] W]E ABLE TO IGNORE ?IS ADVICE1 CON/RA9$ ONLY BY A WI% TO PRES]VE ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T BY CONS5T4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! AN>*I/S BEGAN TO HAVE 9FLU5CE AMONG ! P>TY'S LEFT W+ WAS ! EXT5T TO :I* IT BEGAN TO SEE ?AT EV5 QUITE MODE/ RE=MS MI<T ONLY BE A*IEVABLE BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 

,YET !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y TURBUL5CE AMONG ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 AS ! G5]AL LACK ( RESPONSE TO REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A SEEM$ TO PROVE4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! AN>*I/S W]E DEVELOP+ IDEAS AS TO H[ SU* WORK+-CLASS PASSIVITY C\LD BE OV]COME4 ,IT WAS SUGGE/$ ?AT A NEW K9D ( PROPAG&A WAS NE$$1 A PROPAG&A ( DE$S RA!R ?AN WORDS4 

,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 WRIT+ AT AB\T ?IS TIME1 ASK$ :AT SEP>AT$ 0! >GUM5T FROM ! DE$1 ! ?\<T FROM ! WILL TO ACT40 ,HE ANSW]$ HIS [N QUE/ION BY SAY+3 0,IT IS ! ACTION ( M9ORITIES1 ACTION CONT9U$1 R5EW$ )\T CEAS+1 :I* BR+S AB\T ?IS TRANS=MATION4 ,C\RAGE1 DEVOTION1 ! SPIRIT ( SELF SACRIFICE >E AS CONTAGI\S AS C[>DICE1 SUBMISSION & PANIC40.<#a#c.> 

,& HE GOES ON TO SAY ?AT ?IS ACTION WILL BE 0SOMETIMES COLLECTIVE1 SOMETIMES PURELY 9DIVIDUAL0 BUT ?AT IT W\LD NEGLECT NO 0MEANS AT H& 444 TO AWAK5 AUDACITY & ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT BY PREA*+ BY EXAMPLE40 ,?IS PREA*+ BY EXAMPLE WAS LAT] TO BE BETT] KN[N AS 'PROPAG&A BY DE$'4 ,! !ORY ( PROPAG&A BY DE$ SEEM$ TO 9VITE ! MO/ SPECTACUL> ACTIONS & 9 ,G]MANY IT L$ TO TWO ATTEMPTS ON ! LIFE ( ! ,KAIS]4 ,9 ,MAY #a#h#g#h1 ,EMIL ,HODEL1 & 9 ,JUNE ( ! SAME YE> ,C>L ,NOBIL+1 %OT AT ! ,KAIS] AS HE WAS DRIV5 ?R\< ! /REETS 9 AN OP5 C>RIAGE4 ,BO? ATTEMPTS FAIL$4 ,! FAIL$ ASSASS9S BO? HAD L9KS ) KN[N ,G]MAN AN>*I/S & ,HODEL DECL>$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ AT HIS TRIAL4 ,HE WAS BEHEAD$4 ,NOBIL+ DI$ ( SELF-9FLICT$ W\NDS4 ,NO REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE ACCOMPANI$ !SE ATTEMPTS1 ANY SU* ?+ BE+ PREEMPT$ 9 ANY CASE BY ! FRANTIC REACTION ( ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES4 ,BISM>CK1 ! ,G]MAN ,*ANCELLOR1 IRRITAT$ BY ! GR[+ ELECTORAL /R5G? ( ! ,S,D,P1 CON/ITUTIONALLY CIRCUMSCRIB$ & SEV]ELY LEGALI/IC ?\< IT WAS1 SEIZ$ UPON ! ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO SME> ! P>TY4 ,! RESULT ( HIS EF=TS WAS ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAWS ( ,OCTOB] #a#h#g#h4 

,AFT] ! SECOND ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT ,B]L9 BECAME AN >M$ CAMP4 ,ALL KN[N SOCIALI/S HAD !IR HOMES RAID$4 ,EV5 BE=E ! PASSAGE ( ! ,LAWS OV] #e PEOPLE HAD BE5 >RE/$ & S5T TO JAIL = '9SULT+ ! ,KAIS]' OR 'APPROV+' ( ! ATTEMPTS ON HIS LIFE4 ,SOME ( ! CASES W\LD HAVE BE5 LAU<ABLE HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! SUFF]+ 9VOLV$3 ,A DRUNK5 MAN RECEIV$ TWO & A HALF YE>S 9 PRISON = MURMUR+ 0,WILLIAM IS DEAD1 HE LIVES NO MORE40 ,A WOMAN TALK+ AB\T ! ,EMP]OR'S W\NDS WAS S5T5C$ TO A YE> & A HALF = SAY+ 0,! ,KAIS] AT LEA/ IS NOT POOR1 HE CAN AF=D TO C>E = HIMSELF40 ,A WORK] 444 :ILE SITT+ ON A B5* ALONG ,UNT] D5 ,L9D5 WAS HE>D TO SAY ?AT 0,HODEL IS A DUMB-BELL BUT ,NOBIL+ PLANN$ HIS ATTEMPT WELL40 ,?IS SLIP ( HIS TONGUE CO/ HIM F\R YE>S ( HIS FRE$OM4.<#a#d.> ,! RESULTS ( ! REPRESSION W]E TW(OLD4 ,FIR/LY1 AS F> AS ! LEFT-W+ SOCIALI/S W]E CONC]N$ ! MASK ( ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESS WAS RIPP$ AWAY TO REVEAL BLACK REACTION4 ,SECONDLY1 SOCIALI/ AGITATION ( ANY SORT WAS MADE BO? D\BLY DIFFICULT & V]Y MU* MORE DANG]\S4 ,A WAVE ( SOCIALI/ REFUGEES LEFT ,G]MANY & MANY CAME TO ,LONDON4 ,FRANK ,KITZ DESCRIB$ ! SITUATION3 0,?\S&S W]E EXPATRIAT$1 HUNDR$S ( FAMILIES BROK5 UP1 HUNDR$S IMPRISON$2 SEIZURES & CONFISCATIONS W]E ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 ,( ?OSE TORN FROM !IR FAMILIES A NUMB] W5T 9SANE & O!RS W]E IRRETRIEVABLY RU9$2 A GREAT NUMB] S\<T REFUGE 9 ,LONDON & \R CLUB 9 ,ROSE ,/REET PRES5T$ AT TIMES ! APPE>ANCE ( AN >RIVAL OR DEP>TURE PLAT=M AT A /ATION ) LUGGAGE & CASES ( PROHIBIT$ LIT]ATURE & ! BEWILD]$ EMIGRANTS GO+ TO & FRO40.<#a#e.> ,! BITT]NESS CAUS$ BY ! REPRESSION & ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAWS PROBABLY MADE MORE AN>*I/S ?AN ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES HAD BE5 ABLE TO SIL5CE BY !IR MEASURES4 ,= SOME YE>S ,LONDON WAS TO BE ! MAJOR C5T] = ! PRODUCTION ( ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>Y & AN>*I/ PROPAG&A & ! ORGANIZATION ( ITS SECRET DI/RIBUTION4 

,9TO ! EMBITT]$ SOCIETY ( ! ,G]MAN EXILES 9 ,LONDON CAME ,JOHANN ,MO/1 LAT] TO BE ! C5TRAL FIGURE 9 A CASE :I* WAS TO PROVE A RALLY+ PO9T = ! NEW SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,:5 HE >RIV$ 9 ,LONDON1 ,MO/ WAS A DISSID5T LEFT-W+ SOCIAL DEMOCRAT :O HAD BE5 =C$ \T ( ,G]MANY4 ,NO !ORETICIAN1 AS A BITT]LY S>CA/IC & HUMOR\S SPEAK] & J\RNALI/ :O WAS POPUL> ) WORK+-CLASS AUDI5CES1 HE HAD E>N$ HIMSELF SOME NOTORIETY & A /R+ ( JAIL S5T5CES4 ,HE HAD BE5 ELECT$ TO ! ,REI*/AG1 :I* HE F\ND FRU/RAT+1 UNTIL ANO!R JAIL S5T5CE = A SPEE* ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE PUT AN 5D TO HIS POLITICAL C>E]4 ,ON HIS RELEASE HE $IT$ A ,B]L9 SOCIAL DEMOCRAT NEWSPAP] :OSE CIRCULATION HE BOO/$ FROM #b1 TO #a#h1 9 A YE>4 ,FUR!R ACTIVITIES 9 ?IS DIRECTION W]E ABRUPTLY HALT$ AFT] ,HODEL'S ATTEMPT4 ,MO/ SPOKE AB\T IT AT A MEET+ & ?\< HIS COMM5TS W]E NOT APPROV+ HE WAS >RE/$ & S5T5C$ TO SIX WEEKS' IMPRISONM5T4 ,:5 ?IS T]M WAS UP HE WAS S5T5C$ TO A FUR!R FIVE MON?S1 :I* HE SP5T 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #ah< HE WAS RELEAS$ & GIV5 TW5TY-F\R H\RS TO LEAVE ,B]L94 ,HE W5T TO ,HAMBURG1 :]E ! LOCAL P>TY LEAD]S1 !IR N]VE COMPLETELY %OT1 ADVIS$ HIM TO EMIGRATE TO ,AM]ICA4 ,MO/ DID LEAVE ,G]MANY BUT W5T 9/EAD TO ,LONDON1 >RIV+ JU/ BE=E ,*RI/MAS #a#h#g#h4 

,MO/'S 5]GY WAS UNAFFECT$ BY HIS PRISON S5T5CES & EXPULSION4 ,) ! F9ANCIAL & PRACTICAL HELP ( MEMB]S ( ! ,ROSE ,/REET CLUB1 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,FREIHEIT1 A PAP] DESIGN$ = ILLEGAL DI/RIBUTION 9 ,G]MANY1 WAS PUBLI%$ ON #d? ,JANU>Y #a#h#g#i4 ,AT FIR/ IT DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT PAP] BUT FROM ,FEBRU>Y #ahgi ONW>DS IT /EADILY D[NGRAD$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ELECTORAL ACTIVITY2 & 9 #ahh IT BEGAN PR9T+ SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ >TICLES4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 TOO1 FAIRLY =MAL L9KS W]E ALLEG$ TO EXI/ BETWE5 ,MO/ & 0! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ,P>IS1 ! GR\P ?AT PUBLI%ES ! ,REVOLUTION SOCIALE40.<#a#f.> 

,ONCE ! PAP] WAS E/ABLI%$ A NUMB] ( SUCCESSFUL NETWORKS W]E SET UP = SMUGGL+ ! PAP] 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,L>GE NUMB]S W]E SEWN 9TO MATTRESSES 9 A FACTORY 9 ,HULL & EXPORT$4 ,SAILORS C>RI$ QUANTITIES ( IT FROM ,5GL& TO ,G]MANY VIA ,HAMBURG4 ,EA* ISSUE ( ! PAP] WAS GIV5 A DIFF]5T TITLE SO ?AT ! AU?ORITIES HAD TO FIR/ F9D \T ITS NAME BE=E BANN+ IT4 ,NATURALLY ,G]MAN POLICE SPIES W]E S5T TO TRY & 9FILTRATE ! SMUGGL+ NETWORKS & ! GR\P R\ND ! PAP]4 ,KITZ RELATES ?AT ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS 0WE W]E PUZZL$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T WAS AW>E ( ! NEW TITLES BE=E ! PAP] REA*$ ,G]MANY1 & ?US =E/ALL$ US4 ,JOHANN ,NEVE & ,I SET \T TO F9D ! CAUSE4 ,SUSPECT+ A MEMB] :O HAD REC5TLY JO9$ WE SUPPLI$ HIM ) A SPECIALLY PR9T$ COPY ( ! PAP] BE>+ A TITLE DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE WE ACTUALLY 9T5D$ TO USE4 ,! BOGUS TITLE WAS PROHIBIT$ BUT ! O!R ESCAP$4 ,I REGRET TO SAY ?AT ?IS MEMB] MET ) A S]I\S ACCID5T :5 ATT5D+ A FETE HELD 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,FREIHEIT40.<#a#g.> ,! SPY WAS %OT & S]I\SLY W\ND$ ON ,HAMP/EAD ,HEA?4 

,! MIXTURE ( POLITICAL IDEAS 9 ,FREIHEIT AT ?IS TIME REPRES5T$ FAIRLY ACCURATELY ,MO/'S [N IDEAS1 :I* TOOK P>TS ( LEFT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ,BLANQUISM 7I4E4 PUTS*I/ REPUBLICANISM7 & AN>*ISM BUT :I* W]E M>K$ BY /RID5T CALLS = REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE ?AT GREW \T ( A WILD & BITT] RESPONSE TO ! REPRESSION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,HIS IT* = V5GEANCE F\ND AN EXEMPL>Y OBJECT 9 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I BY ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S 9 #a#h#h#a4 ,FREIHEIT PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE BY ,MO/ 5TITL$ ',5DLI*' 7',AT ,LA/'7 :I* 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ !IR ACTION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T APPLI$ PRESSURE -- PRESSURE FROM ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T CAN BE ASSUM$ TO BE CON/ANT -- & ,MO/ WAS PROSECUT$ BY ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES4 ,HE WAS F\ND GUILTY ( 9CITEM5T TO MURD] HEADS ( /ATE & S5T5C$ TO EI<TE5 MON?S' IMPRISONM5T4 

,HIS >RE/ & S5T5CE CAUS$ SOME?+ ( A /IR 9 ,LONDON ,RADICAL & SOCIALI/ CIRCLES4 ,A %ORT-LIV$ ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE PAP]1 ALSO 5TITL$ ,FREIHEIT1 WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,5GLI% SECTION ( ! ,ROSE ,/REET CLUB AS ! ORGAN ( A DEF5SE COMMITTEE4 ,FRANK ,KITZ WAS ! $ITOR4 ,! PAP] PR9T$ AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,MO/'S >TICLE BUT AVOID$ BE+ 5ME%$ 9 ! PROSECUTION BY PRES5T+ IT AS P>T ( ! SPEE* ( ! PROSECUT+ C\NSEL AT ! TRIAL6 ,JACK ,WILLIAMS /OOD ON ! /EPS ( ! ,OLD ,BAILEY DUR+ ! TRIAL & SOLD MANY COPIES ( ?IS $ITION4 ,PROTE/ MEET+S W]E HELD1 SOME SUCCESSFUL AS AT ,MILE ,5D ,WA/E 9 ,APRIL1 SOME LESS SO AS AT ,PECKHAM :]E 0! ,RADICALS COMB9$ ) ,TORIES1 OPPOS$ ! SPEAK]S & W]E ONLY PREV5T$ BY =CE FROM SEIZ+ ! PLAT=M 4440.<#a#h.> ,! PROSECUTION ( ,MO/ WAS OPPOS$ PUBLICLY ON ! GR\NDS ( ! RI<T ( ASYLUM & ! RI<T ( FREE SPEE* 7AL?\< ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! ,FREIHEIT DID REPR9T SOME APPROV+ REM>KS ( ,DISRAELI'S ON TYRANNICIDE74 ,SU* AN APPROA* DID F9D QUITE WIDE SYMPA?Y -- ! JURY AT ,MO/'S TRIAL ASK$ ?AT HE BE TREAT$ ) SOME M]CY S9CE HE MI<T BE SUFF]+ FROM VIOL5T WRONG DONE TO HIM 9 ,G]MANY4 

,! ,G]MAN ,FREIHEIT CONT9U$ UND] C>ETAK] $ITORS UNTIL FUR!R PUBLICATION 9 ,LONDON WAS /OPP$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( AN >TICLE APPLAUD+ ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,LORD ,FR$]ICK ,CAV5DI% BY ,F5IANS 9 ,PH5IX ,P>K1 ,DUBL91 9 ,MAY #a#h#h#b4 ,! (FICE WAS RAID$ & ITS PLANT SEIZ$4 ,JOHANN ,NEVE N>R[LY ESCAP$ >RE/ & TWO COMPOSITORS W]E JAIL$ = SIX & N9E MON?S4 ,FREI!IT WAS =C$ TO MOVE1 FIR/ TO ,SWITZ]L& & !N TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ITS %ORT BUT EV5TFUL ,LONDON C>E] IT HAD PRODUC$ A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT 9CID5TAL EFFECTS4 ,?R\< DISS5SIONS )9 ! ,G]MAN EXILES A SPLIT HAD TAK5 PLACE1 ! OR?ODOX DEF5SE COMMITTEE REMOV+ TO NEW PREMISES 9 ,TOTT5HAM ,/REET4 ,! PROGRESSIVELY AN>*I/ SUPPORT]S ( ,MO/ REMA9$ AT ,ROSE ,/REET UNTIL !Y =M$ A DI/9CTIVELY AN>*I/ CLUB 9 ,/ ,/EPH5'S ,MEWS1 ,RA?BONE ,PLACE1 SOME TIME >\ND #a#h#h#c4 ,! PROSECUTION ( ,MO/ HAD PROVID$ A FOCAL ISSUE >\ND :I* ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S C\LD ORGANIZE & HAD MORE ACTIVELY BR\<T !SE MILITANTS 9TO CONTACT ) =EIGN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! PROSECUTION HAD ALSO FUR!R DISC\RAG$ HOPES ?AT ! NEW ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( #ahh W\LD PROVE A DYNAMICALLY RE=M+ =CE4 

,P]HAPS A WORD %\LD BE SAID H]E AB\T ! P]SONAL QUALITIES ( ,KITZ AT ?IS TIME4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y RELAT$ LAT] ?AT DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,MO/ PROSECUTION 0,KITZ WAS HAV+ A V]Y BAD TIME 444 & F9ALLY HAD ! BROK]S 94 ,HE HAD ,G,B,P#b 9 HIS POSSESSION SUBSCRIB$ TO ! DEF5SE FUND 444 ,AFT] MU* P]PLEXITY AS TO ITS SAFETY HE 444 HID IT 9 A SMALL B>REL ( S& :I* HE WAS US+ 9 HIS WORK4 ,AFT] ! BROK]S HAD DEP>T$ HE F\ND ! B>REL HAD BE5 UNT\*$40.<#a#i.> ,HE WAS ?US ABLE TO H& OV] ! MONEY TO ! DEF5SE C\NSEL4 ,IT WAS A TRU/WOR?Y MAN 9DE$ :O C\LD HOLD TW5TY P\NDS = HIS CAUSE )\T ?\<T ( ITS USEFULNESS TO HIMSELF :5 BAILIFFS W]E /RIPP+ HIS H\SE ( HIS LA/ /ICKS ( FURNITURE4 

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