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,! ,BOL%EVIK ,L& ,POLICY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS >E ! HI/ORIC HEIRS ( ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S & ! ,FR5* ,JACOB9S4 ,BUT ! CONCRETE TASK :I* FAC$ !M AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] WAS 9COMP>ABLY MORE DIFFICULT ?AN ?AT ( !IR HI/ORICAL PR$ECESSORS4 7,IMPORTANCE ( ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION4 ,EV5 9 #a#i#e4 ,!N1 9 ! ,?IRD ,DUMA1 ! RI<T-W+ PEASANTS6 ,! PEASANT QUE/ION & DEF5SE1 ! >MY47.<#a.> 

,SURELY ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM BY ! DIRECT1 IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS WAS ! %ORTE/1 SIMPLE/1 MO/ CLEAN-CUT =MULA TO A*IEVE TWO DIV]SE ?+S3 TO BREAK D[N L>GE L&-[N]%IP1 & IMM$IATELY TO B9D ! PEASANTS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,AS A POLITICAL MEASURE TO =TIFY ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS AN EXCELL5T TACTICAL MOVE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 IT HAD TWO SIDES TO IT2 & ! REV]SE SIDE CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! DIRECT SEIZURE ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS HAS 9 G5]AL NO?+ AT ALL 9 COMMON ) SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 

,A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS PRESUPPOSES TWO ?+S SO F> AS AGR>IAN RELATION%IPS >E CONC]N$3 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ONLY ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES1 AS ! TE*NICALLY MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ CONC5TRAT$ MEANS & ME?ODS ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 CAN S]VE AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ON ! L&4 ,( C\RSE1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO TAKE AWAY FROM ! SMALL PEASANT HIS P>CEL ( L&1 & WE CAN ) CONFID5CE LEAVE HIM TO BE WON OV] VOLUNT>ILY BY ! SUP]IOR ADVANTAGES FIR/ ( UNION 9 COOP]ATION & !N F9ALLY ( 9CLUSION 9 ! G5]AL SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,/ILL1 EV]Y SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC RE=M ON ! L& MU/ OBVI\SLY BEG9 ) L>GE & M$IUM L&-[N]%IP4 ,H]E ! PROP]TY RI<T MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BE TURN$ OV] TO ! NATION1 OR TO ! /ATE1 :I*1 ) A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+2 = IT IS ?IS ALONE :I* AF=DS ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ACCORD ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( 9T]RELAT$1 L>GE-SCALE SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,MOREOV]1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT IS ONE ( ! PR]EQUISITES ( ?IS TRANS=MATION1 ?AT ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 RURAL ECONOMY & 9DU/RY :I* IS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 %\LD BE 5D$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BR+ AB\T A MUTUAL 9T]P5ETRATION & FUSION ( BO?1 TO CLE> ! WAY = ! PLANN+ ( BO? AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO A UNIFI$ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,:ATEV] 9DIVIDUAL =M ! PRACTICAL ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS MAY TAKE - :E!R ?R\< URBAN COMMUNES1 AS SOME PROPOSE1 OR DIRECT$ FROM A GOV]NM5TAL C5T] - 9 ANY EV5T1 IT MU/ BE PREC$$ BY A RE=M 9TRODUC$ FROM ! C5T]1 & ?AT 9 TURN MU/ BE PREC$$ BY ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L>GE & MIDDLE-SIZ$ E/ATES & ! UNION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE - !SE >E TWO FUNDAM5TAL REQUIREM5TS ( ANY SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC RE=M1 )\T :I* !RE IS NO SOCIALISM4 

,?AT ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA HAS NOT C>RI$ ?R\< !SE MI<TY RE=MS - :O CAN REPROA* !M = ?AT6 ,IT W\LD BE A SORRY JE/ 9DE$ TO DEM& OR EXPECT ( ,L59 & HIS COMRADES ?AT1 9 ! BRIEF P]IOD ( !IR RULE1 9 ! C5T] ( ! GRIPP+ :IRLPOOL ( DOME/IC & =EIGN /RUGGLES1 R+$ AB\T BY C\NTLESS FOES & OPPON5TS - TO EXPECT ?AT UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !Y %\LD ALREADY HAVE SOLV$1 OR EV5 TACKL$1 ONE ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT TASKS1 9DE$1 WE CAN SAFELY SAY1 ! MO/ DIFFICULT TASK ( ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY6 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/1 UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 ONCE WE HAVE COME TO P[]1 WE TOO WILL BREAK MANY A TOO? ON ?IS H>D NUT BE=E WE >E \T ( ! WOR/ ( ! ?\S&S ( COMPLICAT$ DIFFICULTIES ( ?IS GIGANTIC TASK6 

,A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T :I* HAS COME TO P[] MU/ 9 ANY EV5T DO ONE ?+3 IT MU/ TAKE MEASURES :I* LEAD 9 ! DIRECTION ( ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PR]EQUISITE = A LAT] SOCIALI/ RE=M ( AGRICULTURE2 IT MU/ AT LEA/ AVOID EV]Y?+ :I* MAY B> ! WAY TO ?OSE MEASURES4 

,N[ ! SLOGAN LAUN*$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS1 NECESS>ILY T5D$ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT NOT A SOCIALI/ MEASURE2 IT EV5 CUTS (F ! WAY TO SU* MEASURES2 IT PILES UP 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES TO ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( AGR>IAN AGRICULTURE4 

,! SEIZURE ( ! L&$ E/ATES BY ! PEASANTS ACCORD+ TO ! %ORT & PRECISE SLOGAN ( ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS - 0,GO & TAKE ! L& = Y\RSELVES0 - SIMPLY L$ TO ! SUDD51 *AOTIC CONV]SION ( L>GE L&[N]%IP 9TO PEASANT L&[N]%IP4 ,:AT WAS CREAT$ IS NOT SOCIAL PROP]TY BUT A NEW =M ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 NAMELY1 ! BREAK+ UP ( L>GE E/ATES 9TO M$IUM & SMALL E/ATES1 OR RELATIVELY ADVANC$ L>GE UNITS ( PRODUCTION 9TO PRIMITIVE SMALL UNITS :I* OP]ATE ) TE*NICAL MEANS FROM ! TIME ( ! ,PH>AOHS4 

,NOR IS ?AT ALL6 ,?R\< !SE MEASURES & ! *AOTIC & PURELY >BITR>Y MANN] ( !IR EXECUTION1 DIFF]5TIATION 9 L&$ PROP]TY1 F> FROM BE+ ELIM9AT$1 WAS EV5 FUR!R %>P5$4 ,AL?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS CALL$ UPON ! PEASANTRY TO =M PEASANT COMMITTEES SO ?AT ! SEIZURE ( ! NOBLES' E/ATES MI<T1 9 SOME FA%ION1 BE MADE 9TO A COLLECTIVE ACT1 YET IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS G5]AL ADVICE C\LD NOT *ANGE ANY?+ 9 ! REAL PRACTICE & REAL RELATIONS ( P[] ON ! L&4 ,) OR )\T COMMITTEES1 IT WAS ! RI* PEASANTS & USUR]S :O MADE UP ! VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE POSSESS+ ! ACTUAL P[] 9 ! H&S 9 EV]Y ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ?AT SURELY BECAME ! *IEF B5EFICI>IES ( ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,)\T BE+ !RE TO SEE1 ANY ONE CAN FIGURE \T = HIMSELF ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY AMONG ! PEASANTS WAS NOT ELIM9AT$ BUT RA!R 9CREAS$1 & ?AT CLASS ANTAGONISMS W]E FUR!R %>P5$4 ,! %IFT ( P[]1 H[EV]1 TOOK PLACE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( SOCIALISM4 ,=M]LY1 !RE WAS ONLY A SMALL CA/E ( NOBLE & CAPITALI/ L&$ PROPRIETORS & A SMALL M9ORITY ( RI* VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE TO OPPOSE A SOCIALI/ RE=M ON ! L&4 ,& !IR EXPROPRIATION BY A REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE IS M]E *ILD'S PLAY4 ,BUT N[1 AFT] ! 0SEIZURE10 AS AN OPPON5T ( ANY ATTEMPT AT SOCIALIZATION ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 !RE IS AN 5ORM\S1 NEWLY DEVELOP$ & P[]FUL MASS ( [N+ PEASANTS :O WILL DEF5D !IR NEWLY WON PROP]TY ) TOO? & NAIL AGA9/ EV]Y ATTACK4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE SOCIALIZATION ( AGR>IAN ECONOMY - ?AT IS1 ANY SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL 9 ,RUSSIA - HAS N[ BECOME A QUE/ION ( OPPOSITION & ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! URBAN PROLET>IAT & ! MASS ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,H[ %>P ?IS ANTAGONISM HAS ALREADY BECOME IS %[N BY ! PEASANT BOYCOTT ( ! CITIES1 9 :I* !Y )HOLD ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE TO C>RY ON SPECULATION 9 !M1 9 QUITE ! SAME WAY AS ! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK] DOES4 

,! ,FR5* SMALL PEASANT BECOME ! BOLDE/ DEF5D] ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :I* HAD GIV5 HIM L& CONFISCAT$ FROM ! EMIGRES4 ,AS ,NAPOLEONIC SOLDI]1 HE C>RI$ ! BANN] ( ,FRANCE TO VICTORY1 CROSS$ ALL ,EUROPE & SMA%$ FEUDALISM TO PIECES 9 ONE L& AFT] ANO!R4 ,L59 & HIS FRI5DS MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ A SIMIL> RESULT FROM !IR AGR>IAN SLOGAN4 ,H[EV]1 N[ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT HAS SEIZ$ ! L& ) HIS [N FI/1 HE DOES NOT EV5 DREAM ( DEF5D+ ,RUSSIA & ! REVOLUTION TO :I* HE [ES ! L&4 ,HE HAS DUG OB/9ATELY 9TO HIS NEW POSSESSIONS & AB&ON$ ! REVOLUTION TO ITS 5EMIES1 ! /ATE TO DECAY1 ! URBAN POPULATION TO FAM9E4 

7,L59'S SPEE* ON ! NECESSITY ( C5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 NATIONALIZATION ( BANKS1 ( TRADE & ( 9DU/RY4 ,:Y NOT ( ! L&8 ,H]E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DEC5TRALIZATION & PRIVATE PROP]TY47 

7,L59'S [N AGR>IAN PROGRAM BE=E ! REVOLUTION WAS DIFF]5T4 ,! SLOGAN TAK5 OV] FROM ! MU* CONDEMN$ ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 OR RA!R1 FROM ! SPONTANE\S PEASANT MOVEM5T47 

7,9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES 9TO AGR>IAN RELATIONS1 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T N[ SEEKS TO CREATE AGR>IAN COMMUNES \T ( PROLET>IANS1 MO/LY CITY UNEMPLOY$4 ,BUT IT IS EASY TO SEE 9 ADVANCE ?AT ! RESULTS ( !SE EF=TS MU/ REMA9 SO 9SIGNIFICANT AS TO DISAPPE> :5 MEASUR$ AGA9/ ! :OLE SCOPE ( AGR>IAN RELATIONS4 ,AFT] ! MO/ APPROPRIATE />T+ PO9TS = SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 ! L>GE E/ATES1 HAVE BE5 BROK5 UP 9TO SMALL UNITS1 N[ !Y >E TRY+ TO BUILD UP COMMUNI/ MODEL PRODUCTION UNITS \T ( PETTY BEG9N+S4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES !SE COMMUNES CAN CLAIM TO BE CONSID]$ ONLY AS EXP]IM5TS & NOT AS G5]AL SOCIAL RE=M4 ,GRA9 MONOPOLY ) B\NTIES4 ,N[1 PO/-FE/UM1 !Y WANT TO 9TRODUCE ! CLASS W> 9TO ! VILLAGE67.<#a.> 

,! ,L59I/ AGR>IAN RE=M HAS CREAT$ A NEW & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE L>GE L&[N]S4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,H]E1 AS 9 A NUMB] ( O!R PLACES1 ! MANUSCRIPT CONSI/S ONLY ( R\< NOTES :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9T5D$ TO EXP& LAT]4 ,AS ! MEAN+ ( !SE PASSAGES IS 9 G5]AL CLE>1 ,I HAVE PREF]R$ TO TRANSLATE !M LIT]ALLY1 JU/ AS ! AU?OR LEFT !M4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

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