,! ,RISE ( ,HI]>*Y 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,9 *>T+ ! ORIG9 ( SOCIAL HI]>*IES & CONTROL SY/EMS1 MANY RADICAL !ORI/S TAKE A MAT]IALI/ /ANCE1 & ATTRIBUTE AU?ORIT>IAN BEHAVIOR TO SURPLUSES RESULT+ FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & O!R ASPECTS ( ! CIVILIZATION PROCESS4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME NONAGRICULTURAL1 HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES DEVELOP$ HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL /RUCTURES (F]S A CRITICAL CONTRADICTION TO ! MAT]IALI/ VIEW1 & PRES5TS ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ! ORIG9 ( HI]>*Y4 ,AN>*I/S1 :E!R WE WI% TO ABOLI% ALL ! CULTURAL >TIFACTS ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION AS 9H]5TLY OPPRESSIVE OR TO RETA9 C]TA9 ASPECTS ( CIVILIZATION1 W\LD DO WELL TO LE>N ! P>TIAL EXT5T TO :I* CIVILIZATION & HI]>*Y >E CONCOMITANT4 

,CIVILIZATION BE+ UND]/OOD ETYMOLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY AS ! SUBJECTION ( HUMAN BE+S TO A C5TRALIZ$ OR COMMON P[] 0TO KEEP !M ALL 9 AWE0 9 ! WORDS ( ,HOBBES1 OR MAKE CITIZ5S \T ( !M1 TO REF] TO ! ,LAT91 WE CAN TURN TO HUNT]-GA!R] PEOPLES AS A CLE> EXAMPLE ( /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,! TWO MAJOR =MS ( HI]>*Y EVID5C$ 9 SOME HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES >E PATRI>*Y & G]ONTOCRACY4 ,SEV]AL HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS >E NASC5T PATRI>*IES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AMONG ! ,A*E ( ! ,AMAZONIAN =E/S1 ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR IS />K1 & M5 5JOY GREAT] 9FLU5CE 9 DECISION-MAK+4 ,! ,>&A ( C5TRAL ,AU/RALIA ALSO GIVE GREAT] POLITICAL 9FLU5CE TO M5 )9 ! GR\P4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 [N]%IP ( COMMUNAL L&1 :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ID5TITY = EA* B&1 IS TRAC$ ?R\< ! PATRIL9E 7FA!R TO SON74 

,G]ONTOCRACY1 AGE-BAS$ HI]>*Y DOM9AT$ BY ELD]S1 IS P>TICUL>LY DEVELOP$ AMONG ! ,>&A1 POLITICALLY1 SOCIALLY1 & SPIRITUALLY4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ,>&A *ILDR5 >E NOT ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! GR\P1 :]EAS ELD] MALES >E ACCORD$ POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP1 & ! ,>&A RELIGION IS BAS$ ON ANCE/OR WOR%IP 7,LEE & ,DALY1 #a#i#i#i74 

,! ,MBUTI ( ! ,ITURI =E/ ( C5TRAL ,AFRICA PROVIDE AN EXCELL5T CONTRA/ 9 DEMON/RAT+ H[ NON-HI]>*ICAL A SOCIETY CAN BE 7! ,HADZA ( ! ,TANZANIAN GRASSL&S ALSO PRACTICE EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ?\< !RE IS LESS LIT]ATURE AVAILABLE ON !M74 ,?\< ! ,MBUTI PRACTICE SOME SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! DIVISION IS NOT /RICT1 & (T5 MANIFE/S AS DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS 9 ! SAME ACTIVITY1 ) WOM5 & M5 WORK+ TOGE!R1 TO C>E = *ILDR5 OR GA!R FOOD4 ,! ,MBUTI M9IMIZE G5D]1 & EXCEPT = DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 MO!RS & FA!RS USE NON-G5D]$ FAMILIAL LABELS 7E4G4 SIBL+1 9/EAD ( SI/]7 & PRON\NS4 ,! ,MBUTI TRADITIONALLY =M EXCLUSIVE & EV5 LIFELONG P>TN]%IPS = RAIS+ *ILDR51 BUT ,MBUTI 0M>RIAGE0 DOES NOT PROHIBIT EXTRA-M>ITAL SEX OR LOVE4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,MBUTI RITUALS MI<T BE T]M$ 0G5D]-FUCK0 BY ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ANTI-OPPRESSION ACTIVI/S4 ,IT />TS AS A GAME ( TUG-(-W>1 ) ! M5 ON ONE SIDE & ! WOM5 ON ! O!R4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ONE SIDE />TS TO W91 A MEMB] ( ! W9N+ SIDE SWIT*ES TEAMS1 & PRET5DS TO BE A MEMB] ( ! OPPOSITE SEX1 TO RE/ORE ! BALANCE4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! GAME1 EV]YONE HAS *ANG$ !IR G5D] MULTIPLE TIMES1 & !Y ALL FALL D[N LAU<+1 HAV+ EXORCIZ$ G5D] T5SIONS 7,TURNBULL1 #a#i#h#c74 

,! ,MBUTI >E ALSO AN AGE-EQUAL SOCIETY4 ,!Y PROVIDE A FIELD ( AUTONOMY & A ROLE ( IMPORTANCE TO EA* ( ! FIVE RECOGNIZ$ AGE GR\PS3 9FANTS1 *ILDR51 Y\?1 ADULTS1 & ELD]LY4 ,EA* AGE GR\P HOLDS A VOLUNT>ILY RECOGNIZ$ P[] OV] ! O!RS1 & IT IS ! HEAL?Y SYMBIOSIS ( ! DIFF]5T GR\PS ?AT MAKES = A WELL FUNCTION+ ,MBUTI B&4 ,! Y\?1 = 9/ANCE1 >E REG>D$ AS DEF5D]S ( JU/ICE1 & IT IS !IR FUNCTION TO CALL \T PROBLEMS OR CONFLICTS )9 ! GR\P4 ,! ADULTS1 ?\< !Y HAVE SUB/ANTIAL 9FLU5CE AS ! PROVID]S ( SU/5ANCE1 >E ALSO CRITICIZ$ AS BE+ ! MA9 S\RCES ( AKAMI1 0NOISE0 OR CONFLICT1 )9 ! GR\P4 ,! ROLE ( ! ELD]LY IS TO RECONCILE CONFLICTS4 

,?\< ! EMBRYONIC =MS ( PATRI>*Y & G]ONTOCRACY EXHIBIT$ BY SOME HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS >E H>MLESS COMP>$ TO HI]>*ICAL DYNAMICS 9 ACCUMULATION-BAS$ CIVILIZATIONS1 ! COMB9ATION ( ! TWO SY/EMS IS A CRITICAL MILE/ONE 9 ! RISE ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT HI/ORICAL COMB9ATION1 :I* ALMO/ C]TA9LY PR$ATES ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 M>KS ! FIR/ DYNAMIC HI]>*IES4 ,! P]MAN5T DIVISION BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 IS BOL/]$ BY ! AG$ HI]>*Y1 :I* BE/[S PRIVILEGE OV] TIME1 9 RETURN = COOP]ATION ) ! HI]>*ICAL SY/EM4 ,AN ELITE M9ORITY1 MALE ELD]S1 HOLD DISPROPORTIONATE 9FLU5CE & ! BEG9N+S ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! PROMISE ( EV5TUAL 9CLUSION 9TO ! ELITE 5C\RAGES Y\NG] MALES TO COOP]ATE ) ! HI]>*Y4 ,FEMALES1 TOO1 >E MORE LIKELY TO COOP]ATE ) !IR [N DISEMP[]M5T2 EV5 ?\< !Y WILL NEV] ASC5D TO AN ELITE ROLE1 !Y CAN /ILL W9 AN ELEVAT$ /ATUS AS !Y GR[ OLD] BY P>TICIPAT+ ) ! HI]>*Y4 

,IT SEEMS G]ONTOCRACY ALSO MAKES POSSIBLE A RUDIM5T>Y =M ( POLIC+ 9 /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,! AGE GRADES ?AT ! ,MBUTI USE 9 A LIB]T>IAN WAY BECOME TOOLS = POLITICAL AU?ORITY 9 MANY ,WE/ ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 SU* AS ! ,IBO 7/ATELESS HORTICULTURALI/S71 ?AT SUBORD9ATE Y\NG PEOPLE TO OLD PEOPLE4 ,Y\?1 9/EAD ( BE+ AUTONOM\S DEF5D]S ( JU/ICE1 PLAY A POLIC+ FUNCTION BY 5=C+ ! WILL ( ! AGE GR\P ABOVE !M1 ?US TURN+ ! DIFFUSE SANCTIONS 7COLLECTIVELY HELD 5=CEM5T ME*ANISMS7 *>ACT]I/IC ( AN>*Y 9TO SOME?+ CLOS] TO ! C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ SANCTIONS ( ! /ATE 7,B>CLAY1 #a#i#h#b74 ,?IS BECOMES POSSIBLE 9 A CULTURE :]E OLD] PEOPLE >E SE5 AS LEGITIMATE LEAD]S & Y\NG] PEOPLE SEEK TO W9 !IR FAVOR4 ,)9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! CONCEPT ( L9EAGE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT4 ,! SEGM5T>Y L9EAGES ( MANY /ATELESS ,WE/ ,AFRICAN TRIBES APPE> TO OP5 AN EFFECTIVE PA? = ! DEVELOPM5T ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! 0,BIG ,MAN0 LEAD]%IP EVID5C$ 9 MANY SIMPLE PATRI>*IES1 =AG] OR HORTICULTURAL1 IS TOO UN/ABLE TO P]MAN5TLY 9/ITUTIONALIZE POLITICAL P[] 7AN AGGRESSIVE1 /RONG1 OR CAPABLE MAN 9VITES COMPETITION & RES5TM5T1 LOSES !SE QUALITIES ) AGE1 & CANNOT PASS !M ON TO ANY *OS5 SUCCESSOR74 ,BUT SEGM5T>Y L9EAGES 9 :I* EA* GR\P+ -- ! FAMILY1 ! SUB-CLAN1 ! CLAN -- IS HEAD$ BY A LEAD]1 ! FA!R ( ! L9EAGE 7A CONCEPT ?AT REQUIRES ONLY PATRIL9EALITY & G]ONTOCRACY71 POLITICAL CONTROL OV] A L>GE POPULATION BEG9S TO BE C5TRALIZ$ BY A PECK+ ORD] ( LEAD]S1 FROM M9OR TO MAJOR2 LEAD]%IP BECOMES H]$IT>Y2 & PRE/IGI\S L9EAGES ?AT HAVE WON LEAD]%IP ( ! L>G] /RUCTURES 7CLANS OR ! TRIBE7 TAKE ON AN 9NATE LEAD]%IP QUALITY3 A SUP]IORITY IS BELIEV$ TO RUN 9 !IR BLOOD4 

,! QUE/ION REMA9S1 :Y DID SOME HUMAN GR\PS DEVELOP !SE =MS ( HI]>*Y1 :ILE O!RS DID NOT8 ,PATRI>*Y IS (T5 ATTRIBUT$ TO M5 W9N+ 9FLU5CE FROM !IR ROLE AS W>RIORS OR PROVID]S4 ,BUT MANY HUNT]-GA!R] & HORTICULTURAL GR\PS DID NOT PRACTICE W>F>E1 & !RE IS NO CLE> DEL9EATION ( PEACEFUL POLITICAL /RATEGIES ALWAYS BE+ PRACTIC$ BY ! G5D]-EQUAL OR MAL9EAL GR\PS4 ,NEI!R IS !RE A CORRELATION BETWE5 M5'S ROLE AS PROVID]S & !IR ROLE AS PATRI>*S4 ,PATRI>*Y WAS AS DEVELOP$ OR MORE DEVELOP$ 9 SOCIETIES :]E WOM5 PROVID$ MO/ ( ! FOOD1 = 9/ANCE ! ,>&A1 ?AN AMONG GR\PS LIKE ! ,A*E1 :]E M5 PROVID$ R\<LY #h.0 ( ! DIET4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 PATRI>*Y SEEMS TO BE A POSSIBLE RESULT AMONG ANY HUMAN GR\P 7CONTEMPOR>Y ACTIVI/S %\LD TAKE NOTE7 ?AT DOES NOT SPECIFICALLY ORGANIZE TO PREV5T PATRI>*Y4 ,G5D] DI/9CTIONS >E AN OBVI\S AXIS = CONFLICT )9 HUMAN GR\PS1 & OV]COM+ CONFLICT MU/ BE A CON/ANT ACTIVITY 9 ANY SOCIETY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( PATRI>*Y IS NOT 9EVITABLE1 OR NATURAL1 IT IS SIMPLY CONV5I5T -- = ?OSE :O WI% TO GA9 SOCIAL P[]1 & TAKE ! EASY WAY \T ( DEAL+ ) GR\P PROBLEMS4 

,SOCIAL PRACTICES & 9/ITUTIONS TO PREV5T OR RESI/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( PATRI>*Y HAVE BE5 MANIFOLD4 ,!Y RANGE FROM G5D]-LEVEL+ RITUALS LIKE ?OSE PRACTIC$ BY ! ,MBUTI1 TO ! RITUALIZ$ COLLECTIVE ACTION1 9CLUD+ ALL-NI<T 9SULT SESSIONS & POSSIBLE PROP]TY DE/RUCTION1 PRACTIC$ BY ,IGBO WOM5 AGA9/ MALE CULPRITS :O HAVE VIOLAT$ A WOMAN'S RI<TS OR 9FR+$ ON ! WOM5'S SPH]E ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 7,VAN ,ALL51 #a#i#g#b74 

,/AGES ( PATRI>*AL DEVELOPM5T DESCRIB$ BY ,G]DA ,L]N] 7#a#i#h#f7 9CLUDE REMOV+ WOM5 FROM ! DIV9E1 MO/ PRON\NC$ 9 ! MONO!I/S' DEVELOPM5T ( A S+LE MALE ,GOD2 CREAT+ ! CULTURAL MY? ?AT WOM5 >E SPIRITUALLY OR M5TALLY 9COMPLETE1 AS 9 ,>I/OTELIAN PHILOSOPHY2 & AU?OR+ LAWS OR SOCIAL MORES ?AT GOV]N WOM5'S SEXUALITY1 AS 9 ,HAMMURABI'S CODE4 

,I W\LD ADD ?AT ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT /AGE ( PATRI>*Y IS ! CONCEPTUALIZATION ( RIGID G5D] ID5TITIES4 ,RIANE ,EISL] 7#a#i#h#g7 & A NUMB] ( O!R LIB]AL FEM9I/S1 9 A S9C]E ATTEMPT TO LIB]ATE AN ANTI-PATRI>*AL HI/ORY1 HAVE RESURRECT$ A NUMB] ( ,M$IT]RANEAN SOCIETIES DOM9AT$ BY FEMALE F]TILITY SYMBOLOGY & M>K$ BY LESS />K CLASS & G5D] DIVISIONS1 AS EVID5CE ( A PRE-PATRI>*AL PA/4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !IR S*OL>%IP /ILL LEAVES US ) AN ESS5TIALIZ$ G5D] B9>Y 9 :I* WOM5'S S\RCE ( SOCIAL P[] IS !IR ABILITY TO MAKE BABIES4 ,9 FACT1 MALE COOPTATION ( FEMALE F]TILITY SYMBOLS WAS A COMMON /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 MANY PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES4 ,FROM ! ,ANASAZI TO ! ,M9OANS1 MALE PRIE/S REC5TLY 9 *>GE ( RELIGI\S /RUCTURES1 US$1 & EV5 WORE1 YONIC SYMBOLS AS A M>K ( !IR P[] 7,DONALD & ,HURCOMBE1 #b74 ,?IS OCCURR$ 9 T&EM ) AGRICULTURALI/S' COOPTATION ( ! F]TILITY ( 0,MO!R ,E>?40 

,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ KN[N =MS ( RESI/ANCE TO ESS5TIALIZ$ NOTIONS ( G5D] WAS >TWORK1 AMONG HUNT]-GA!R]S AS WELL AS HORTICULTURALI/S & E>LY AGRICULTURALI/S4 ,DAT+ BACK ?\S&S ( YE>S1 ,SAN ROCK->T1 AS WELL AS PA9T+S & FIGUR9ES FROM ALL ACROSS ! WORLD1 FREQU5TLY CONTA9$ &ROGYN\S FIGURES1 5C\RAG+ A FLUIDITY TO ! CONCEPT ( G5D] BY BLURR+ ! DI/9CTION OR PRES5T+ FIGURES ?AT SIMULTANE\SLY EXHIBIT$ EXAGG]AT$ FEMALE & MALE *>ACT]I/ICS 7& (T51 ALSO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( O!R ANIMALS74 ,EISL] H]SELF1 9HIBIT$ BY AN ESS5TIALLY PATRI>*AL L5S1 MISREPRES5TS H] [N RESE>*1 NEGLECT+ TO M5TION ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ,NEOLI?IC FIGUR9ES 9 H] SAMPLES >E NOT FEMALE1 BUT &ROGYN\S4 

,AGRICULTURE & CIVILIZATION DID NOT CREATE HI]>*Y 9 HUMAN GR\PS1 NOR DID HI]>*Y LEAD TO ! CREATION ( CIVILIZATION1 AS EVID5C$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( EGALIT>IAN HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,RA!R1 HI]>*Y IS A RESULT ( A PEOPLE'S SOCIAL /RATEGIES1 BUT AGRICULTURE & O!R TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESSIONS ALL[ NASC5T HI]>*IES TO BECOME MU* MORE COMPLEX1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 & VIOL5T4 ,EV5 WORSE1 ! MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES ?AT 9H]E 9 AGRICULTURE -- SU* AS HI<] POPULATION D5SITY1 DISEASE RESI/ANCE FROM LIV+ ) ANIMALS 9 S$5T>Y COMMUNITIES1 & METAL TOOLS -- ALL[ CIVILIZATION'S MORE DEVELOP$ HI]>*IES TO BE SPREAD BY EXP&+ NATIONS & CONQU]+ >MIES4 

,TO 9CREASE \R UND]/&+1 IT W\LD BE HELPFUL TO KN[ H[ AGRICULTURE DEVELOP$4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE WAS NOT 9EVITABLE OR UNIV]SAL4 ,AL?\< ! VA/ MAJORITY ( SOCIETIES TODAY SU/A9 !MSELVES ?R\< SOME =M ( AGRICULTURE1 AGRICULTURE'S PREEM95CE IS L>GELY A RESULT ( POPULATION EXPANSION & MILIT>Y DOM9ANCE BY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,P]HAPS AS FEW AS FIVE SOCIETIES 9DEP5D5TLY DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURE 9 ALL ( HUMAN HI/ORY 79 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,*9A1 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA1 ! ,YUCATAN1 & ! ,&ES74 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT AGRICULTURE IS AN UNLIKELY 9V5TION2 MANY HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS DEMON/RATE A KN[L$GE ( AGRICULTURE BUT *OOSE NOT TO PRACTICE IT4 ,(FSETT+ ITS MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES1 AGRICULTURE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A M>K$ DECL9E 9 HUMAN HEAL?1 :I* HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E4 ,AGRICULTURE WAS (T5 AN UNPOPUL> 9V5TION1 SPREAD+ ?R\< MU* ( ,EUROPE LESS ?AN A MILE EA* YE> 7,DIAMOND1 #a#i#i#b74 

,9 ! BE/-/UDI$ EXAMPLE1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 AGRICULTURE DEVELOP$ E>LIE/ 9 ! HI<L&S ( ! ,LEVANT1 EA/ ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,! PROCESS APPE>S TO HAVE BEGUN #a#b1#e YE>S AGO1 :5 CLIMATIC *ANGES AT ! 5D ( ! ,ICE ,AGE L$ TO A SIGNIFICANT 9CREASE ( WILD-GR[+ C]EALS & NUTS4 ,NATUFIAN HUNT]-GA!R]S 9 ! REGION PRACTIC$ A SIMPLE =AG] /RATEGY1 MEAN+ !Y GA!R$ & HUNT$ A WIDE RANGE ( PLANT & ANIMAL FOODS1 )\T SPECIALIZATION1 = A DIV]SE DIET4 ,AFT] ! EXPLOSION ( C]EAL & NUT POPULATIONS1 ! ,NATUFIANS ADOPT$ A COMPLEX =AG] /RATEGY1 SPECIALIZ+ 9 ! HI<-5]GY1 EASY TO GA!R GRA9S & NUTS 7,H5RY1 #a#i#h#i74 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y W5T FROM BE+ NOMADIC TO SEMI-S$5T>Y1 ) MORE P]MAN5T DWELL+S :]E FOOD C\LD BE /OR$1 & SEASONAL ABUNDANCES C\LD BE EXPLOIT$4 ,IT WAS A SIMPLE MATT] ( ECONOMICS3 !Y HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO GET BY ) LESS EF=T1 SO !Y TOOK IT4 

,H[EV]1 COMPLEX =AG]S >E R>E COMP>$ TO SIMPLE =AG]S1 BECAUSE ! COMPLEX =AG] /RATEGY IS LESS ADAPTIVE4 ,COMPLEX =AG]S >E MORE DEP5D5T ON A SMALL RANGE ( FOODS1 & ?US VULN]ABLE TO ! VAG>IES ( CLIMATE & O!R NATURAL *ANGES1 & ALSO MORE S$5T>Y1 ?US UNABLE TO SPREAD \T !IR ECOLOGICAL IMPACT4 #a1 YE>S AGO1 ! CLIMATE *ANG$ AGA91 & ! T]RITORY ( C]EAL & NUT POPULATIONS BEGAN %R9K+4 ,! COMPLEX =AG]S W]E FAC$ ) A *OICE3 ADAPT TO *ANGES 9 ! 5VIRONM5T BY REV]T+ TO A SIMPLE =AG] /RATEGY1 OR >TIFICIALLY PRES]VE ! ABUNDANCE ( !IR KEY FOODS BY SAV+ & PLANT+ ! SE$S4 ,SOME GR\PS DID *OOSE TO BECOME SIMPLE =AG]S AGA91 :ILE O!RS DEVELOP$ HORTICULTURE & AGRICULTURE4 

,!SE E>LY F>M]S W]E AF=D$ NEW OPPORTUNITIES4 ,9 S$5T>Y COMMUNITIES1 !Y C\LD MORE EASILY DOME/ICATE ANIMALS1 DEVELOP L>G] & MORE COMPLEX TOOLS1 & CREATE P]MAN5T DWELL+S & PROP]TY4 ,!Y C\LD DOME/ICATE & MANAGE CROP SPECIES BY /OR+ & REPLANT+ SE$S ) FAVORABLE *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,!Y C\LD DEVELOP IRRIGATION TO GR[ & H>VE/ BEYOND ! CAPACITIES ( ! LOCAL CLIMATE4 ,!Y C\LD /ORE FOOD = TIMES :5 !IR /APLE CROPS W]E NOT 9 SEASON1 CUTT+ \T !IR NE$ TO =AGE4 ,!Y C\LD USE !IR SURPLUSES TO SUPPORT >TISANS & O!RS :O W\LD NOT TAKE P>T 9 F>M+4 ,!Y C\LD RAID ! /ORES ( NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES 9 TIMES ( SC>CITY1 CREAT+ W>F>E AS WE KN[ IT4 

,! CRITICAL *OICES ( !SE E>LY AGRICULTURALI/S1 :I* HAVE AFFECT$ ALL ( HUMAN HI/ORY S9CE !N1 W\LD HAVE BE5 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! SOCIAL /RATEGIES PRACTIC$ BY EA* P>TICUL> GR\P4 ,9 ALL LIKELIHOOD1 SOME ( ! B&S & COMMUNITIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( HORTICULTURE & AGRICULTURE W]E EGALIT>IAN1 LIKE ! ,MBUTI1 & O!RS PROBABLY PRACTIC$ PATRI>*Y1 OR G]ONTOCRACY1 OR BO?4 ,PATRI>*AL GR\PS1 LIV+ 9 MONOGAM\S H\SEHOLDS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP NOTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,G]ONTOCRATIC GR\PS1 BY DISC\RAG+ ! ROLE ( Y\? 9 *ALL5G+ ! /ATUS QUO1 W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE LIKELY TO TOL]ATE & TRADITIONALIZE SOCIAL 9IQUITY4 ,GR\PS ) AN ELITE ( ELD] MALES W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP ECONOMIC DISP>ITIES1 BECAUSE ! MAJORITY 9 SU* GR\PS W]E DO+ MORE WORK & 5JOY+ POOR] HEAL? ?AN !IR =AG] OR HORTICULTURAL ANCE/ORS1 BUT ?OSE ) DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY1 ! ELITE1 W]E 5JOY+ ! FRUITS ( ! SURPLUS4 

,?\< ! HI]>*IES ?AT W]E 9 EXI/5CE BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE W]E 9SUB/ANTIAL1 & EV5 ! GR\PS ) DYNAMIC HI]>*IES1 LIKE ! ,>&A1 /ILL EXHIBIT A CULTURE ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM1 !SE *OICES TOOK PLACE OV] C5TURIES1 & NO ONE AT ?AT TIME W\LD HAVE KN[N ! DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES ( *OOS+ SLI<TLY MORE AU?ORIT>IAN1 CAPITALI/IC1 OR W>LIKE /RATEGIES4 ,H[EV]1 OV] TIME ! MASSIVE MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES ?AT ACCRU$ TO SOCIETIES PRACTIC+ MORE COMPLEX =MS ( AGRICULTURE 7HAV+ WEAPONS1 SOLDI]S1 TWICE ! POPULATION ( Y\R NEI<BORS7 MEANT ?AT JU/ ONE COMMUNITY PURSU+ AN AGGRESSIVE /RATEGY C\LD =CE ITS NEI<BORS 9TO A SORT ( >MS RACE1 BY PRES5T+ !M ) ! *OICE ( DEVELOP+ !IR TE*NOLOGIES TO /AY COMPETITIVE1 FLEE+ ! >EA1 OR BE+ OV]RUN1 & KILL$ OR TURN$ 9TO SLAVES4 

,COMMUNITIES ALREADY L$ BY AN ELITE1 :O W\LD LOSE ! LEA/ & B5EFIT ! MO/ FROM W>F>E & 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION1 W]E C]TA9LY MORE LIKELY TO TRY & \T-COMPETE OR DOM9ATE !IR NEI<BORS4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY NO CONTRADICTION = A COMMUNITY TO PRACTICE HORTICULTURE OR AGRICULTURE & /ILL RETA9 A CULTURE ( CONS5SUS1 COMMUNALISM1 & ECOC5TRISM1 BUT SU* COMMUNITIES W\LD NOT HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! >MS RACE1 & !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 CONQU]$1 ALL[+ = ! ASC5DANCY ( ! CULTURE ( DOM9ATION & ACCUMULATION1 & ! PROLIF]ATION ( ! >MS RACE4 ,?AT IS :AT HAS BE5 HAPP5+ EV] S9CE4 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS HI/ORY = ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS TODAY IS ?AT DOM9ATION- & ACCUMULATION-BAS$ CIVILIZATIONS SPREAD NOT BECAUSE ( ANY FREELY *OS5 ASSURANCES ( MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5T1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES1 & ! IMP]ATIVE TO DOM9ATE1 H>DWIR$ 9TO SU* CIVILIZATIONS4 ,?\< IT WAS EASY = DOM9ATION-BAS$ CIVILIZATIONS TO SUBJUGATE SURR\ND+ SOCIETIES1 ANO!R HI/ORICAL SURVEY C\LD CLE>LY %[ ?AT !SE CIVILIZATIONS >E QUITE VULN]ABLE TO ! 9T]NAL T5SION ?AT >ISES FROM ! ANTAGONISM ! SUBJECTS REASONABLY DEVELOP T[>DS ! P[] /RUCTURES ?AT DOM9ATE !M4 ,REC5T HI/ORY %[S CLE>LY 5\< ?AT ! MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES 9H]5T 9 DOM9ATION-BAS$ CIVILIZATION DO NOT APPLY TO 9T]NAL REBELLIONS 7PROVID$ ! REBELS HAVE A M9IMUM ACCESS TO BROAD SUPPORT & TE*NOLOGIES 9 ! RANGE ( FIRE>MS & EXPLOSIVES74 ,:ATEV] OCCURS AFT] ! FALL ( ,AU?ORITY1 A BROAD CULTURAL REMEMBRANCE ( ! DANG]S ( ALL[+ OPPRESSIVE HI]>*IES TO TAKE ROOT CAN HELP PREV5T A RECURR5CE ( ! MI/AKES MADE BY HUMAN GR\PS #a1 YE>S AGO1 AT A TIME :5 !Y C\LD NOT KN[ ! FULL RAMIFICATIONS ( !IR ACTIONS4 ,OPPRESSIVE HI]>*IES >E NOT 9H]5T TO ANY MAT]IAL MODES ( EXI/5CE HUMAN BE+S W\LD *OOSE TO 9HABIT 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM MODES ?AT W]E =CEFULLY IMPLEM5T$ FROM ! TOP1 AS APPE>S UNIV]SALLY TO BE ! CASE ) ,WE/]N-/YLE 9DU/RIALISM74 ,RA!R1 OPPRESSIVE HI]>*IES ALL[ TE*NOLOGIES TO BECOME OPPRESSIVE1 & TE*NOLOGIES DEF9E ! RANGE ( COMPLEXITY :I* ?OSE HI]>*IES CAN DEVELOP4 ,! HI]>*IES !MSELVES1 :I* FO/] !IR [N REPRODUCTION 79 P>T ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGIES ?AT >E IMPLICITLY OPPRESSIVE71 FALL )9 ! RANGE ( POSSIBLE HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 BUT CAN BE PREV5T$ :5 UND]/OOD AS A ?REAT TO HUMAN FRE$OM & WELLBE+4 ,! QUE/IONS ( :AT TO DO ) ?IS UND]/&+ 9 ! PRES5T DAY -- :I* TE*NOLOGIES CAN BE KEPT1 :I* CAN BE RE=M$1 & :I* MU/ BE DISC>D$1 AS WELL AS ! QUE/ION ( H[ !SE NEW MAT]IAL MODES 7MO/ LIKELY DIFF]5T MODES = DIFF]5T BIOREGIONS7 WILL 9T]ACT ) \R EF=TS TO PREV5T HI]>*Y -- REMA9 TO BE EXPLOR$ & ANSW]$4 

,WORKS ,CIT$ 

,B>CLAY1 ,H>OLD1 ,PEOPLE ,)\T ,GOV]NM5T3 ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,AN>*Y4 ,LONDON3 ,KAHN & ,AV]ILL1 #a#i#h#b4 

,DIAMOND1 ,J>$1 ,GUNS1 ,G]MS1 & ,/EEL3 ,! ,FATES ( ,HUMAN ,SOCIETIES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4,W4 ,NORTON1 #a#i#i#g4 

,DONALD1 ,MOIRA1 & ,L9DA ,HURCOMBE1 $S41 ,REPRES5TATIONS ( ,G5D] FROM ,PREHI/ORY TO ,PRES5T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #b 

,EISL]1 ,RIANE1 ,! ,*ALICE & ! ,BLADE4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,H>P] ,COLL9S1 #a#i#i#e4 

,H5RY1 ,DONALD ,O41 ,FROM ,=AG+ TO ,AGRICULTURE4 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PHILADELPHIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i4 

,LEE1 ,RI*>D ,B41 & ,RI*>D ,DALY1 $41 ,! ,CAMBRIDGE ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ,HUNT]S & ,GA!R]S4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i4 

,L]N]1 ,G]DA1 ,! ,CREATION ( ,PATRI>*Y4 ,NEW ,YORK 3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 

,TURNBULL1 ,COL9 ,M41 0,! ,MBUTI ,PYGMIES4 ,*ANGE & ,ADAPTATION40 ,PHILADELPHIA3 ,H>C\RT ,BRACE ,COLLEGE ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#c4 

,VAN ,ALL51 ,JUDI?4 0,SITT+ ,ON A ,MAN40 ,CANADIAN ,J\RNAL ( ,AFRICAN ,/UDIES4 ,VOL4 II1 #a#i#g#b4 #b#a#a-#b#a#i4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,! ,RISE ( ,HI]>*Y -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RISE ( ,HI]>*Y -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/