,! ,RELEVANCE ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 
,! ,JAY ,9T]VIEW1 ,JULY #b#e1 #aigf 

#aigf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,GL5N ,HALOG1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE  
 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,PR(ESSOR ,*OMSKY1 P]HAPS WE %\LD />T BY TRY+ TO DEF9E :AT IS NOT MEANT BY AN>*ISM -- ! WORD AN>*Y IS D]IV$1 AFT] ALL1 FROM ! ,GREEK1 LIT]ALLY MEAN+ 0NO GOV]NM5T40 ,N[1 PRESUMABLY PEOPLE :O TALK AB\T AN>*Y OR AN>*ISM AS A SY/EM ( POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY DON'T JU/ MEAN ?AT1 AS IT W]E1 AS ( ,JANU>Y #a/ NEXT YE>1 GOV]NM5T AS WE N[ UND]/& IT WILL SUDD5LY CEASE2 !RE W\LD BE NO POLICE1 NO RULES ( ! ROAD1 NO LAWS1 NO TAX COLLECTORS1 NO PO/ (FICE1 & SO =?4 ,PRESUMABLY1 IT MEANS SOME?+ MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN ?AT4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 YES TO SOME ( ?OSE QUE/IONS1 NO TO O!RS4 ,!Y MAY V]Y WELL MEAN NO POLICEM51 BUT ,I DON'T ?9K !Y W\LD MEAN NO RULES ( ! ROAD4 ,9 FACT1 ,I %\LD SAY TO BEG9 ) ?AT ! T]M AN>*ISM IS US$ TO COV] QUITE A RANGE ( POLITICAL IDEAS1 BUT ,I W\LD PREF] TO ?9K ( IT AS ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT1 & FROM ?AT PO9T ( VIEW AN>*ISM CAN BE CONCEIV$ AS A K9D ( VOLUNT>Y SOCIALISM1 ?AT IS1 AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ OR COMMUNI/ AN>*I/1 9 ! TRADITION (1 SAY1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 & O!RS4 ,!Y HAD 9 M9D A HI<LY ORGANIZ$ =M ( SOCIETY1 BUT A SOCIETY ?AT WAS ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( ORGANIC UNITS1 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 ,& G5]ALLY1 !Y MEANT BY ?AT ! WORKPLACE & ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & FROM ?OSE TWO BASIC UNITS !RE C\LD D]IVE ?R\< F$]AL >RANGEM5TS A HI<LY 9TEGRAT$ K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* MI<T BE NATIONAL OR EV5 9T]NATIONAL 9 SCOPE4 ,& !SE DECISIONS C\LD BE MADE OV] A SUB/ANTIAL RANGE1 BUT BY DELEGATES :O >E ALWAYS P>T ( ! ORGANIC COMMUNITY FROM :I* !Y COME1 TO :I* !Y RETURN1 & 9 :I*1 9 FACT1 !Y LIVE4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,SO IT DOESN'T MEAN A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE IS1 LIT]ALLY SPEAK+1 NO GOV]NM5T1 SO MU* AS A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( AU?ORITY COMES1 AS IT W]E1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 & NOT ! TOP D[N4 ,:]EAS REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 AS WE HAVE IT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ,BRITA91 W\LD BE REG>D$ AS A FROM-!-TOP-D[N AU?ORITY1 EV5 ?\< ULTIMATELY ! VOT]S DECIDE4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 AS 91 SAY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ,GREAT ,BRITA91 W\LD BE CRITICIZ$ BY AN AN>*I/ ( ?IS S*OOL ON TWO GR\NDS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL BECAUSE !RE IS A MONOPOLY ( P[] C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! /ATE1 & SECONDLY -- & CRITICALLY -- BECAUSE ! REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY IS LIMIT$ TO ! POLITICAL SPH]E & 9 NO S]I\S WAY 5CROA*ES ON ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,AN>*I/S ( ?IS TRADITION HAVE ALWAYS HELD ?AT DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( ONE'S PRODUCTIVE LIFE IS AT ! CORE ( ANY S]I\S HUMAN LIB]ATION1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ( ANY SIGNIFICANT DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE4 ,?AT IS1 AS LONG AS 9DIVIDUALS >E COMPELL$ TO R5T !MSELVES ON ! M>KET TO ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO HIRE !M1 AS LONG AS !IR ROLE 9 PRODUCTION IS SIMPLY ?AT ( ANCILL>Y TOOLS1 !N !RE >E /RIK+ ELEM5TS ( CO]CION & OPPRESSION ?AT MAKE TALK ( DEMOCRACY V]Y LIMIT$1 IF EV5 MEAN+FUL4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,HI/ORICALLY SPEAK+1 HAVE !RE BE5 ANY SU/A9$ EXAMPLES ON ANY SUB/ANTIAL SCALE ( SOCIETIES :I* APPROXIMAT$ TO ! AN>*I/ IDEAL8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,!RE >E SMALL SOCIETIES1 SMALL 9 NUMB]1 ?AT ,I ?9K HAVE DONE SO QUITE WELL1 & !RE >E A FEW EXAMPLES ( L>GE SCALE LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTIONS :I* W]E L>GELY AN>*I/ 9 !IR /RUCTURE4 ,AS TO ! FIR/1 SMALL SOCIETIES EXT5D+ OV] A LONG P]IOD1 ,I MYSELF ?9K ! MO/ DRAMATIC EXAMPLE IS P]HAPS ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM1 :I* = A LONG P]IOD REALLY W]E CON/RUCT$ ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 ?AT IS3 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DIRECT WORK] CONTROL1 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 S]VICE1 P]SONAL P>TICIPATION 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,& !Y W]E1 ,I %\LD ?9K1 EXTRAORD9>ILY SUCCESSFUL BY ALMO/ ANY MEASURE ?AT ONE CAN IMPOSE4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,BUT !Y W]E PRESUMABLY1 & /ILL >E1 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A CONV5TIONAL /ATE :I* GU>ANTEES C]TA9 BASIC /ABILITIES4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 !Y W]5'T ALWAYS4 ,ACTUALLY1 !IR HI/ORY IS RA!R 9T]E/+4 ,S9CE #aidh !Y'VE BE5 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A CONV5TIONAL /ATE4 ,PRIOR TO ?AT !Y W]E )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! COLONIAL 5CLAVE &1 9 FACT1 !RE WAS A SUBT]RANEAN1 L>GELY COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY1 :I* WAS NOT REALLY P>T ( ! SY/EM ( ! ,BRITI% M&ATE1 BUT WAS FUNCTION+ \TSIDE ( IT4 ,& TO SOME EXT5T1 ?AT'S SURVIV$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! /ATE1 ?\< ( C\RSE1 IT BECAME 9TEGRAT$ ITSELF 9TO ! /ATE & 9 MY VIEW LO/ A FAIR AM\NT ( ITS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ *>ACT] ?R\< ?IS PROCESS1 & ?R\< O!R PROCESSES :I* >E UNIQUE TO ! HI/ORY ( ?AT REGION :I* WE NE$ NOT GO 9TO4 

,H[EV]1 AS FUNCTION+ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ,I ?9K !Y >E AN 9T]E/+ MODEL ?AT IS HI<LY RELEVANT TO ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES 9 A WAY 9 :I* SOME ( ! O!R EXAMPLES ?AT HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! PA/ >E NOT4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( A REALLY L>GE-SCALE AN>*I/ REVOLUTION -- 9 FACT ! BE/ EXAMPLE TO MY KN[L$GE -- IS ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 9 :I*1 OV] MO/ ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 !RE WAS A QUITE 9SPIR+ AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ?AT 9VOLV$ BO? 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE OV] SUB/ANTIAL >EAS1 DEVELOP$ 9 A WAY :I* TO ! \TSIDE1 LOOKS SPONTANE\S4 ,?\<1 9 FACT1 IF Y\ LOOK AT ! ROOTS ( IT1 Y\ DISCOV] ?AT IT WAS BAS$ ON SOME ?REE G5]ATIONS ( EXP]IM5T1 ?\<T & WORK :I* EXT5D$ AN>*I/ IDEAS TO V]Y L>GE P>TS ( ! POPULATION 9 ?IS L>GELY PRE-9DU/RIAL -- ?\< NOT TOTALLY PRE-9DU/RIAL -- SOCIETY4 

,& ?AT1 AGA91 WAS1 BY BO? HUMAN MEASURES & 9DE$ ANYONE'S ECONOMIC MEASURES1 QUITE SUCCESSFUL4 ,?AT IS1 PRODUCTION CONT9U$ EFFECTIVELY2 WORK]S 9 F>MS & FACTORIES PROV$ QUITE CAPABLE ( MANAG+ !IR AFFAIRS )\T CO]CION FROM ABOVE1 CONTR>Y TO :AT LOTS ( SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 LIB]ALS & O!RS WANT$ TO BELIEVE4 ,& 9 FACT1 Y\ CAN'T TELL :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$4 ,?AT AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WAS SIMPLY DE/ROY$ BY =CE1 BUT DUR+ ! BRIEF P]IOD 9 :I* IT WAS ALIVE ,I ?9K IT WAS A HI<LY SUCCESSFUL &1 AS ,I SAY1 9 MANY WAYS A V]Y 9SPIR+ TE/IMONY TO ! ABILITY ( POOR WORK+ PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE & MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS1 EXTREMELY SUCCESSFULLY1 )\T CO]CION & CONTROL4 ,H[ RELEVANT ! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE IS TO AN ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ONE MI<T QUE/ION 9 DETAIL4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,IT'S CLE> ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( AN>*ISM IS ! PRIMACY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ISOLATION1 BUT ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS -- & ! FULFILLM5T ( HIS FRE$OM4 ,?IS 9 A S5SE LOOKS AWFULLY LIKE ! F\ND+ IDEAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,:AT IS IT AB\T ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE :I* HAS MADE FRE$OM AS US$ 9 ?AT TRADITION BECOME A SUSPECT & 9DE$ A TA9T$ PHRASE 9 ! M9DS ( AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ?9K]S LIKE Y\RSELF8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,LET ME JU/ SAY ,I DON'T REALLY REG>D MYSELF AS AN AN>*I/ ?9K]4 ,I'M A D]IVATIVE FELL[ TRAVEL] .<( AN>*ISM.>1 LET'S SAY4 ,AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE CON/ANTLY REF]R$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE & TO ! IDEAL ( ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY V]Y V]Y FAVORABLY4 ,Y\ KN[1 ,JEFF]SON'S CONCEPT ?AT ! BE/ GOV]NM5T IS ! GOV]NM5T ?AN GOV]NS LEA/1 OR ,?OREAU'S ADDITION TO ?AT1 ?AT ! BE/ GOV]NM5T IS ! ONE ?AT DOESN'T GOV]N AT ALL1 IS ONE ?AT'S (T5 REPEAT$ BY AN>*I/ ?9K]S ?R\< MOD]N TIMES4 

,H[EV]1 ! IDEAL ( ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY -- PUTT+ ASIDE ! FACT ?AT IT WAS A SLAVE SOCIETY -- DEVELOP$ 9 AN ESS5TIALLY PRE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ?AT IS1 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE WAS NO MONOPOLI/IC CONTROL1 !RE W]E NO SIGNIFICANT C5T]S ( PRIVATE P[]4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S /RIK+ TO GO BACK & READ TODAY SOME ( ! CLASSIC LIB]T>IAN TEXTS4 ,IF ONE READS1 SAY1 ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT'S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE ( #agib .<,5GLI% LANGUAGE V]SION3 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i7.>1 A SIGNIFICANT CLASSIC LIB]T>IAN TEXT ?AT C]TA9LY 9SPIR$ ,MILL1 ONE F9DS ?AT HE DOESN'T SPEAK AT ALL ( ! NE$ TO RESI/ PRIVATE CONC5TRATION ( P[]1 RA!R HE SPEAKS ( ! NE$ TO RESI/ ! 5CROA*M5T ( CO]CIVE /ATE P[]4 ,& ?AT IS :AT ONE F9DS ALSO 9 ! E>LY ,AM]ICAN TRADITION4 ,BUT ! REASON IS ?AT ?AT WAS ! ONLY K9D ( P[] !RE WAS4 ,I MEAN1 ,HUMBOLDT TAKES = GRANT$ ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E R\<LY EQUIVAL5T 9 !IR PRIVATE P[]1 & ?AT ! ONLY REAL IMBALANCE ( P[] LIES 9 ! C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM HAD TO BE SU/A9$ AGA9/ ITS 9TRUSION -- ! ,/ATE OR ! ,*UR*4 ,?AT'S :AT HE FEELS ONE MU/ RESI/4 

,N[1 :5 HE SPEAKS1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ! NE$ = CONTROL ( ONE'S CREATIVE LIFE1 :5 HE DECRIES ! ALI5ATION ( LABOR ?AT >ISES FROM CO]CION OR EV5 9/RUCTION OR GUIDANCE 9 ONE'S WORK1 HE'S GIV+ AN ANTI-/ATI/ OR ANTI-!OCRATIC IDEOLOGY4 ,BUT ! SAME PR9CIPLES APPLY V]Y WELL TO ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ LAT]4 ,& ,I W\LD ?9K ?AT ,HUMBOLDT1 HAD HE BE5 CONSI/5T1 W\LD HAVE 5D$ UP BE+ A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,DON'T !SE PREC$5TS1 SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ 9H]5TLY PRE-9DU/RIAL AB\T ! APPLICABILITY ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS -- ?AT !Y NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOSE A RA!R RURAL SOCIETY 9 :I* TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION >E FAIRLY SIMPLE1 & 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION T5DS TO BE SMALL-SCALE & LOCALIZ$8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 LET ME SEP>ATE ?AT 9TO TWO QUE/IONS3 ONE1 H[ AN>*I/S HAVE FELT AB\T IT1 & TWO1 :AT ,I ?9K IS ! CASE4 ,AS F> AS AN>*I/ REACTIONS >E CONC]N$1 !RE >E TWO4 ,!RE HAS BE5 ONE AN>*I/ TRADITION -- & ONE MI<T ?9K1 SAY1 ( ,KROPOTK9 AS A REPRES5TATIVE -- :I* HAD MU* ( ! *>ACT] Y\ DESCRIBE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE'S ANO!R AN>*I/ TRADITION ?AT DEVELOPS 9TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM :I* SIMPLY REG>D$ AN>*I/ IDEAS AS ! PROP] MODE ( ORGANIZATION = A HI<LY COMPLEX1 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,& ?AT T5D5CY 9 AN>*ISM M]GES1 OR AT LEA/ 9T]-RELATES V]Y CLOSELY ) A V>IETY ( LEFT-W+ ,M>XISM1 ! K9D ?AT ONE F9DS 91 SAY1 ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S ?AT GREW UP 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RGIAN TRADITION & ?AT IS LAT] REPRES5T$ BY ,M>XI/ !ORI/S LIKE ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 :O DEVELOP$ A :OLE !ORY ( WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 9DU/RY & :O IS HIMSELF A SCI5TI/ & A/RONOM]1 V]Y MU* A P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORLD4 

,SO1 :I* ( !SE TWO VIEWS IS CORRECT8 ,I MEAN1 IS IT NECESS>Y ?AT AN>*I/ CONCEPTS BELONG TO ! PRE-9DU/RIAL PHASE ( HUMAN SOCIETY OR IS AN>*ISM ! RATIONAL MODE ( ORGANIZATION = A HI<LY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY8 ,WELL1 ,I MYSELF BELIEVE ! LATT]1 ?AT IS1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! 9DU/RIALIZATION & ! ADVANCE ( TE*NOLOGY RAISE POSSIBILITIES = SELF-MANAGEM5T OV] A BROAD SCALE ?AT SIMPLY DIDN'T EXI/ 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD4 ,& ?AT 9 FACT ?IS IS PRECISELY ! RATIONAL MODE = AN ADVANC$ & COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 ONE 9 :I* WORK]S CAN V]Y WELL BECOME MA/]S ( !IR [N IMM$IATE AFFAIRS1 ?AT IS1 9 DIRECTION & CONTROL ( ! %OP1 BUT ALSO CAN BE 9 A POSITION TO MAKE ! MAJOR1 SUB/ANTIVE DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! ECONOMY 1 CONC]N+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 CONC]N+ PLANN+1 REGIONALLY & BEYOND4 ,AT PRES5T1 9/ITUTIONS DO NOT P]MIT !M TO HAVE CONTROL OV] ! REQUISITE 9=MATION1 & ! RELEVANT TRA9+ TO UND]/& !SE MATT]S4 ,A GOOD DEAL C\LD BE AUTOMAT$4 ,MU* ( ! NECESS>Y WORK ?AT IS REQUIR$ TO KEEP A DEC5T LEVEL ( SOCIAL LIFE GO+ CAN BE CONSIGN$ TO MA*9ES -- AT LEA/1 9 PR9CIPLE -- :I* MEANS ?AT HUMANS CAN BE FREE TO UND]TAKE ! K9D ( CREATIVE WORK :I* MAY NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 OBJECTIVELY1 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,I'D LIKE TO PURSUE 9 A MOM5T ! QUE/ION ( ! ECONOMICS ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 BUT C\LD Y\ SKET* 9 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL ! POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 AS Y\ W\LD SEE IT 9 MOD]N CONDITIONS8 ,W\LD !RE BE POLITICAL P>TIES1 = EXAMPLE8 ,:AT RESIDUAL =MS ( GOV]NM5T W\LD 9 FACT REMA98 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,LET ME SKET* :AT ,I ?9K W\LD BE A R\< CONS5SUS1 & ONE ?AT ,I ?9K IS ESS5TIALLY CORRECT4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! TWO MODES ( ORGANIZATION & CONTROL1 NAMELY ORGANIZATION & CONTROL 9 ! WORKPLACE & 9 ! COMMUNITY1 ONE C\LD IMAG9E A NETWORK ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & AT A HI<] LEVEL1 REPRES5TATION ACROSS ! FACTORIES1 OR ACROSS BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 OR ACROSS CRAFTS1 & ON TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S' C\NCILS ?AT CAN BE REGIONAL & NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL 9 *>T]4 ,& FROM ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW1 ONE CAN PROJECT A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T ?AT 9VOLVES LOCAL ASSEMBLIES -- AGA91 F$]AT$ REGIONALLY1 DEAL+ ) REGIONAL ISSUES1 CROSS+ CRAFTS1 9DU/RY1 TRADES1 & SO ON1 & AGA9 AT ! LEVEL ( ! NATION OR BEYOND4 

,N[1 EXACTLY H[ !SE W\LD DEVELOP & H[ !Y W\LD 9T]-RELATE & :E!R Y\ NE$ BO? ( !M OR ONLY ONE1 WELL1 !SE >E MATT]S OV] :I* AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS HAVE DEBAT$ & MANY PROPOSALS EXI/1 & ,I DON'T FEEL CONFID5T TO TAKE A /&4 ,!SE >E QUE/IONS :I* WILL HAVE TO BE WORK$ \T4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,BUT1 !RE W\LD NOT BE1 = EXAMPLE1 DIRECT NATIONAL ELECTIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES ORGANIZ$ FROM COA/ TO COA/1 AS IT W]E4 ,BECAUSE1 IF !RE W]E ?AT W\LD PRESUMABLY CREATE A K9D ( C5TRAL AU?ORITY :I* W\LD BE 9IMICAL TO ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,NO1 ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM IS ?AT DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY IS RA!R M9IMAL & ?AT ITS P>TICIPANTS AT ANY ONE ( !SE LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T %\LD BE DIRECTLY RESPONSIVE TO ! ORGANIC COMMUNITY 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,9 FACT1 ! OPTIMAL SITUATION W\LD BE ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 ONE ( !SE LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T %\LD BE TEMPOR>Y1 & EV5 DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 IT'S TAK+ PLACE %\LD BE ONLY P>TIAL2 ?AT IS1 ! MEMB]S ( A WORK]S' C\NCIL :O >E = SOME P]IOD ACTUALLY FUNCTION+ TO MAKE DECISIONS ?AT O!R PEOPLE DON'T HAVE ! TIME TO MAKE1 %\LD ALSO CONT9UE TO DO !IR WORK AS P>T ( ! WORKPLACE OR NEI<BORHOOD COMMUNITY 9 :I* !Y BELONG4 

,AS = POLITICAL P>TIES1 MY FEEL+ IS ?AT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD NOT =CEFULLY PREV5T POLITICAL P>TIES FROM >IS+4 ,9 FACT1 AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT ANY SORT ( ,PROCRU/EAN B$1 ANY SY/EM ( NORMS ?AT IS IMPOS$ ON SOCIAL LIFE WILL CON/RA9 & V]Y MU* UND]E/IMATE ITS 5]GY & VITALITY & ?AT ALL SORTS ( NEW POSSIBILITIES ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION MAY DEVELOP AT ?AT HI<] LEVEL ( MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT 9S(> AS POLITICAL P>TIES >E FELT TO BE NECESS>Y1 AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY WILL HAVE FAIL$4 ,?AT IS1 IT %\LD BE ! CASE1 ,I W\LD ?9K1 ?AT :]E !RE IS DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 !N FACTIONS1 CONFLICTS1 DIFF]5CES ( 9T]E/S & IDEAS & OP9ION1 :I* %\LD BE WELCOM$ & CULTIVAT$1 WILL BE EXPRESS$ AT EV]Y ONE ( !SE LEVELS4 ,:Y !Y %\LD FALL 9TO TWO1 ?REE OR N POLITICAL P>TIES1 ,I DON'T QUITE SEE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! COMPLEXITY ( HUMAN 9T]E/ & LIFE DOES NOT FALL 9 ?AT FA%ION4 ,P>TIES REPRES5T BASICALLY CLASS 9T]E/S1 & CLASSES W\LD HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ OR TRANSC5D$ 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,ONE LA/ QUE/ION ON ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IS !RE NOT A DANG] ) ?IS SORT ( HI]>*ICAL TI] ( ASSEMBLIES & QUASI-GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE1 )\T DIRECT ELECTIONS1 ?AT ! C5TRAL BODY1 OR ! BODY ?AT IS 9 SOME S5SE AT ! TOP ( ?IS PYRAMID1 W\LD GET V]Y REMOTE FROM ! PEOPLE ON ! GR\ND8 ,& S9CE IT WILL HAVE TO HAVE SOME P[]S IF IT'S GO+ TO DEAL ) 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS1 = EXAMPLE1 & MAY EV5 HAVE TO HAVE CONTROL OV] >M$ =CES & ?+S LIKE ?AT1 ?AT IT W\LD BE LESS DEMOCRATICALLY RESPONSIVE ?AN ! EXI/+ REGIME8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,IT'S A V]Y IMPORTANT PROP]TY ( ANY LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY TO PREV5T AN EVOLUTION 9 ! DIRECTION ?AT Y\'VE DESCRIB$1 :I* IS A POSSIBLE EVOLUTION1 & ONE ?AT 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE DESIGN$ TO PREV5T4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT ?AT'S 5TIRELY POSSIBLE4 ,I MYSELF AM TOTALLY UNP]SUAD$ ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 GOV]NANCE IS A FULL-TIME JOB4 ,IT MAY BE 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY1 :]E ALL SORTS ( PROBLEMS >ISE BECAUSE ( ! IRRATIONAL NATURE ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT 9 A PROP]LY FUNCTION+ ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES1 ,I W\LD ?9K ?AT EXECUT+ DECISIONS TAK5 BY REPRES5TATIVE BODIES IS A P>T-TIME JOB :I* %\LD BE ROTAT$ ?R\< ! COMMUNITY &1 FUR!RMORE1 %\LD BE UND]TAK5 BY PEOPLE :O AT ALL TIMES CONT9UE TO BE P>TICIPANTS 9 !IR [N DIRECT ACTIVITY4 

,IT MAY BE ?AT GOV]NANCE IS ON A P> )1 SAY1 /EEL PRODUCTION4 ,IF ?AT TURNS \T TO BE TRUE -- & ,I ?9K ?AT IS A QUE/ION ( EMPIRICAL FACT ?AT HAS TO BE DET]M9$1 IT CAN'T BE PROJECT$ \T ( ! M9D -- BUT IF IT TURNS \T TO BE TRUE !N IT SEEMS TO ME ! NATURAL SUGGE/ION IS ?AT GOV]NANCE %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIALLY1 AS SIMPLY ONE ( ! BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 ) !IR [N WORK]S' C\NCILS & !IR [N SELF-GOV]NANCE & !IR [N P>TICIPATION 9 BROAD] ASSEMBLIES4 

,I MI<T SAY ?AT 9 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS ?AT HAVE SPONTANE\SLY DEVELOP$ H]E & !RE -- = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION ( #aief -- ?AT'S PRETTY MU* :AT HAPP5$4 ,!RE WAS1 AS ,I RECALL1 A WORK]S' C\NCIL ( /ATE EMPLOYES :O W]E SIMPLY ORGANIZ$ ALONG 9DU/RIAL L9ES AS ANO!R BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4 ,?AT'S P]FECTLY POSSIBLE1 & IT %\LD BE OR C\LD BE A B>RI] AGA9/ ! CREATION ( ! K9D ( REMOTE CO]CIVE BUREAUCRACY ?AT AN>*I/S ( C\RSE FE>4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,IF Y\ SUPPOSE ?AT !RE W\LD CONT9UE TO BE A NE$ = SELF-DEF5SE ON QUITE A SOPHI/ICAT$ LEVEL1 ,I DON'T SEE FROM Y\R DESCRIPTION H[ Y\ W\LD A*IEVE EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( ?IS SY/EM ( P>T-TIME REPRES5TATIVE C\NCILS AT V>I\S LEVELS FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 OV] AN ORGANIZATION AS P[]FUL & AS NECESS>ILY TE*NICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,P5TAGON4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 FIR/1 WE %\LD BE A LITTLE CLE>] AB\T T]M9OLOGY4 ,Y\ REF] TO ! ,P5TAGON1 AS IS USUALLY DONE1 AS A DEF5SE ORGANIZATION4 ,9 #a#i#d#g1 :5 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,ACT WAS PASS$1 ! =M] ,W> ,DEP>TM5T -- ! ,AM]ICAN DEP>TM5T CONC]N$ ) W> :I* UP TO ?AT TIME WAS HONE/LY CALL$ ! ,W> ,DEP>TM5T -- HAD ITS NAME *ANG$ TO ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,I WAS A /UD5T !N & DIDN'T ?9K ,I WAS V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$1 BUT ,I KNEW & EV]YONE ELSE KNEW ?AT ?IS MEANT ?AT TO :ATEV] EXT5T ! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 DEF5SE 9 ! PA/ -- & P>TIALLY IT HAD BE5 SO -- ?IS WAS N[ OV]4 ,S9CE IT WAS BE+ CALL$ ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T1 ?AT MEANT IT WAS GO+ TO BE A DEP>TM5T ( AGGRESSION1 NO?+ ELSE4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE ( NEV] BELIEVE ANY?+ UNTIL IT'S (FICIALLY D5I$4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,RI<T4 ,SORT ( ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ,ORWELL ESS5TIALLY HAD CAPTUR$ ! NATURE ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,& ?AT'S EXACTLY ! CASE4 ,I MEAN1 ! ,P5TAGON IS 9 NO S5SE A DEF5SE DEP>TM5T4 ,IT HAS NEV] DEF5D$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM ANYONE4 ,IT HAS ONLY S]V$ TO CONDUCT AGGRESSION4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE W\LD BE MU* BETT] (F )\T A ,P5TAGON4 ,!Y C]TA9LY DON'T NE$ IT = DEF5SE4 ,ITS 9T]V5TION 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS HAS NEV] BE5 -- WELL1 Y\ KN[1 NEV] IS A /RONG WORD1 BUT ,I ?9K Y\ W\LD BE H>D PUT TO F9D A CASE -- C]TA9LY IT HAS NOT BE5 ITS *>ACT]I/IC POSE TO SUPPORT FRE$OM OR LIB]TY OR TO DEF5D PEOPLE & SO ON4 ,?AT'S NOT ! ROLE ( ! MASSIVE MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT IS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,RA!R1 ITS TASKS >E TWO -- BO? QUITE ANTI-SOCIAL4 

,! FIR/ IS TO PRES]VE AN 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM 9 :I* :AT >E CALL$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/S -- :I* PRIM>ILY MEANS BUS9ESS 9T]E/S1 CAN FL\RI%4 ,&1 SECONDLY1 IT HAS AN 9T]NAL ECONOMIC TASK4 ,I MEAN1 ! ,P5TAGON HAS BE5 ! PRIM>Y ,KEYNESIAN ME*ANISM :]EBY ! GOV]NM5T 9T]V5ES TO MA9TA9 :AT IS LUDICR\SLY CALL$ ! HEAL? ( ! ECONOMY BY 9DUC+ PRODUCTION1 ?AT MEANS PRODUCTION ( WA/E4 

,N[1 BO? !SE FUNCTIONS S]VE C]TA9 9T]E/S1 9 FACT DOM9ANT 9T]E/S1 DOM9ANT CLASS 9T]E/S 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,BUT ,I DON'T ?9K 9 ANY S5SE !Y S]VE ! PUBLIC 9T]E/1 & ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION ( WA/E & ( DE/RUCTION W\LD ESS5TIALLY BE DISMANTL$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,N[1 ONE %\LDN'T BE TOO GLIB AB\T ?IS4 ,IF ONE CAN IMAG9E1 LET'S SAY1 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- ?AT'S RA!R DI/ANT1 ,I W\LD SAY1 BUT IF ?AT TOOK PLACE1 IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E ?AT !RE W\LD BE ANY CR$IBLE 5EMY FROM ! \TSIDE ?AT C\LD ?REAT5 ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- WE W\LDN'T BE ATTACK$ BY ,MEXICO OR ,CUBA1 LET'S SAY4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION W\LD NOT REQUIRE1 ,I ?9K1 DEF5SE AGA9/ AGGRESSION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF A LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION W]E TO TAKE PLACE1 SAY1 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE1 !N ,I ?9K ! PROBLEM ( DEF5SE W\LD BE V]Y CRITICAL4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,I WAS GO+ TO SAY1 IT CAN'T SURELY BE 9H]5T TO ! AN>*I/ IDEA ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO SELF-DEF5SE1 BECAUSE SU* AN>*I/ EXP]IM5TS AS !RE HAVE BE5 HAVE1 ON ! RECORD1 ACTUALLY BE5 DE/ROY$ FROM )\T4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,AH1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT !SE QUE/IONS CANNOT BE GIV5 A G5]AL ANSW]4 ,!Y HAVE TO BE ANSW]$ SPECIFICALLY1 RELATIVE TO SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL & OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT ,I F\ND A LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 FOLL[+ Y\R DESCRIPTION ( ! PROP] DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( ?IS K9D ( ORGANIZATION1 BECAUSE ,I F9D IT A LITTLE H>D TO SEE ! G5]ALS CONTROLL+ !MSELVES 9 ! MANN] Y\ W\LD APPROVE (4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,?AT'S :Y ,I DO WANT TO PO9T \T ! COMPLEXITY ( ! ISSUE4 ,IT DEP5DS ON ! C\NTRY & ! SOCIETY ?AT Y\'RE TALK+ AB\T4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ONE K9D ( PROBLEM >ISES4 ,IF !RE W]E A LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE1 !N ,I ?9K ! PROBLEMS Y\ RAISE W\LD BE V]Y S]I\S1 BECAUSE !RE W\LD BE A S]I\S PROBLEM ( DEF5SE4 ,?AT IS1 ,I W\LD ASSUME ?AT IF LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM W]E A*IEV$ AT SOME LEVEL 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 !RE W\LD BE A DIRECT MILIT>Y ?REAT BO? FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& ! PROBLEM W\LD BE H[ ?AT %\LD BE C\NT]$4 ,?AT'S ! PROBLEM ?AT WAS FAC$ BY ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,!RE WAS DIRECT MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION BY ,FASCI/S1 BY ,COMMUNI/S & BY LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 & ! QUE/ION H[ CAN ONE DEF5D ONESELF AGA9/ ATTACK AT ?IS LEVEL IS A V]Y S]I\S ONE4 

,H[EV]1 ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO RAISE ! QUE/ION :E!R C5TRALIZ$1 /&+ >MIES1 ) HI< TE*NOLOGY DET]R5TS1 >E ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO DO ?AT4 ,& ?AT'S BY NO MEANS OBVI\S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT A ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C5TRALIZ$ >MY W\LD ITSELF DET] A ,RUSSIAN OR ,AM]ICAN ATTACK TO PREV5T LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM -- ! K9D ( ATTACK ?AT ,I W\LD QUITE FRANKLY EXPECT AT SOME LEVEL3 MAYBE NOT MILIT>Y1 AT LEA/ ECONOMIC4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,BUT NOR ON ! O!R H&1 W\LD A LOT ( PEASANTS ) PIT*=KS & SPADES444 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WE'RE NOT TALK+ AB\T PEASANTS4 ,WE'RE TALK+ AB\T A HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$1 HI<LY URBAN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,& IT SEEMS TO ME1 ITS BE/ ME?OD ( DEF5SE W\LD BE ITS POLITICAL APPEAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\NTRIES ?AT W]E P>T ( ! ATTACK4 ,BUT AGA91 ,I DON'T WANT TO BE GLIB4 ,IT MI<T NE$ TANKS1 IT MI<T NE$ >MIES4 ,& IF IT DID1 ,I ?9K WE CAN BE FAIRLY SURE ?AT ?AT W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! POSSIBLE FAILURE OR AT LEA/ DECL9E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CE -- = EXACTLY ! REASONS ?AT Y\ M5TION$4 ,?AT IS1 ,I ?9K IT'S EXTREMELY H>D TO IMAG9E H[ AN EFFECTIVE C5TRALIZ$ >MY DEPLOY+ TANKS1 PLANES1 /RATEGIC WEAPONS1 & SO ON1 C\LD FUNCTION4 ,IF ?AT'S :AT'S REQUIR$ TO PRES]VE ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURES1 !N ,I ?9K !Y MAY WELL NOT BE PRES]V$4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,IF ! BASIC DEF5SE IS ! POLITICAL APPEAL1 OR ! APPEAL ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 P]HAPS WE C\LD LOOK 9 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL AT ?AT4 ,Y\ WROTE1 9 ONE ( Y\R ESSAYS1 ?AT 09 A DEC5T SOCIETY1 EV]YONE W\LD HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO F9D 9T]E/+ WORK & EA* P]SON W\LD BE P]MITT$ ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE SCOPE = HIS TAL5TS40 ,& !N1 Y\ W5T ON TO ASK3 0,:AT MORE W\LD BE REQUIR$ 9 P>TICUL>1 EXTR9SIC REW>D 9 ! =M ( WEAL? & P[]8 ,ONLY IF WE ASSUME ?AT APPLY+ ONE'S TAL5TS 9 9T]E/+ & SOCIALLY USEFUL WORK IS NOT REW>D+ 9 ITSELF40 ,I ?9K ?AT ?AT L9E ( REASON+ IS C]TA9LY ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT APPEALS TO A LOT ( PEOPLE4 ,BUT IT /ILL NE$S TO BE EXPLA9$1 ,I ?9K1 :Y ! K9D ( WORK :I* PEOPLE W\LD F9D 9T]E/+ & APPEAL+ & FULFILL+ TO DO W\LD CO9CIDE AT ALL CLOSELY ) ! K9D :I* ACTUALLY NE$S TO BE DONE1 IF WE'RE TO SU/A9 ANY?+ LIKE ! /&>D ( LIV+ :I* PEOPLE DEM& & >E US$ TO4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 !RE'S A C]TA9 AM\NT ( WORK ?AT JU/ HAS TO BE DONE IF WE'RE TO MA9TA9 ?AT /&>D ( LIV+4 ,IT'S AN OP5 QUE/ION H[ ON]\S ?AT WORK HAS TO BE4 ,LET'S RECALL ?AT SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY & 9TELLECT HAVE NOT BE5 DEVOT$ TO EXAM9+ ?AT QUE/ION OR TO OV]COM+ ! ON]\S & SELF-DE/RUCTIVE *>ACT] ( ! NECESS>Y WORK ( SOCIETY4 ,! REASON IS ?AT IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ASSUM$ ?AT !RE IS A SUB/ANTIAL BODY ( WAGE SLAVES :O WILL DO IT SIMPLY BECAUSE O!RWISE !Y'LL />VE4 ,H[EV]1 IF HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE IS TURN$ TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y WORK ( ! SOCIETY ITSELF MEAN+FUL1 WE DON'T KN[ :AT ! ANSW] WILL BE4 ,MY GUESS IS ?AT A FAIR AM\NT ( IT CAN BE MADE 5TIRELY TOL]ABLE4 ,IT'S A MI/AKE TO ?9K ?AT EV5 BACK-BREAK+ PHYSICAL LABOR IS NECESS>ILY ON]\S4 ,MANY PEOPLE1 MYSELF 9CLUD$1 DO IT = RELAXATION4 ,WELL1 REC5TLY1 = EXAMPLE1 ,I GOT IT 9TO MY HEAD TO PLANT ?IRTY-F\R TREES 9 A MEAD[ BEH9D ! H\SE1 ON ! ,/ATE ,CONS]VATION ,COMMISSION1 :I* MEANS ,I HAD TO DIG ?IRTY-F\R HOLES 9 ! S&4 ,Y\ KN[1 = ME1 & :AT ,I DO ) MY TIME MO/LY1 ?AT'S PRETTY H>D WORK1 BUT ,I HAVE TO ADMIT ,I 5JOY$ IT4 ,I W\LDN'T HAVE 5JOY$ IT IF ,I'D HAD WORK NORMS1 IF ,I'D HAD AN OV]SE]1 & IF ,I'D BE5 ORD]$ TO DO IT AT A C]TA9 MOM5T1 & SO ON4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF IT'S A TASK TAK5 ON JU/ \T ( 9T]E/1 F9E1 ?AT CAN BE DONE4 ,& ?AT'S )\T ANY TE*NOLOGY1 )\T ANY ?\<T GIV5 TO H[ TO DESIGN ! WORK1 & SO ON4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,I PUT IT TO Y\ ?AT !RE MAY BE A DANG] ?AT ?IS VIEW ( ?+S IS A RA!R ROMANTIC DELUSION1 5T]TA9$ ONLY BY A SMALL ELITE ( PEOPLE :O HAPP51 LIKE PR(ESSORS1 P]HAPS J\RNALI/S1 & SO ON1 TO BE 9 ! V]Y PRIVILEG$ SITUATION ( BE+ PAID TO DO :AT ANYWAY !Y LIKE TO DO4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,?AT'S :Y ,I BEGAN ) A BIG 0,IF04 ,I SAID WE FIR/ HAVE TO ASK TO :AT EXT5T ! NECESS>Y WORK ( ! SOCIETY -- NAMELY ?AT WORK :I* IS REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ ?AT WE WANT -- NE$S TO BE ON]\S OR UNDESIRABLE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! ANSW] IS3 MU* LESS ?AN IT IS IT TODAY4 ,BUT LET'S ASSUME !RE IS SOME EXT5T TO :I* IT REMA9S ON]\S4 ,WELL1 9 ?AT CASE1 ! ANSW]'S QUITE SIMPLE3 ?AT WORK HAS TO BE EQUALLY %>$ AMONG PEOPLE CAPABLE ( DO+ IT4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,& EV]YONE SP5DS A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MON?S A YE> WORK+ ON AN AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION L9E & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MON?S COLLECT+ ! G>BAGE &444 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,IF IT TURNS \T ?AT !SE >E REALLY TASKS :I* PEOPLE WILL F9D NO SELF-FULFILLM5T 94 ,9CID5TALLY1 I DON'T QUITE BELIEVE ?AT4 ,AS ,I WAT* PEOPLE WORK1 CRAFTSM51 LET'S SAY1 AUTOMOBILE ME*ANICS = EXAMPLE1 ,I ?9K ONE (T5 F9DS A GOOD DEAL ( PRIDE 9 WORK4 ,I ?9K ?AT ?AT K9D ( PRIDE 9 WORK WELL DONE1 9 COMPLICAT$ WORK WELL DONE1 BECAUSE IT TAKES ?\<T & 9TELLIG5CE TO DO IT1 ESPECIALLY :5 ONE IS ALSO 9VOLV$ 9 MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISE1 DET]M9ATION ( H[ ! WORK WILL BE ORGANIZ$1 :AT IT IS =1 :AT ! PURPOSES ( ! WORK >E1 :AT'LL HAPP5 TO IT1 & SO ON -- ,I ?9K ALL ( ?IS CAN BE SATISFY+ & REW>D+ ACTIVITY :I* 9 FACT REQUIRES SKILLS1 ! K9D ( SKILLS PEOPLE WILL 5JOY EX]CIS+4 ,H[EV]1 ,I'M ?9K+ HYPO!TICALLY N[4 ,SUPPOSE IT TURNS \T !RE IS SOME RESIDUE ( WORK :I* REALLY NO ONE WANTS TO DO1 :ATEV] ?AT MAY BE -- OKAY1 !N ,I SAY ?AT ! RESIDUE ( WORK MU/ BE EQUALLY %>$1 & BEYOND ?AT1 PEOPLE WILL BE FREE TO EX]CISE !IR TAL5TS AS !Y SEE FIT4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,I PUT IT Y\1 ,PR(ESSOR1 ?AT IF ?AT RESIDUE W]E V]Y L>GE1 AS SOME PEOPLE W\LD SAY IT WAS1 IF IT ACC\NT$ = ! WORK 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ N9ETY P] C5T ( :AT WE ALL WANT TO CONSUME -- !N ! ORGANIZATION ( %>+ ?IS1 ON ! BASIS ?AT EV]YBODY DID A LITTLE BIT ( ALL ! NA/Y JOBS1 W\LD BECOME WILDLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,BECAUSE1 AFT] ALL1 Y\ HAVE TO BE TRA9$ & EQUIPP$ TO DO EV5 ! NA/Y JOBS1 & ! EFFICI5CY ( ! :OLE ECONOMY W\LD SUFF]1 & !RE=E ! /&>D ( LIV+ :I* IT SU/A9$ W\LD BE R$UC$4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 = ONE ?+1 ?IS IS REALLY QUITE HYPO!TICAL1 BECAUSE ,I DON'T BELIEVE ?AT ! FIGURES >E ANY?+ LIKE ?AT4 ,AS ,I SAY1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IF HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE W]E DEVOT$ TO ASK+ H[ TE*NOLOGY CAN BE DESIGN$ TO FIT ! NE$S ( ! HUMAN PRODUC]1 9/EAD ( CONV]SELY -- ?AT IS1 N[ WE ASK H[ ! HUMAN BE+ ) HIS SPECIAL PROP]TIES CAN BE FITT$ 9TO A TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM DESIGN$ = O!R 5DS1 NAMELY1 PRODUCTION = PR(IT -- MY FEEL+ IS ?AT IF ?AT W]E DONE1 WE W\LD F9D ?AT ! REALLY UNWANT$ WORK IS F> SMALL] ?AN Y\ SUGGE/4 ,BUT :ATEV] IT IS1 NOTICE ?AT WE HAVE TWO ALT]NATIVES4 ,ONE ALT]NATIVE IS TO HAVE IT EQUALLY %>$1 ! O!R IS TO DESIGN SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SO ?AT SOME GR\P ( PEOPLE WILL BE SIMPLY COMPELL$ TO DO ! WORK1 ON PA9 ( />VATION4 ,?OSE >E ! TWO ALT]NATIVES4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,NOT COMPELL$ TO DO IT1 BUT !Y MI<T AGREE TO DO IT VOLUNT>ILY BECAUSE !Y W]E PAID AN AM\NT :I* !Y FELT MADE IT WOR?:ILE4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 BUT Y\ SEE1 ,I'M ASSUM+ EV]YONE ESS5TIALLY GETS EQUAL REMUN]ATION4 ,DON'T =GET ?AT WE'RE NOT TALK+ AB\T A SOCIETY N[ :]E ! PEOPLE :O DO ! ON]\S WORK >E PAID SUB/ANTIALLY MORE ?AN ! PEOPLE :O DO ! WORK ?AT !Y DO ON *OICE -- QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,! WAY \R SOCIETY WORKS1 ! WAY ANY CLASS SOCIETY WORKS1 ! PEOPLE :O DO ! UNWANT$ WORK >E ! ONES :O >E PAID LEA/4 ,?AT WORK IS DONE & WE SORT ( PUT IT \T ( \R M9DS1 BECAUSE IT'S ASSUM$ ?AT !RE WILL BE A MASSIVE CLASS ( PEOPLE :O CONTROL ONLY ONE FACTOR ( PRODUCTION1 NAMELY !IR LABOR1 & HAVE TO SELL IT1 & !Y'LL HAVE TO DO ?AT WORK BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO?+ ELSE TO DO1 & !Y'LL BE PAID V]Y LITTLE = IT4 ,I ACCEPT ! CORRECTION4 ,LET'S IMAG9E ?REE K9DS ( SOCIETY3 ONE1 ! CURR5T ONE1 9 :I* ! UNDESIR$ WORK IS GIV5 TO WAGE-SLAVES4 ,LET'S IMAG9E A SECOND SY/EM 9 :I* ! UNDESIR$ WORK1 AFT] ! BE/ EF=TS TO MAKE IT MEAN+FUL1 IS %>$4 ,& LET'S IMAG9E A ?IRD SY/EM :]E ! UNDESIR$ WORK RECEIVES HI< EXTRA PAY1 SO ?AT 9DIVIDUALS VOLUNT>ILY *OOSE TO DO IT4 ,WELL1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT EI!R ( ! TWO LATT] SY/EMS IS CONSI/5T ) -- VAGUELY SPEAK+ -- AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,I W\LD >GUE MYSELF = ! SECOND RA!R ?AN ! ?IRD1 BUT EI!R ( ! TWO IS QUITE REMOTE FROM ANY PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR ANY T5D5CY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,LET ME PUT ?AT TO Y\ 9 ANO!R WAY4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL *OICE1 H[EV] ONE DISGUISES IT1 BETWE5 :E!R Y\ ORGANIZE WORK = ! SATISFACTION IT GIVES TO ! PEOPLE :O DO IT1 OR :E!R Y\ ORGANIZE IT ON ! BASIS ( ! VALUE ( :AT IS PRODUC$ = ! PEOPLE :O >E GO+ TO USE OR CONSUME :AT IS PRODUC$4 ,& ?AT A SOCIETY ?AT IS ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( GIV+ EV]YBODY ! MAXIMUM OPPORTUNITY TO FULFILL !IR HOBBIES1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY ! WORK-=-WORK'S-SAKE VIEW1 F9DS ITS LOGICAL CULM9ATION 9 A MONA/]Y1 :]E ! K9D ( WORK :I* IS DONE1 NAMELY PRAY]1 IS WORK = ! SELF-5RI*M5T ( ! WORK] & :]E NO?+ IS PRODUC$ :I* IS ( ANY USE TO ANYBODY & Y\ LIVE EI!R AT A L[ /&>D ( LIV+1 OR Y\ ACTUALLY />VE4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 !RE >E SOME FACTUAL ASSUMPTIONS H]E1 & ,I DISAGREE ) Y\ AB\T ! FACTUAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,MY FEEL+ IS ?AT P>T ( :AT MAKES WORK MEAN+FUL IS ?AT IT DOES HAVE USE1 ?AT ITS PRODUCTS DO HAVE USE4 ,! WORK ( ! CRAFTSMAN IS 9 P>T MEAN+FUL TO ?AT CRAFTSMAN BECAUSE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE & SKILL ?AT HE PUTS 9TO IT1 BUT ALSO 9 P>T BECAUSE ! WORK IS USEFUL1 & ,I MI<T SAY1 ! SAME IS TRUE ( SCI5TI/S4 ,I MEAN1 ! FACT ?AT ! K9D ( WORK Y\ DO MAY LEAD TO SOME?+ ELSE -- ?AT'S :AT IT MEANS 9 SCI5CE1 Y\ KN[ -- MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SOME?+ ELSE1 ?AT'S V]Y IMPORTANT QUITE AP>T FROM ! ELEGANCE & BEAUTY ( :AT Y\ MAY A*IEVE4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT COV]S EV]Y FIELD ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,I ?9K IF WE LOOK AT A GOOD P>T ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 WE'LL F9D ?AT PEOPLE TO A SUB/ANTIAL EXT5T DID GET SOME DEGREE ( SATISFACTION -- (T5 A LOT ( SATISFACTION -- FROM ! PRODUCTIVE & CREATIVE WORK ?AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT ! *ANCES = ?AT >E 5ORM\SLY 5HANC$ BY 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,:Y8 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE MU* ( ! MO/ MEAN+LESS DRUDG]Y CAN BE TAK5 OV] BY MA*9ES1 :I* MEANS ?AT ! SCOPE = REALLY CREATIVE HUMAN WORK IS SUB/ANTIALLY 5L>G$4 

,N[1 Y\ SPEAK ( WORK FREELY UND]TAK5 AS A HOBBY4 ,BUT ,I DON'T BELIEVE ?AT4 ,I ?9K WORK FREELY UND]TAK5 CAN BE USEFUL1 MEAN+FUL WORK DONE WELL4 ,ALSO1 Y\ POSE A DILEMMA ?AT MANY PEOPLE POSE1 BETWE5 DESIRE = SATISFACTION 9 WORK & A DESIRE TO CREATE ?+S ( VALUE TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT IT'S NOT SO OBVI\S ?AT !RE IS ANY DILEMMA1 ANY CONTRADICTION4 ,SO1 IT'S BY NO MEANS CLE> -- 9 FACT1 ,I ?9K IT'S FALSE -- ?AT CONTRIBUT+ TO ! 5HANCEM5T ( PLEASURE & SATISFACTION 9 WORK IS 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL TO CONTRIBUT+ TO ! VALUE ( ! \TPUT4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,NOT 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL1 BUT IT MI<T BE UNRELAT$4 ,I MEAN1 TAKE SOME V]Y SIMPLE ?+1 LIKE SELL+ ICE-CREAMS ON ! BEA* ON A PUBLIC HOLIDAY4 ,IT'S A S]VICE TO SOCIETY3 UND\BT$LY PEOPLE WANT ICE-CREAMS1 !Y FEEL HOT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT'S H>D TO SEE 9 :AT S5SE !RE IS EI!R A CRAFTSMAN'S JOY OR A GREAT S5SE ( SOCIAL VIRTUE OR NOBILITY 9 P]=M+ ?AT TASK4 ,:Y W\LD ANYONE P]=M ?AT TASK IF !Y W]E NOT REW>D$ = IT8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I MU/ SAY1 ,I'VE SE5 SOME V]Y *E]Y-LOOK+ ICE CREAM V5DORS444 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,SURE1 !Y'RE MAK+ A LOT ( MONEY4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 444 :O HAPP5 TO LIKE ! IDEA ?AT !Y'RE GIV+ *ILDR5 ICE-CREAMS1 :I* SEEMS TO ME A P]FECTLY REASONABLE WAY TO SP5D ONE'S TIME1 AS COMP>$ ) ?\S&S ( O!R OCCUPATIONS ?AT ,I CAN IMAG9E4 

,RECALL ?AT A P]SON HAS AN OCCUPATION1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT MO/ ( ! OCCUPATIONS ?AT EXI/ -- ESPECIALLY ! ONES ?AT 9VOLVE :AT >E CALL$ S]VICES1 ?AT IS1 RELATIONS TO HUMAN BE+S -- HAVE AN 9TR9SIC SATISFACTION & REW>DS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M1 NAMELY 9 ! DEAL+S ) ! HUMAN BE+S ?AT >E 9VOLV$4 ,?AT'S TRUE ( TEA*+1 & IT'S TRUE ( ICE CREAM V5D+4 ,I AGREE ?AT ICE CREAM V5D+ DOESN'T REQUIRE ! COMMITM5T OR 9TELLIG5CE ?AT TEA*+ DOES1 & MAYBE = ?AT REASON IT WILL BE A LESS DESIR$ OCCUPATION4 ,BUT IF SO1 IT WILL HAVE TO BE %>$4 

,H[EV]1 :AT ,I'M SAY+ IS ?AT \R *>ACT]I/IC ASSUMPTION ?AT PLEASURE 9 WORK1 PRIDE 9 WORK1 IS EI!R UNRELAT$ TO OR NEGATIVELY RELAT$ TO ! VALUE ( ! \TPUT IS RELAT$ TO A P>TICUL> /AGE ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 NAMELY CAPITALISM1 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S >E TOOLS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS NECESS>ILY TRUE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y\ LOOK AT ! MANY 9T]VIEWS ) WORK]S ON ASSEMBLY L9ES1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT HAVE BE5 DONE BY 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S1 Y\ F9D ?AT ONE ( ! ?+S !Y COMPLA9 AB\T OV] & OV] AGA9 IS ! FACT ?AT !IR WORK SIMPLY CAN'T BE DONE WELL2 ! FACT ?AT ! ASSEMBLY L9E GOES ?R\< SO FA/ ?AT !Y CAN'T DO !IR WORK PROP]LY4 ,I JU/ HAPP5$ TO LOOK REC5TLY AT A /UDY ( LONGEVITY 9 SOME J\RNAL ON G]ONTOLOGY :I* TRI$ TO TRACE ! FACTORS ?AT Y\ C\LD USE TO PR$ICT LONGEVITY -- Y\ KN[1 CIG>ETTE SMOK+ & DR9K+1 G5ETIC FACTORS -- EV]Y?+ WAS LOOK$ AT4 ,IT TURN$ \T1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! HI<E/ PR$ICTOR1 ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL PR$ICTOR1 WAS JOB SATISFACTION4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,PEOPLE :O HAVE NICE JOBS LIVE LONG]4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,PEOPLE :O >E SATISFI$ ) !IR JOBS4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT MAKES A GOOD DEAL ( S5SE1 Y\ KN[1 BECAUSE ?AT'S :]E Y\ SP5D Y\R LIFE1 ?AT'S :]E Y\R CREATIVE ACTIVITIES >E4 ,N[ :AT LEADS TO JOB SATISFACTION8 ,WELL1 ,I ?9K MANY ?+S LEAD TO IT1 & ! KN[L$GE ?AT Y\ >E DO+ SOME?+ USEFUL = ! COMMUNITY IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( IT4 ,MANY PEOPLE :O >E SATISFI$ ) !IR WORK >E PEOPLE :O FEEL ?AT :AT !Y'RE DO+ IS IMPORTANT TO DO4 ,!Y CAN BE TEA*]S1 !Y CAN BE DOCTORS1 !Y CAN BE SCI5TI/S1 !Y CAN BE CRAFTSM51 !Y CAN BE F>M]S4 ,I MEAN1 ,I ?9K ! FEEL+ ?AT :AT ONE IS DO+ IS IMPORTANT1 IS WOR? DO+1 CONTRIBUTES TO ?OSE ) :OM ONE HAS SOCIAL BONDS1 IS A V]Y SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 ONE'S P]SONAL SATISFACTION4 

,& OV] & ABOVE ?AT !RE IS ! PRIDE & ! SELF-FULFILLM5T ?AT COMES FROM A JOB WELL DONE -- FROM SIMPLY TAK+ Y\R SKILLS & PUTT+ !M TO USE4 ,N[1 ,I DON'T SEE :Y ?AT %\LD 9 ANY WAY H>M1 9 FACT ,I %\LD ?9K IT W\LD 5HANCE1 ! VALUE ( :AT'S PRODUC$4 

,BUT LET'S IMAG9E /ILL ?AT AT SOME LEVEL IT DOES H>M4 ,WELL1 OKAY1 AT ?AT PO9T1 ! SOCIETY1 ! COMMUNITY1 HAS TO DECIDE H[ TO MAKE COMPROMISES4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS BO? A PRODUC] & A CONSUM]1 AFT] ALL1 & ?AT MEANS ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS TO JO9 9 !SE SOCIALLY DET]M9$ COMPROMISES -- IF 9 FACT !RE >E COMPROMISES4 ,& AGA9 ,I FEEL ! NATURE ( ! COMPROMISE IS MU* EXAGG]AT$ BECAUSE ( ! DI/ORT+ PRISM ( ! REALLY CO]CIVE & P]SONALLY DE/RUCTIVE SY/EM 9 :I* WE LIVE4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,ALL RI<T1 Y\ SAY ! COMMUNITY HAS TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T COMPROMISES1 & ( C\RSE COMMUNI/ !ORY PROVIDES = ?IS 9 ITS :OLE ?9K+ AB\T NATIONAL PLANN+1 DECISIONS AB\T 9VE/M5T1 DIRECTION ( 9VE/M5T1 & SO =?4 ,9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT Y\'RE NOT WILL+ TO PROVIDE = ?AT AM\NT ( GOV]NM5TAL SUP]/RUCTURE ?AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO MAKE ! PLANS1 MAKE ! 9VE/M5T DECISIONS1 TO DECIDE :E!R Y\ GIVE PRIORITY TO :AT PEOPLE WANT TO CONSUME1 OR :E!R Y\ GIVE PRIORITY TO ! WORK PEOPLE WANT TO DO4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I DON'T AGREE ) ?AT4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT AN>*I/1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 LEFT-,M>XI/ /RUCTURES1 BAS$ ON SY/EMS ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & F$]ATIONS1 PROVIDE EXACTLY ! SET ( LEVELS ( DECISION-MAK+ AT :I* DECISIONS CAN BE MADE AB\T A NATIONAL PLAN4 ,SIMIL>LY1 /ATE SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES ALSO PROVIDE A LEVEL ( DECISION-MAK+ -- LET'S SAY ! NATION -- 9 :I* NATIONAL PLANS CAN BE PRODUC$4 ,!RE'S NO DIFF]5CE 9 ?AT RESPECT4 ,! DIFF]5CE HAS TO DO ) P>TICIPATION 9 ?OSE DECISIONS & CONTROL OV] ?OSE DECISIONS4 ,9 ! VIEW ( AN>*I/S & LEFT-,M>XI/S -- LIKE ! WORK]S' C\NCILS OR ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E LEFT-,M>XI/S -- ?OSE DECISIONS >E MADE BY ! 9=M$ WORK+ CLASS ?R\< !IR ASSEMBLIES & !IR DIRECT REPRES5TATIVES1 :O LIVE AMONG !M & WORK AMONG !M4 ,ON ! /ATE SOCIALI/ SY/EMS1 ! NATIONAL PLAN IS MADE BY A NATIONAL BUREAUCRACY1 :I* ACCUMULATES TO ITSELF ALL ! RELEVANT 9=MATION1 MAKES DECISIONS1 (F]S !M TO ! PUBLIC1 & SAYS1 0,Y\ CAN PICK ME OR Y\ CAN PICK HIM1 BUT WE'RE ALL P>T ( ?IS REMOTE BUREAUCRACY40 ,!SE >E ! POLES1 !SE >E ! POL> OPPOSITES )9 ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,SO1 9 FACT1 !RE'S A V]Y CONSID]ABLE ROLE = ! /ATE & POSSIBLY EV5 = CIVIL S]VANTS1 = BUREAUCRACY1 BUT IT'S ! CONTROL OV] IT ?AT'S DIFF]5T4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,WELL1 SEE1 ,I DON'T REALLY BELIEVE ?AT WE NE$ A SEP>ATE BUREAUCRACY TO C>RY \T GOV]NM5TAL DECISIONS4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,Y\ NE$ V>I\S =MS ( EXP]TIZE4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,OH1 YES1 BUT LET'S TAKE EXP]TIZE ) REG>D TO ECONOMIC PLANN+1 BECAUSE C]TA9LY 9 ANY COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY !RE %\LD BE A GR\P ( TE*NICIANS :OSE TASK IT IS TO PRODUCE PLANS1 & TO LAY \T ! CONSEQU5CES ( DECISIONS1 TO EXPLA9 TO ! PEOPLE :O HAVE TO MAKE ! DECISIONS ?AT IF Y\ DECIDE ?IS1 Y\'RE LIKELY TO GET ?IS CONSEQU5CE1 BECAUSE ?AT'S :AT Y\R PROGRAMM+ MODEL %[S1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ! PO9T IS ?AT ?OSE PLANN+ SY/EMS >E !MSELVES 9DU/RIES1 & !Y WILL HAVE !IR WORK]S' C\NCILS & !Y WILL BE P>T ( ! :OLE C\NCIL SY/EM1 & ! DI/9CTION IS ?AT !SE PLANN+ SY/EMS DO NOT MAKE DECISIONS4 ,!Y PRODUCE PLANS 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ?AT AUTOMAK]S PRODUCE AUTOS4 ,! PLANS >E !N AVAILABLE = ! WORK]S' C\NCILS & C\NCIL ASSEMBLIES1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT AUTOS >E AVAILABLE TO RIDE 94 ,N[1 ( C\RSE1 :AT ?IS DOES REQUIRE IS AN 9=M$ & $UCAT$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ?AT'S PRECISELY :AT WE >E CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ 9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,H[ F> DOES ! SUCCESS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM REALLY DEP5D ON A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 ! NATURE ( MAN1 BO? 9 HIS MOTIVATION1 HIS ALTRUISM1 & ALSO 9 HIS KN[L$GE & SOPHI/ICATION8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I ?9K IT NOT ONLY DEP5DS ON IT BUT 9 FACT ! :OLE PURPOSE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM IS ?AT IT WILL CONTRIBUTE TO IT4 ,IT WILL CONTRIBUTE TO A SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION -- PRECISELY ?AT K9D ( GREAT TRANS=MATION 9 ! WAY HUMANS CONCEIVE ( !MSELVES & !IR ABILITY TO ACT1 TO DECIDE1 TO CREATE1 TO PRODUCE1 TO 9QUIRE -- PRECISELY ?AT SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION ?AT SOCIAL ?9K]S FROM ! LEFT-,M>XI/ TRADITIONS1 FROM ,LUXEMB\RG1 SAY1 ?R\< AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 HAVE ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$4 ,SO1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT REQUIRES ?AT SPIRITUAL TRANS=MATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ITS PURPOSE IS TO CREATE 9/ITUTIONS :I* WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ?AT TRANS=MATION 9 ! NATURE ( WORK1 ! NATURE ( CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 SIMPLY 9 SOCIAL BONDS AMONG PEOPLE1 & ?R\< ?IS 9T]ACTION ( CREAT+ 9/ITUTIONS :I* P]MIT NEW ASPECTS ( HUMAN NATURE TO FL\RI%4 ,& !N ! BUILD+ ( /ILL MORE LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS TO :I* !SE LIB]AT$ HUMAN BE+S CAN CONTRIBUTE4 ,?IS IS ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIALISM AS ,I UND]/& IT4 

 ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N3 ,& F9ALLY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,*OMSKY1 :AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! *ANCES ( SOCIETIES ALONG !SE L9ES COM+ 9TO BE+ 9 ! MAJOR 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES 9 ! ,WE/ 9 ! NEXT QU>T] ( A C5TURY OR SO8 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,I DON'T ?9K ,I'M WISE 5\<1 OR 9=M$ 5\<1 TO MAKE PR$ICTIONS & ,I ?9K PR$ICTIONS AB\T SU* POORLY UND]/OOD MATT]S PROBABLY G5]ALLY REFLECT P]SONALITY MORE ?AN JUDGM5T4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?IS MU* AT LEA/ WE CAN SAY3 !RE >E OBVI\S T5D5CIES 9 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM T[>DS CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 N>R[ ECONOMIC EMPIRES & 9 :AT IS 9CREAS+LY BECOM+ A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4 ,!SE >E T5D5CIES ?AT HAVE BE5 GO+ ON = A LONG TIME1 & ,I DON'T SEE ANY?+ /OPP+ !M REALLY4 ,I ?9K ?OSE T5D5CIES WILL CONT9UE4 ,!Y'RE P>T ( ! /AGNATION & DECL9E ( CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T T[>DS /ATE TOTALIT>IANISM & T[>DS ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION -- &1 ( C\RSE1 !Y >E L9K$ -- WILL CONT9UALLY LEAD TO REVULSION1 TO EF=TS ( P]SONAL LIB]ATION & TO ORGANIZATIONAL EF=TS AT SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,& ?AT'LL TAKE ALL SORTS ( =MS4 ,?R\<\T ALL ,EUROPE1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 !RE IS A CALL = :AT IS SOMETIMES CALL$ WORK] P>TICIPATION OR CO-DET]M9ATION1 OR EV5 SOMETIMES WORK] CONTROL4 ,N[1 MO/ ( !SE EF=TS >E M9IMAL4 ,I ?9K ?AT !Y'RE MISLEAD+ -- 9 FACT1 MAY EV5 UND]M9E EF=TS = ! WORK+ CLASS TO LIB]ATE ITSELF4 ,BUT1 9 P>T1 !Y'RE RESPONSIVE TO A /RONG 9TUITION & UND]/&+ ?AT CO]CION & REPRESSION1 :E!R BY PRIVATE ECONOMIC P[] OR BY ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 IS BY NO MEANS A NECESS>Y FEATURE ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,& ! MORE ?OSE CONC5TRATIONS ( P[] & AU?ORITY CONT9UE1 ! MORE WE WILL SEE REVULSION AGA9/ !M & EF=TS TO ORGANIZE & OV]?R[ !M4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 !Y'LL SUCCE$1 ,I HOPE4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JULY #b#e1 #aigf 3 ,! ,RELEVANCE ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,! ,RELEVANCE ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RELEVANCE ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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