,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMILE ,P\GET 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR ,DEF9$ 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS :AT IT SAYS IT IS1 ! B&+ TOGE!R ( ! WORK]S 9TO ONE HOMOG5E\S BLOC2 ! AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO AN AGGREGATE OP]AT+ ON ! T]RA9 ( ! ECONOMY2 BY VIRTUE ( ITS ORIG9S1 ITS ESS5CE1 IT %UNS ALL COMPROMISE ) B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 

,! GRASSROOTS CELL ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS ! TRADE UNION & IT IS BY ! TRADE UNIONS COM+ 9TO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 ?R\< !IR %[S ( SOLID>ITY ?AT ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR REVEALS ITSELF1 %[S ITSELF & ACTS4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ! TRADE UNION IS AFFILIAT$ TO ! NATIONAL F$]ATION ( ITS TRADE2 ON ! O!R1 TO ITS ,DEP>TM5TAL ,UNION4 ,! F$]AL AG5CIES ( !SE TWO 9 TURN F$]ATE ) EA* O!R & \T ( !IR UNION COMES ! AG5CY ?AT M>%ALS ! WORK]S 5]GIES & 9T]E/S3 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR4 

,?IS F$]ALISM ( OV]LAPP+ CONC5TRIC CIRCLES IS A M>VEL\S AMPLIFI] ( WORK]S2 /R5G?2 ITS COMPON5T P>TS RE9=CE ONE ANO!R & ! P>TICUL> /R5G? ( EA* IS MAGNIFI$ BY ! SUPPORT ( ALL ! RE/4 ,ON ITS [N1 ! TRADE UNION HAS NO RES\RCES OR 5]GIES O!R ?AN ITS [N & C\LD OP]ATE 9 A RE/RICT$ WAY ONLY2 :]EAS1 ?R\< ITS AFFILIATION TO ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR1 IT CAN DRAW UPON ! CONSID]ABLE P[]S AF=D$ IT1 9 A RIPPLE EFFECT1 BY ORGANIZ$ SOLID>ITY4 

,?IS 5ORM\S /R5G? -- :I* DEFIES MEASUREM5T 9 ?AT IT IS =EV] GR[+ -- IS ! RESULT ( ASSOCIATION ON ECONOMIC T]RA94 ,?AT IS ! ONLY BASIS UPON :I* SU* A ?RIV+ ORGANISM ) NO?+ TO FE> FROM ! 9TRUSION ( ANY DISORGANIZ+ FACTOR CAN BE CON/RUCT$4,9 FACT1 S9CE ! CON/RUCTION ( ?IS COM+-TOGE!R IS 9 ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ANY ATT5UATION ( ITS DEM&S & REVOLUTION>Y P[] IS PO9TLESS & EV]Y ATTEMPT$ DEVIATION DOOM$ 9 ADVANCE TO FUTILITY4 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS A P>TY ( 9T]E/S4 ,IT TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! OP9IONS ( ITS COMPON5T MEMB]S3 IT ACKN[L$GES & CO-ORD9ATES ONLY ! 9T]E/S -- BE !Y MAT]IAL OR MORAL OR 9TELLECTUAL -- ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS RANKS >E OP5 TO ALL ( ! EXPLOIT$ REG>DLESS ( !IR POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S VIEWS4 

,YES1 ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IGNORES OP9IONS1 NO MATT] :AT !Y MAY BE6 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT GOES AFT] ! EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN BE+S 9 :ATEV] =M ?IS MAY ASSUME4 

,A WORK] ) B>OQUE PHILOSOPHICAL OR POLITICAL VIEWS -- :O MAY BE A BELIEV] 9 SOME ,GOD OR 9 ! ,/ATE -- WILL HAVE HIS PLACE ALONGSIDE HIS COMRADES )9 ! RANKS ( ?IS P>TY4 ,BUT :AT COMES 9 = CRITICISM )9 ?IS P>TY IS ! EXPLOITATION ( !OLOGICAL1 POLITICAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL CRE$S2 :AT IS REPROA*$ IS ! 9TRUSION ( PRIE/ OR POLITICIAN1 BO? ( :OM MAKE A LIVELIHOOD \T ( SPECULAT+ ) PEOPLES BELIEFS4 

,)9 ! P>TY1 !RE IS A PLACE = ALL ( ! EXPLOIT$1 EV5 IF MANY ( !M 79 TODAYS SOCIETY :]E !RE IS NO?+ BUT ABSURDITY & CRIME7 >E OBLIG$ TO BUCKLE D[N TO PO9TLESS OR 9DE$ H>MFUL UND]TAK+S4 

,! WORK] 9 ! >MS PLANT1 ! BUILD] ( W>%IPS1 ETC41 >E 5GAG$ 9 NOXI\S TASKS3 !Y >E D\BLY ! VICTIMS ( BAD SOCIAL ORGANIZATION S9CE !Y >E NOT ONLY EXPLOIT$ BUT MU/ ALSO DO !IR BIT T[>DS MALFEASANT ACTIVITY4 ,H[EV]1 !IR PLACE IS /ILL 9SIDE ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ANYONE :O IS1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS P]SONAL FUNCTION1 A BR+] ( H>M -- ! 9=M]1 SAY -- IS TO BE %UNN$4 ,SU* A P]SON IS A P>ASITE ( ! MO/ REVOLT+ TYPE3 SPRUNG FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 HE HAS DEBAS$ HIMSELF ) ! VILE/ ( UND]TAK+S3 AS A RESULT1 ONLY 9 ! B\RGEOISIES RANKS IS !RE ANY PLACE = HIM4 

,?US ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR /&S AP>T FROM ALL O!R P>TIES BY VIRTUE ( ?IS ESS5TIAL FACT3 ?AT 9 B&+ TOGE!R ?OSE :O WORK AGA9/ ?OSE :O LIVE FROM EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 IT M>%ALS 9T]E/S & NOT OP9IONS4 ,?US1 ( NECESSITY1 !RE IS A UNITY ( \TLOOK 9 ITS RANKS4 ,AMONG ! P]SONNEL MAK+ UP ! MORE OR LESS MOD]ATE1 MORE OR LESS REVOLUTION>Y S*OOLS ( ?\<T1 SU* A UNITY ( \TLOOK IS FEASIBLE 7& EXI/S672 BUT SU* DIFF]5CES ON ! DETAIL NEI!R 9VALIDATE NOR BREA* ! SYNDICALI/ UNITY ?AT >ISES FROM ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,?IS P[] TO ABSORB 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES1 UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! AGREEM5T ?AT NECESS>ILY SPR+S FROM A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/1 GIVES ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR AN $GE 9 T]MS ( VITALITY & ACTION & AF=DS IT AN IMMUNITY FROM ! BLI<TS AFFLICT+ ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,9SIDE EV]Y P>TY -- ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR EXCEPT$ -- ! OV]-RID+ OBJECTIVE IS 0POLICY01 & ON ! BASIS ( A SIMIL>ITY ( OP9IONS1 M5 ( DIV]G5T 9T]E/S -- EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$ 7& ONE MU/ BE EI!R ONE OR ! O!R671 >E ?R[N 9TO ONE ANO!RS COMPANY4 ,?IS IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,!Y >E1 ALL ( !M1 A MOTLEY COLLECTION ( M5 :OSE 9T]E/S RUN C\NT] TO ONE ANO!R4 

,NOT ?AT ?IS ANOMALY IS PECULI> TO ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,IT ALSO DISFIGURES SOCIALI/ P>TIES :I*1 ONCE HAV+ SET FOOT UPON ! SLIPP]Y SLOPES ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 COME TO JETTISON ! SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( SOCIALISM & BECOME NO?+ MORE ?AN DEMOCRATIC P>TIES1 ALBEIT ( A MORE ACC5TUAT$ V>IETY4 

,MORE & MORE CAPITALI/S1 BOSSES1 ETC4 >E BE+ WON OV] TO SOCIALISM & !SE RECONCILE !IR P>ASITICAL EXI/5CE AS BE/ !Y CAN ) ! ACT+ \T ( !IR BELIEFS4 ,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT ATTRACTS RECRUITS FROM ! 5EMY CAMP IS ! DEVIATION 9 ! DIRECTION ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,:]EAS !Y HAVE NOT QUITE COMPLETELY BE5 ELIM9AT$1 !N AT LEA/ ! FACT ?AT ! !ORY ( TAK+ GOV]NM5T P[] HAS RELEGAT$ REVOLUTION>Y CONC]NS TO ! BACKGR\ND1 HAS :ETT$ SOME APPETITES4 ,& !SE DEFECTORS FROM ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE CALCULAT$ ! B5EFITS ( TURN+ SOCIALI/ & *]I% ! HOPE ( GA9+ ! UPP] H& 9 ?AT WAY4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT !RE >E ?OSE :O BECOME SOCIALI/S ! WAY ?AT O!RS BECOME LAWY]S OR PUBLICANS4 ,IT IS REG>D$ AS A C>E] MOVE -- AN EXCELL5T WAY ( GETT+ AHEAD8 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR NE$ HAVE NO FE> ( SU* DANG]S4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT IS CON/RUCT$ UPON ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ?AT ITS ACTION TAKES PLACE 9 ! SPH]E ON ECONOMICS1 !RE IS NO WAY ?AT 9DIVIDUALS CAN RELY UPON IT OR 9VOKE IT 9 ! SATISFACTION ( !IR SELFI% 9T]E/S4 ,! CONTRADICTION !RE IS =MAL & 9SURM\NTABLE4 ,9DE$1 S9CE ! GRATIFICATION ( P]SONAL AMBITION IS FEASIBLE ONLY 9 ! REALM ( POLITICS1 ANY :O ATTEMPT ANY SU* *ICAN]Y & PURSUE A SELFI% PRIVATE 9T]E/ )9 ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR CAN ACCOMPLI% BUT ONE ?+3 !IR [N SELF-EXCLUSION FROM ! LABOR CAMP4 

,! SAME PH5OM5ON CAN BE SE5 :5 A WORK+ MAN BECOMES AN EMPLOY]3 EV5 ?\< ! P>V5U MAY /ILL BE MOTIVAT$ BY GOOD 9T5TIONS & CL+ TO HIS REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS1 AS A RULE HE IS EXCLUD$ FROM COLLECTIVE GR\P+S -- HIS CLASS 9T]E/S HAV+ *ANG$4 

,! SAME ?+ GOES = ! P>V5U 9 POLITICS3 HE QUICKLY DROPS \T ( TRADE UNION ACTIVISM &1 9 MO/ CASES1 ONCE HE HAS A*IEV$ HIS PURPOSES1 & RIS5 TO ! DESIR$ ELEVATION1 HE WILL+LY /EPS ASIDE & REFRA9S FROM ALL ACTIVITY )9 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 

,N[1 IF 9DIVIDUAL DEVIATIONS >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! ORGANIZATIONAL MAKE-UP ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR1 IT IS ALL ! MORE FIRMLY TO BE EXCLUD$ AS A POSSIBILITY ?AT ?AT BODY AS A :OLE %\LD SUCCUMB TO A DEVIATION ?AT W\LD BE NO?+ %ORT ( ITS V]Y NEGATION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT IS CON/ITUT$ UPON ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT CANNOT AT ANY TIME OR 9 ANY FA%ION BE A BRE$+ GR\ND = ! AMBITI\S4 

,IT CANNOT TURN 9TO A P>TY ( POLITICIANS4 ,AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ?AT W\LD BE LAPS+ BACK 9TO PA/ ]RORS :I* EXHAU/$ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 FUTILE /RUGGLES & 9 EF=TS ?AT BR\<T IT NO B5EFIT 7ALBEIT ?AT !Y W]E NOT FUTILE & )\T B5EFIT = ?OSE KE5 TO SPE$ !IR PROGRESS UP ! LADD]671 SU* A COMPREH5SIVE DEVIATION W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO AN AFFIRMATION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 DES]T+ ! PREY = ITS %AD[1 W\LD DISDA9 TO W9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL IMPROVEM5TS & BE :OLLY CONSUM$ 9/EAD BY ! PURSUIT ( POLITICAL ILLUSIONS4 

,SO JU/ AS IT IS UN?9KABLE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS %\LD LAY ASIDE ITS 9T]E/S1 IT IS ALSO UN?9KABLE ?AT ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR %\LD TURN 9TO A DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 

,ITS NECESSITY 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS A DIRECT BYPRODUCT ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY3 IT IS ! CONC]T ( PROLET>IAT =CES1 = :I* ! WORK+ CLASS LOGICALLY /RIVES FROM ! MOM5T IT WAKES UP TO ITS 9T]E/S4 

,! CURR5T SOCIETY IS MADE UP ( TWO CLASSES :OSE 9T]E/S RUN C\NT] TO EA* O!R3 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOIS CLASS3 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT EA* ( !SE %\LD RALLY >\ND ITS [N SOCIAL POLE -- ! WORK]S >\ND ONE1 ! EXPLOIT]S >\ND ! OPPOSITE SOCIAL POLE4 

,! COM+-TOGE!R ( ! WORK+ CLASS MAKES UP ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR3 IT1 !RE=E1 IS ! AGGREGATION SUIT$ TO ! =M ( EXPLOITATION1 :I* IS :Y IT EM]GES SPONTANE\SLY ) NO PRECONCEIV$ NOTION GOV]N+ ITS CO-ORD9ATION4 

,IT W\LD BE A WA/E ( TIME = US TO DWELL UPON DEMON/RAT+ ! EXI/5CE )9 SOCIETY ( TWO ANTAGONI/IC SOCIAL CLASSES :I*1 F> FROM AMALGAMAT+ 9TO ONE HOMOG5E\S UNIT1 M]ELY ACC5TUATE !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,?AT IS A FACT SO PAT5TLY OBVI\S ?AT WE NE$ NOT LABOR ! PO9T4 

,?IS IRRECONCILABLE ANTAGONISM IS ! RESULT ( ! SEIZURE BY ! RUL+ CLASS ( ALL ( ! ASSETS ( SOCIETY -- ITS 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 PROP]TY & RES\RCES ( ALL SORTS4 ,FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT ! L[] CLASS IS OBLIG$1 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 TO SUBMIT TO ! CONDITIONS FOI/$ UPON IT BY !SE GRASP+ TYPES4 

,SU* DEF]5CE TO ! CAPITALI/ BY ! PROLET>IAN :O1 9 RETURN = HIS LABOR1 RECEIVES A WAGE CONSID]ABLY LESS ?AN ! VALUE ( ! LABOR =?COM+ FROM HIM1 ! WAGE-SLAVE1 IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE CONT5DS1 A NATURAL PH5OM5ON4 ,!Y EV5 V5TURE TO >GUE ?AT ! WAGE IS NOT SUBJECT TO *ANGE -- & >E NONE TOO BO!R$ 9 !IR CONT5TIONS BY ! SUCCESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCES ( SLAV]Y & S]FDOM1 :I* \<T TO CAUTION !M AGA9/ ! ABSURDITY ( >GU+ ?AT PROP]TY 7AS HELD BY !M7 ALONE IS ! EXCEPTION TO ! LAWS ( LIFE :I* >E MOVEM5T & *ANGE4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 AS !Y CONT5D ?AT ! WAG$ -- AS A CLASS -- >E DOOM$ TO ET]NAL EXPLOITATION1 !Y SEE FIT TO BL9D !M ) ! *IM]A ( 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION1 DAZZL+ !IR VICTIMS ) ! POSSIBILITY ( ESCAP+ WAGE SLAV]Y & TAK+ !IR PLACE 9 ! RANKS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT AS F> AS ! B\RGEOISIE IS CONC]N$ SU* HOPES HAVE ! M]IT ( 9DUC+ ! EXPLOIT$ TO BE> !IR MIS=TUNE ) PATI5CE1 !Y NEUTRALIZE OR AT ANY RATE SL[ D[N ! GR[? ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! $UCATION & TRA9+ BE/[$ UPON Y\NG] G5]ATIONS HAVE NO O!R PURPOSE3 ?OSE G5]ATIONS >E SUBJECT$ TO A ME?OD ( 9TELLECTUAL CA/RATION BAS$ UPON REHE>SAL ( PREJUDICES1 PEPP]$ ) PREA*+ AB\T RESIGNATION1 AS WELL AS 9CITEM5TS TO UNRE/RA9$ SELF-SEEK+4 

,! >GUM5T IS ?AT 9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 EV]YONE HAS ! B$ HE HAS MADE = HIMSELF & ! PLACE HE DES]VES3 ?AT1 IF ONE IS TO MAKE IT ONE HAS TO BE AN HONE/1 SOB]1 9TELLIG5T WORK] & SO ON4 ,:AT IS NOT SAID1 AL?\< IT IS IMPLI$1 IS ?AT TO !SE QUALITIES1 ONE MORE MU/ BE ADD$3 ONE MU/ BE DEVOID ( SCRUPLES & ELB[ ONES WAY AHEAD )\T REG>D TO ONES FELL[S4 

,9 ! B\RGEOIS VIEW1 LIFE IS AN ONGO+ /RUGGLE ( HUMAN AGA9/ HUMAN2 SOCIETY IS AN >5A :]E EA* IS ! 5EMY ( ALL4 

,DI/RACT$ BY SU* SOPHI/RY1 ! PROLET>IAN AT FIR/ DREAMS ( 9DIVIDUALLY BREAK+ FREE ( WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,S9CE WORK UND]P9S EV]Y?+ & S9CE WEAL? IS !RE = ! TAK+ = ?OSE :O DISPLAY ORD] & P]SEV]ANCE1 HE WILL MAKE HIS =TUNE6 ,MOREOV]1 9 HIS VIEW1 WEAL? IS ONLY ! A*IEVEM5T ( 9DEP5D5CE & FRE$OM & ! ASSURANCE ( WELL-BE+4 ,BUT ALAS6 ,HE MU/ DISC>D HIS DREAMS4 ,REALITY REQUIRES IT & HE HAS TO ADMIT ?AT IT IS MAT]IALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK]S TO ATTA9 ! YE>N$ = RELIEF4 ,BE=E HE C\LD A*IEVE 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION1 HE W\LD HAVE TO [N HIS 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & ! :]E)AL TO SET !M 9 MOTION4 ,N[1 MOD]N PRODUCTION1 BE+ =MIDABLY 9DU/RIALIZ$1 REQUIRES SU* CONSID]ABLE CAPITAL \TLAY ?AT A WORK] W\LD HAVE TO BE MAD TO IMAG9E ?AT HE MI<T SET ASIDE1 \T ( HIS WAGES1 ! CAPITAL HE REQUIRES TO ACQUIRE A FACTORY4 

,TO BE SURE1 SOME PROLET>IANS DO /EP \T FROM !IR CLASS3 ?ANKS TO EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 SOME P[]FUL P]SONALITIES )\T SCRUPLES AS TO *OICE ( ME?OD DO MANAGE TO 9* !IR WAY 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE4,!RE >E EV5 SOME CASES ( M5 :O />T$ \T AS WORK]S 7,C>NEGIE1 ,ROCKEFELL]1 ETC17 TURN+ 9TO ! K+S ( WEAL?4 

,! B\RGEOISIE HAS TAK5 !SE UP/>TS TO ITS BOSOM4 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE PLEAS$ TO WELCOME !M ABO>D BECAUSE1 BY 9TRODUC+ AN 9JECTION ( NEW BLOOD1 !Y CONSOLIDATE ITS PRIVILEGES3 MOREOV]1 IT P>ADES !M BY WAY ( UNANSW]ABLE >GUM5TS TO %[ ?AT IT IS EASY = P>SIMONI\S WORK+ M5 TO BECOME B\RGEOIS4 

,IT W\LD BE NAIVE ( ! WORK]S TO LET !MSELVES BE TEMPT$ BY ?IS BAIT & TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) HOPES ( JU/ SU* AN EV5TUALITY4 ,?AT W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO LETT+ !MSELVES BE LULL$ BY ! SAME SONG AS ! %EPH]DESSES ( LEG5D :O DREAM$ ( A ,PR9CE ,*>M+ %[+ UP TO ASK = !IR H& 9 M>RIAGE4 

,& !N :AT8 ,EV5 IF IT W]E TRUE ?AT ! MO/ GIFT$ MEMB]S ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN MAKE !IR =TUNE1 ! SITUATION ( ! MASS ( !M W\LD NOT HAVE ALT]$3 ! WORK]S W\LD C>RY ON SLAV+ = !IR EXPLOIT]S1 GRAZ+ MAT]IALLY & SPIRITUALLY1 ) NO PROSPECT TO LOOK =W>D TO BUT ! REPOSE ( ! GRAVE4 

,?US ! 9DIVIDUALS ESCAPE FROM WAGE SLAV]Y1 :I* ANYWAY MEANS ?AT ?OSE :O MAKE IT >E OBLIG$ TO EXPLOIT !IR CLASS BRO!RS1 (F]S NO REM$Y TO ! SOCIAL ILLS AFFLICT+ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SU* ESCAPES CAN ONLY OCCUR ON A SMALL SCALE & ALL ?AT !Y IMPLY IS A FEW ADJU/M5TS TO A FEW 9DIVIDUAL SITUATIONS1 HAV+ NO IMPACT UPON ! FATE ( ! WORK]S AS A :OLE1 :O C>RY ON SLAV+ = ! B5EFIT ( ! MA/]S & RUL]S4 

,FUR!RMORE1 EV5 W]E ! NUMB]S A*IEV+ COMP>ATIVE EASE1 9DE$ WEAL?1 L>G]1 ?AT W\LD DO NO?+ TO ]ASE ! ANTAGONISM ?AT PITS ! PRODUC] CLASS AGA9/ ! P>ASITE CLASS4 ,= AS LONG AS SOCIAL RELATIONS REMA9 AS !Y >E -- ! RELATION ( EMPLOY] TO WAGE SLAVE1 ( RUL] TO RUL$ -- ! PROBLEM WILL REMA9 & CLASS /RUGGLE WILL BE AN 9EVITABLE PH5OM5ON4 

,EV5 IF WE W]E TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! MOANS ( ! MASSES CRU%$ & BROK5 ON ! SOCIAL BATTLEFIELD W]E TO TR\BLE ! PEACE ( M9D ( ! SMUG & ?OSE :O1 \T ( A SPIRIT ( *>ITY OR GUILE1 MAY DEIGN TO CAT] = ! MAT]IAL LIVES ( ! EXPLOIT$1 AMALGAMATION ( ! CLASSES W\LD NOT BE ! \TCOME ( SU* 9T]V5TION & SOCIETY W\LD NOT BE PACIFI$ BY ?AT REM$Y4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID3 0,MAN DOES NOT LIVE BY BREAD ALONE60 ,:I* IS :Y ! SOCIAL QUE/ION IS NOT JU/ A MAT]IAL PROBLEM4 ,= US TO BE HAPPY & CONT5T1 IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT WE %\LD BE ASSUR$ ( \R 0CRU/03 WE ALSO WANT TO BE FREE ( ALL IMP$IM5T & ALL DOM9ATION3 WE WANT TO BE FREE1 TO BE BEHOLD5 TO NONE & TO HAVE NO RELATIONS ) \R NEI<BORS O!R ?AN ?OSE F\ND$ ON EQUALITY1 REG>DLESS ( ! DIFF]5CES 9 \R ABILITIES1 EXP]TIZE & FUNCTIONS4 

,! PO9T !RE=E IS TO WORK A *ANGE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY SO ?AT H5CE=? !RE IS ONLY ONE CATEGORY1 ONE CLASS POSSIBLE3 ?AT ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,SU* ESS5TIAL *ANGE CAN ONLY BE WR\<T ON ! BASIS ( COMMUNISM -- COMMUNISM ALONE BE+ ABLE TO GU>ANTEE ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 5JOYS COMPLETE AUTONOMY & UNFETT]$ SCOPE = DEVELOPM5T4 

,ONCE UPON A TIME1 BE=E BIG 9DU/RY DROVE ! >TISAN FROM HIS T9Y WORK%OP -- & /RIPP$ HIM (F ! 9/RUM5T ( HIS LABORS -- ! WORK+ MAN HAD SOME PROSPECT ( C>V+ \T A R\<1 BUT 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE = HIMSELF4 ,TODAY1 9 9DU/RY1 SU* A DREAM IS FEASIBLE ONLY 9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES4 

,EV5 N[ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! PEASANT CAN HOPE TO C>VE \T A COMP>ATIVELY FREE EXI/5CE UPON A TRACT ( L&4 ,H[EV]1 SU* LIB]ATION IS T5D+ TO BECOME MORE & MORE FRAU<T ) DIFFICULTIES 7& 9 MO/ CASES V]Y PREC>I\S7 BECAUSE ( ! CONFISCATION ( ! L& BY ! RI*1 BECAUSE ( ! ESCALAT+ TAXES & ! RAPACI\SNESS ( ! MIDDLEM54 ,& ANYWAY1 ! PEASANTS LIB]ATION IS ACCOMPANI$ BY SU* WORRIES6 ,HE LIVES 9 CON/ANT T]ROR ( ! TAX COLLECTOR1 ! MONEY-L5D] & LEADS A JOYLESS1 CRU%+LY BLEAK EXI/5CE SLAV+ LIKE AN OX4 

,SU* AUTONOMY ( PEASANT & >TISAN1 GA9$ AT HUGE EF=T1 IS A P>TICUL>LY ILLUSORY EMANCIPATION 9 ?AT BO? >E BEHOLD5 TO CAPITALISM & !IR E>N+S >E MODE/1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! AM\NT ( TOIL REQUIR$ ( !M4 ,!Y >E SOCIETYS HYBRIDS :O DO NOT QUITE FIT ! DESCRIPTION B\RGEOIS1 NOR >E !Y WAGE-SLAVES3 !Y >E A HANG-OV] FROM ! >TISANATE & ! PEASANTRY3 AL?\< NOT READILY CLASSIFIABLE1 !IR 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E ! V]Y SAME4 ,AT PRES5T1 ?\<1 !Y CAN BE TAK5 TO TASK = PREF]R+ !IR [N FATE TO ?AT ( ! WAGE SLAVE3 EXCEPT ?AT !Y \<T TO BE SAY+ TO !MSELVES ?AT !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS >E A HANG-OV] FROM ! PA/ & ?AT IT IS 9 !IR 9T]E/ TO L5D A H& 9 ! COM+ SOCIAL *ANGE3 9DE$1 !Y HAVE MU* TO GA9 FROM (F]+ NO RESI/ANCE TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 & 9/EAD PLAY+ A P>T 9 ITS SUCCESS & ADAPT+ TO ! NEW MODES ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 

,SO WE CAN SEE H[ ILLUSORY IS ! BAIT ( 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION HELD \T BY ! B\RGEOISIE3 ( ! SEV]AL ME?ODS ( P]SONAL ESCAPE FROM WAGE SLAV]Y HYPO!TICALLY ON (F]1 NONE IS LIABLE TO BE WIDELY TAK5 UP & ?US CANNOT BE EMBRAC$ BY ! WORK]S AT L>GE AS A REM$Y TO !IR SAD LOT1 = NONE IS LIKELY TO PROVIDE = A FREE & COM=TABLE EXI/5CE = ALL4 

,SO1 IF ?IS DREAM ( 9DIVIDUAL ESCAPE FROM WAGE SLAV]Y HAS BE5 P$DL$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE HAS SE5 IT AS A SID+ ?AT CAN /OP ! WORK+ CLASS FROM ATTA9+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BY /IMULAT+ APPETITES & OV]-/IMULAT+ SELFI% AMBITIONS1 IT HAS C\NT$ UPON KEEP+ ! PROLET>IAT DIVID$ AGA9/ ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY SO ?AT ) EA* 9DIVIDUALS HEAD FILL$ ) ?\<TS ( NO?+ BUT ! SCRAMBLE TO GET AHEAD1 HIS ONLY CONC]N WILL BE ) CLIMB+ ON HIS COMRADES BACKS1 :I* WILL ACT AS A BRAKE UPON ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT & NULLIFY 9NATE T5D5CIES T[>DS SOLID>ITY4 

,BUT ! HUMAN BE+ C\LD NOT RESIGN HIMSELF FATALI/ICALLY TO P]PETUAL SLAV]Y3 ! SE$S ( DISCORD & HATR$ :I* ! B\RGEOISIE LOOK =W>D TO SEE+ SPR\T FROM ! ,PEOPLES HE>TS SO ?AT ITS [N SECURITY CAN BE ASSUR$ >E A WE$1 ! SPREAD ( :I* CANNOT =EV] /RANGLE ! GR[? ( 9/9CTS ( SOCIABILITY1 = LIFE ?R\< AGREEM5T IS EV]Y BIT AS CRUCIAL TO ! SURVIVAL ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS ! F]OCI\S /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE IS DE> TO ! EXPLOIT]S4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 SPITE ( ! SOPHI/RY & ! FALSEHOODS ) :I* ITS HEAD IS FILL$1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT %\LD ATTA9 CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS CLASS 9T]E/S1 ESPECIALLY AS ! M]E/ FLICK]+ GLIMM] ( REASON HAD TO OP5 ITS EYES TO ! FACT ?AT SOCIETYS AFFLICTIONS >E NOT 9ESCAPABLE4 

,:Y !SE /RIK+1 REVOLT+ 9EQUALITIES8 ,H[ COME !RE >E WRET*ES :O WANT = !IR DAILY BREAD :5 !RE >E SOME :O CANNOT ?9K UP WAYS ( SQU&]+ !IR SURPLUS8 ,H[ COME M5 >E PAID ONLY 9ADEQUATE WAGES = HELLI% TOIL :5 !RE >E P>ASITES WALL[+ 9 COM=T & LUXURY8 

,:AT IS ! REASON = IT ALL8 ,IS AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL \TPUT NOT UP TO MEET+ EV]YONES NE$S8 

,NO6 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS ACTIVE LIFE1 ANY MAN DEVOT+ HIMSELF TO USEFUL TOIL PRODUCES MORE ?AN HE NE$S TO MAT* :AT HE CONSUMES 79 FOOD1 CLO?+1 ACCOMMODATION1 ETC471 & !N SOME2 OV] ?AT TIME HE PRODUCES AS WELL 5\< TO REIMBURSE ! COMMUNITY = ! ADVANCES IT HAS MADE TO HIM TO RE> HIM TO MANHOOD & HE ALSO PRODUCES 5\< TO 5SURE ?AT HE HAS ! :]E)AL TO LIVE :51 OV]TAK5 BY OLD AGE1 HE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO WORK ANY LONG]4 

,N[1 IF ! EXI/5CE ( EV]Y S+LE P]SON IS NOT GU>ANTE$1 = ! PRES5T AS WELL AS = ! FUTURE1 \T ( ?IS FUND ( 9T5SE P]SONAL PRODUCTIVITY1 ! REASON IS ?AT ?IS WEAL? IS NOT BE+ US$ TO GU>ANTEE ! UPKEEP ( ?OSE ) A NATURAL 5TITLEM5T BUT IS DIV]T$ BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AWAY FROM ITS SOCIAL DE/9ATION & MA9LY TURN$ TO ITS [N B5EFIT4 

,?AT ! LEVEL ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIVITY IS HI< 5\< = EV]YONES NE$S TO BE MET IS N[ 9CONTROV]TIBLE4 

,9 9DU/RIAL T]MS1 PRODUCTION POT5TIAL IS1 ?ANKS TO ! TREM5D\S IMPROVEM5T 9 TOOLS1 WELL NI< UNLIMIT$3 SO TRUE IS ?IS ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! PRUD5CE ( 9DU/RIALI/S :O EA* TRY TO TAILOR !IR WORK]S \TPUT TO ! COMM]CIAL DEM&S ( ! M>KET1 !RE (T5 IS A GLUT 9 ! %APE ( OV]-PRODUCTION4 ,?OSE H>DE/ HIT 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES >E ! WORK]S3 IT IS !Y :O SUFF] ! PA9FUL CONSEQU5CES ( SU* CRISES1 BECAUSE1 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ! BALANCE1 ! EXPLOIT]S CANNOT ?9K ( ANY BETT] SOLUTION ?AN TO SL[ D[N PRODUCTION1 :I* LEADS TO UNEMPLOYM5T & LEADS TO EV5 GREAT] WRET*$NESS = ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ! AGRICULTURAL SC5E1 ! PICTURE IS EQUALLY SOMB]3 ! OBJECT ( F>M+ IS NOT TO REAP MAMMO? H>VE/S & !REBY CREATE FOOD 9 GREAT ABUNDANCE3 ! OBJECT ( F>M+ IS TO SELL AT A PR(IT4 ,N[ S9CE SALE PRICES SLUMP 9 YE>S :5 ! H>VE/ HAS BE5 GOOD1 :]EAS MAN-P[] T5DS TO BECOME MORE EXP5SIVE1 F>M]S W\LD RA!R A PASSABLE ?AN AN ABUNDANT H>VE/1 ! =M] BE+ MORE EASILY & MORE PR(ITABLY DISPOS$ (4 

,SO H]E WE HAVE ! G5]AL POSITION3 ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCE ( ALL SORTS IS DREAD$ RA!R ?AN DESIR$ & !RE IS A T5D5CY TO KEEP ! SUPPLY L[ SO ?AT IT CAN BE SOLD DE>4 ,! NE$S ( ! MASS ( HUMANITY NEV] FIGURE AMONG ! PREOCCUPATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/S :O PRESIDE OV] PRODUCTION3 WE HAVE ! MON/R\S SPECTACLE ( 5TIRE PEOPLES B]EFT ( ! MEANS ( SURVIVAL -- & ALL TOO (T5 LIT]ALLY P]I%+ ( HUNG] -- :5 !RE IS AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY ( FOOD1 CLO?+ & ACCOMMODATION AVAILABLE4 

,SU* A GL>+ 9IQUITY IS CONDEMNATION 5\<1 )\T FUR!R >GUM5TS BE+ REQUIR$1 ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT 5G5D]S IT4 ,IT IS UTT]LY NECESS>Y ?AT ?IS MON/R\S SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION ?AT VE/S ALMO/ EV]Y?+ 9 AN EXPLOITATIVE1 P>ASITICAL RUL+ M9ORITY1 MO/ ( :OM HAVE LITTLE OR NO H& 9 WEAL? CREATION1 %\LD BE OV]?R[N4 ,N[1 GIV5 ! ! EXT5T ( 9DU/RIAL & SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T1 SU* A SOLUTION SEEMS PRACTICABLE ONLY ?ANKS TO A FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION3 ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ?AT M>%ALS HUMAN RES\RCES 9 ORD] TO SET !M TO PRODUC+ = ! B5EFIT ( ! CONFISCATOR ( NATURAL RES\RCES & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A SY/EM ( SOLID>ITY TAK+ NATURAL RES\RCES & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9TO COMMON [N]%IP & SETT+ !M TO WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 

,?IS *ANGE IS AN 9ELUCTABLE NECESSITY & ITS ADV5T IS HA/5$ AS ! WORK+ CLASS ACQUIRES A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ITS CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ?IS TASK ( REORGANIZ+ SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE C>RI$ \T & BR\<T (F 9 A CONTEXT PURG$ ( ALL B\RGEOIS CONTAM9ATION4 ,?IS FUNCTION ( ACT+ AS MIDWIFE TO ! NEW SOCIETY ?US FALLS LEGITIMATELY UPON ! %\LD]S ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR1 ! SOLE AG5CY :I*1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS V]Y MAKE-UP1 EXCLUDES ALL ( ! DROSS ( SOCIETY FROM ITS RANKS4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! M>%AL+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A BLOC SEP>ATE FROM ALL ! P>TIES -- & ) APPROPRIATE TACTICS & ME?ODOLOGIES ( ITS V]Y [N -- IS NO FLA% 9 ! PAN2 IT IS AN 9H]5T REQUIREM5T ( ! PRES5T CONTEXT1 = ONLY 9 SU* A P>TY -- :I* IMPLIES P]FECT HOMOG5EITY & UTT] ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S -- CAN IT FEEL UTT]LY AT HOME4 

,ANY:]E ELSE1 ANY O!R GR\P+ IS OP5 TO 9FILTRATION BY ELEM5TS ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASS & ! AMBITIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS CAN HAVE NOXI\S IMPLICATIONS4 ,:I* IS :Y NONE ( !M CAN BOA/ ! UNITY ( \TLOOK1 ACTION & AIM ?AT >E AUTOMATICALLY ATTRIBUTES ( ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT CLASS3 :I* IS :Y NONE IS SO PLA9LY QUALIFI$ TO PROSECUTE & ACCOMPLI% ! TASK ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 EXPROPRIATION & REORGANIZATION4 

,ITS ,AIM 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS ! P>TY ( ! FUTURE4 ,9 ! H>MONI\S SOCIETY :OSE DAY IS COM+1 !RE WILL BE NO PLACE = ANYONE BUT ,LABOR3 P>ASITES ( EV]Y SORT WILL ( NECESSITY BE ELIM9AT$ FROM IT4 ,SO IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR1 ! CRUCIBLE 9 :I* ! SOCIAL COMB9ATIONS ( YE>N$ = TOMORR[S >E MADE1 /&S \TSIDE ( ALL ! EXI/+ P>TIES4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY UNREM>KABLE S9CE IT /&S AP>T FROM !M BY VIRTUE NOT ONLY ( ITS =M ( COHESION1 BUT ALSO 9 T]MS ( ! AIM IT PURSUES & ! ME?ODOLOGIES IT ADVOCATES & PRACTICES4 

,:IL/ O!R P>TIES HAVE AS !IR OBJECTIVE ! RET5TION OR REMOVAL ( ! GOV]NM5T L9EUP -- ACCORD+ AS !Y RECKON ?AT IT IS1 OR \<T TO BE FAVORABLE TO !IR [N APPETITES1 !IR AMBITIONS OR QUITE SIMPLY TO !IR CRONIES -- ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IGNORES ?IS \TW>D & QUITE SUP]FICIAL BUS9ESS & SETS ITS CAP AT WORK+ AN 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL *ANGE 9 ! ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY2 IT LABORS TO *ANGE M9D-SETS1 =MS ( ASSOCIATION & ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS4 

,! GOAL IT PURSUES IS ?OR\<GO+ EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,ESP\S+ AS ITS [N ! WAT*WORD ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5S ,ASSOCIATION1 ( :I* IT IS ! LOGICAL HEIR1 IT TAKES IT AS 9EVITABLE ?AT ?AT EMANCIPATION WILL BE ! WORK+ CLASSS [N DO+1 )\T M$DL+ BY \TSIDE OR HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 IF IT IS NOT TO BE A MIRAGE1 ?AT EMANCIPATION WILL HAVE TO IMPLY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS & ! UTT] DEMOLITION ( ITS PRIVILEGES4 

,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR AIMS AT A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,EXAM9ATION ( ECONOMIC PH5OM5A DEMON/RATES ?AT ?AT TRANS=MATION MU/ BE A*IEV$ ?R\< NEUTRALIZATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! BURGEON+ ( A COMMUNI/ >RANGEM5T1 SO ?AT ! CURR5T RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS -- ! RELATIONS ( WAGE-SLAVE TO CAPITALI/1 ( L$ TO LEAD] -- MAY BE TURN$ 9TO RELATIONS ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY4 

,9 FACT1 !RE WILL BE NO ?OR\<GO+ EMANCIPATION UNLESS EXPLOIT]S & LEAD]S DISAPPE> FROM ! SC5E & TABULA RASA MADE ( ALL CAPITALI/ & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SU* AN UND]TAK+ CANNOT BE EFFECT$ PEACEABLY1 MU* LESS LAWFULLY6 ,HI/ORY TEA*ES ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ HAVE NEV] SURR5D]$ !IR PRIVILEGES )\T HAV+ BE5 COMPELL$ SO TO DO & =C$ 9TO IT BY !IR REBELLI\S VICTIMS4 ,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE IS BLESS$ ) AN EXCEPTIONAL GREATNESS ( S\L & WILL ABDICATE VOLUNT>ILY444,REC\RSE TO =CE1 :I*1 AS ,K>L ,M>X HAS SAID1 IS 0! MID-WIFE TO SOCIETIES01 WILL BE REQUIR$4 

,SO ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS A P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION4 

,EXCEPT ?AT IT DOES NOT REG>D ! ,REVOLUTION AS A FUTURE CATACLYSM = :I* WE MU/ WAIT PATI5TLY TO SEE EM]G+ FROM ! 9EVITABLE WORK+-\T ( EV5TS4 ,SU* PI\S AWAIT+ ( ! F9AL CATA/ROPHE W\LD BE NO?+ MORE ?AN TRANSPOSITION TO & CONT9UATION UPON MAT]IALI/ GR\ND1 ( ! OLD MILL5>IAN DREAMS4 

,! ,REVOLUTION IS AN UND]TAK+ = ALL TIMES1 = TODAY AS WELL AS TOMORR[3 IT IS CONT9UAL ACTION1 A DAILY BATTL+ )\T LET-UP OR RESPITE1 AGA9/ ! =CES ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,A REBEL EMB>K$ UPON A REVOLUTION>Y ACT IS ONE :O1 REPUDIAT+ ! LEGITIMACY ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 WORKS TO UND]M9E IT4 

,IT IS TO ?IS UNREL5T+ TASK ( ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! WORK]S 9 !IR TRADE UNIONS >E COMMITT$4 ,!Y REG>D !MSELVES AS BE+ 9 ONGO+ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY &1 )9 ITS BOSOM1 !Y >E HAT*+ & DEVELOP+ ! EMBRYO ( ! SOCIETY :]E9 ,LABOR WILL BE ,ALL4 

,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( ?IS CONSI/5TLY SUBV]SIVE /ANCE1 !Y >E PREY TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( B\RGEOIS RULE3 BUT1 :IL/ DEF]R+ TO ! NE$S ( ! PRES5T1 !Y DO NOT CON=M TO ! =MS ( LEGALITY & DO NOT BLESS IT ) !IR ACQUIESC5CE1 EV5 :5 IT DECKS ITSELF \T ) RE=M+ COLORS4 ,!IR REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS >E DESIGN$ TO WRE/ P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 IMPROVEM5TS ?AT !Y NEV] MI/AKE = DEF9ITIVE4 ,?US1 :ATEV] ! IMPROVEM5T !Y GA91 & H[EV] SIGNIFICANT IT MAY SEEM1 !Y ALWAYS DECL>E IT TO BE 9ADEQUATE &1 AS SOON AS !Y HAVE ! MEASURE ( !IR /R5G?1 !Y WA/E NO TIME BE=E DEM&+ MORE4 

,!RE IS ANO!R ADVANTAGE TO !SE /RUGGLES :I* >E =EV] BE+ RELAUN*$ 9 ONGO+ H>RY+ ( ! EXPLOIT]S1 QUITE AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y UND]M9E & DISMANTLE CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT !Y BLOOD & /R5G!N ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,IT IS ?IS PO/URE ( ONGO+ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ DEF9ITIVE CON=MITY ) EXI/+ CONDITIONS ?AT M>KS ! REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR4 

,IT IS A MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT VIOL5CE IS ALWAYS *>ACT]I/IC ( A REVOLUTION>Y ACT3 SU* AN ACT CAN ALSO ASSUME A V]Y MOD]ATE %APE DISPLAY+ NO?+ ( ! DE/RUCTIVE BRUTALITY :I* \R ADV]S>IES PO9T TO AS ! ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( REVOLUTIONISM4 

,9DE$1 IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 MO/ CIRCUM/ANCES ! ACT 9 ITSELF HAS NO DEF9ITE *>ACT]3 IT ACQUIRES ONE ONLY AS ! MOTIVES ?AT PROMPT$ IT >E SUBJECT$ TO ANALYSIS4 ,:I* IS :Y ! SAME ACTS CAN1 ACCORD+ TO ! CASE 9 PO9T1 BE DECL>$ GOOD OR BAD1 JU/ ( UNJU/1 REVOLUTION>Y OR RE=MI/4 ,= 9/ANCE3 KILL+ A MAN ON ! CORN] ( ! B\LEV>D IS A CRIME3 KILL+ HIM US+ A GUILLOT9E IS1 FROM ! B\RGEOIS PO9T ( VIEW1 AN ACT ( JU/ICE3 KILL+ A DESPOT IS AN ACT GLORIFI$ BY SOME & DESPIS$ BY O!RS44 ,& YET !SE V>I\S ACTS >E 9 FACT ! SAME3 A HUMAN LIFE IS 5D$6 

,IT FOLL[S !RE=E ?AT ! REVOLUTIONISM ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 V]Y ANODYNE ACTIONS JU/ AS ITS RE=MI/ M5TALITY MI<T BE UND]L9$ BY UNDULY VIOL5T ACTS4 ,?IS1 MOREOV]1 IS :AT WE CAN SEE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 /RIKES !RE >E (T5 M>K$ BY ACTS ( VIOL5CE 7R5EGADES EXECUT$1 DYNAMITE \TRAGES1 ETC47 :I* >E NOT 9DICATIVE ( A REVOLUTION>Y FRAME ( M9D1 9 ?AT ! OBJECT ! /RIK]S HAVE 9 M9D IS RE/RICT$ TO IMPROVEM5TS ?AT POSE NO *ALL5GE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( EXPLOITATION3 ! CURR5T SOCIETY LOOKS BE>ABLE TO !M & DO+ AWAY ) WAGE SLAV]Y DOES NOT 5T] !IR M9DS4 

,AS A RESULT1 ! 9DEX ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABORS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] IS ?AT1 )\T EV] NEGLECT+ TO FI<T = M9OR IMPROVEM5TS1 IT AIMS AT ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO A H>MONI\S SOCIETY4 

,IMPROVEM5TS1 SECUR$ ON A DAY TO DAY BASIS1 >E ?US M]ELY /AGES ALONG ! ROAD TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION3 ! IMM$IATE MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES !Y BR+ >E MAT*$ BY A CONSID]ABLE MORAL B5EFIT3 !Y BOL/] ! WORK+ CLASSS >DOR1 /IMULATE ITS DESIRE = BETT]M5T & PROMPT IT TO PRESS = MORE SIGNIFICANT *ANGE4 

,! ONLY ?+ IS ?AT IT W\LD BE ! MO/ DANG]\S ( ILLUSIONS TO CONF9E TRADE UNION ACTION TO ! SECUR+ ( P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS3 ?AT W\LD BE TO SLIDE 9TO A MORBID RE=MISM4 ,IMPORTANT ?\< SU* IMPROVEM5TS MAY BE1 !Y >E NOT 5\<3 !Y >E M]ELY A P>TIAL CLAW-BACK ( ! B\RGEOISIES PRIVILEGES3 AS A RESULT1 !Y DO NOT T9K] ) ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL4 ,NO MATT] H[ SPL5DID !SE IMPROVEM5TS MI<T BE IMAG9$ TO BE1 !Y LEAVE ! WORK] /ILL UND] ! RULE ( WAGE-SLAV]Y3 HE IS JU/ AS DEP5D5T UPON HIS ,MA/] AS EV]6 ,N[ :AT ! WORK+ CLASS NE$S IS COMPLETE LIB]ATION3 :I* MEANS :OLESALE EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,?AT DECISIVE ACT1 ! CULM9ATION ( PREC$+ /RUGGLES1 IMPLIES UTT] RU9ATION = PRIVILEGE1 &1 :]EAS ! PREC$+ /RUGGLES MAY HAVE BE5 PURSU$ PEACEFULLY1 IT IS UNIMAG9ABLE ?AT ! ULTIMATE CLA% WILL COME TO PASS )\T SOME REVOLUTION>Y CONFLAGRATION4 

,HI/ORICAL ,SUMM>Y 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR F9DS ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION 9 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 :I* WAS LAUN*$ 9 ,LIMOGES AT ! TRADE UNION CONGRESS HELD !RE 9 #a#h#i#e4 ,BUT IF WE WI% TO 9VE/IGATE ITS GE/ATION & L9EAGE1 WE MU/ LOOK A LOT FUR!R BACK 9 TIME3 !RE IS A DIRECT L9E %[+ ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR TO BE AN EMANATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5S ,ASSOCIATION1 ( :I* IT IS ! HI/ORICAL CONT9UATION4 

,?R\<\T ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! WORK]S F\<T ) 9DEFATIGABLE T5ACITY TO BREAK ?R\< ! IMP$IM5TS IMPOS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE UPON !IR WI%ES TO B& TOGE!R3 9/9CTIVELY1 !Y SET UP CLASS GR\P+S 7EMBRYONIC1 NATURALLY71 UND] COV] ( MUTUAL ASSOCIATIONS OR 9 ! %APE ( RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES4 ,:5 AT LA/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5S ,ASSOCIATION WAS E/ABLI%$1 A TREMOR ( HOPE RAN ?R\< ! PROLET>IAT3 ITS ASPIRATIONS1 HI!RTO ILL-DEF9$1 ACQUIR$ SUB/ANCE & ! FUTURE /RUCK IT AS A LESS BLEAK PROSPECT4 

,9 FACT1 9 ITS 0GIV5S01 ! ,9T]NATIONAL FRAM$ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR3 IT DECL>$3 

0,?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE ! WORK]S [N DO+ 744470 

0,?AT ! SUBJECTION ( ! WORK] TO CAPITAL IS ! S\RCE ( ALL S]VITUDE3 POLITICAL1 MORAL & MAT]IAL440 

0,?AT1 ON ?AT BASIS1 ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION IS ! GREAT GOAL TO :I* ALL POLITICAL MOVEM5T MU/ BE ,S,U,B,O,R,D,9,A,T,E40 

0,?AT ALL EF=TS TO DATE HAVE FAIL$1 = WANT ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( V>I\S TRADES )9 EA* C\NTRY & ( A FRAT]NAL UNION BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( V>I\S C\NTRIES40 

,!RE IS A =MAL L9KAGE ( !ORY & TACTICS3 ! ONLY DIFF]5TIATION MADE IS 9 ! MODE ( ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS H5CE=? TO BE ! 9T]E/ GR\P -- ! TRADE UNION -- :IL/ )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 G5]AL AGREEM5T WAS E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! AFF9ITY GR\P -- ! BRAN* -- 9TO :I* MOTLEY ELEM5TS P\R$4 ,IT HAS TO BE PO9T$ \T1 ?\<1 ?AT ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ! MODE ( ASSOCIATION WAS SOME?+ ( A CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE WAS CONDUCT$ UND] ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE3 SO IT W\LD BE 9CORRECT TO SEE IT AS A D]OGATION FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ESPECIALLY AS ! 0GIV5S0 CIT$ ABOVE >E 9DICATIVE ( ! IMPORTANCE ?AT ! 9T]NATIONALI/S GAVE TO TRADE ASSOCIATION4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E TWO CAMPS EM]G$ )9 ! RANKS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 ON ONE SIDE1 ! C5TRALI/S1 ! AU?ORIT>IANS19CLUD+ ,K>L ,M>X :O1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! =MULA DEVIS$ BY HIS DISCIPLE ,ECC>IUS1 CALL$ = 0! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ORD] TO PASS LAWS = ! B5EFIT ( ! WORK]S03 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! F$]ALI/S OR AUTONOMI/S LOYAL TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :O F\<T AGA9/ ?IS T5D5CY 09 ! NAME ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WE ESP\SE1 :OSE PROGRAM IS3 EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 \TSIDE ( ANY DIRECT+ AU?ORITY1 EV5 %\LD SAID AU?ORITY BE ELECT$ & AGRE$ BY ! WORK]S40 

,& ! AUTONOMI/S W5T ON TO ADD3 0,! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE %\LD BE NO?+ MORE ?AN ! ,9T]NATIONALS UNIV]SALIZATION4 ,SO WE \<T TO TAKE C>E TO MAT* ?AT ORGANIZATION AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE TO \R IDEALS4 ,H[ C\LD ONE EXPECT AN EGALIT>IAN1 FREE SOCIETY TO EM]GE FROM AN AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION8 ,?AT W\LD BE AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,IT BEHOOVES ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS ! EMBRYO ( ! HUMAN SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 TO BE1 FROM ?IS MOM5T =?1 ! FAI?FUL REFLECTION ( \R PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM & F$]ATION & TO CA/ \T ANY PR9CIPLE LEAN+ T[>DS AU?ORITY & DICTATOR%IP40 

,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR ESP\SES !SE PR9CIPLES ( AUTONOMY & F$]ALISM AS ITS [N4 

,TRADE UNION RECOV]Y 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! EV5TS ( #a#h#g-#a#h#g#a1 FOLL[+ ! <A/LY MASSACRES ?AT FOLL[$ ! CRU%+ ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 DRUNK ON ! BLOOD%$1 RECKON$ ?AT IT HAD PURG$ ! WORK+ CLASS = GOOD ( ANY 9CL9ATION TO PRESS ITS CLAIMS4 ,IT =GOT ?AT ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT IS A BYPRODUCT ( A BAD SOCIAL MILIEU & NOT ! RESULT ( SUBV]SIVE PREA*+ & ?AT IT W\LD 9EVITABLY RETURN AS LONG AS ! CONTEXT REMA9$ LIKELY TO FAVOR ITS DEVELOPM5T4 

,BY ! F9AL YE>S ( ! REIGN ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 ! TRADE UNIONS HAD GR[N SO MU* ?AT !Y D>$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO A ,F$]ATION &1 AL?\< ?AT RUDIM5T>Y AG5CY B\ND TOGE!R ONLY ! ,P>ISIAN UNIONS1 ITS PROPAG&A ACTIVITY & SOLID>ITY ACTIVITY REA*$ \T 9TO ! PROV9CES4 ,!SE F$]AT$ UNIONS W]E SIMULTANE\SLY AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 !Y TOOK A H& 9 UPRIS+S &1 AFT] ! /ORM HAD PASS$1 ?OSE :I* HAD NOT F\ND]$ UTT]LY HAD TO HOLD !IR TONGUES4 

,9 #a#h#g#b1 A =E-RUNN] ( YELL[ UNIONISM1 ,B>B]ET ?\<T ?AT ! TIME HAD COME -- ) ! REVOLUTION>IES CRU%$ OR SCATT]$ -- TO F$]ATE :AT FEW UNIONS W]E LEFT & /E] !M ALONG ! PA?S ( RI<TE\SNESS4 ,TW5TY FIVE UNIONS ANSW]$ HIS CALL1 BUT ! MORAL ORD] WAS 9 SU* A FRI<T AB\T WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS ?AT IT BANN$ ! ,C]CLE DE L,UNION SYNDICALE4 ,:IL/ NO DIRECT MEASURES W]E TAK5 AGA9/ ! UNIONS1 !IR ISOLATION & WEAKNESS WAS A COM=T TO ! GOV]NM5T3 !Y C>RI$ ON EXI/+ ON ! FR+ES ( ! ,CODE1 M]ELY TOL]AT$4 

,BETWE5 !N & #ahgf TRADE UNION ACTIVITY %[$ ITSELF 9 DELEGATIONS TO ! ,EXPOSITIONS 9 ,VI5NE 7#a#h#g#c7 & ,PHILADELPHIA 7#a#h#g#f71 :I* DELEGATIONS CREAT$ TEMPOR>Y LIAISON BETWE5 ! V>I\S GR\PS1 BUT1 REACTION>Y ?\< IT MAY HAVE BE51 !Y C\LD SC>CELY HAVE CAUS$ ! GOV]NM5T A SECOND ?\<T4 

,GR[+ BOLD]1 ! PLAN EM]G$ = A LABOR CONGRESS3 IT MET 9 ,P>IS 9 #ahgf & DELEGATES FROM #g ,P>ISIAN UNIONS & FROM #cg T[NS 7) M&ATES FROM ONE OR MORE TRADES ASSOCIATIONS7 TOOK P>T 9 IT4 ,! FIGURES GIVE SOME CLUE AS TO ! GR[+ VIGOR ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T3 ONE YE> E>LI]1 9 #a#h#g#e1 FIGURES RA!R HI<] ?AN ! REAL ONES PLAC$ ! NUMB] ( EXI/+ UNIONS AT #ce 9 ,P>IS & PROV9CES ALIKE1 MANIFE/ PRO( ?AT ! WORK]S DID NOT WAIT = ! LIC5SE GRANT$ UND] ! #ahhd LEGISLATION BE=E SETT+ UP !IR UNIONS4 ,! #ahhd LAW M]ELY REGI/]$ A FAIT ACCOMPLI3 ! B\RGEOISIE1 UNABLE TO ?W>T ! RISE ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 PUT A BRAVE FACE ON ?+S BY GRANT+ !M LEGAL RECOGNITION4 

,AT ! FIR/ CONGRESS 9 #ahgd ,B>B]ET HAD PONTIFICAT$3 H[EV]1 OBJECTIONS W]E VOIC$ TO HIS PRES5CE & FROM !N ON1 IT WAS MADE PLA9 ?AT AU!NTIC LABOR ORGANIZATIONS JEAL\S ( !IR DIGNITY & AUTONOMY W\LD NEV] CONDESC5D TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE TAM$4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 ! DEM>CATION L9ES BETWE5 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & TRADES ASSOCIATIONS W]E BLURR$3 SOCIAL /UDIES GR\PS & TRADE UNIONS 5GAG$ 9 JO9T PROPAG&A1 TOOK P>T 9 WORK]S CONGRESSES1 ETC4 & DID SO ALL ! MORE AGREEABLY = POLITICAL CONC]NS BE+ RELEGAT$ TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS PLA9LY ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y3 ALL ( ! REVOLUTION>IES JO9$ =CES TO SEE (F ! B>B]ETTI/E M5ACE4 

,?AT DANG] AV]T$ -- IT WAS W>D$ (F ONCE & = ALL AT ! ,M>SEILLE CONGRESS 7#a#h#g#i7 & ! ,LE ,HAVRE CONGRESS 7#a#h#h7 -- A NUMB] ( S*OOLS ( ?\<T SURFAC$4 ,= A />T !RE WAS ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! ANTI-/ATI/S1 /EADFA/ ADVOCATES ( ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM 7! AN>*I/S7 & ?OSE :O1 ) ! SEAL ( APPROVAL1 ( ,K>L ,M>X AFT] HE PUT HIS 0,M9IMUM ,PROGRAM 9TO CIRCULATION1 LAID CLAIM TO ! DESIGNATION ( COLLECTIVI/S & LEAP$ 9TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y >5A1 HYPNOTIZ$ BY ! HOPE ( CAPTUR+ P[]4 ,!RE WAS A RATIONAL BASIS TO ?AT FIR/ SPLIT1 9 ?AT IT >OSE FROM DIV]G5T \TLOOKS4 ,IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT P]SONNEL :O MADE EV]Y?+ SECOND>Y TO CAPTUR+ PUBLIC (FICE & ?OSE :O /ILL /AK$ ALL !IR HOPES UPON REVOLUTION>Y ACTION C\LD NO LONG] TRAVEL ! SAME ROAD4 

,BUT IF ?AT SPLIT WAS EXPLICABLE 9 T]MS ( A DIFF]5CE ( PR9CIPLE1 ! SAME CANNOT BE SAID ( ! SPLITS ?AT CAME AFT]3 !Y W]E SIMPLY ! CONSEQU5CES ( REGRETTABLE BUT 9EVITABLE ELECTORAL COMPETITION4 ,! DESIRE QUICKLY TO CAPTURE A MAJORITY ( VOTES CA/ L$ TO A WAT]+-D[N ( ! PROGRAM3 ! DIEH>DS1 FAI?FUL TO ! 0,M9IMUM ,PROGRAM01 W]E CALL$ ,GUESDI/S1 AFT] !IR LEAD] ,JULES ,GUESDE1 & !Y HUNG ! LABEL ( ,POSSIBILI/S ON ?OSE :O W]E MORE 9CL9$ TO FOLL[ ,PAUL ,BR\SSE & ,J(FR94 

,IT WAS ! ,SA9T-,ETI5NE CONGRESS 9 #ahhb ?AT !IR PA?S SEP>AT$3 ! ,GUESDI/S F\ND !MSELVES \TNUMB]$ !RE & AFT] SOME /ORMY PROCE$+S !Y )DREW TO HOLD A CONGRESS 9 ,ROANNE4 

,A FEW YE>S ON1 9 #a#h#i1 A FUR!R SPLIT ADD$ TO ! DISP]SION ( WORK] ELEM5TS3 ?IS SPLIT HIT ! ,POSSIBILI/ RANKS AT ! ,*ATELL]AULT CONGRESS3 ! MOD]ATES TURN$ 9TO FOLL[]S ( ,BR\SSE 7,BR\SSI/S7 :]EAS ! REVOLUTION>IES :OSE SYMPA?IES LAY ) ,ALLEMANE W]E DESCRIB$ AS ,ALLEMANI/S4 

,!SE 9T]NEC9E SQUABBLES HAD A P>TICUL>LY DAMAG+ EFFECT BECAUSE ! TRADE UNION GR\P+S W]E AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! V>I\S FEUD+ FACTIONS &1 QUITE NATURALLY1 PR(ESS$ TO BELONG TO ?IS FACTION OR ! O!R1 9 L9E ) ! PREF]5CES IF ! MILITANTS BY :OM !Y W]E HEAD$4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS L$ TO AN UND]/&ABLE WEAK5+ ( ! TRADE UNIONS3 ! MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S WORK]S W]E TOO 9CL9$ TO KEEP !M AT >MS L5G? -- AS W]E ?OSE :O LOOK$ TO A FACTION O!R ?AN ! ONE ?AT HELD SWAY )9 !IR [N TRADE ASSOCIATION4 ,TRADES ORGANIZATIONS1 NEUT]$ BY POLITICAL JOCKEY+1 W]E ?US R$UC$ TO HAV+ SC>CELY ANY MORE 9FLU5CE ?AN ! SOCIAL /UDIES GR\PS ) :OM !Y RUBB$ %\LD]S :5 WORK]S CONGRESSES W]E HELD4 

,T[>DS AUTONOMY 

,ONE CAN ONLY BE WRONG-FOOT$ = A C]TA9 L5G? ( TIME4 ,! TRADE UNIONS GA9$ /R5G?4 ,BE+ ! ESS5TIAL COM+-TOGE!R1 !Y >E TOO NECESS>Y A ?+ = ! POLITICAL JOCKEY+ ACT$ \T )9 !IR RANKS TO DO ANY RADICAL DAMAGE4 

,! UNIONS GREW &1 AS !Y GREW1 BECOM+ CONSCI\S ( !IR RAISON DETRE & ! MISSION ?AT HAS FALL5 TO !M1 !Y DREAM$ ( WRIGGL+ FREE ( POLITICAL TUTELAGE4 ,! FIR/ SIGN ( ?IS WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( A CONGRESS ?AT MET 9 ,LYON 9 #a#h#h#f4 ,P>TICIPATION WAS OP5 ONLY TO TRADE UNION DELEGATES3 ! MA9 ISSUE POS$ WAS ! CREATION ( A ,F$]ATION TO LIAISE BETWE5 ! UNIONS4 

,! GOV]NM5T BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS DI/ANC+ ( ! UNIONS FROM IRKSOME1 DISCORDANT POLITICAL CONC]NS WAS GO+ TO S]VE ITS [N PLANS = DOME/ICAT+ ! WORK]S &1 9 ! HOPE ( A RESURG5CE ( B>B]ETTISME1 IT ADVANC$ SUBSIDIES = ! CONGRESS4 

,H[ CRUELLY DISAPPO9T$ IT WAS6 ,EXAM9ATION ( ! #ahhd LAW ON TRADES UNIONS WAS ! T\*/ONE ISSUE AT ! CONGRESS4 ,?IS LAW1 ONLY REC5TLY IMPLEM5T$1 WAS GONE OV] ) A F9E-TOO? COMB4 ,IT WAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! UNIONS HAD NOT AT ALL WAIT$ = ITS PROMULGATION BE=E EXP&+ & ?AT ITS ONLY JU/IFICATION WAS A CAPITALI/ DESIRE = SELF-PRES]VATION & AN ULT]IOR NOTION ?AT ! TRADES UNION MOVEM5T MI<T PROVE SUSCEPTIBLE TO BE *ANNEL$ ?R\< IT4 

,!N IT WAS DECID$ ?AT A NATIONWIDE ,F$]ATION ( TRADE UNIONS %\LD BE LAUN*$ TO M>%AL TRADES BODIES ON A CLASS /RUGGLE BASIS AGA9/ ! P[]FUL ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 = ! PURPOSES ( (F5SE & DEF5SE4 

,BUT1 CONSID]ABLE ?\< !Y W]E1 ! RAVAGES ( POLITICS W]E NOT YET1 9 EV]YONES M9D1 SUFFICI5TLY PLA9 = ANY ?\<T TO BE GIV5 TO PREV5TIVE ACTION AGA9/ !IR REPETITION4 ,NO PROPHYLACTIC /EPS W]E TAK5 & SO ! TRADE UNION ,P>TY :I* T5D$ TO MAKE ITS /& \TSIDE ( ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM CONT9U$ TO COME UND] FIRE FROM ?AT QU>T] & ! TRADE UNIONS REMA9$ 9 ?RALL TO ?OSE S*OOLS4 ,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( ! CLIMATE ( ! ,F$]ATION ( TRADE UNIONS BE+ /ILL HEAVY ) ! MIASMA ( POLITICS1 ! ?9K+ PECULI> TO SYNDICALISM WAS HAT*+ & GA!R+ WEI<T !RE4 ,?US1 AT ITS ?IRD CONGRESS1 HELD 9 ,BORDEAUX 9 #a#h#h#h1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS PASS$3 ANO!R MOTION1 ALSO PASS$1 COMMITT$ 0! WORK]S TO SEP>ATE FROM ! POLITICIANS44 & TO ORGANIZE TRADES C\NCILS ON A FIRM FOOT+ 7!SE7 ALONE WILL MAKE UP ! GREAT >MY ( SOCIAL DEM&S40 ,AGA9 ! FOLL[+ CONGRESS 7,CALAIS1 #a#h#i7 5JO9$ ! WORK]S1 AS ( #a ,MAY #a#h#i#a1 TO 0REPORT TO ! FACTORY AS NORMAL & !N TO WALK \T1 AFT] EI<T H\RS ON ! PREMISES1 :E!R ! BOSS LIKES IT OR NOT40 

,!SE TR5DS 9 ECONOMIC ACTION W]E TO GR[1 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION M\NT$ BY ! SOCIALI/ 7,GUESDI/7 S*OOL ( ?\<T :I* AT ?AT TIME WAS 9 ! MAJORITY 9 ! TRADE UNION ,F$]ATION3 ?IS CAN BE SE5 PLA9LY AT ! CONGRESS ( ,M>SEILLES 9 #a#h#i#b3 9 SPITE ( ! PRESSURE FROM ! ,GUESDI/S1 ! EFFICACITY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS AGA9 AFFIRM$ & ! FUTILITY ( SEEK+ PUBLIC POSITION PROCLAIM$4 

,ONE BLEMI% -- A PRODUCT ( ! PREEM95CE AF=D$ BY ! TRADE UNION ,F$]ATION TO POLITICAL CONC]NS -- RUL$ \T ADAPTATION ( ?AT ORGANIZATION TO ! NE$S ( SYNDICALISM :I* W]E BECOM+ PLA9] & PLA9]4 ,IT WAS A BODY CONNECT+ ! TRADE UNIONS ONLY S+LY1 SO ?AT !Y REMA9$ ISOLAT$ )9 ! UMBRELLA GR\P 7:I* WAS A F$]ATION 9 NAME ONLY7 & IT NEGLECT$ TO E/ABLI% BETWE5 !SE S+LE UNIONS ! L9KS ?AT W]E ESS5TIAL AT LOCAL LEVEL AS WELL AS )9 EA* TRADE4 ,N[1 S9CE 0! FUNCTION CREATES ! AG5CY01 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT A GR\P+ SUIT$ TO ! UNIONS NE$S W\LD BE LAUN*$4 

,! ,B\RSES DU TRAVAIL W]E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE1 COORD9AT+ ! TRADE UNION =CES AT LOCAL LEVEL3 TRADES F$]ATIONS TOO W]E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE1 L9K+ ! UNIONS )9 ! SAME TRADE RI<T ACROSS ,FRANCE4 ,BUT !SE AG5CIES W]E1 IF NOT ISOLAT$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 !N AT LEA/ )\T REGUL> CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R4 

,9 #ahib ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL W5T HALF-WAY TO MEET+ ! UNIONS REQUIREM5TS3 AL?\< IT GR\P$ ONLY ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL OR ,LOCAL ,G5]AL ,TRADES ,UNIONS1 IT QUICKLY GA9$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE IT ADDRESS$ ! ASPIRATIONS TO ECONOMIC UNION & TURN$ A BL9D EYE TO POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,!SE TR5DS T[>DS ECONOMIC COHESIV5ESS SURFAC$ AT ! TRADE UNION CONGRESS SPONSOR$ BY ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES & HELD 9 ,P>IS 9 ,JULY #a#h#i#c4 ,! RESOLUTION BEL[ :I* WAS ADOPT$ !RE POS$ ONCE & = ALL & ) CL>ITY ! FUNDAM5TAL /ATUS ( CLASS AG5CY ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 W\LD TURN \T TO BE3 

0,ALL LABOR UNIONS MU/1 ) ALL POSSIBLE URG5CY3 

#a7 ,AFFILIATE TO !IR TRADE ,F$]ATION OR1 %\LD NONE EXI/1 LAUN* ONE3 B& TOGE!R 9TO A ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION OR ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL1 :]EUPON !SE ,F$]ATIONS & ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL \<T TO SET !MSELVES UP AS ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATIONS3 

#b7 ,! ,NATIONAL ,TRADES ,F$]ATIONS1 ONCE 9 PLACE1 WILL HAVE TO COME TO SOME ACCOMMODATION ) ! ,F$]ATIONS ABROAD & E/ABLI% ,9T]NATIONAL ,F$]ATIONS4 0 

,9 AN EF=T AT CONCILIATION1 ! CONGRESS EXPRESS$ ! WI% ?AT ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL & ! ,F$]ATION ( TRADE UNIONS MI<T AMALGAMATE 9TO A S+LE ORGANIZATION4 ,SU* AN AMALGAMATION WAS TO BE ATTEMPT$ AT ! ,NANTES CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#d3 BUT 9/EAD ( ! RAPPRO*EM5T ?AT WAS AIM$ AT1 !RE WAS A DEF9ITIVE SPLIT4 ,IT C\LD SC>CELY HAVE BE5 O!RWISE3 ! \TLOOK ( ! T5D5CIES PRES5T MADE ! FALL+-\T PR$ICABLE4 ,! ISSUE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS ! T\*/ONE3 A WIDE-RANG+ DEBATE PROV$ ! !ORETICAL & TACTICAL IRRECONCILABILITY BETWE5 POLITICAL-P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION & ECONOMIC ACTION3 ! VOTE ?AT 5DORS$ ! LATT] GAVE ! VICTORY TO ?OSE :O W5T ON TO BECOME ! SYNDICALI/S3 #fg VOTES W]E CA/ 9 FAVOR ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & #cg AGA9/4 

,?AT SPELL$ ! 5D = ! TRADE UNION ,F$]ATION & ! CONGRESS REALIZ$ ?AT1 SO MU* SO ?AT IT DECID$ ?AT A ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,C\NCIL W\LD BE LAUN*$4 ,IT VEGETAT$ = A YE>1 UP UNTIL ! ,LIMOGES CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#e4 

,ECONOMIC TAKE-(F 

,! FALL+-\T AT ! ,NANTES CONGRESS W5T CONSID]ABLY FUR!R ?AN M]ELY SEV]ANCE FROM ! POLITICAL ELEM5TS3 IT 9VOLV$ A F9AL BREA* ) ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WAS TO CREATE ITS [N AUTONOM\S AG5CIES :I*1 = ! TIME BE+1 W\LD BE COMBAT ORGANIZATIONS &1 9 ! FUTURE1 W\LD G>N] 5\< REVOLUTION>Y /R5G? TO /& UP TO ! B\RGEOISIES POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS & TO DE/ROY !M OR TAKE !M OV] AS ! NE$ MI<T BE4 

,AT ! ,LIMOGES CONGRESS ! LAUN*+ ( ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 DID NOT PROCE$ )\T SOME RESI/ANCE4 ,>TICLE ONE ( ! CONF$]ATIONS *>T] LAID D[N ! PR9CIPLE ?AT WAS TO BREA! LIFE 9TO TRADE UNION ASSOCIATIONS3 ! P]SONNEL MAK+ UP ! ,CONF$]ATION MU/ /& \TSIDE ( ALL S*OOLS ( POLITICS4 ,?IS TRIGG]$ HEAT$ >GUM5TS4 ,9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 IT WAS PASS$ BY A HUGE MAJORITY3 \T ( #ae VOTES CA/1 #abd W]E 9 FAVOR & ONLY #ad OPPOS$4 

,?OSE >GU+ = PRIDE ( PLACE TO BE GIV5 TO POLITICAL ACTIONS MOV$ ?AT ONLY ! ,CONF$]ATION AS SU* WAS OBLIG$ TO KEEP \T ( POLITICS3 AS = ! COMPON5T UNIONS1 IT W\LD BE UP TO !M TO MAKE !IR [N DECISION4 ,?IS >GUM5T WAS REJECT$4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?\<1 ALL TOO (T51 ?IS WAS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT WAS ADOPT$4 ,! CONGRESS HAD LAID D[N GUIDEL9ES1 BUT NO ONE C\LD -- & NO ONE TRI$ TO -- 5=CE OB$I5CE ?R\< AU?ORITY4 ,?IS ITSELF WAS AN 9DICATION ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S4 

,! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS TO AFFIRM ! NECESSITY = ORGANIZ+ ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA9 & ELIM9AT+ ALL PREOCCUPATION ) POLITICS4 ,AS = ! G]M9ATION & DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ?AT WAS LEFT TO ! PASSAGE ( TIME & TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MILITANTS4 

,OV] ! FOLL[+ FIVE YE>S1 ! ,C,G,T REMA9$ /ALL$ AT ! EMBRYONIC /AGE4 ,ITS ACTIVITIES W]E VIRTUALLY NIL & MO/ ( ITS TIME WAS SP5T ON UND]L9+ A REGRETTABLE ANTAGONISM ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ITSELF & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL4 ,?IS LATT] ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS AT ?AT TIME AUTONOM\S1 WAS A RALLY+ PO9T = ALL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 :IL/ ! ,C,G,T 7:I* BY ?IS PO9T WAS ONLY AN UMBRELLA = ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS7 WAS 9 A /ATE ( VEGETATION4 

,OV] ?IS P]IOD ( TIME1 ! ,CONF$]ATION TOOK ITS LEAD & ITS GUIDANCE FROM ELEM5TS :I* HAVE S9CE T5D$ TO BE LABEL$ AS RE=MI/4 ,S9CE ! POLITICIANS W]E UNABLE TO TAKE ! ORGANIZATION OV]1 !Y LOOK$ D[N !IR NOSES AT IT3 SOME ( !IR DISCIPLES W]E P>T ( ! MAJORITY )9 IT1 H[EV]1 BUT1 IRRITAT$ BY ! CONGRESS ( ,LIMOGESS DECISION1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO 5GAGE 9 PROP] POLITICK+ &1 LACK+ ANY REAL BELIEF 9 ! VALUE ( ECONOMIC ACTION1 !Y DID NOT TO 5C\RAGE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 

,IT WAS ONLY FOLL[+ ! TRADES CONGRESS HELD 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i1 :5 ! ,CONF$]ATIONS [N M\?PIECE 7,LA ,VOIX DU PEUPLE7 WAS LAUN*$ & :5 REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS FLOOD$ 9TO & GA9$ ! UPP] H& )9 ! ,CONF$]ATION1 ?AT UND] ?IS DUAL /IMULATION1 ?AT BODY GRADUAT$ FROM ITS L>VAL /AGE4 

,FROM !N ON1 IT NEV] LOOK$ BACK4 ,9 #a#i1 AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,P>IS CONGRESS1 IT EMBRAC$ ONLY #af NATIONAL F$]ATIONS & #e DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS3 BY ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d1 & ! OP5+ ( ! ,B\RGES CONGRESS1 IT EMBRAC$ #ec TRADES F$]ATIONS OR NATIONAL UNIONS1 PLUS FIFTE5 S+LE UNIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 UND] ! SWAY ( REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS1 A SORT ( MORAL UNITY WAS CREAT$ BETWE5 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL & ! ,C,G,T1 & ?IS WAS VITAL = ! /RUGGLE & WAS A PRELUDE TO :AT HAS S9CE BE5 T]M$ 0LABOR UNITY04 ,! ,MONTPELLI] CONGRESS 9 #aib PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = JU/ SU* UNITY & MADE IT A REALITY BY KNITT+ TOGE!R ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL & ! ,F$]ATION ( NATIONAL TRADES F$]ATIONS 7:I* IS :AT ! ,C,G,T HAD AM\NT$ TO UP UNTIL !N74 

,& SO1 N9E YE>S ON1 ! MOTION PASS$ BY ! TRADE UNION CONGRESS HELD 9 ,P>IS 9 #ahic WAS FLE%$ \T1 ORGANIZATIONALLY4 

,S9CE ! ,MONTPELLI] CONGRESS1 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T71 ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( :I* SEEMS TO HAVE SETTL$ 44 ) ONLY A FEW M9OR ADJU/M5TS1 AS ! NE$ >ISES -- HAS EXP&$ NORMALLY3 FROM !N ON IT WAS A =CE ) :I* B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD TO RECKON3 IT MADE ITS /& AGA9/ CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE1 DET]M9$ NOT M]ELY TO R5D] !M LESS H>MFUL BUT TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = & 5COMPASS !IR F9AL RU9ATION4 

,9 ! BRIEF HI/ORICAL SURVEY ABOVE1 WE HAVE SE5 TRADES ASSOCIATIONS B&+ TOGE!R TO E/ABLI% AN ORGANISM G5U9ELY FREE ( ALL TUTELAGE & TAILOR$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TASK AT :I* !Y WORK4 ,SU* A PANORAMIC OV]VIEW IS MORE REVEAL+ AB\T ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR ?AN DOCTR9AL AFFIRMATIONS & %[S ?AT ! ECONOMIC APPROA* ( ! UNIONS IS NO FLEET+ PHASE BUT RA!R ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK] CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! NEW P>TYS PROGRAM IS CONCISE3 >TICLE ONE ( ! ,CONF$]ATIONS /ATUTES (F]S A SUMM>Y ( !M3 

,! ,C,G,T EMBRACES -- \TSIDE ( ALL ( ! S*OOLS ( POLITICS -- ALL WORK]S COGNIZANT ( ! /RUGGLE TO BE WAG$ = ! ELIM9ATION ( WAGE-SLAV]Y & ! EMPLOY] CLASS4 ,?AT BRIEF /ATEM5T ( PR9CIPLE 5CAPSULATES ! 5TIRE ESS5CE ( SYNDICALI/ DOCTR9E3 IT IS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( IT4 ,AS = ! O!R >TICLES ( ! ,C,G,T /ATUTES1 !Y MIRROR ! MOM5T & >E ?US SUBJECT TO AM5DM5T JU/ AS !Y W\LD BE 9 ANY LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,!Y >E NOT TO BE TAK5 AS A PR]EQUISITE FRAMEWORK1 BUT RA!R AS ! LABOR+ MASSES =M ( COHESION1 ! =M BE/ SUIT$ TO ! DEM&S ( ! CURR5T /RUGGLE4 ,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR DOES NOT [E ITS P[] TO ITS /ATUTORY FRAMEWORK3 ITS /R5G? >ISES FROM ! 9DIVIDUALS :O >E ITS COMPON5T P>TS & FROM ! 9T5SITY ( ! SPIRIT ( REBELLION BY :I* !Y >E DRIV54 

,:AT SETS SYNDICALISM AP>T FROM ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM -- & MAKES IT SUP]IOR -- IS ITS DOCTR9AL SOBRIETY4 ,9SIDE ! UNIONS1 !RE IS LITTLE PHILOSOPHIZ+4 ,!Y DO BETT] ?AN ?AT3 !Y ACT6 ,!RE1 ON ! NO MANS L& ( ECONOMIC T]RA91 P]SONNEL :O JO91 IMBU$ ) ! TEA*+S ( SOME 7PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 ETC47 S*OOL ( ?\<T OR ANO!R1 HAVE !IR R\< $GES KNOCK$ (F UNTIL !Y >E LEFT ONLY ) ! PR9CIPLES TO :I* !Y ALL SUBSCRIBE3 ! YE>N+ = IMPROVEM5T & COMPREH5SIVE EMANCIPATION4 ,:I* IS :Y -- )\T ]ECT+ ANY DOCTR9AL B>RI]S1 & )\T =MULAT+ ANY CR$O -- SYNDICALISM LOOMS AS ! QU9TESS5TIAL PRACTICE ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL DOCTR9ES4 

,= IT IS NOT 9 !ORY ONLY ?AT ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR HAS A PR(ILE ( ITS [N3 ITS TACTICS & ME?ODOLOGY >E PECULI> TO ITSELF &1 F> FROM DRAW+ 9SPIRATION FROM ! DEMOCRATIC IDEA1 !Y >E ! NEGATION !RE(4 ,BUT TACTICS & ME?ODOLOGY >E SO NATURAL ?AT ! WORK]S1 EV5 ?OSE MO/ IMBU$ ) DEMOCRATISM1 ONCE !Y 5T] ! TRADES ORGANIZATIONS1 >E SUBJECT$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( !IR SURR\ND+S & ACT JU/ LIKE ALL !IR COLLEAGUES DO1 AS SYNDICALI/S4 

,! MODALITIES ( SYNDICALI/ ACTION >E NOT ! EXPRESSION ( ! CONS5T ( ! MAJORITY MANIFE/+ ITSELF ?R\< ! EMPIRICAL PROC$URES ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE3 !Y DRAW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! MEANS BY :I*1 9 NATURE1 LIFE 9 ITS MANY =MS & ASPECTS MANIFE/S ITSELF & DEVELOPS4 ,JU/ ! WAY ?AT LIFE APPE>S FIR/ AT ONE PO9T1 9 ONE CELL3 JU/ AS1 ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 !RE IS ALWAYS ONE CELL ?AT IS ! AG5T ( F]M5T & *ANGE2 SO1 9 A SYNDICALI/ CONTEXT1 ! FIR/ MOVE COMES FROM ! CONSCI\S M9ORITIES :O1 ?R\< !IR EXAMPLE1 !IR ?RU/ RA!R ?AN ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN 9JUNCTIONS7 DRAW ! MO/ FRIGID MASSES 9TO !IR ORBIT & SWEEP !M 9TO ACTION4 

,?IS TACTICAL APPROA* IS ,DIRECT ,ACTION 9 ACTION6 ,FROM IT FL[ ALL ( ! MODES ( TRADE UNION ACTION4 ,/RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 SABOTAGE1 ETC41 >E ALL M]ELY TRANSLATIONS ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 

,APP5DIX 

,! ,C,O,N,F,$,],A,L ,O,R,G,A,N,I,S,M -- ,! NETWORK ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION ?AT B9DS ! UNIONS ONE TO ANO!R IS AS /RAI<T=W>D AS CAN BE1 GIV5 ! DEM&S ( PROPAG&A & ( ! /RUGGLE ) :I* !Y HAVE TO CONT5D4 

,! ,C,G,T IS MADE UP ( TWO SECTIONS3 ?AT ( ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS & ?AT ( ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL4 

,?R\< AFFILIATION TO ! ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL 7OR ,LOCAL ,UNION ( TRADE UNIONS7 ! V>I\S TRADES UNIONS GA9 A FACILITY ( PROPAG&A )9 A CITY OR SPECIFIC REGION3 ?IS IS A TASK ?AT !Y W\LD F9D DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 TO TACKLE IF !Y W]E TO SLIDE 9TO A P]NICI\S ISOLATION4 ,?AT MA9LY $UCATIONAL UND]TAK+ CONSI/S ( E/ABLI%+ NEW UNIONS & ( HON+ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! UNIONIZ$ SO AS TO DRAW ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE NUMB]S ( WORK]S 9TO ! TRADE UNION ORBIT4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! ,B\RSE SETS UP READ+ ROOMS & LAYS ON CLASSES1 HELPS ) ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A BY WELCOM+ Y\NG B>RACK$ TROOPS UND] ITS W+1 (F]+ LEGAL ADVICE1 ETC4 

,AFFILIATION TO ! NATIONAL TRADE ,F$]ATION ADDRESSES1 RA!R1 ! NE$ = COMBATIV5ESS & RESI/ANCE4 ,!SE ,F$]ATIONS >E AN UMBRELLA = ! UNIONS BELONG+ TO ! SAME TRADE OR 9DU/RY & !Y 5COMPASS ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE1 :I* MAKES !M 5]GETIC FI<T+ ASSOCIATIONS3 %\LD A DISPUTE >ISE ANY:]E1 ! SOLID>ITY ( ! MASSES IS MOBILIZ$ TO DEFEAT ! EMPLOY]S4 ,?US1 ! /R5G? ( A GIV5 UNION IS MAGNIFI$ BY MORAL & MAT]IAL BACK+ FROM ITS F$]AT$ UNIONS RI<T ACROSS ,FRANCE4 

,! ONLY ?+ WAS ?AT IF ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL REMA9$ ISOLAT$ ONE FROM ANO!R & IF ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS DID LIKEWISE1 ! COHESIV5ESS ( LABOR1 /OPP+ AT ! MID-WAY M>K1 C\LD NEV] ATTA9 A G5]ALIZ$ /R5G?1 GIV5 ?AT ! LOCAL BODIES W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO REA* BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( !IR [N REGIONS & ! NATIONAL BODIES W\LD NOT SEE ANY FUR!R ?AN ! B\ND>IES ( !IR [N TRADES4 ,9 ORD] TO ATTA9 TO A GREAT] P[]1 !SE SEV]AL BODIES F$]AT$ ) ONE ANO!R1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR NATURES3 ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS ) TRADES ,F$]ATIONS & ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL ) O!R ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS LEVEL ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANISM ?AT ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 >OSE3 IT COMPRISES BO? SECTIONS -- ! SECTION MADE UP ( TRADES ,F$]ATIONS & ?AT MADE UP ( ! ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL4 ,EA* ( !SE F$]AL W+S IS TOPP$ BY A ,COMMITTEE MADE UP ( DELEGATES FROM EA* AFFILIAT$ ORGANISAT ION3 !SE DELEGATES >E SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ALL TIMES3 AS A RESULT1 !Y REMA9 9 ONGO+ LIAISON ) ! ASSOCIATION FROM :I* !Y RECEIVE !IR M&ATE1 :I* IS AT LIB]TY TO REPLACE !M AT ANY TIME4 

,! ,F$]ATIONS W+ & ! F$]AT$ ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL W+ >E EA* AUTONOM\S BODIES4 

,F9ALLY1 AT ! LA/ LEVEL WE HAVE ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]AL ,C\NCIL3 IT IS MADE UP ( A COM+-TOGE!R ( ! DELEGATES FROM BO? W+S1 & )9 ITS REMIT FALL G5]AL PROPAG&A MATT]S ( RELEVANCE TO ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,?US1 TO CITE SOME EXAMPLES ( ! TASKS ?AT FALL )9 ITS REMIT1 WE NE$ ONLY NOTE ?AT ! CAMPAIGN AGITAT+ AGA9/ ! PLACEM5T BUREAUX & ! EI<T H\R DAY AGITATION CAMPAIGN W]E TAK5 9 H& BY SPECIAL COMMISSIONS APPO9T$ BY IT TO DO ! NE$FUL4 

,SU*1 9 BROAD \TL9E1 IS ! CONF$]AL ORGANISM3 IT IS NOT A LEAD]%IP BODY BUT A BODY ?AT CO-ORD9ATES & AMPLIFIES ! WORK+ CLASSS REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY3 IT IS !RE=E ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! DEMOCRATIC AG5CIES :I*1 BY D9T ( !IR C5TRALIZATION & AU?ORIT>IANISM1 /IFLE ! VITALITY ( !IR COMPON5T P>TS4 ,9SIDE ! ,C,G,T1 !RE IS COHESION BUT NOT LEAD]%IP3 F$]ALISM PREVAILS ?R\<\T3 AT EV]Y LEVEL1 ! V>I\S BODIES -- FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ?R\< ! TRADE UNION1 ! ,F$]ATION OR ! ,B\RSE DU ,TRAVAIL1 UP AS F> AS ! CONF$]AL W+S -- >E ALL AUTONOM\S4 ,H]E9 LIES ! SECRET ( ! ,C,G,T P[]S ( PROJECTION3 ! 9ITIATIVE COMES1 NOT FROM ! TOP D[N1 BUT FROM ANY:]E & ! VIBRATIONS ( IT >E PASS$ ON BY MEANS ( A RIPPLE EFFECT ?R\< ! MASSES ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 

,C,O,N,G,R,E,S,S,E,S4 -- ,EV]Y TWO YE>S1 ! ,C,G,T ORGANIZES A NATIONAL CONGRESS ) ! P>TICIPATION ONLY ( DELEGATES FROM ITS AFFILIAT$ TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ,CONGRESS IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( :AT ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY W\LD BE AT ! LEVEL ( ! TRADE UNION3 ?ANKS TO !SE MEET+S1 TRADE UNION MEMB]S >E BR\<T 9TO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & A USEFUL F]M5TATION FOLL[S3 CURR5TS ( OP9ION EM]GE & GUIDE-L9ES >E DEF9$4 

,9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 -- ,! ACTIVITY ( ! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR IS NOT CONF9$ )9 >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES3 MO/ ( ! TRADES ,F$]ATIONS >E AFFILIAT$ TO AN 9T]NATIONAL ,F$]ATION L9K+ ! V>I\S NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & ) RAMIFICATIONS EV]Y:]E4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,CONF$]ATION IS AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION BAS$ 9 ,AM/]DAM1 :I* KEEPS ! 0CONF$]ATIONS0 >\ND ! WORLD 9 CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R4 ,?US IS E/ABLI%$ & DEVELOP$ A LIV+ NETWORK :I* MAT]IALIZES ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION MORE FIRMLY ?AN EV]4 

,?IS QUOTATION1 LIKE ! NEXT ONE1 IS LIFT$ FROM ! ,CIRCUL> ISSU$ BY ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION CONGRESS HELD 9 ,SONVILI] 7,SWITZ]L&7 ON #ab ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#a4 ,! SIGNATORIES 9CLUD$ ONE ,JULES ,GUESDE :O SUBSEQU5TLY 444 ,9 RETURN = HIS ATTEMPTS AT DOME/ICAT+ ! WORK]S1 ,B>B]ET WAS APPO9T$ 7SOMETIME >\ND #a#h#h7 ! MUTUALI/ GREAT ,MANIT\ AT ! ,9T]IOR M9I/RY4 ,AT ! ,P>IS CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a#h1 AN OV]HAUL ( ! /ATUTES ABOLI%$ ! ,F$]ATION ( ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL :I* WAS REPLAC$ BY A SECTION MADE UP ( ,DEP>TM5TAL ,UNIONS1 AS ,>TICLE #b ( ! ,C,G,T /ATUTES ATTE/S3 

,>TICLE #b -- ,! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 IS MADE UP (3 

#a4 ,NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATIONS 

#b4 ,! ,DEP>TM5TAL ,UNIONS ( ! V>I\S TRADE UNIONS 

,& ! MAKE-UP ( ! ,CONF$]AL ,COMMITTEE WAS AM5D$ AS FOLL[S3 

,>TICLE #i -- ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE IS MADE UP ( A COM+ TOGE!R ( DELEGATES FROM ! ,F$]ATIONS & ! ,DEP>TM5TAL ,UNIONS4 ,IT MEETS ?RICE EA* YE>1 9 ,M>*1 ,JULY & ,NOVEMB]1 &1 EXTRA-ORD9>ILY1 AT ! 9VITATION ( ! ,/E]+ ,COMMISSION & ! ,BUREAU4 

,IT IS ! EXECUTOR ( DECISIONS MADE BY NATIONAL CONGRESSES4 ,IT TAKES A H& 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( WORK] LIFE & PRON\NCES UPON MATT]S ( A G5]AL ORD]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b1 #bb 3 ,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,P>TY ( ,LABOR -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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