,*APT] #d 
,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION 

#aiigaiig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d3 ,! ,LEGACY ( ,DOM9ATION 

,9TRODUCTION 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 0PRIMITIVE EGALIT>IANISM0 WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! 
RISE ( SOCIAL CLASSES1 9 :I* ?OSE :O [N WEAL? & PROP]TY 
EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( ?OSE :O DO NOT4 ,BUT FROM HIS OBS]VATIONS 
( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY1 ,BOOK*9 REALIZ$ ?AT CLASS ANALYSIS 9 
ITSELF DOES NOT EXPLA9 ! 5TIRETY ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,! 
ELIM9ATION ( CLASS SOCIETY C\LD LEAVE 9TACT RELATIONS ( SUBORD9ATION 
& DOM9ATION4 ,5GELS1 9 HIS ESSAY 0,ON ,AU?ORITY10 
WROTE EXPLICITLY ?AT HE NOT ONLY W\LD PRES]VE HI]>*Y 9 A 
0CLASSLESS0 SOCIETY BUT REG>D$ IT AS 9DISP5SABLE 9 9DU/RIAL 
PRODUCTION4 

,9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ! BROADE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM 9 AN ECOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY1 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO 
ELIM9ATE NOT ONLY SOCIAL CLASSES BUT SOCIAL HI]>*IES AS WELL4 ,?US1 
:]E ,M>X HAD WORK$ ) CATEGORIES ( CLASS & EXPLOITATION1 
,BOOK*9 DEVELOP$ BROAD] CATEGORIES ( HI]>*Y & 
DOM9ATION -- NOT TO REPLACE ! ,M>XI/ CATEGORIES1 OR TO D5Y ! 
REALITY ( CLASS & EXPLOITATION1 BUT TO SUBSUME !M AS P>TICUL>S 
)9 MORE G5]ALIZ$ CONCEPTS4 ,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 9 
,BOOK*9'S VIEW1 HI/ORICALLY PROVID$ ! SUB/RATE ( OPPRESSION 
\T ( :I* CLASS RELATIONS W]E =M$4 

,9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM ,BOOK*9 %[S H[ ! RISE ( 
HI]>*Y ]OD$ ! COMPLEM5T>ITY ( RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN 
COMMUNITIES LONG BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( PROP]TY [N]%IP4 
,AL?\< SOCIAL & MAT]IAL FACTORS1 9CLUD+ POPULATION GR[? 
& PHYSICAL =CE1 W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 G5]AT+ HI]>*ICAL 
SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ,BOOK*9 EMPHASIZES ! ROLE ( *ANGES 9 
CONSCI\SNESS AS WELL4 ,9CIPI5T HI]>*IES GAVE RISE TO A HI]>*ICAL 
S5SIBILITY ?AT RANK$ PEOPLE AS SUP]IOR OR 9F]IOR BY A GIV5 
/&>D & !N US$ ?AT RANK+ TO JU/IFY ! DOM9ATION ( 
! LATT] BY ! =M]4 ,ONCE ?9K+ WAS REORD]$ ALONG !SE 
L9ES1 IT W\LD SEE HI]>*Y :]E 9 REALITY !RE WAS ONLY 
DIFF]5CE4 ,M]E DIFF]5CES 9 ABILITY1 EXP]I5CE1 & KN[L$GE 
W\LD !REUPON BECOME ACCEPTABLE RATIONALES = DOM9ATION4 

,GRADUALLY HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS CAME TO BE ELABORAT$ ALONG EV] 
MORE COMPLEX L9ES1 GIV+ RISE TO ! PATRI>*AL DOM9ATION ( 
WIVES1 SONS1 DAU<T]S1 & DEP5D5TS2 ! DOM9ATION ( :OLE 
COMMUNITIES BY %AMANI/IC & PRIE/LY GUILDS2 ! DOM9ATION ( 
ONE COMMUNITY BY ANO!R2 & LAT] ! DOM9ATION ( PEOPLES 
BY ELITE RUL]S4 ,ULTIMATELY /ATUS DI/9CTIONS PHAS$ 9TO \TRI<T 
CLASS /RUCTURES BAS$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( S]FS1 SLAVES1 & ! 
9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,ONCE A HI]>*ICAL S5SIBILITY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ?IS WAY1 
IT C\LD BE PROJECT$ \T ONTO FIR/ NATURE1 AS PEOPLE C\LD BEG9 
TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,9DE$1 ! IDEA 
( DOM9AT+ FIR/ NATURE C\LD NOT HAVE EXI/$ UNLESS HUMAN 
BE+S ALREADY HAD GA9$ IT FROM !IR EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL 
DOM9ATION4 

,ONCE ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE WAS =M$1 IT BECAME A 
BASIC ASSUMPTION ( ,WE/]N CULTURE ?AT ! CREATION ( WEAL? 
DEP5D$ UPON IT4 ,9DE$1 ! SUPPOS$ NECESSITY ( DOM9AT+ 
FIR/ NATURE BECAME A RATIONALE = ! FUR!R DOM9ATION ( 
HUMAN BY HUMAN4 

,IT REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY ACCEPT$ NOTIONS1 FROM CLASSICAL 
TIMES TO ! PRES5T1 ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM FROM ! 0DOM9ATION 
( MAN BY NATURE0 5TAILS ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN AS 
! E>LIE/ MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! USE ( HUMAN BE+S AS 
9/RUM5TS = H>NESS+ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,H5CE1 9 ORD] TO 
H>NESS ! NATURAL WORLD1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ = AGES1 IT IS 
NECESS>Y TO H>NESS HUMAN BE+S AS WELL1 9 ! =M ( SLAVES1 
S]FS1 & WORK]S4 ,?AT ?IS 9/RUM5TAL NOTION P]VADES ! 
IDEOLOGY ( NE>LY ALL RUL+ ELITES & HAS PROVID$ BO? LIB]AL 
& CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5TS ) A JU/IFICATION = !IR 
ACCOMMODATION TO ! /ATUS QUO REQUIRES LITTLE IF ANY ELABORATION4 
,! MY? ( A 0/+Y0 NATURE HAS ALWAYS BE5 US$ TO JU/IFY ! 
0/+9ESS0 ( EXPLOIT]S 9 !IR H>% TREATM5T ( ! 
EXPLOIT$4.<#c#d.> 

,RUL+ CLASSES1 9 ORD] TO LEGITIMATE !IR RULE1 G5]ALLY TRY TO 
EXP& ! DOMA9 ( :AT IS ACCEPT$ AS BIOLOGICAL OR NATURAL & 
!RE=E 9ALT]ABLE1 AT ! EXP5SE ( :AT MI<T O!RWISE BE 
?\<T ( AS SOCIAL & !RE=E SUBJECT TO HUMAN ALT]ATION4 
,CONV]SELY1 IT IS AN EMANCIPATORY /EP TO TRY TO EXP& ! REALM 
( :AT CONV5TION HOLDS TO BE SOCIAL AT ! EXP5SE ( :AT IT 
DEF9ES AS BIOLOGICAL1 PRECISELY TO OP5 UP POSSIBILITIES = ! 
TRANS=MATION ( EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 

,BOOK*9'S CONT5TION ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN 
PREC$$ ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ FIR/ NATURE FALLS 9TO ?IS SECOND 
CATEGORY ( IDEAS4 ,CONTR>Y TO NECESSIT>IAN MY?S1 HE >GUES ?AT 
HUMAN EMANCIPATION DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! DOM9ATION ( FIR/ 
NATURE2 RA!R1 A FREE SOCIETY CAN AS WELL BE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 
,9DE$1 S9CE ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES1 
AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY CAN >ISE ONLY AFT] SOCIAL HI]>*Y & 
DOM9ATION HAVE BE5 REMOV$4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ,HI]>*Y 

7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 

,ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 EV5 ! MO/ EGALIT>IAN1 >E NOT HOMOG5E\S SOCIAL 
GR\PS4 ,EA* MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY IS DEF9$ BY C]TA9 EV]YDAY 
ROLES BAS$ ON SEX1 AGE1 & ANCE/RAL L9EAGE4 ,9 E>LY ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 
!SE ROLES DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 /RUCTUR$ ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES2 
NOR DO !Y SEEM TO HAVE 9VOLV$ ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 
,G5]ALLY1 !Y SIMPLY DEF9E ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! 
COMMUNITY3 ! RAW MAT]IALS1 AS IT W]E1 = A FUNCTIONAL /ATUS 9 ! 
COMPLEX NEXUS ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,L9EAGE DET]M9ES :O CAN 
OR CANNOT M>RY :OM1 & FAMILIES RELAT$ BY M>RIAGE >E (T5 AS 
OBLIGAT$ TO HELP EA* O!R AS >E K9 DIRECTLY RELAT$ BY BLOOD TIES4 
,AGE CONF]S ! PRE/IGE ( EXP]I5CE & WISDOM4 ,F9ALLY1 SEXUAL 
DIFF]5CES DEF9E ! COMMUNITY'S BASIC DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,EV5 BE=E MAT]IAL SURPLUSES BEGAN TO 9CREASE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! 
ROLES EA* 9DIVIDUAL PLAY$ BEGAN TO *ANGE FROM EGALIT>IAN 
RELATION%IPS 9TO ELITES BAS$ 9CREAS+LY ON SY/EMS ( OB$I5CE & 
COMM&4 ,TO MAKE ?IS ASS]TION RAISES A NUMB] ( V]Y PROVOCATIVE 
QUE/IONS4 ,:O W]E !SE EM]G+ ELITES8 ,:AT WAS ! BASIS ( !IR 
PRIVILEGES 9 E>LY SOCIETY8 ,H[ DID !Y REWORK ORGANIC SOCIETY'S =MS 
( COMMUNITY /ATUS -- =MS BAS$ ON USUFRUCT1 A DOME/IC ECONOMY1 
RECIPROCITY1 & EGALIT>IANISM -- 9TO :AT W]E LAT] TO BECOME CLASS 
& EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETIES8 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E NOT ACADEMIC3 !Y DEAL 
) EMOTIONALLY *>G$ NOTIONS ?AT LURK TO ?IS V]Y DAY 9 ! 
UNCONSCI\S APP>ATUS ( HUMANITY1 NOTABLY ! 9FLU5CE ( BIOLOGICAL 
FACTS1 SU* AS SEX1 AGE1 & ANCE/RY ON SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,UNLESS !SE 
NOTIONS >E C>EFULLY EXAM9$ & ! TRU?S SEP>AT$ FROM ! 
UNTRU?S1 WE >E LIKELY TO C>RY AN >*AIC LEGACY ( DOM9ATION 9TO 
:ATEV] SOCIAL FUTURE AWAITS US4444 

,A C>EFUL SURVEY ( FOOD-GA!R+ & HUNT+ COMMUNITIES REVEALS 
?AT WOM5 5JOY$ A HI<] DEGREE ( P>ITY ) M5 ?AN WE HAVE 
BE5 COMMONLY L$ TO BELIEVE4 ,BO? SEXES OCCUPY A DI/9CTLY SOV]EIGN 
ROLE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SPH]ES1 & !IR ROLES >E MU* TOO 
COMPLEM5T>Y ECONOMICALLY TO MAKE ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY 
M5 ! COM=TABLE SOCIAL NORM ?AT BIAS$ :ITE OBS]V]S S]V$ 
UP G5]ATIONS AGO TO ALLAY ! GUILT-FEEL+S ( ,VICTORIAN PATRI>*S4 
,9 DAILY LIFE1 WOM5 )DRAW 9TO A SORORITY BAS$ ON !IR DOME/IC 
& FOOD-GA!R+ ACTIVITIES & M5 9TO A FRAT]NITY ( HUNT]S4 ,!RE 
BO? SEXES >E COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S4 ,! %>PLY ET*$ DI/9CTIONS 
BETWE5 0HOME0 & ! 0WORLD0 ?AT EXI/ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY DO NOT 
EXI/ 9 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 ,!RE HOME & WORLD >E SO CLOSELY 
W$D$ ?AT A MAN1 %UT \T FROM A FAMILY1 IS LIT]ALLY A NONSOCIAL 
BE+ -- A BE+ :O IS NO:]E4 ,AL?\< ! MALE T5DS1 EV5 9 MANY 
EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES1 TO VIEW HIMSELF AS ! 0HEAD0 ( ! FAMILY1 
HIS /ANCE IS L>GELY TEMP]AM5TAL & ACCORDS HIM NO SPECIAL OR 
DOME/IC P[]4 ,IT IS SIMPLY A =M ( BOA/FULNESS1 = ! H>D FACTS 
( LIFE VITIATE HIS PRET5SES DAILY4 ,WOMAN'S FOOD-GA!R+ ACTIVITIES 
USUALLY PROVIDE MO/ ( ! FAMILY'S FOOD4 ,%E NOT ONLY COLLECTS ! FOOD 
BUT PREP>ES IT1 MAKES ! FAMILY'S CLO?+1 & PRODUCES ITS CONTA9]S1 
SU* AS BASKETS & COIL$ POTT]Y4 ,%E IS MORE 9 CONTACT ) ! 
Y\NG ?AN ! MALE & TAKES A MORE 0COMM&+0 ROLE 9 !IR 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF H] HUSB& IS TOO OV]BE>+1 %E CAN UNC]EMONI\SLY 
PUT HIM \T ( ! HUT OR SIMPLY RETURN TO H] [N FAMILY1 
:]E %E & H] *ILDR5 >E C]TA9 ( BE+ PROVID$ =1 NO MATT] 
:AT H] FAMILY ?9KS ( H] DECISION4 ,AS %E AGES1 H] EXP]I5CE 
BECOMES A REV]$ S\RCE ( WISDOM2 %E BECOMES A 0MATRI>*0 9 
MANY CASES1 ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY 9 FACT IF NOT 9 =M4 

,:AT WOM5 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES DI/9CTLY DO LACK IS ! 
MALE'S MOBILITY4 ,! HUMAN *ILD'S PROTRACT$ DEVELOPM5T & 
DEP5D5CY -- A LONG P]IOD ( M5TAL PLA/ICITY ?AT IS VITALLY NECESS>Y 
= ELABORAT+ A CULTURAL CONT9UUM -- RE/RICTS ! MO!R'S CAPACITY 
TO MOVE AB\T FREELY4 ,! PRIMAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT ASSIGN$ HUNT+ 
TASKS TO ! MALE & DOME/IC TASKS TO ! FEMALE IS BAS$ ON A H>D 
BIOLOGICAL REALITY3 A WOMAN1 C\PL$ TO A NOISY 9FANT1 CAN SC>CELY BE 
EXPECT$ TO PRACTICE ! /EAL? & A?LETICISM NE$$ TO HUNT L>GE 
ANIMALS4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 ! MO!R-*ILD RELATION%IP LIMITS H] TO 
COMP>ATIVELY S$5T>Y LIFEWAYS4 ,MOREOV]1 IF WOMAN IS NOT WEAK 9 
T]MS ( H] CAPACITY TO DO H>D WORK1 %E IS C]TA9LY ! 0WEAK] 
SEX0 :5 PITT$ AGA9/ >M$1 POSSIBLY HO/ILE M5 FROM AN ALI5 
COMMUNITY4 ,WOM5 NE$ !IR M5 NOT ONLY AS HUNT]S BUT ALSO AS 
GU>DIANS ( ! FAMILY & ! GR\P4 ,M5 BECOME ! COMMUNITY'S 
GU>DIANS NOT BY VIRTUE ( USURPATION1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E BETT] 
EQUIPP$ MUSCUL>LY 9 A MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ CULTURE TO DEF5D 
!IR COMMUNITY AGA9/ HO/ILE M>AUD]S4444 

,AS B&S BEGAN TO 9CREASE 9 SIZE & NUMB]1 AS !Y BEGAN TO 
DIFF]5TIATE 9TO CLANS1 TRIBES1 & TRIBAL F$]ATIONS & TO MAKE W> 
ON ONE ANO!R1 AN EV] L>G] SOCIAL SPACE EM]G$ ?AT WAS 
9CREAS+LY OCCUPI$ BY M54 ,M5 T5D$ TO BECOME ! CLAN 
HEADSM5 OR TRIBAL *IEFS & FILL ! C\NCILS ( TRIBAL F$]ATIONS4 ,= 
ALL ( ?IS WAS 0M5'S WORK10 LIKE HUNT+ & H]D+ ANIMALS4 ,!Y 
HAD ! MOBILITY & PHYSICAL PR[ESS TO DEF5D !IR [N 
COMMUNITIES1 ATTACK HO/ILE COMMUNITIES1 & !REBY ADM9I/] AN 
EXTRA BIOLOGICAL1 DI/9CTLY SOCIAL SPH]E ( LIFE4 

,9 COMMUNITIES :]E MATRIL9EAL DESC5T C>RI$ CONSID]ABLE 
CULTURAL WEI<T & WOMAN'S HORTICULTURAL ACTIVITIES =M$ ! BASIS 
( ECONOMIC LIFE1 %E ASSUM$ SOCIAL ROLES V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! 
MAN4 ,USUALLY1 %E OCCUPI$ !SE ROLES ON ! CLAN LEVEL1 R>ELY ON ! 
TRIBAL ONE4 ,MOREOV]1 %E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY %>$ H] SOCIAL ROLE ) 
MALES4 ,9 A MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 !SE MALES W]E H] BRO!RS1 NOT H] 
HUSB&4 ,:AT WOMAN'S SOCIAL EM95CE 9 MATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITIES 
REVEALS1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ! MALE'S RIS+ POSITION 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS RESULTS 
NOT FROM ANY CONSCI\S DEGRADATION ( WOMAN TO A DOME/IC 
0UNWORLDLY0 SPH]E4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! BEG9N+ AT LEA/1 ! MALE 
DID NOT HAVE TO 0USURP0 P[] FROM ! FEMALE2 9DE$1 SOCIAL 0P[]0 
AS SU* DID NOT EXI/ BUT HAD YET TO BE CREAT$4 ,! SOCIAL SPH]E & 
! MAN'S POSITION 9 IT EM]G$ NATURALLY4 ,! PRIMORDIAL BALANCE ?AT 
ASSIGN$ COMPLEM5T>Y ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS TO BO? SEXES ON ! BASIS 
( P>ITY SL[LY TIPP$ T[>D ! MALE1 FAVOR+ HIS SOCIAL 
PREEM95CE4444 

,! MALE1 9 A HUNT+ COMMUNITY1 IS A SPECIALI/ 9 VIOL5CE4 ,FROM 
! E>LIE/ DAYS ( HIS *ILDHOOD1 HE ID5TIFIES ) SU* 0MASCUL9E0 
TRAITS AS C\RAGE1 /R5G?1 SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS1 DECISIV5ESS1 & A?LETICISM 
 -- TRAITS NECESS>Y = ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! COMMUNITY1 
9 TURN1 WILL PRIZE ! MALE = !SE TRAITS & FO/] !M 9 HIM4 ,IF 
HE BECOMES A GOOD HUNT]1 HE WILL BE HI<LY REG>D$ BY EV]YONE2 BY 
5VI\S M5 & ADMIR+ WOM51 BY RESPECTFUL *ILDR5 & EMULATIVE 
Y\?S4 ,9 A SOCIETY PREOCCUPI$ ) ! PROBLEM ( SURVIVAL & 
OBLIG$ TO %>E ITS RES\RCES1 A GOOD HUNT] IS AN ASSET TO ALL4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! FEMALE IS A SPECIALI/ 9 *ILD-RE>+ & FOODGA!R+4 
,H] RESPONSIBILITIES FOCUS ON NURTURE & SU/5ANCE4 ,FROM 
*ILDHOOD %E WILL BE TAU<T TO ID5TIFY ) SU* 0FEM99E0 TRAITS AS 
C>+ & T5D]NESS1 & %E WILL BE TRA9$ 9 COMP>ATIVELY 
S$5T>Y OCCUPATIONS4 ,! COMMUNITY1 9 TURN1 WILL PRIZE H] = !SE 
TRAITS & FO/] !M 9 H]4 ,IF %E CULTIVATES !SE TRAITS1 %E WILL BE 
HI<LY REG>D$ = H] S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO H] FAMILY1 H] SKILL 
& >TFULNESS4 ,9 A MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 !SE TRAITS WILL BE ELEVAT$ 
9TO SOCIAL NORMS ?AT C\LD WELL BE DESCRIB$ AS ! TEMP]AM5T ( 
! COMMUNITY4 ,WE F9D ?IS TEMP]AM5T TODAY 9 MANY ,AM]ICAN 
,9DIAN & ,ASIAN VILLAGES ?AT PRACTICE HORTICULTURE1 EV5 IF ! K9%IP 
SY/EM IS PATRIL9EAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 A PATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 0MASCUL9E0 
TRAITS WILL BE ELEVAT$ 9TO ! NORMS ( A COMMUNITY TEMP]AM5T1 
AL?\< !Y R>ELY COEXI/ ) MATRIL9EAL SY/EMS ( K9%IP4 

,!RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON :Y A PATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITY1 M]ELY 
BECAUSE IT HAS A 0MASCUL9E0 TEMP]AM5T1 MU/ BE HI]>*ICAL OR 
R$UCE WOM5 TO A SUBJUGAT$ POSITION4 ,! ECONOMIC ROLES ( ! TWO 
SEXES >E /ILL COMPLEM5T>Y2 )\T ! SUPPORT ?AT EA* SEX GIVES 
TO ! O!R1 ! COMMUNITY WILL DIS9TEGRATE4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? SEXES /ILL 
5JOY COMPLETE AUTONOMY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SPH]ES4 ,9 PROJECT+ \R 
[N SOCIAL ATTITUDES 9TO PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY1 WE (T5 FAIL TO REALIZE H[ 
F> REMOV$ A PRIMORDIAL DOME/IC COMMUNITY IS FROM A MOD]N 
POLITICAL SOCIETY4444 ,AS LONG AS ! GR[+ CIVIL SPH]E IS A PRAGMATIC 
EXT5SION ( ! MALE'S ROLE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT IS M]ELY ?AT 
& NO MORE4 ,EV5 :ILE ! CIVIL SPH]E IS EXP&+1 IT IS /ILL ROOT$ 
9 DOME/IC LIFE &1 9 ?IS S5SE1 5VELOP$ BY IT2 H5CE1 ! NUM9\S 
P[] ?AT SURR\NDS WOMAN 9 ! MO/ PATRIC5TRIC ( PRIMORDIAL 
SOCIETIES4 

,ONLY :5 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF UND]GOES HI]>*ICAL DIFF]5TIATION & 
EM]GES AS A SEP>ATE T]RA9 TO BE ORGANIZ$ ON ITS [N T]MS DO WE 
F9D A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! DOME/IC & CIVIL SPH]ES -- ONE ?AT EXT5DS 
HI]>*Y 9TO DOME/IC LIFE & RESULTS NOT ONLY 9 ! SUBJUGATION ( 
WOMAN1 BUT 9 H] DEGRADATION4 ,!N ! DI/9CTIVELY 0FEM99E0 TRAITS1 
:I* PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY PRIZES AS A HI< SURVIVAL ASSET1 S9K TO ! LEVEL 
( SOCIAL SUBORD9ATION4 ,! WOMAN'S NURTUR+ CAPACITIES >E DEGRAD$ 
9TO R5UNCIATION2 H] T5D]NESS TO OB$I5CE4 ,MAN'S 0MASCUL9E0 
TRAITS >E ALSO TRANS=M$4 ,HIS C\RAGE TURNS 9TO AGGRESSIV5ESS2 HIS 
/R5G? IS US$ TO DOM9ATE2 HIS SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS IS TRANS=M$ 9TO 
EGOTISM2 HIS DECISIV5ESS 9TO REPRESSIVE REASON4 ,HIS A?LETICISM IS 
DIRECT$ 9CREAS+LY TO ! >TS ( W> & PLUND]4 

,UNTIL !SE TRANS=MATIONS OCCUR1 H[EV]1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO KN[ 
! RAW MAT]IALS FROM :I* HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY WILL RAISE ITS MORAL 
& SOCIAL $IFICE4 ,! VIOLATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY IS LAT5T )9 
ORGANIC SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! PRIMAL UNITY ( ! E>LY COMMUNITY1 BO? 
9T]NALLY & ) NATURE1 IS WEAK5$ M]ELY BY ! ELABORATION ( 
! COMMUNITY'S SOCIAL LIFE -- ITS ECOLOGICAL DIFF]5TIATION4 ,YET ! 
GR[+ CIVIL SPACE OCCUPI$ BY ! MALE IS /ILL 5VELOP$ 9 A NATURAL 
MATRIX ( BLOOD TIES1 FAMILY AFF9ITIES1 & WORK RESPONSIBILITIES BAS$ 
ON A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,NOT UNTIL DI/9CTLY SOCIAL 9T]E/S EM]GE 
?AT CLA% DIRECTLY ) ITS NATURAL MATRIX & TURN ! WEAKNESSES1 
P]HAPS ! GR[+ T5SIONS1 ( ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO \TRI<T FRACTURES1 
WILL ! UNITY BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN1 & BETWE5 HUMANITY & 
NATURE1 F9ALLY BE BROK54 ,!N P[] WILL EM]GE1 NOT SIMPLY AS A 
SOCIAL FACT1 ) ALL ITS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 BUT AS A CONCEPT -- & SO WILL 
! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM4 

,TO F9D :AT IS P]HAPS ! ONE PRIM>Y GR\P ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY 
O!R 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 TRANSECTS K9%IP L9ES & ! DIVISION 
( LABOR -- ?AT 9 ITS [N RI<T =MS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A 
SEP>ATE SOCIAL 9T]E/ AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! COMPLEM5T>Y 
RELATIONS ?AT UNITE ! COMMUNITY 9TO A :OLE -- WE MU/ TURN TO ! 
AGE GR\P1 P>TICUL>LY TO ! COMMUNITY'S ELD]S4 ,TO BE BORN1 TO BE 
Y\NG1 TO MATURE1 & F9ALLY TO GR[ OLD & IDLE IS NATURAL FACT -- AS 
MU* AS IT IS TO BE A WOMAN OR A MAN1 OR TO BELONG TO A BLOOD-L9EAGE 
GR\P4 ,BUT ! OLD] ONE BECOMES1 ! MORE ONE ACQUIRES DI/9CT 
9T]E/S ?AT >E NOT 0NATURAL40 ,!SE 9T]E/S >E UNIQUELY SOCIAL4 ,! 
LAT] YE>S ( LIFE >E A P]IOD ( DIM9I%+ PHYSICAL P[]S2 ! 
DECL9+ YE>S1 A P]IOD ( \TRI<T DEP5D5CY4 ,! AG+ & ! 
AG$ DEVELOP 9T]E/S ?AT >E TI$ NEI!R TO !IR SEXUAL ROLES NOR TO 
!IR L9EAGE4 ,!Y DEP5D = !IR SURVIVAL ULTIMATELY ON ! FACT ?AT 
! COMMUNITY IS SOCIAL 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! T]M2 ?AT IT WILL 
PROVIDE = !M NOT BECAUSE !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROCESS ( 
PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL ROLES !Y 
CAN CREATE = !MSELVES 9 ! SOCIAL REALM4 

,! SEXES COMPLEM5T EA* O!R ECONOMICALLY2 ! OLD & ! 
Y\NG DO NOT4 ,9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 ! OLD >E VITAL REPOSITORIES 
( KN[L$GE & WISDOM1 BUT ?IS V]Y FUNCTION M]ELY UND]SCORES 
! FACT ?AT !IR CAPACITIES BELONG L>GELY TO ! CULTURAL & SOCIAL 
SPH]E4 ,H5CE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! BOA/+ SELF-ASS]TIVE MALE :O 
MAY BE SL[LY GA9+ A S5SE ( SOCIAL P[]1 ! AG+ & ! AG$ 
T5D TO BE SOCIALLY CONSCI\S AS SU* -- AS A MATT] ( SURVIVAL4 ,!Y 
%>E A COMMON 9T]E/ 9DEP5D5T ( !IR SEX & L9EAGE4 ,!Y 
HAVE ! MO/ TO GA9 FROM ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! 
EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 = IT IS )9 ?IS REALM & AS A RESULT ( ?IS 
PROCESS ?AT !Y CAN RETA9 P[]S ?AT >E D5I$ TO !M BY PHYSICAL 
WEAKNESS & 9FIRMITY4 ,!IR NE$ = SOCIAL P[]1 & = 
HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL P[] AT ?AT1 IS A FUNCTION ( !IR LOSS ( BIOLOGICAL 
P[]4 ,! SOCIAL SPH]E IS ! ONLY REALM 9 :I* ?IS P[] CAN BE 
CREAT$ & CONCOMITANTLY ! ONLY SPH]E ?AT CAN CU%ION !IR 
VULN]ABILITY TO NATURAL =CES4 ,?US1 !Y >E ! >*ITECTS P> EXCELL5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ( SOCIAL P[]1 & ( ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 
ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 

,! OLD CAN ALSO P]=M MANY FUNCTIONS ?AT RELIEVE Y\NG ADULTS 
( C]TA9 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,OLD WOM5 CAN C>E = ! *ILDR5 & 
UND]TAKE S$5T>Y PRODUCTIVE TASKS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE 
P]=M$ BY !IR DAU<T]S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 OLD M5 CAN MAKE WEAPONS 
& TEA* !IR SONS & GR&SONS TO USE !M MORE EFFECTIVELY4 ,BUT 
!SE TASKS1 :ILE !Y LI<T5 ! BURD5S ( ! Y\NG1 DO NOT MAKE 
! OLD 9DISP5SABLE TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,& 9 A WORLD ?AT IS (T5 
H>% & 9SECURE1 A WORLD RUL$ BY NATURAL NECESSITY1 ! OLD >E ! 
MO/ DISP5SABLE MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,UND] CONDITIONS :]E 
FOOD MAY BE 9 %ORT SUPPLY & ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY OCCASIONALLY 
5DANG]$1 !Y >E ! FIR/ TO BE DISPOS$ (4 ,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL 
LIT]ATURE IS REPLETE ) EXAMPLES 9 :I* ! OLD >E KILL$ & 
EXPELL$ DUR+ P]IODS ( HUNG]1 A PRACTICE ?AT *ANGES FROM ! 
EPISODIC 9TO ! CU/OM>Y 9 ! CASE ( COMMUNITIES ?AT NORMALLY 
LEAVE !IR AG$ MEMB]S BEH9D TO P]I% :5EV] ! GR\P BREAKS 
CAMP & MOVES TO A DIFF]5T LOCALE4 

,?US1 ! LIVES ( ! OLD >E ALWAYS CL\D$ BY A S5SE ( 9SECURITY4 
,?IS S5SE IS 9CREM5TAL TO ! 9SECURITY ?AT PEOPLE ( ALL AGES MAY 
FEEL 9 MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! AMBIGUITY ?AT 
P]MEATES ! \TLOOK ( ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD T[>D NATURE -- A 
%IFT+ \TLOOK ?AT MIXES REV]5CE OR ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION ) 
FE> -- IS ACC5T$ AMONG ! AG$ ) A MEASURE ( HATR$1 = 
9S(> AS FE> IS CONC]N$1 !Y HAVE MORE TO FE> FROM NATURE'S 
VICISSITUDES ?AN DO ! Y\NG4 ,! NASC5T AMBIGUITIES ( ! AG$ 
T[>D NATURE LAT] GIVE RISE TO WE/]N 0CIVILIZATION'S0 MODE ( 
REPRESSIVE REASON4 ,?IS EXPLOITATIVE RATIONALITY PITS CIVIL SOCIETY AGA9/ 
DOME/IC SOCIETY & LAUN*ES SOCIAL ELITES ON A QUE/ = DOM9ATION 
?AT1 9 A LAT] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 TRANS=MS 9SECURITY 9TO EGOTISM1 
ACQUISITIV5ESS1 & A CRAZE = RULE -- 9 %ORT1 ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE 
GRADUAT$ BY ITS [N 9N] DIALECTIC 9TO ! ASOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,H]E1 
TOO1 >E ! SE$S = ! HATR$ ( ]OS & ! BODY1 A HATR$1 9 
TURN1 ?AT =MS ! >*ETYPAL MATRIX = WILLFUL AGGRESSION & ! 
,?ANATIC DEA? WI%4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! M$IUM BY :I* ! OLD CREATE A MODICUM ( P[] 
= !MSELVES IS ?R\< !IR CONTROL ( ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS4 
,FA!RS TEA* !IR SONS ! >TS ( GETT+ FOOD2 MO!RS1 !IR 
DAU<T]S4 ,! ADULTS1 9 TURN1 CONSULT !IR P>5TS ON VIRTUALLY EV]Y 
DETAIL ( LIFE1 FROM ! WORKADAY PRAGMATIC TO ! RITUAL4 ,9 A PRELIT]ATE 
COMMUNITY1 ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE COMP5DIUM ( KN[L$GE IS 
9SCRIB$ ON ! BRA9S ( ! ELD]S4 ,H[EV] MU* ?IS KN[L$GE IS 
PR(F]$ ) CONC]N & LOVE1 IT IS NOT ALWAYS COMPLETELY 
DIS9T]E/$2 IT IS (T5 P]MEAT$1 EV5 IF UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY A C]TA9 
AM\NT ( CUNN+ & SELF-9T]E/4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! Y\NG M9D %AP$ 
BY ! ADULTS1 AS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! CASE 9 ALL SOCIETIES1 BUT IT IS 
%AP$ TO RESPECT ! WISDOM ( ! ADULTS1 IF NOT !IR AU?ORITY4 ,! 
H>% 9ITIATION C]EMONIES ?AT MANY PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES 9FLICT 
ON ADOLESC5T BOYS MAY WELL HAVE ! PURPOSE ( US+ PA9 TO 0BR&0 
! ELD]S' WISDOM ON Y\NG M9DS1 AS A NUMB] ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S 
CONT5D2 BUT ,I W\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT IT 0BR&S0 A S5SE ( !IR 
AU?ORITY AS WELL4 ,! AG$1 :O ABHOR NATURAL NECESSITY1 BECOME ! 
EMBODIM5T ( SOCIAL NECESSITY3 ! DUMB 0CRUELTY0 ?AT ! NATURAL 
WORLD 9FLICTS ON !M IS TRANSMITT$ BY SOCIAL CATALYSIS 9TO ! 
CONSCI\S CRUELTY !Y 9FLICT ON ! Y\NG4 ,NATURE BEG9S TO TAKE H] 
REV5GE ON ! E>LIE/ ATTEMPTS ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY TO CONTROL H]4 
,BUT ?IS IS NATURE 9T]NALIZ$1 ! NATURE 9 HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,! ATTEMPT 
TO DOM9ATE EXT]NAL NATURE WILL COME LAT]1 :5 HUMANITY IS 
CONCEPTUALLY EQUIPP$ TO TRANSF] ITS SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS TO ! NATURAL 
WORLD \TSIDE4444 

,9 FAIRNESS TO PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY1 WE MU/ NOTE ?AT HI]>*Y F\ND$ 
M]ELY ON AGE IS NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*Y4 ,RA!R1 IT IS HI]>*Y 
9 ITS MO/ NASC5T =M3 HI]>*Y EMB$D$ 9 ! MATRIX ( EQUALITY4 
,= AGE IS ! FATE ( EV]YONE :O DOES NOT DIE PREMATURELY4 ,TO ! 
EXT5T ?AT PRIVILEGES ACCRUE TO ! ELD]S1 EV]YONE 9 ! COMMUNITY 
IS HEIR TO !M4 ,9ASMU* AS !SE PRIVILEGES V>Y ) ! =TUNES ( 
! COMMUNITY1 !Y >E /ILL TOO T5U\S TO BE REG>D$ AS MORE ?AN 
COMP5SATIONS = ! 9FIRMITIES ?AT ELD]S MU/ SUFF] ) ! AG+ 
PROCESS4 ,! PRIMORDIAL BALANCE ?AT ACCORDS P>ITY TO ALL MEMB]S ( 
! COMMUNITY1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M51 IS !REBY P]PETUAT$ 9 ! 
PRIVILEGES ACCORD$ TO ! OLD4 ,9 ?IS S5SE !Y CANNOT BE REG>D$ 
SIMPLY AS PRIVILEGES4 

,:AT IS PROBLEMATICAL 9 ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y IS H[ 
! ELD]S TRI$ TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !IR PRIVILEGES & :AT !Y F9ALLY 
A*IEV$4 ,RAD91 9 A P]CEPTIVE IF OV]LY RU?LESS DISCUSSION ( AGEL9K$ 
HI]>*Y1 NOTES ?AT ! ELD]S 9 FOOD-GA!R+ COMMUNITIES 
0ALMO/ ALWAYS FUNCTION$ AS M$IC9E-M5 ( SOME K9D OR ANO!R0 
&1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLAN-AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES1 ACQUIR$ !IR 
0MA9 /R5G?0 FROM ! 0RITUALS & RITUALI/IC SOCIETIES :I* !Y 
L>GELY CONTROLL$40 ,SOCIAL P[] BEG9S TO CRY/ALLIZE AS ! FETI%IZATION 
( MAGICAL P[] OV] C]TA9 =CES ( NATURE4 ,9 TRY+ TO DEAL ) 
?IS DIALECTICAL TWI/1 WE MU/ REFOCUS \R P]SPECTIVE TO 9CLUDE A 
UNIQUE MODE ( SOCIAL S5SIBILITY & EXP]I5CE1 ONE ?AT IS /RIK+LY 
MOD]N3 ! S5SIBILITY & EXP]I5CE ( ! ELD] CUM %AMAN4 

,! %AMAN IS A /RATEGIC FIGURE 9 ANY DISCUSSION ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y 
BECAUSE HE 7& AT TIMES %E1 AL?\< MALES PR$OM9ATE 9 TIME7 
SOLIDIFIES ! PRIVILEGES ( ! ELD]S -- A G5]AL /RATUM 9 ! 
PRIMORDIAL COMMUNITY -- 9TO ! P>TICUL>IZ$ PRIVILEGES ( A SPECIAL 
SEGM5T ( ?AT /RATUM4 ,HE PR(ESSIONALIZES P[]4 ,HE MAKES P[] 
! PRIVILEGE ( AN ELECT FEW1 A GR\P ?AT ONLY C>EFULLY *OS5 
APPR5TICES CAN HOPE TO 5T]1 NOT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,HIS VATIC 
P]SONALITY ESS5TIALLY EXPRESSES ! 9SECURITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ON ! 
SCALE ( A SOCIAL NEUROSIS4 ,IF ! MALE HUNT] IS A SPECIALI/ 9 VIOL5CE1 
& ! WOMAN FOOD-GA!R] A SPECIALI/ 9 NURTURE1 ! %AMAN IS A 
SPECIALI/ 9 FE>4 ,AS MAGICIAN & DIV9ATOR COMB9$ 9 ONE1 HE 
M$IATES BETWE5 ! SUPRAHUMAN P[] ( ! 5VIRONM5T & ! 
FE>S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,WE/ON ,LA ,B>RE OBS]VES ?AT 9 CONTRA/ TO 
! PRIE/1 :O 0IMPLORES ! ,OMNIPOT5T10 ! %AMAN IS 0PSY*OLOGICALLY 
& SOCIALLY ! MORE PRIMITIVE ( ! TWO4444 ,EXT]NAL P[]S 
9VADE & LEAVE HIS BODY ) PRACTIC$ EASE1 SO FEEBLE >E HIS EGO 
B\ND>IES & SO FALSE HIS FANTASIES40 ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN 
?IS DI/9CTION IS ! FACT ?AT ! %AMAN IS ! 9CIPI5T ,/ATE 
P]SONIFI$4 ,AS DI/+UI%$ FROM O!R MEMB]S ( ! PRIMORDIAL 
COMMUNITY1 :O P>TICIPATE COEQUALLY 9 ! AFFAIRS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! 
%AMAN & HIS ASSOCIATES >E PR(ESSIONALS 9 POLITICAL MANIPULATION4 
,!Y T5D TO SUBV]T ! 9NOC5CE & AMATEURISM ?AT DI/+UI%ES 
DOME/IC SOCIETY FROM POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,%AMANS 0B&$ 9=MALLY 
.<TOGE!R.> EV5 9 ! SIMPLE/ FOOD-GA!R+ CIVILIZATIONS10 NOTES 
,RAD94 0,AS SOON AS ! CLAN POLITICAL PATT]NS EM]G$ WE F9D !M 
=MALLY UNIT$ TOGE!R1 EI!R 9 ONE GR\P OR SEP>ATELY40 ,BLUNTLY 
/AT$1 ! %AMANI/IC GR\PS TO :I* ,RAD9 ALLUDES W]E 9CIPI5T 
POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4444 

,BUT ! %AMAN'S POSITION 9 PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY IS NOTORI\SLY 
9SECURE4 ,(T5 HI<LY REMUN]AT$ = HIS MAGICAL S]VICES1 HE MI<T 
BE V9DICTIVELY ATTACK$1 P]HAPS ASSASS9AT$ \TRI<T1 IF HIS TE*NIQUES 
FAIL4 ,?US1 HE MU/ ALWAYS SEEK ALLIANCES &1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 FO/] 
! CREATION ( MUTUALLY ADVANTAGE\S P[] C5T]S = HIS PROTECTION 
FROM ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 ,AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S =MULATOR1 A 
PRIMITIVE COSMOLOGI/1 HE LIT]ALLY CREATES ! IDEOLOGICAL MY?OS ?AT 
CRY/ALLIZES 9CIPI5T P[] 9TO ACTUAL P[]4 ,HE MAY DO ?IS 9 CONC]T 
) ! ELD]S1 5HANC+ !IR AU?ORITY OV] ! Y\NG1 OR ) ! 
Y\NG] BUT MORE PROM95T W>RIORS1 :O T5D TO =M MILIT>Y 
SOCIETIES ( !IR [N4 ,FROM !M1 9 TURN1 HE RECEIVES ! SUPPORT HE 
SO DIRELY NE$S TO CU%ION ! ILL EFFECTS ?AT FOLL[ FROM HIS FALLIBILITY4 
,?AT HE MAY COMPETE ) !SE P[]S & ATTEMPT TO USURP !IR 
AU?ORITY IS IRRELEVANT AT ?IS P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT 
! %AMAN IS ! DEMIURGE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & COALITIONS4 ,HE 
NOT ONLY VALIDATES ! AU?ORITY ( ! ELD]S ) A MAGICO-POLITICAL 
AURA1 BUT 9 HIS NE$ = POLITICAL P[]1 HE T5DS TO HEI<T5 ! 
0MASCUL9E0 TEMP]AM5T ( A PATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITY4 ,HE EXAGG]ATES 
! AGGRESSIVE & VIOL5T ELEM5TS ( ?AT TEMP]AM5T1 FE$+ IT ) 
MY/ICAL SU/5ANCE & SUP]NATURAL P[]4 

,DOM9ATION1 HI]>*Y1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( WOMAN TO MAN N[ 
BEG9 TO EM]GE4 ,BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO DEL9EATE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T ! 
EM]G5CE ( ORGANIZ$ ECONOMIC CLASSES & ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION 
( A DOM9AT$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 ,! Y\NG1 TO BE SURE1 >E PLAC$ 
UND] ! RULE ( A CLAN OR TRIBAL G]ONTOCRACY2 ! ELD]S1 %AMANS1 
& W>RIOR *IEFS1 9 TURN1 ACQUIRE DI/9CT SOCIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT SO 
+RA9$ 9 SOCIETY >E ! PRIMORDIAL RULES ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 
& ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ?AT ! ECONOMY ( ?IS E>LY WORLD 
PROVES TO BE SURPRIS+LY IMP]VI\S TO !SE SOCIOPOLITICAL *ANG]S4 
0,! MAJORITY ( ABORIG9AL TRIBES10 OBS]VES ,RAD91 0POSSESS$ NO 
GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUALS BAS$ ON TRUE CLASS DI/9CTIONS40 ,HE ADDS ?AT 
0SLAVES NOT A FEW ( !M HAD1 BUT1 :ILE !IR LIVES W]E 9SECURE 
BECAUSE !Y HAD NO /ATUS1 !Y W]E NEV] SY/EMATICALLY =C$ TO 
DO M5IAL WORK OR REG>D$ AS AN 9F]IOR & DEGRAD$ CLASS 9 \R 
S5SE ( ! T]M40 ,M5 ( WEAL? !RE W]E1 TOO1 9 TIME1 BUT AS 
,MANN+ ,NA% OBS]VES1 09 PRIMITIVE & PEASANT ECONOMIES LEVEL+ 
ME*ANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 9HIBIT+ AGGR&IZEM5T BY 
9DIVIDUALS OR BY SPECIAL GR\PS40 ,!SE LEVEL+ ME*ANISMS ASSUME 
A V>IETY ( =MS3 

=C$ LOANS TO RELATIVES OR CO-RESID5TS2 A L>GE FEA/ FOLL[+ ECONOMIC 
SUCCESS2 A RIVALRY ( EXP5DITURES LIKE ! POTLAT* ( ! ,NOR?WE/ 
,COA/ ,9DIANS 9 :I* L>GE AM\NTS ( VALUABLE GOODS W]E DE/ROY$2 
! RITUAL LEVIES CONSEQU5T ON HOLD+ (FICE 9 CIVIL & RELIGI\S 
HI]>*IES 9 ,MESO-,AM]ICA2 OR ! GIVEAWAYS ( HORSES & GOODS ( 
! ,PLA9S ,9DIANS4 ,MO/ SMALL-SCALE ECONOMIES HAVE A WAY ( SCRAMBL+ 
WEAL? TO 9HIBIT RE9VE/M5T 9 TE*NICAL ADVANCE1 & ?IS PREV5TS 
CRY/ALLIZATION ( CLASS L9ES ON AN ECONOMIC BASE4 

,9 FACT1 9DEP5D5T WEAL?1 ! MO/ PRECI\S ( P]SONAL GOALS 9 
B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 T5DS TO BE HI<LY SUSPECT 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES4 
,(T5 IT IS TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT ! WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL IS A SORC]] 
:O HAS ACQUIR$ HIS RI*ES BY A S9I/] COMPACT ) DEMONIC P[]S4 
,WEAL? SO ACQUIR$ IS 0TREASURE10 BEWIT*$ P[] CONCRETIZ$1 ! 
/UFF FROM :I* MY?OLOGY WEAVES ITS ,FAU/IAN LEG5DS4 ,! V]Y 
09DEP5D5CE0 ( ?IS WEAL? -- ITS FRE$OM FROM DIRECT SOCIAL CONTROLIMPLIES 
A BREA* ) ! MO/ BASIC ( ALL PRIMORDIAL RULES3 ! MUTUAL 
OBLIGATIONS IMPOS$ BY BLOOD TIES4 ,! PREVAL5CE ( ! L9EAGE SY/EM1 
AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 0CIVILIZATION'S0 T]RITORIAL SY/EM1 IMPLIES ?AT1 
EV5 IF HI]>*Y & DIFF]5TIALS 9 /ATUS EXI/1 ! COMMUNITY CONSI/S 
( K92 ITS WEAL?1 AS ,PATRICK ,MALLOY OBS]VES1 MU/ BE 0US$ TO RE9=CE 
OR EXP& SOCIAL RELATIONS10 NOT WEAK5 OR CON/RICT !M4 ,WEAL? 
CAN BE ACQUIR$ ONLY )9 ! P>AMET]S ( ! L9EAGE SY/EM1 & 
IT EFFECTIVELY FILT]S D[N TO ! COMMUNITY ?R\< ! WORK+S ( 
! 0LEVEL+ SY/EM40 ,AS ,MALLOY A/UTELY OBS]VES3 ! 0RI*E/ MAN0 
9 ! COMMUNITY WILL FREQU5TLY 0BE ! WOR/ (F BECAUSE HE HAS GIV5 
ALL ( HIS MAT]IAL WEAL? AWAY40 ,HE HAS DEF9ITE OBLIGATIONS 0TO PROVIDE 
GIFTS :5 REQUE/$1 TAKE C>E ( BRIDE-WEAL?1 & O!R IMPORTANT 
FUNCTIONS CRITICAL TO ! SURVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY40 

,?US1 NATURE /ILL B9DS SOCIETY TO H]SELF ) ! PRIMAL BLOOD OA?4 
,?IS OA? VALIDATES NOT ONLY K9%IP AS ! BASIC FACT ( PRIMORDIAL 
SOCIAL LIFE BUT ITS COMPLEX NETWORK ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,BE=E HI]>*Y 
& DOM9ATION CAN BE CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES & ECONOMIC 
EXPLOITATION2 BE=E RECIPROCITY CAN GIVE WAY TO ! 0FREE EX*ANGE0 ( 
COMMODITIES2 BE=E USUFRUCT CAN BE REPLAC$ BY PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & 
! 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM0 BY TOIL AS ! NORM = DI/RIBUT+ ! 
MEANS ( LIFE -- BE=E ?IS IMM5SELY VA/ COMPLEX CAN BE DISSOLV$ 
& REPLAC$ BY A CLASS1 EX*ANGE1 & PROP]TI$ ONE1 ! BLOOD OA? 
) ALL ITS CLAIMS MU/ BE BROK54 

,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION REMA9 CAPTIVE TO ! BLOOD OA? UNTIL 
AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL T]RA9 CAN BE E/ABLI%$ TO SUPPORT CLASS 
RELATIONS & ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,WE 
MU/ FIX ?IS PRECLASS1 9DE$1 PREECONOMIC1 P]IOD 9 SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T CLE>LY 9 \R M9DS BECAUSE ! VA/ IDEOLOGICAL CORPUS 
( 0MOD]NITY0 -- CAPITALISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS ,WE/]N =M -- HAS 
BE5 DESIGN$ 9 L>GE P>T TO VEIL IT FROM \R VISION4 ,EV5 SU* 
NOTIONS AS PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 MATRI>*Y1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 SO 
WIDELY CELEBRAT$ BY RADICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S & !ORI/S1 PLAY A 
MY/IFY+ ROLE 9 P]PETUAT+ ?IS VEIL 9/EAD ( REMOV+ IT4 ,LURK+ 
)9 ! NOTION ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM IS ! 9SIDI\S CONCEPT ( 
A 0/+Y NATURE10 ( A 0NATURAL SC>CITY0 ?AT DICTATES COMMUNAL 
RELATIONS -- AS ?\< A COMMUNAL %>+ ( ?+S W]E EXOG5\S 
TO HUMANITY & MU/ BE IMPOS$ BY SURVIVAL NE$S TO OV]COME ! 
09NATE0 HUMAN EGOISM ?AT 0MOD]NITY0 SO (T5 ID5TIFIES ) 
SELFHOOD4 ,PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM ALSO CONTA9S ! CONCEPT ( PROP]TY1 
H[EV] COMMUNAL 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT ID5TIFIES SELFHOOD ) 
[N]%IP4 ,USUFRUCT1 AS ! TRANSGRESSION ( PROPRIET>Y CLAIMS 9 ANY 
=M1 IS CONCEAL$ BY PROP]TY AS A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION4 ,9DE$1 
COMMUNAL PROP]TY IS NOT SO F> REMOV$ CONCEPTUALLY & 
9/ITUTIONALLY FROM 0PUBLIC PROP]TY10 0NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY10 OR 
0COLLECTIVIZ$ PROP]TY0 ?AT ! 9CUBUS ( PROPRIETOR%IP CAN BE 
SAID TO BE REMOV$ COMPLETELY FROM ! S5SIBILITY & PRACTICES ( A 
COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,F9ALLY1 0MATRI>*Y10 ! RULE ( SOCIETY BY WOM5 
9/EAD ( M51 M]ELY ALT]S ! NATURE ( RULE2 IT DOES NOT LEAD TO ITS 
ABOLITION4 0,MATRI>*Y0 M]ELY *ANGES ! G5D] ( DOM9ATION 
& !REBY P]PETUATES DOM9ATION AS SU*4 

0,NATURAL SC>CITY10 PROP]TY1 & RULE ?US P]SI/ 9 ! V]Y NAME 
( ! CRITIQUE ( DASS SOCIETY1 EXPLOITATION1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! 
ACQUISITION ( WEAL?4 ,BY VEIL+ ! PRIMORDIAL BLOOD OA? ?AT 
CON/RA9S ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 9TO CLASS 
SOCIETY1 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & PROP]TY1 ! CLASS CRITIQUE M]ELY 
REPLACES ! CON/RA9TS ( K9%IP ) ! CON/RA9TS ( ECONOMICS 
9/EAD ( TRANSC5D+ BO? TO A HI<] REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,IT 
RECON/ITUTES B\RGEOIS RI<T BY LEAV+ PROP]TY UN*ALL5G$ BY 
USUFRUCT1 RULE UN*ALL5G$ BY NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 & 
SC>CITY UN*ALL5G$ BY AN ABUNDANCE FROM :I* AN E?ICAL SELECTIVITY 
( NE$S CAN BE D]IV$4 ,! MORE CRITICAL SUB/RATE ( USUFRUCT1 
RECIPROCITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM IS PAP]$ OV] BY A LESS FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE3 ! CRITIQUE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ( 9JU/ICE 9 
! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 & ( AN UNFAIR RETURN = LABOR4 
,M>X'S [N CRITIQUE ( JU/ICE 9 HIS REM>KS ON ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM 
REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS HE MADE TO RADICAL 
SOCIAL !ORY1 BUT ITS ECONOMI/IC LIMITATIONS >E EVID5T 9 ! T5OR ( 
! WORK AS A :OLE4 

,! ,RISE ( ! ,/ATE 

7FROM ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 #a#i#h#g7 

,CONTR>Y TO RATIONALI/IC & CONTRACTUAL IMAGE ( ! /ATE1 /ATE 
9/ITUTIONS EM]G$ SL[LY1 UNC]TA9LY1 & PREC>I\SLY \T ( A SOCIAL 
MILIEU ?AT WAS DI/9CTLY NON/ATI/ 9 *>ACT]4 ,9 FACT1 ! SOCIAL & 
ORGANIC S\RCES ( ! /ATE HAD TO BE METICUL\SLY REWORK$ BE=E 
!Y C\LD GIVE RISE TO /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! ANCI5T TEMPLE CORPORATION1 
ACTUALLY A RELIGI\S LEGITIMATION ( TRIBAL COLLECTIVITY & PUBLIC CONTROL 
( L&1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! MO/ LIKELY S\RCE ( ! ,NE> ,EA/]N 
/ATE4 ,?IS WAS A TIME :5 PRIE/S COMMONLY BECAME K+S OR1 AT LEA/1 
:5 ! K+%IP (T5 TOOK ON A PRIE/LY *>ACT]4 ,9 EI!R CASE ! 
TEMPLE & PALACE MONUM5TALIZ$ AS WELL AS DEIFI$ ! TRIBAL 
COMMUNITY4 

,DESPITE ! 9CREAS+ SECUL>IZATION ( ! /ATE1 NOTABLY 9 ,GREECE 
& ,ROME1 ! /ATE NEV] COMPLETELY LO/ ITS RELIGI\S TRAPP+S & 
ITS FUNCTION AS ! CU/ODIAN ( ! COLLECTIVI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,?IS 
ATTRIBUTE1 :E!R AS AN 5SEMBLE ( FEUDAL NOBLES OR A MON>*Y & 
ULTIMATELY AS AN ABSOLUTI/ EMPIRE1 REMA9$ ) IT WELL 9TO REC5T 
TIMES4 ,! TRADITIONAL 0HEAD ( /ATE10 BE HE A LORD OR A K+1 ALWAYS 
REMA9$ ! 0FA!R ( HIS PEOPLE10 :E!R BY DIV9E RI<T OR AS A 
DIV9ITY 9 HIS [N RI<T4 ,H5CE1 PRIOR TO ! RISE ( REPUBLICAN SY/EMS 
( GOV]NANCE1 ! /ATE ALWAYS APPE>$ NOT AS A CON/ITUT$ 
PH5OM5ON BUT AS A REWORK+ ( A V]Y TRADITIONAL1 ORGANIC1 
PATRI>*AL1 9DE$ TRIBALI/IC BODY ( RELATION%IPS 9 :I* P[] WAS 
NOT SIMPLY CONF]R$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ELECT$ 
K+%IPS1 BUT 9H]IT$ ALONG L9EAGE & BLOOD L9ES 9 A MANN] 
R$OL5T ( ! ANCI5T TRIBALI/ BLOOD TIE4 ,! PRES5T ALWAYS 5TAILS A 
REWORK+ ( ! PA/1 A TRANSMUTATION RA!R ?AN A DISSOLUTION ( 
TRADITIONAL =MS TO MEET NEW NE$S & IMP]ATIVES4 

,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! RISE ( ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE 9 ,EUROPE 
ALSO FOLL[$ ?IS >*AIC & HI<LY ORGANIC PROCESS ( TRANSMUTATION 
( OLD 9TO NEW4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL 0! AGE ( ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS10 
TO USE ! TITLE ( ,R4 ,R4 ,PALM]'S DI/+UI%$ BOOK1 IT WAS NOT ?R\< 
! CON/ITUTION ( NEW /ATES BUT ! RECOV]Y ( ANCI5T RI<TS ?AT 
K+ & COMMUNITY W]E ?R[N 9TO CIVIL W> ) EA* O!R1 A 
CONFLICT ?AT (T5 TOOK ! %APE ( MON>*Y AGA9/ MUNICIPALITY4 
,BO? P>TIES S\<T NOT TO 9NOVATE NEW =MS ( GOV]NANCE BUT TO 
RE/ORE OLD ONES FROM ! PA/4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! E>LIE/ =M ( 
! ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATE APPE>S NOT AS ! EM]G5CE ( A NATIONAL 
ECONOMY1 SIGNIFICANT AS ?IS DEVELOPM5T PROV$ TO BE1 BUT AS ! 
9CREAS+ SOV]EIGNTY ( ! K+LY H\SEHOLD ITSELF -- ! MON>*ICAL 
OIKOS -- & ! IMAGE ( ! 0NATION0 AS A K+LY PATRIMONY4444 

,:AT MAKES ! ,5GLI% /ATE 9T]E/+ IS ! *ALL5GE IT RAISES TO 
SIMPLI/IC !ORIES ( /ATE =MATION & RULE4 ,I REF] TO ITS ORGANIC 
ROOTS & ITS EVOLUTION \T ( H\SEHOLD (FICES4 ,! ,5GLI% /ATE WAS 
BORN NOT \T ( AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY ( AUTONOM\S DEP>TM5TS 
BUT RA!R \T ( ! P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! K+'S S]VANTS -- 
HIS IMM$IATE H\SEHOLD COT]IE -- (T5 9 OPPOSITION TO ! D\BTFUL 
LOYALTIES ( ! K+'S [N FEUDAL B>ONS4 ,P]HAPS ! =EMO/ ( !SE 
ROYAL S]VANTS WAS ! K+'S P]SONAL SECRET>Y1 HIS *ANCELLOR1 :O 
C>RI$ ! ROYAL SEAL & COORD9AT$ ! EM]G+ DEP>TM5TS ?AT 
COMPRIS$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE PORTION ( ! ROYAL C\RT4 ,9 TIME ! 
*ANCELLOR BECAME ! POLE >\ND :I* AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( 
CL]KS1 EXP]TS1 & SPECIALI/S 9 V>I\S GOV]NM5TAL >EAS1 & 
OV]SE]S ( :AT WAS TO BECOME A FAIRLY COMPLEX EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY1 
COLLECT$ TO =M ! ALL-IMPORTANT ,5GLI% *ANC]Y4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y 
ASPECT ( MON>*ICAL RULE FELL )9 ITS PURVIEW1 PR9CIPALLY ! K+'S 
EX*EQU]1 :O SAW TO ! COLLECTION ( TAXES & ,H5RY ,IL'S 
PR(ESSIONAL JUDICI>Y4 

,9 FACT1 ! ,5GLI% /ATE WAS =M$ L>GELY FROM ! K+'S B$ROOM1 
D9+ TABLE1 M5-9-WAIT+1 & H\SEHOLD CL]GY1 NOT FROM 
CON/ITUT$ PR9CIPLES ( GOV]NM5T ?AT SPOKE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A 
SPECIFIC 0RUL+ CLASS40 ,CLASS !ORIES ( ! 0ORIG9S ( ! /ATE0 TO 
! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 ! ,5GLI% /ATE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 
BEGAN AS ! ELABORATION ( A PATRIMONY RA!R ?AN AS ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 
( ONE CLASS'S AU?ORITY OV] ?AT ( ANO!R4 ,! ,5GLI% 
B>ONS1 :O W]E TO VIEW ! =MATION ( ?IS /ATE ) SUSPICION 
& LAT] ) OV]T HO/ILITY1 F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO CLAIM IT AS !IR [N4 
,A CONT9UAL T5SION EXI/$ -- OCCASIONALLY EXPRESS+ ITSELF 9 A VIOL5T 
=M -- BETWE5 ! B>ONIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ,5GLI% M$IEVAL SOCIETY 
& ! MON>*Y1 :I* =M$ ! ORIG9AT+ IMPULSE ( ! 
AU!NTIC1 FAIRLY COMPLETE /ATE4 ,9 ITS PATRIMONIAL =M1 ?333 ,5GLI% 
/ATE IS NO EXCEPTION TO ! 0ORIG9S ( ! /ATE0 G5]ALLY2 ?IS MODE 
( /ATE =MATION IS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! WAY 9 :I* ! 0B>B>IAN0 
*IEFDOMS ( AN E>LI] TRIBAL SOCIETY GRADUALLY EXT5D$ !IR P[] 
FROM NETWORKS FURNI%$ BY !IR P]SONAL RETA9]S & CLANS4 ,! 
J\RNEY FROM VALET TO PRIME M9I/]1 AMUS+ AS ! JUXTAPOSITION MAY 
SEEM1 IS CLOS] TO ! TRU? ( /ATE =MATION ?AN ! MORE SOCIOLOGICAL 
IDEA ?AT ! /ATE EM]G$ AS AN AG5CY ( CLASS 9T]E/ -- :ATEV] IT 
WAS TO BECOME LAT] 9 HI/ORY4 

,I HAVE DWELT 9 SOME DETAIL ON ! ORIG9S ( ! ,5GLI% /ATE -- 9 
TIME TO BE REG>D$ AS ! PROTOTYPE ( ! NATION-/ATE P> EXCELL5C5OT 
BECAUSE ( ITS UNIQU5ESS BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ITS CONT9UITY ) 
! ANCI5T PA/4 ,! ORGANIC GR[? ( ! ,5GLI% MON>*Y P>ALLELS 
TO A REM>KABLE DEGREE ! RISE ( ! OIKOS =MS ( /ATEHOOD4 
,HI/ORICALLY1 !SE =MS GO BACK TO E>LY ,EGYPT1 ,P]SIA1 ,BABYLONIA1 & 
EV5 ,ROME BE=E ! EMPIRE BECAME HEAVILY BUREAUCRATIZ$4444 

,BY ! 5D ( ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ,FRANCE HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO CAT* 
UP ) ,5GL& BY CREAT+ (FICI]S DU ROI 7(FICIALS ( ! K+7 :O 
%>$ P[] ) ! ,FR5* B>ONS 9 ! TRADITIONAL ROYAL C\NCIL4 
,BY DEGREES1 ! ,FR5* BEGAN TO \TPACE !IR ,5GLI% RIVALS4 ,FUN,CTION>IES1 
EM]G+ FROM ! ROYAL H\SEHOLD1 ACQUIR$ EXP&+ ADM9I/RATIVE 
ROLES SO ?AT ! K+LY S]VANTS W]E SOON TO BE ROYAL 
BUREAUCRATS RA!R ?AN H\SEHOLD ADM9I/RATORS4444 ,9 TIME1 ! 
IMM5SE ,FR5* BUREAUCRACY ( ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 
9 !ORY ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO ! MON>*Y1 ACQUIR$ A LIFE -- 9DE$1 
AN \TLOOK -- ( ITS [N4 ,! EM]G5CE ( A BUREAUCRATIC S5SIBILITY1 
P]MEAT+ ALL LEVELS ( ,FR5* SOCIETY1 CAN H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO 
/RONGLY4 ,A NEW1 ALMO/ UBIQUIT\S 0NOBILITY ( ! ROBE10 5NOBL$ 
MORE AS FUNCTION>IES ( ! MON>*Y ?AN BY VIRTUE ( BIR?1 BEGAN 
TO OV]%AD[ ! H]$IT>Y 0NOBILITY ( ! SWORD40 ,9 CONTRA/ TO 
SO MU* ( FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 ! SONS ( ! ,FR5* MIDDLE CLASSES BEGAN 
TO REG>D ! ROYAL BUREAUCRACY RA!R ?AN ! CL]ICAL HI]>*Y AS 
! AV5UE T[>D UPW>D MOBILITY & P[]1 A %IFT 9 P]SPECTIVE 
?AT L9K$ ! ,FR5* 0B\RGEOISIE10 :ATEV] ?AT WORD MEANT SOME 
TWO C5TURIES AGO1 TO ! MON>*Y MORE TI<TLY ?AN HI/ORIANS ( 
0CLASS CONFLICT0 W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 
CONCEIV$ AS ! 0CLASSIC B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION0 ( EM]G+ CAPITALISM1 
WAS TO TE/ ?IS 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 9 ! FI]Y CRUCIBLE ( 9SURRECTION1 
) MORE DISMAL RESULTS ?AN LAT]1 N9ETE5?-C5TURY HI/ORIANS 
SUSPECT$4444 

,:AT IS MO/ 9TRIGU+ IS ?AT NEI!R ABSOLUTISM NOR ! RISE ( A 
NATION-/ATE PROVIDES US ) AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION = ! RISE ( 
A 0NATIONAL ECONOMY10 AS ,HANNAH ,>5DT SUGGE/S4444 ,AL?\< 
,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATES FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ONW>D CREAT$ ! 
>5A = A NATIONAL ECONOMY1 !Y DID NOT NECESS>ILY CREATE ! =CES 
?AT %AP$ IT4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 :I* SCULPT$ A S5SE ( NATIONHOOD \T 
( FEUDAL P>O*IALISM1 PLAY$ A V]Y CRUCIAL ROLE3 IT NOT ONLY SUPPLANT$ 
LOCALISM ) NATIONALISM2 IT ALSO /IFL$ A HI<LY DEC5TRALI/IC1 
LOCALI/IC1 & SPONTANE\S SOCIETY1 M>K$ BY A RI* DIV]SITY ( 
CULTURAL1 ECONOMIC & COMMUNAL ATTRIBUTES1 REPLAC+ IT ) 
9CREAS+LY HOMOG5IZ$ LIFEWAYS1 BUREAUCRATIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 & 
C5TRALIZ$ /ATE =MS4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ?IS ABSOLUTI/ ALT]NATIVE FAVOR$ 
! LAT] EXPANSION ( A M>KET ECONOMY2 9 O!RS1 IT L$ TO /ATE 
P>ASITISM & \TRI<T REGRESSION4 ,9 ALL CASES1 H[EV]1 IT TURN$ 
LOCALI/ POLITICS 9TO NATIONALI/ /ATECRAFT1 DIVE/+ CITIZ5%IP ( ITS 
CLASSICAL ATTRIBUTES & TURN+ VITAL1 EMP[]$1 & /RONGLY ET*$ 
M5 & WOM5 9TO PASSIVE1 DISEMP[]$1 & OB$I5T 0SUBJECTS40 

,?IS %IFT FROM A LIV+ PEOPLE TO DEAD5$ SUBJECTS DID NOT OCCUR 
)\T FURI\S RESI/ANCE4 ,A BELIEF 9 AUTONOMY1 REGIONAL & LOCAL 
ID5TITY1 & CITIZ5 EMP[]M5T RAN V]Y HI< BETWE5 ! LATE 
,MIDDLE ,AGES & FAIRLY REC5T TIMES4 ,! BATTLE TO RETA9 !SE DI/9CTLY 
POLITICAL QUALITIES & RI<TS WAS TO BE F\<T NOT 9 NATIONAL POLITICAL 
P>TIES OR BY PR(ESSIONAL /ATESM52 RA!R1 IT WAS CONDUCT$ ON ! 
LEVEL ( VILLAGE1 T[N1 NEI<BORHOOD1 & CITY LIFE1 :]E ! IDEALS ( 
CONF$]ATION W]E TO BE OPPOS$ TO DEM&S = A NATION-/ATE & 
! VALUES ( DEC5TRALIZATION W]E TO BE OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( 
C5TRALIZATION4 ,:AT LAY 9 ! BALANCE WAS NOT ONLY ! FUTURE ( ! 
T[N & C\NTRYSIDE BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS AS 
OPPOS$ TO /ATE 9/ITUTIONS -- & AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY AS OPPOS$ TO A 
PASSIVE 0CON/ITU5CY40 

,! ,RISE ( ,CAPITALISM 

7FROM ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 #a#i#h#g7 

,! M>KET SOCIETY ?AT WE CALL CAPITALISM -- A SOCIETY ?AT T5DS TO 
R$UCE ALL CITIZ5S TO M]E BUY]S & SELL]S & DEBASES ALL ! 
ECOLOGICALLY V>I$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS PRODUC$ BY HI/ORY TO ! 
EX*ANGE ( OBJECTS CALL$ COMMODITIES -- DID NOT 0EVOLVE0 \T ( ! 
FEUDAL ]A4 ,IT LIT]ALLY EXPLOD$ 9TO BE+ 9 ,EUROPE1 P>TICUL>LY 
,5GL&1 DUR+ ! EI<TE5? & ESPECIALLY N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 
AL?\< IT HAD EXI/$ 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ) 
GR[+ SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY ( ! ,WE/ FROM ! 
F\RTE5? C5TURY UP TO ! SEV5TE5?4 ,IT IS /ILL SPREAD+ >\ND 
! WORLD -- 9T5SIVELY 9 ITS TRADITIONAL ,EURO-,AM]ICAN C5T] & 
EXT5SIVELY 9 ! NON-,EUROPEAN WORLD4 ,ITS =MS HAVE V>I$ FROM ! 
L>GELY M]CANTILE 7ITS E>LIE/ K9D7 ?R\< ! 9DU/RIAL 7ITS MORE 
REC5T EI<TE5? -- & N9ETE5?-C5TURY =MS7 TO ! /ATI/1 
CORPORATE1 & MULT9ATIONAL =MS ( \R [N TIME4 ,IT HAS SL[LY 
P5ETRAT$ FROM ITS SPECIAL SPH]ES1 SU* AS M>KET >5AS ( EX*ANGE 
& ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES 9 COTTAGES & LAT] 9 FACTORIES1 
9TO DOME/IC LIFE ITSELF1 SU* AS ! FAMILY & NEI<BORHOOD4 ,?IS IS 
A FAIRLY REC5T 0ADVANCE0 ?AT CAN BE DAT$ MO/ /RIK+LY FROM ! 
MIDPO9T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ITS 9VASION ( NEI<BORHOODS1 9DE$ 
( VILLAGES & SMALL T[NS 9TO ! RECESSES ( DOME/IC OR FAMILIAL 
RELATION%IPS1 HAS SUBV]T$ ! SOCIAL BOND ITSELF & ?REAT5S TO 
TOTALLY UND]M9E ANY S5SE ( COMMUNITY & ECOLOGICAL BALANCE & 
DIV]SITY 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! NEWLY GA9$ DOM9ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET 
RELATION%IP OV] ALL O!R =MS ( PRODUCTION & CONSOCIATION IS A 
MAJOR S\RCE ( :AT ,I HAVE D5OT$ 0URBANIZATION0 -- ! EXPLOSION 
( ! CITY ITSELF 9TO VA/ URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ?AT ?REAT5 ! V]Y 
9TEGRITY ( CITY LIFE & CITIZ5%IP4 ,:AT MAKES ! M>KET SOCIETY WE 
CALL CAPITALISM UNIQUE1 EV5 BY CONTRA/ TO ITS E>LY M]CANTILE =M1 IS 
?AT IT IS AN EV]-EXPANSIVE1 ACCUMULATIVE1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT CANC]\S 
ECONOMIC SY/EM :OSE 0LAW ( LIFE0 IS TO 0GR[ OR DIE40 ,CAPITALISM 
9 ITS *>ACT]I/ICALLY MOD]N & 0DOM9ANT0 =M ?REAT5S NOT 
ONLY TO UND]M9E EV]Y 0NATURAL ECONOMY0 7TO USE ,M>X'S [N T]M71 
BE IT SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE1 >TISAN%IP1 OR SIMPLE EX*ANGE 
RELATION%IPS2 IT ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E EV]Y DIM5SION ( 0ORGANIC 
SOCIETY10 BE IT ! K9%IP TIE1 COMMUNIT>IAN =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 
SY/EMS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE1 & LOCALI/ ALLEGIANCES -- ! S5SE ( HOME 
& PLACE4 ,[+ TO ITS META/ATIC 9VASION ( EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE BY 
MEANS ( MONETIZATION & :AT ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 CALLS 
0COMMODIFICATION10 IT ?REAT5S ! 9TEGRITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- 
SOIL1 FLORA1 FAUNA1 & ! COMPLEX ECONOMIES ?AT HAVE MADE PRES5TDAY 
LIFE-=MS & RELATION%IPS POSSIBLE BY TURN+ EV]Y?+ 
0NATURAL0 9TO AN 9ORGANIC1 ESS5TIALLY SYN!TIC =M4.<#c#e.> ,SOIL IS BE+ 
TURN$ 9TO S&1 V>IEGAT$ L&SCAPES 9TO LEVEL & SIMPLIFI$ ONES1 
COMPLEX RELATION%IPS 9TO MORE PRIMAL =MS SU* ?AT ! 
EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK IS BE+ TURN$ BACK TO A BIOTICALLY E>LI] TIME :5 
LIFE WAS LESS V>I$ 9 =M & ITS RANGE MORE LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE4 

,! EFFECT ( CAPITALISM ON ! CITY HAS BE5 NO?+ LESS ?AN 
CATA/ROPHIC4 ,! COMMONLY US$ T]M 0URBAN CANC]0 CAN BE TAK5 
LIT]ALLY TO DESIGNATE ! EXT5T TO :I* ! TRADITIONAL URBS ( ! 
ANCI5T WORLD HAS BE5 DISSOLV$ 9TO A PRIMAL1 EV]-SPREAD+1 & 
DE/RUCTIVE =M ?AT ?REAT5S TO DEV\R CITY & C\NTRYSIDE ALIKE4 
,GR[? 9 ! SPECIAL =M ?AT S+LES \T MOD]N CAPITALISM FROM ALL 
E>LI] =MS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 9CLUD+ E>LI] =MS ( CAPITALISM 
ITSELF1 HAS AFFECT$ :AT WE P]SI/ 9 CALL+ ! 0CITY0 BY LEAD+ TO 
! EXPANSION ( PAVEM5TS1 /REETS1 H\SES1 & 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 
& RETAIL /RUCTURES OV] ! 5TIRE L&SCAPE1 JU/ AS A CANC] SPREADS 
OV] ! BODY & 9VADES ITS DEEPE/ RECESSES4 

,CITIES1 9 TURN1 HAVE BEGUN TO LOSE !IR =M AS DI/9CTIVE CULTURAL 
& PHYSICAL 5TITIES1 AS HUMANLY SCAL$ & MANAGEABLE POLITICAL 
5TITIES4 ,!IR FUNCTIONS HAVE *ANG$ FROM E?ICAL >5AS ) A 
UNIQUELY HUMANE1 CIVILIZ$ =M ( CONSOCIATION1 FREE ( ALL BLOOD TIES 
& FAMILY LOYALTIES1 9TO IMM5SE1 OV]BE>+1 & ANONYM\S 
M>KETPLACES4 ,!Y >E BECOM+ C5T]S PRIM>ILY ( MASS PRODUCTION 
& MASS CONSUMPTION1 9CLUD+ CULTURE AS WELL AS PHYSICALLY TANGIBLE 
OBJECTS4 ,9DE$1 CULTURE HAS BECOME OBJECTIVIZ$ 9TO COMMODITIES1 AS 
HAVE HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 :I* >E 9CREAS+LY BE+ SIMPLIFI$ & 
M$IAT$ BY OBJECTS4 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL LIFE & ! BIOSPH]E 
BY A GR[?-ORI5T$ ECONOMY 9 :I* PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 
BECOME 5DS 9 !MSELVES IS YIELD+ ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! HUMAN 
PSY*E ITSELF4 ,! /RONG S5SE ( 9DIVIDUATION ?AT M>K$ ! PEOPLE 
( ! MIX$ SOCIETY PREC$+ CAPITALISM IS GIV+ WAY TO A RECEPTIVE 
CONSUM] & TAXPAY]1 A PASSIVE OBS]V] ( LIFE RA!R ?AN AN ACTIVE 
P>TICIPANT 9 IT1 LACK+ ECONOMIC ROOTS ?AT SUPPORT SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS 
& COMMUNITY ROOTS ?AT FO/] P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CITIZ5%IP 
ITSELF1 CONCEIV$ AS A FUNCTION ( *>ACT] =MATION1 & POLITICS1 AS 
P>T ( PAIDEIA OR ! $UCATION ( A SOCIAL BE+1 T5D TO WANE 9TO 
P]SONAL 9DIFF]5CE TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! DECL9E ( ! CITIZ51 
MORE PROP]LY HIS OR H] DISSOLUTION 9TO A BE+ LO/ 9 A MASS SOCIETY! 
HUMAN C\NT]P>T ( ! MASS-PRODUC$ OBJECT -- IS FUR!R$ BY 
A BURGEON+ ( /RUCTURAL GIGANTISM ?AT REPLACES ! HUMAN SCALE & 
BY A GR[+ BUREAUCRACY ?AT REPLACES ALL ! ORGANIC S9EWS ?AT HELD 
PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY TOGE!R4 ,! C\NSELOR IS ! HUMANI/IC 
C\NT]P>T ( ! 9DIFF]5T BUREAUCRAT & ! C\NSEL+ *AMB] 
IS ! /RUCTURAL C\NT]P>T ( ! GOV]NM5TAL (FICE4 

,LET IT BE SAID ?AT ?IS DEBASEM5T ( ! ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY ( 
! CITY1 ( ITS POLITICS1 CITIZ5S1 EV5 ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O PEOPLE ITS 
/REETS & /RUCTURES1 IS ( V]Y REC5T ORIG94 ,IT DID NOT REALLY BEG9 9 
A MANORIAL SOCIETY1 ) ITS B>ONS & S]FS1 FOOD CULTIVATORS1 & 
>TISANS1 & ALL ! 0ORD]S0 WE D5OTE AS FEUDAL4 ,NOR DID IT FOLL[ 
FROM ?OSE GROSSLY MISNAM$ REVOLUTIONS1 ! 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 
ONES ( ,5GL&1 ,AM]ICA1 & ,FRANCE1 ?AT O/5SIBLY CATAPULT$ CAPITAL 
9TO POLITICAL CONTROL ( A SOCIETY IT PRESUMABLY 0CONTROLL$0 
ECONOMICALLY DUR+ E>LI] G5]ATIONS4 ,RA!R1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T BEGAN 
TO APPE> ) TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS ?AT MADE POSSIBLE BO? ! MASS 
MANUFACTURE ( *EAP COMMODITIES &1 :AT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT1 
!IR 9CREAS+LY RAPID TRANSPORTATION 9TO ! DEEPE/ RECESSES ( 
WE/]N ,EUROPE1 9EXP5SIVE & HI<LY COMPETITIVE ) ! PRODUCTS 
( LOCAL >TISANS :O HAD S]VIC$ !IR LOCALITIES = C5TURIES4 ,IT NE$ 
H>DLY BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T DEP5D$ 5ORM\SLY = 
ITS SUCCESS ON ! OP5+ ( COLONIAL M>KETS ABROAD3 ! ,AM]ICAS1 
,AFRICA1 & P>TICUL>LY ,ASIA1 ! >EA :]E ! ,5GLI% CR[N F\ND 
ITS RI*E/ JEWEL1 NOTABLY ,9DIA4 

,IT WAS ! EXTRAORD9>Y COMB9ATION ( TE*NICAL ADVANCES ) ! 
EXI/5CE ( A HI<LY V>IEGAT$ SOCIETY1 RELATIVELY FREE ( ! CULTURAL 
CON/RA9TS ON TRADE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ANTIQUITY1 ?AT GAVE ECONOMIC 
ASC5DANCY TO ! CAPITALI/IC COMPON5T ( ! MIX$ ECONOMY OV] 
ALL ITS O!R COMPON5TS4 ,NEI!R WEAL? FROM ! ,AM]ICAS NOR ! 
L>GE MONET>Y RES\RCES ACCUMULAT$ BY PORT CITIES FROM LONG-DI/ANCE 
TRADE FULLY EXPLA9S ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM -- A =M ( 
CAPITALISM ?AT MORE ?AN ANY O!R P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! V]Y 9N] LIFE 
( ,EUROPE4 ,HAD ! WEAL? ACQUIR$ FROM ! ,NEW ,WORLD BE5 A 
DECISIVE FACTOR 9 CREAT+ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 ,SPA9 RA!R ?AN 
,5GL& %\LD HAVE BECOME ITS C5T]1 = IT WAS ,SPANI% CONQUI/ADORES 
:O 9ITIALLY PLUND]$ ! ,AZTEC & ,9CA EMPIRES & BR\<T 
!IR PRECI\S METALS TO ,EUROPE4 ,! V]Y WEAL? !SE 0EMPIRES0 
PROVID$ = ! ASC5DANT NATION-/ATE 9 ,SPA9 S]V$ TO WEAK5 T[N 
LIFE 9 ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA & PROVIDE ! MEANS = ABSOLUTE 
MON>*S TO EMB>K ON AN >*AIC PROGRAM ( CONT95TAL EMPIRE 
BUILD+ ?AT EV5TUALLY RU9$ ,SPANI% CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE ALIKE4 

,NOR DID LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE PROVIDE ! MO/ IMPORTANT S\RCES = 
CAPITALIZ+ 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,RA!R IT FO/]$ CONSUMPTION 
MORE ?AN PRODUCTION1 ! DISSOLUTE LIFEWAY ?AT MAKES = A DIET ( 
LUXURIES 9/EAD ( ! P>SIMONI\S HABITS ?AT /E] 9VE/M5T 9TO 
NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 TOO MU* /ATE C5TRALIZATION & 
TOO MU* COMM]CE1 DESPITE ! WEAL? !Y 9ITIALLY G5]AT$1 
ULTIMATELY L$ TO EXCESSIVE EXP5DITURES = T]RITORIAL EXPANSION & 
HI< LIV+ BY ELITE GR\PS 9 ALL ! ORD]S ( A C\RTLY SOCIETY4 ,?AT 
NATION-BUILD+1 9CREAS$ C5TRALIZATION1 OR MORE PROP]LY1 NATIONAL 
CONSOLIDATION PREP>$ ! WAY = 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM BY OP5+ 
MORE 0H9T]L&S0 TO TRADE IS PAT5TLY CLE>4 ,SO1 TOO1 DID ! 9CREASES 
9 ! POPULATION ( DISPOSSESS$1 PROP]TYLESS H&S1 :E!R AS A 
RESULT ( L& 5CLOSURES OR NORMAL DEMOGRAPHIC GR[?1 H&S ?AT 
W]E AVAILABLE = A FACTORY SY/EM ?AT HAD YET TO APPE> ON ! 
ECONOMIC HORIZON4 ,EUROPE1 9 EFFECT1 WAS MORE OP5 ?AN ANY P>T ( 
! WORLD TO ! EXPANSION ( ITS CAPITALI/ COMPON5T ALONG 9DU/RIAL 
L9ES4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( ,5GL&4444 ,:AT PU%$ ! 
CAPITALI/ COMPON5T ( ?IS MIX$ ECONOMY 9TO A NATION ?AT C\LD 
REG>D ITSELF AS ! 0WORK%OP ( ! WORLD0 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 
WAS A S]IES ( 9V5TIONS ?AT MADE ! FACTORY SY/EM & ! 
DI/RIBUTION ( ITS W>ES POSSIBLE4 

,NOR NE$ WE BE CONC]N$ ) :E!R ! NE$S ( A 0RIS+ 
B\RGEOISIE0 PRODUC$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION OR ! ,9DU/RIAL 
,REVOLUTION GAVE RISE TO ! 0B\RGEOISIE10 :I* 9 ANY CASE WAS ALWAYS 
A PRES5CE 9 ALL ! MAJOR CITIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,FACTORIES1 9 FACT1 HAD BEGUN 
TO APPE> 9 EI<TE5? -- & EV5 SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,5GL& LONG 
BE=E AN 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY HAD EM]G$4 ,:E!R ! 0B\RGEOISIE0 
5T]$ 9TO ! PRODUCTIVE SPH]E RA!R ?AN ! COMM]CIAL1 IT TRI$ 
TO BR+ LABOR TOGE!R & RATIONALIZE \TPUT EV5 ) TOOLS2 H5CE A 
/RICTLY TE*NOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 
W\LD BE GREATLY MISLEAD+4 ,MY CONC]N H]E IS H[ 9DU/RIAL 
CAPITALISM MANAG$ TO GA9 ASC5DANCY OV] O!R =MS ( PRODUCTION1 
9CLUD+ COMM]CIAL CAPITALISM1 & ALT] ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT 
5C\NT]$ ITS P[]4 ,WAT]:EELS HAD PREC$$ ! /EAM 5G9E AS 
A PRIME MOV]1 & WORK%$S ORGANIZ$ >\ND SIMPLE TOOLS HAD 
PREC$$ ME*ANIZ$ FACTORIES4 ,BUT )\T ! 9V5TIONS ?AT 
9TRODUC$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? & E>LY 
N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM C\LD HAVE 
IMPACT$ SO P[]FULLY ON ,EUROPE & ULTIMATELY ON ! 5TIRE WORLD4444 

,)9 A SPAN ( SOME TWO G5]ATIONS1 ,5GL& WAS TRANS=M$ 
ON A SCALE UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,FRI$RI* 
,5GELS'S ,! ,CONDITION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 9 ,5GL&1 A P]IOD PIECE 
BAS$ ON P]SONAL OBS]VATIONS 9 #a#h#d#d1 C\LD JU/LY CALL ! *ANGES 
9TRODUC$ BY ! NEW 9DU/RIAL 9V5TIONS -- PR9CIPALLY 9 TEXTILES1 
METALLURGY1 & TRANSPORTATION -- A HI/ORIC *ANGE ( UNPREC$5T$ 
PROPORTION4 ,! RAPIDITY ( ! TRANS=MATION IS :AT MAKES !SE 
*ANGES SO />TL+ 9 A DOMA9 ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR -- TE*NOLOGY -- :I* 
HAD DEVELOP$ OV] C5TURIES AT A SL[1 PIECEMEAL PACE4 ,! 
SOCIAL & CULTURAL RAMIFICATIONS ( ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION W]E 
NO?+ LESS ?AN MONUM5TAL4 

,! ,M>KET ,SOCIETY 

7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 L>GE-SCALE M>KET OP]ATIONS HAD 
COLONIZ$ EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE4 ,! BUY]-SELL] 
RELATION%IP -- A RELATION%IP ?AT LIES AT ! V]Y CORE ( ! M>KETBECAME 
! ALL-P]VASIVE SUB/ITUTE = HUMAN RELATION%IPS AT ! MO/ 
MOLECUL> LEVEL ( SOCIAL1 9DE$ P]SONAL LIFE4 ,TO 0BUY *EAPLY0 & 
0SELL DE>LY0 PLACES ! P>TIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! EX*ANGE PROCESS 9 AN 
9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC PO/URE3 !Y >E POT5TIAL RIVALS = EA* O!R'S 
GOODS4 ,! COMMODITY -- AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! GIFT1 :I* IS MEANT 
TO CREATE ALLIANCES1 FO/] ASSOCIATION1 & CONSOLIDATE SOCIALITY -- LEADS 
TO RIVALRY1 DISSOCIATION1 & ASOCIALITY4 

,AL?\< PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,>I/OTLE TO ,HEGEL >TICULAT$ !IR 
CONC]N = ! DISSOCIATIVE ROLE ( A COMM]CE & 9DU/RY ORGANIZ$ 
= EX*ANGE1 SOCIETY ITSELF HAD LONG BUFF]$ EX*ANGE ) A SOCIAL 
ETIQUETTE -- ONE ?AT /ILL L+]S ON 9 ! VE/IGIAL FACE-TO-FACE >*AIC 
M>KETPLACE ( ! BAZA>4 ,H]E ONE DOES NOT VOICE A DEM& = GOODS1 
COMP>E PRICES1 & 5GAGE 9 ! M>KET'S UNIV]SAL DUEL CALL$ 
B>GA9+4 ,RA!R1 ETIQUETTE REQUIRES ?AT ! EX*ANGE PROCESS BEG9 
GRACEFULLY & RETA9 ITS COMMUNAL DIM5SION4 ,IT OP5S ) ! S]V+ 
( BEV]AGES1 AN EX*ANGE ( NEWS & GOSSIP1 SOME P]SONAL *IT-*AT1 
&1 9 TIME1 EXPRESSIONS ( ADMIRATION = ! W>ES AT H&4 ,ONE 
LEADS TO ! EX*ANGE PROCESS TANG5TIALLY4 ,! B>GA91 IF /RUCK1 IS A 
BOND1 A COMPACT SEAL$ BY TIME-HONOR$ E?ICAL IMP]ATIVES4 

,! APP>5TLY NONCOMM]CIAL AMBIANCE ( ?IS EX*ANGE PROCESS 
%\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS M]E CANN9ESS OR HYPOCRISY4 ,IT REFLECTS ! 
LIMITS ?AT PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY IMPOS$ ON EX*ANGE TO AVOID ! LAT5T 
IMP]SONALITY ( TRADE1 AS WELL AS ITS POT5TIAL MEANNESS ( SPIRIT1 ITS 
9SATIABLE APPETITE = GA91 ITS CAPACITY TO SUBV]T ALL SOCIAL LIMITS TO 
PRIVATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 TO DISSOLVE ALL TRADITIONAL /&>DS ( COMMUNITY 
& CONSOCIATION1 TO SUBORD9ATE ! NE$S ( ! BODY POLITIC 
TO EGOI/IC CONC]NS4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT ONLY = !SE REASONS ?AT TRADE WAS VIEW$ W>ILY4 
,PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY MAY WELL HAVE SE5 9 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES 
A RETURN ( ! 9ORGANIC1 ( ! SUB/ITUTION ( ?+S = LIV+ HUMAN 
RELATION%IPS4 ,!SE OBJECTS C\LD C]TA9LY BE VIEW$ SYMBOLICALLY AS 
TOK5S ( CONSOCIATION1 ALLIANCE1 & MUTUALITY -- :I* IS PRECISELY 
:AT ! GIFT WAS MEANT TO REPRES5T4 ,BUT DIVE/$ ( ?IS SYMBOLIC 
MEAN+1 !SE M]E ?+S OR COMMODITIES C\LD ACQUIRE SOCIALLY 
CORROSIVE TRAITS4 ,LEFT UN*ECK$ & UNBUFF]$1 !Y MI<T WELL VITIATE 
ALL =MS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION & ULTIMATELY DISSOLVE SOCIETY ITSELF4 
,! TRANSITION FROM GIFT TO COMMODITY1 9 EFFECT1 C\LD YIELD ! 
DIS9TEGRATION ( ! COMMUNITY 9TO A M>KETPLACE1 ! CONSANGU9E\S 
OR E?ICAL UNION BETWE5 PEOPLE 9TO RIVALRY & AGGRESSIVE 
EGOTISM4 

,?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ! COMMODITY OV] ! GIFT WAS POSSIBLE ONLY 
AFT] VA/ *ANGES 9 HUMAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS HAS BE5 SUP]BLY 
EXPLOR$ 9 ! CLOS+ PORTION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,I NE$ NOT SUMM>IZE ,M>X'S 
DEVA/AT+ N>RATION & ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 ITS 
0G5]AL LAW10 & P>TICUL>LY ! SWEEP+ DISLOCATION ( ! ,5GLI% 
PEASANTRY FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D4 ,! GIFT ITSELF VIRTUALLY 
DISAPPE>$ AS ! OBJECTIFICATION ( ASSOCIATION4 ,IT L+]$ ON M]ELY 
AS A BYPRODUCT ( C]EMONIAL FUNCTIONS4 ,! TRADITIONAL ETIQUETTE ?AT 
BUFF]$ ! EX*ANGE PROCESS WAS REPLAC$ BY A COMPLETELY IMP]SONAL1 
PR$ATORY -- & TODAY1 AN 9CREAS+LY ELECTRONIC -- PROCESS4 ,PRICE CAME 
FIR/1 QUALITY CAME LAT]2 & ! V]Y ?+S ?AT W]E ONCE SYMBOLS 
RA!R ?AN M]E OBJECTS = USE & EX*ANGE BECAME FETI%IZ$1 
TOGE!R ) ! 0NE$S0 !Y W]E MEANT TO SATISFY4 ,SUPRAHUMAN 
=CES N[ SEEM$ TO TAKE COMM& OV] ! EGO ITSELF4 ,EV5 SELF9T]E/1 
:I* ,GREEK SOCIAL !ORY VIEW$ AS ! MO/ S]I\S ?REAT 
TO ! UNITY ( ! POLIS1 SEEM$ TO BE GOV]N$ BY A M>KET SY/EM 
?AT DIVE/$ ! SUBJECT ( ITS V]Y CAPACITY TO MOVE FREELY ?R\< ! 
EX*ANGE PROCESS AS AN AUTONOM\S BUY] & SELL]4 

,IRONICALLY1 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 HAV+ D]IV$ FROM >*AIC SY/EMS ( 
COMM]CE & RETAIL+1 HAS RETURN$ TO ITS COMM]CIAL ORIG9S ) A 
V5GEFUL SELF-HATR$ M>K$ BY A DEMEAN+ RATIONALIZATION ( TRADE 
ITSELF4 ,! %OPP+ MALL ) ITS EXTRAVAGANT >EAS DELIV]$ OV] TO 
P>K$ MOTOR VEHICLES1 ITS SP>S5ESS ( SALES P]SONNEL1 ITS COO+ 
0MUZAK10 ITS DAZZL+ >RAY ( %ELV$ GOODS1 ITS ELABORATE SURVEILLANCE 
SY/EM1 ITS LACK ( ALL W>M? & HUMAN 9T]C\RSE1 ITS CRUELLY 
DECEPTIVE PACKAG+1 & ITS LONG *ECK\T C\NT]S ?AT 9DIFF]5TLY 
& IMP]SONALLY RECORD ! EX*ANGE PROCESS -- ALL SPEAK TO A 
D5ATUR+ ( CONSOCIATION AT LEVELS ( LIFE ?AT DEEPLY AFFRONT EV]Y 
HUMAN S5SIBILITY & ! SACR$NESS ( ! V]Y GOODS ?AT >E MEANT 
TO SUPPORT LIFE ITSELF4 

,:AT IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT H]E IS ?AT ?IS WORLD P5ETRATES P]SONAL 
AS WELL AS ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! %OPP+ MALL IS ! AGORA ( MOD]N 
SOCIETY1 ! CIVIC C5T] ( A TOTALLY ECONOMIC & 9ORGANIC WORLD4 ,IT 
WORKS ITS WAY 9TO EV]Y P]SONAL HAV5 FROM CAPITALI/ RELATIONS & 
IMPOSES ITS C5TRICITY ON EV]Y ASPECT ( DOME/IC LIFE4 ,! HI<WAYS 
?AT LEAD TO ITS P>K+ LOTS & ITS PRODUCTION C5T]S DEV\R 
COMMUNITIES & NEI<BORHOODS2 ITS MASSIVE COMM& ( RETAIL TRADE 
DEV\RS ! FAMILY-[N$ /ORE2 ! SUBDIVISIONS ?AT CLU/] >\ND 
IT DEV\R F>ML&2 ! MOTOR VEHICLES ?AT C>RY WOR%IP]S TO ITS 
TEMPLES >E SELF-5CLOS$ CAPSULES ?AT PRECLUDE ALL HUMAN CONTACT4 ,NOT 
ONLY DOES ! 9ORGANIC RETURN TO 9DU/RY & ! M>KETPLACE2 IT 
CALCIFIES & DEHUMANIZES ! MO/ 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS BETWE5 
PEOPLE 9 ! PRESUMABLY 9VULN]ABLE WORLD ( ! B$ROOM & 
NURS]Y4 ,! MASSIVE DISSOLUTION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL TIES ?AT COMES 
) ! RETURN ( ! 9ORGANIC TRANS=MS ! EXT5D$ FAMILY 9TO 
! NUCLE> FAMILY & F9ALLY DELIV]S ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] TO ! 
PURVEYORS ( S+LES' B>S4 

,) ! HOLL[+ \T ( COMMUNITY BY ! M>KET SY/EM1 ) 
ITS LOSS ( /RUCTURE1 >TICULATION1 & =M1 COMES ! CONCOMITANT 
HOLL[+ \T ( P]SONALITY ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS ! SPIRITUAL & 9/ITUTIONAL 
TIES ?AT L9K$ HUMAN BE+S TOGE!R 9TO VIBRANT SOCIAL RELATIONS >E 
]OD$ BY ! MASS M>KET1 SO ! S9EWS ?AT MAKE = SUBJECTIVITY1 
*>ACT]1 & SELF-DEF9ITION >E DIVE/$ ( =M & MEAN+4 ,! 
ISOLAT$1 SEEM+LY AUTONOM\S EGO ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CELEBRAT$ 
AS ! HI<E/ A*IEVEM5T ( 0MOD]NITY0 TURNS \T TO BE ! M]E 
HUSK ( A ONCE FAIRLY R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL :OSE V]Y COMPLET5ESS AS 
AN EGO WAS RESPONSIBLE BECAUSE HE OR %E WAS ROOT$ 9 A FAIRLY R\ND$ 
& COMPLETE COMMUNITY4 

,AS ! 9ORGANIC REPLACES ! ORGANIC 9 NATURE1 SO ! 9ORGANIC 
REPLACES ! ORGANIC 9 SOCIETY & P]SONALITY4 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( 
! NATURAL WORLD HAS ITS UNCANNY P>ALLEL 9 ! SIMPLIFICATION ( 
SOCIETY & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,! HOMOG5IZATION ( ECOSY/EMS GOES H& 
9 H& ) ! HOMOG5IZATION ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T & ! 
SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUALS :O PEOPLE IT4 ,! 9TIMATE ASSOCIATION ( ! 
DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN ) ! NOTION ( ! DOM9ATION 
( NATURE T]M9ATES NOT ONLY 9 ! NOTION ( DOM9ATION AS SU*2 ITS 
MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! K9D ( PREVAIL+ NATURE -- AN 9ORGANIC 
NATURE -- ?AT REPLACES ! ORGANIC NATURE ?AT HUMANS ONCE VIEW$ SO 
REV]5TLY4 

,WE CAN NEV] DISEMB$ \RSELVES FROM NATURE -- ANY MORE ?AN WE 
CAN DISEMB$ \RSELVES FROM \R [N VISC]A4 ,! TE*NOCRATIC 
0UTOPIA0 ( P]SONALIZ$ AUTOMATA REMA9S A HOLL[ MY?4 ,! 
!RAPIES ?AT SEEK TO ADJU/ ORGANIC BE+S TO 9ORGANIC CONDITIONS 
M]ELY PRODUCE LIFELESS1 9ORGANIC1 & DEP]SONALIZ$ AUTOMATA4 ,H5CE 
NATURE ALWAYS AFFIRMS ITS EXI/5CE AS ! MATRIX = SOCIAL & P]SONAL 
LIFE1 A MATRIX 9 :I* LIFE IS ALWAYS EMB$D$ BY DEF9ITION4 ,BY 
RATIONALIZ+ & SIMPLIFY+ SOCIETY & P]SONALITY1 WE DO NOT DIVE/ 
IT ( ITS NATURAL ATTRIBUTES2 RA!R1 WE BRUTALLY DE/ROY ITS ORGANIC 
ATTRIBUTES4 ,?US NATURE NEV] SIMPLY COEXI/S ) US2 IT IS P>T ( EV]Y 
ASPECT ( \R /RUCTURE & BE+4 ,TO TURN BACK NATURAL EVOLUTION FROM 
MORE COMPLEX =MS ( ORGANIC BE+S TO SIMPL] ONES1 FROM ! ORGANIC 
TO ! 9ORGANIC1 5TAILS ! TURN+ BACK ( SOCIETY & SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T FROM MORE COMPLEX TO SIMPL] =MS4 

,DISPELL+ ! MY? ?AT \R SOCIETY IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN E>LI] 
CULTURES REQUIRES %ORT %RIFT2 \R COMPLEXITY IS /RICTLY TE*NICAL1 NOT 
CULTURAL2 \R EFFLUVIUM ( 09DIVIDUALITY0 IS MORE NEUROTIC & 
PSY*OPA?IC1 NOT MORE UNIQUE OR MORE 9TRICATE4 0,MOD]NITY0 REA*$ 
ITS APOGEE BETWE5 ! DECADES PREC$+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & 
! #a#h#dS1 AFT] :I* 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM FA/5$ ITS GRIP ON SOCIAL 
LIFE4 ,ITS C>E]1 ) A MODE/ NUMB] ( EXCEPTIONS1 HAS YIELD$ A GRIM 
D5ATUR+ ( HUMANITY & SOCIETY4 ,S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! PRES5T 
C5TURY1 EV5 ! VE/IGES ( ITS GREATNESS -- AP>T FROM DRAMATIC 
EXPLOSIONS LIKE ! #a#i#fS -- HAVE ALL BUT DISAPPE>$ FROM VIRTUALLY 
EV]Y REALM ( EXP]I5CE4 

,:AT HAS L>GELY REPLAC$ ! S9EWS ?AT HELD COMMUNITY & 
P]SONALITY TOGE!R IS AN ALL-5COMPASS+1 COLDLY DEP]SONALIZ+ 
BUREAUCRACY4 ,! AG5CY & ! BUREAUCRAT HAVE BECOME ! 
SUB/ITUTES = ! FAMILY1 ! T[N & NEI<BORHOOD1 ! P]SONAL 
SUPPORT /RUCTURES ( PEOPLE 9 CRISIS1 & ! SUP]NATURAL & MY?IC 
FIGURES ?AT AF=D$ P[] & TUTEL>Y SURVEILLANCE OV] ! DE/9Y 
( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,) NO O!R /RUCTURES TO SPEAK ( BUT ! 
BUREAUCRATIC AG5CY1 SOCIETY HAS NOT M]ELY BE5 RIDDL$ BY BUREAUCRACY2 
IT HAS ALL BUT BECOME A BUREAUCRACY 9 :I* EV]YONE1 AS ,CAMUS 
WAS WONT TO SAY1 HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A FUNCTION>Y4 ,P]SONALITY AS SU* 
HAS BECOME CONGRU5T ) ! V>I\S DOCUM5TS1 LIC5SES1 & 
RECORDS ?AT DEF9E ONE'S PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,MORE SACR$ ?AN SU* 
DOCUM5TS AS PASSPORTS1 :I* >E ! >*AIC TOK5S ( CITIZ5%IP1 A 
MOTOR VEHICLE LIC5SE LIT]ALLY VALIDATES ONE'S ID5TITY1 & A CR$IT C>D 
BECOMES ! WORLDWIDE CO9AGE ( EX*ANGE4 

,! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ?US CULM9ATES 9 ! GR[+ TOGE!R 
( ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY -- & ) IT1 A DISSOLUTION ( ! FAMILY1 
COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & SOCIAL COMMITM5T4 ,EV5 A S5SE ( ONE'S 
P]SONAL DE/9Y DISAPPE>S 9TO ! BUREAUCRAT'S (FICE & FIL+ 
CAB9ET4 ,HI/ORY ITSELF WILL BE READ 9 ! MICR(ILM RECORDS & 
COMPUT] TAPES ( ! AG5CIES ?AT N[ =M ! AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS 
( SOCIETY4 ,PSY*OLOGICAL CATEGORIES HAVE 9DE$ 0BECOME POLITICAL 
CATEGORIES10 AS ,M>CUSE OBS]V$ 9 ! OP5+ L9ES ( HIS ,]OS & ,CIVILIZATION1 BUT 9 A P$E/RIAN =M ?AT EXCE$S HIS MO/ DOLEFUL 
VISIONS4 ,! ,SUP]EGO IS NO LONG] =M$ BY ! FA!R OR EV5 BY 
DOM9E]+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS2 IT IS =M$ BY ! FACELESS PEOPLE :O 
PRESIDE OV] ! RECORDS ( BIR? & DEA?1 ( RELIGI\S AFFILIATION & 
$UCATIONAL P$IGREE1 ( 0M5TAL HEAL?0 & PSY*OLOGICAL PROCLIVITIES1 
( VOCATIONAL TRA9+ & JOB ACQUISITION1 ( M>RIAGE & DIVORCE 
C]TIFICATES1 ( CR$IT RAT+S & BANK ACC\NTS2 9 %ORT1 ( ! 5DLESS 
>RAY ( LIC5SES1 TE/S1 CONTRACTS1 GRADES1 & P]SONALITY TRAITS ?AT 
DEF9E ! /ATUS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,POLITICAL CATEGORIES HAVE 
REPLAC$ PSY*OLOGICAL CATEGORIES 9 MU* ! SAME S5SE ?AT AN 
ELECTROC>DIOGRAPH HAS REPLAC$ ! HE>T4 ,UND] /ATE CAPITALISM1 EV5 
ECONOMIC CATEGORIES BECOME POLITICAL CATEGORIES4 ,DOM9ATION FULFILLS 
ITS DE/9Y 9 ! UBIQUIT\S1 ALL-P]VASIVE ,/ATE2 ITS LEGACY REA*ES ITS 
D5\EM5T 9 ! DISSOLUTION1 9DE$ ! COMPLETE DIS9TEGRATION1 ( 
A RI*LY ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO AN 9ORGANIC ONE -- A T]RIFY+ DE/9Y ?AT 
! NATURAL WORLD %>ES ) ! SOCIAL4 

,REASON1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO DISPEL ! D>K HI/ORIC =CES TO 
:I* A PRESUMABLY UNKN[+ HUMANITY HAD BE5 CAPTIVE1 N[ 
?REAT5S TO BECOME ONE ( !SE V]Y =CES 9 ! =M ( 
RATIONALIZATION4 ,IT N[ 5HANCES ! EFFICI5CY ( DOM9ATION4 ,! GREAT 
PROJECT ( ,WE/]N SPECULATIVE ?\<T -- TO R5D] HUMANITY SELFCONSCI\S -- /&S BE=E A HUGE ABYSS3 A YAWN+ *ASM 9TO :I* 
! SELF & CONSCI\SNESS ?REAT5 TO DISAPPE>4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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