,! ,M5ACE ( ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,9 A REC5T ESSAY1 ,CONOR ,CRUISE ,O',BRI5 SPEAKS ( ! PROCESS ( 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION10 :I* POSES A ?REAT TO S*OL>LY 9TEGRITY 9 \R [N C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY1 JU/ AS 0REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION10 A PH5OM5ON (T5 NOT$ & RI<TLY DEPLOR$1 HAS UND]M9$ S*OL>LY 9TEGRITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 0P[] 9 \R TIME HAS MORE 9TELLIG5CE 9 ITS S]VICE1 & ALL[S ?AT 9TELLIG5CE MORE DISCRETION AS TO ITS ME?ODS1 ?AN EV] BE=E 9 HI/ORY10 & SUGGE/S ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT ALTOGE!R 5C\RAG+1 S9CE WE HAVE MOV$ P]CEPTIBLY T[>DS ! /ATE ( 0A SOCIETY MAIM$ ?R\< ! SY/EMATIC CORRUPTION ( ITS 9TELLIG5CE40 ,HE URGES ?AT 09CREAS$ & SPECIFIC VIGILANCE1 NOT JU/ ! ELABORATION ( G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 IS REQUIR$ FROM ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMUNITY T[>D SPECIFIC GR[+ DANG]S TO ITS 9TEGRITY40.<#a.> 

,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T HAS DEVELOP$ A SIMIL> !ME1 9 AN IMPORTANT & P]CEPTIVE SPEE*4.<#b.> ,HE DESCRIBES ! FAILURE ( ! UNIV]SITIES TO =M 0AN EFFECTIVE C\NT]WEI<T TO ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX BY /R5G!N+ !IR EMPHASIS ON ! TRADITIONAL VALUES ( \R DEMOCRACY40 ,9/EAD !Y HAVE 0JO9$ ! MONOLI?1 ADD+ GREATLY TO ITS P[] & 9FLU5CE40 ,SPECIFICALLY1 HE REF]S TO ! FAILURE ( ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 0:O \<T TO BE ACT+ AS RESPONSIBLE & 9DEP5D5T CRITICS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T'S POLICIES10 BUT :O1 9/EAD1 BECOME ! AG5TS ( !SE POLICIES4 0,:ILE Y\NG DISS5T]S PLEAD = RESURRECTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN PROMISE1 !IR ELD]S CONT9UE TO SUBV]T IT40 ,) 0! SURR5D] ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ! NEGLECT ( TEA*+1 & ! DI/ORTION ( S*OL>%IP10 ! UNIV]SITY 0IS NOT ONLY FAIL+ TO MEET ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO ITS /UD5TS2 IT IS BETRAY+ A PUBLIC TRU/40 

,! EXT5T ( ?IS BETRAYAL MI<T BE >GU$2 ITS EXI/5CE1 AS A ?REAT5+ T5D5CY1 IS H>DLY 9 D\BT4 ,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T M5TIONS A PRIM>Y CAUSE3 ! ACCESS TO MONEY & 9FLU5CE4 ,O!RS MI<T BE M5TION$2 = EXAMPLE1 A HI<LY RE/RICTIVE1 ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY %>$1 IDEOLOGY & ! 9H]5T DYNAMICS ( PR(ESSIONALIZATION4 ,AS TO ! =M]1 ,FULBRI<T HAS CIT$ ELSE:]E ! OBS]VATION ( ,TOCQUEVILLE ?AT 0,I KN[ ( NO C\NTRY 9 :I* !RE IS SO LITTLE 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D & REAL FRE$OM ( DISCUSSION AS 9 ,AM]ICA40 ,FREE 9/ITUTIONS C]TA9LY EXI/1 BUT A TRADITION ( PASSIVITY & CON=MISM RE/RICTS !IR USE -- A CYNIC MI<T SAY ?AT ?IS IS :Y !Y CONT9UE TO EXI/4 

,! IMPACT ( PR(ESSIONALIZATION IS ALSO CLE>4 ,! 0FREE-FLOAT+ 9TELLECTUAL0 MAY OCCUPY HIMSELF ) PROBLEMS BECAUSE ( !IR 9H]5T 9T]E/ & IMPORTANCE1 P]HAPS TO LITTLE EFFECT4 ,! PR(ESSIONAL1 H[EV]1 T5DS TO DEF9E HIS PROBLEMS ACCORD+ TO ! TE*NIQUE ?AT HE HAS MA/]$1 & HAS A NATURAL DESIRE TO APPLY HIS SKILLS4 ,COMM5T+ ON ?IS PROCESS1 ,S5ATOR ,CL>K QUOTES ! REM>KS ( ,DR4 ,H>OLD ,AGNEW1 ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,LOS ,ALAMOS ,LABORATORIES ,WEAPONS ,DIVISION3 0,! BASIS ( ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY IS 9NOVATION & NO?+ IS MORE /IFL+ TO 9NOVATION ?AN SEE+ ONE'S PRODUCT NOT US$ OR RUL$ \T ( CONSID]ATION ON FLIMSY PREMISES 9VOLV+ PUBLIC WORLD OP9ION0.<#c.> -- 0A %OCK+ /ATEM5T & A DANG]\S ONE10 AS ,CL>K RI<TLY COMM5TS4 ,9 MU* ! SAME WAY1 BEHAVIORAL SCI5TI/S :O BELIEVE !MSELVES TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( C]TA9 TE*NIQUES ( CONTROL & MANIPULATION WILL T5D TO SE>* = PROBLEMS TO :I* !IR KN[L$GE & SKILLS MI<T BE RELEVANT1 DEF9+ !SE AS ! 0IMPORTANT PROBLEMS02 & IT WILL COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT !Y OCCASIONALLY EXPRESS !IR CONTEMPT = 0FLIMSY PREMISES 9VOLV+ PUBLIC WORLD OP9ION0 ?AT RE/RICT ! APPLICATION ( !SE SKILLS4 ,?US AMONG 5G9E]S !RE >E ! 0WEAPONS CULTI/S0 :O CON/RUCT !IR BOMBS & MISSILES1 & AMONG ! BEHAVIORAL SCI5TI/S WE F9D ! TE*NICIANS :O DESIGN & C>RY \T 0EXP]IM5TS ) POPULATION & RES\RCES CONTROL ME?ODS0 9 ,VIETNAM4.<#d.> 

,!SE V>I\S FACTORS -- ACCESS TO P[]1 %>$ IDEOLOGY1 PR(ESSIONALIZATION -- MAY OR MAY NOT BE DEPLORABLE 9 !MSELVES1 BUT !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT !Y 9T]ACT 9 SU* A WAY AS TO POSE A S]I\S ?REAT TO ! 9TEGRITY ( S*OL>%IP 9 FIELDS ?AT >E /RUGGL+ = 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T & >E ?US P>TICUL>LY SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! WORK+S ( A K9D ( ,GRE%AM'S ,LAW4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! SUBV]SION ( S*OL>%IP POSES A ?REAT TO SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,! DANG] IS P>TICUL>LY GREAT 9 A SOCIETY ?AT 5C\RAGES SPECIALIZATION & /&S 9 AWE ( TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! OPPORTUNITIES >E GREAT = ! ABUSE ( KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUE -- TO BE MORE EXACT1 ! CLAIM TO KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUE4 ,TAK+ NOTE ( !SE DANG]S1 ONE READS ) CONC]N ! CLAIMS ( SOME SOCIAL SCI5TI/S ?AT !IR DISCIPL9E IS ESS5TIAL = ! TRA9+ ( ?OSE TO :OM !Y REF] AS 0! M&>9S ( ! FUTURE40.<#e.> ,PHILOSOPHY & LIT]ATURE /ILL 0HAVE !IR VALUE10 SO ,I?IEL DE ,SOLA ,POOL ( ,M,I,T 9=MS US1 BUT IT IS PSY*OLOGY1 SOCIOLOGY1 SY/EMS ANALYSIS1 & POLITICAL SCI5CE ?AT PROVIDE ! KN[L$GE BY :I* 0M5 ( P[] >E HUMANIZ$ & CIVILIZ$40 ,9 NO SMALL MEASURE1 ! ,VIETNAM W> WAS DESIGN$ & EXECUT$ BY !SE NEW M&>9S1 & IT TE/IFIES TO ! CONCEPT ( HUMANITY & CIVILIZATION ?AT !Y >E LIKELY TO BR+ TO ! EX]CISE ( P[]4.<#f.> 

,IS ! NEW ACCESS TO P[] ( ! TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA A DELUSION OR A GR[+ REALITY8 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O P]CEIVE ! 0SKELETAL /RUCTURE ( A NEW SOCIETY0 9 :I* ! LEAD]%IP WILL RE/ 0) ! RESE>* CORPORATION1 ! 9DU/RIAL LABORATORIES1 ! EXP]IM5TAL /ATIONS1 & ! UNIV]SITIES10 ) 0! SCI5TI/S1 ! MA!MATICIANS1 ! ECONOMI/S1 & ! 5G9E]S ( ! NEW COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY04440NOT ONLY ! BE/ TAL5TS1 BUT EV5TUALLY ! :OLE COMPLEX ( SOCIAL PRE/IGE & SOCIAL /ATUS1 WILL BE ROOT$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITIES40.<#g.> ,A C>EFUL LOOK AT ! 0SKELETAL /RUCTURE0 ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY1 IF SU* IT IS1 IS H>DLY REASSUR+4 ,AS ,DANIEL ,BELL1 ! ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY SOCIOLOGI/1 PO9TS \T1 0IT HAS BE5 W> RA!R ?AN PEACE ?AT HAS BE5 L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = ! ACCEPTANCE ( PLANN+ & TE*NOCRATIC MODES 9 GOV]NM5T10 & \R PRES5T 0MOBILIZ$ SOCIETY0 IS ONE ?AT IS GE>$ TO ! 0SOCIAL GOAL0 ( 0MILIT>Y & W> PREP>$NESS40 ,BELL'S RELATIVE OPTIMISM REG>D+ ! NEW SOCIETY COMES FROM HIS ASSUMPTION ?AT ! UNIV]SITY IS 0! PLACE :]E !ORETICAL KN[L$GE IS S\<T1 TE/$1 & CODIFI$ 9 A DIS9T]E/$ WAY10 & ?AT 0! MOBILIZ$ PO/URES ( ! ,COLD ,W> & ! SPACE RACE0 >E A TEMPOR>Y AB]RATION1 A REACTION TO ,COMMUNI/ AGGRESSIV5ESS4 

,9 CONTRA/1 A /RONG >GUM5T CAN BE MADE ?AT ! UNIV]SITY HAS1 TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE1 BETRAY$ ITS PUBLIC TRU/2 ?AT MATT]S ( =EIGN POLICY >E V]Y MU* 0A REFLEX ( 9T]NAL POLITICAL =CES0 AS WELL AS ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS 7RA!R ?AN 0A JUDGM5T AB\T ! NATIONAL 9T]E/1 9VOLV+ /RATEGY DECISIONS BAS$ ON ! CALCULATIONS ( AN OPPON5T'S /R5G? & 9T5TIONS072 ?AT ! MOBILIZATION = W> IS NOT 0IRONY0 BUT A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 GIV5 \R PRES5T SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION2 ?AT ! TE*NOLOGI/S :O A*IEVE P[] >E ?OSE :O CAN P]=M A S]VICE = EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS2 & ?AT NO?+ BUT CATA/ROPHE IS TO BE EXPECT$ FROM /ILL FUR!R C5TRALIZATION ( DECISION-MAK+ 9 GOV]NM5T & A N>R[+ BASE ( CORPORATE AFFILIATES4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! PA/ FEW YE>S GIVES LITTLE REASON TO FEEL OPTIMI/IC AB\T !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 

,:AT GR\NDS >E !RE = SUPPOS+ ?AT ?OSE :OSE CLAIM TO P[] IS BAS$ ON KN[L$GE & TE*NIQUE WILL BE MORE B5IGN 9 !IR EX]CISE ( P[] ?AN ?OSE :OSE CLAIM IS BAS$ ON WEAL? OR >I/OCRATIC ORIG98 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONE MI<T EXPECT ! NEW M&>9 TO BE DANG]\SLY >ROGANT1 AGGRESSIVE1 & 9CAPABLE ( ADJU/+ TO FAILURE1 AS COMP>$ TO HIS PR$ECESSOR1 :OSE CLAIM TO P[] WAS NOT DIM9I%$ BY HONE/Y AB\T ! LIMITATIONS ( HIS KN[L$GE1 LACK ( WORK TO DO1 OR DEMON/RABLE MI/AKES4.<#h.> ,9 ! ,VIETNAM CATA/ROPHE1 ALL ( !SE FACTORS >E DETECTABLE4 ,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 OV]G5]ALIZ+1 BUT NEI!R HI/ORY NOR PSY*OLOGY NOR SOCIOLOGY GIVES US ANY P>TICUL> REASON TO LOOK =W>D ) HOPE TO ! RULE ( ! NEW M&>9S4 

,9 G5]AL1 ONE W\LD EXPECT ANY GR\P ) ACCESS TO P[] & AFFLU5CE TO CON/RUCT AN IDEOLOGY ?AT WILL JU/IFY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS ON GR\NDS ( ! G5]AL WELF>E4 ,= JU/ ?IS REASON1 ,BELL'S !SIS ?AT 9TELLECTUALS >E MOV+ CLOS] TO ! C5T] ( P[]1 OR AT LEA/ BE+ ABSORB$ MORE FULLY 9TO ! DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURE1 IS TO SOME EXT5T SUPPORT$ BY ! PH5OM5ON ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION NOT$ E>LI]4 ,?AT IS1 ONE MI<T ANTICIPATE ?AT1 AS P[] BECOMES MORE ACCESSIBLE1 ! 9EQUITIES ( ! SOCIETY WILL REC$E FROM VISION1 ! /ATUS QUO WILL SEEM LESS FLAW$1 & ! PRES]VATION ( ORD] WILL BECOME A MATT] ( TRANSC5D5T IMPORTANCE4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS >E 9CREAS+LY A*IEV+ ! /ATUS ( A D\BLY PRIVILEG$ ELITE3 FIR/1 AS ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S1 ) RESPECT TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD2 & SECOND1 BECAUSE ( !IR ROLE 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 :I* IS SURELY QUITE C5TRAL1 :E!R OR NOT ,BELL'S PR$ICTION PROVES ACCURATE4 ,9 SU* A SITUATION1 ! DANG]S ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION1 BO? 9 ! DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL SPH]ES1 >E APP>5T4 ,I ?9K ?AT ,O',BRI5 IS 5TIRELY CORRECT 9 PO9T+ TO ! NECESSITY = 09CREAS$ & SPECIFIC VIGILANCE0 TO ! DANG] ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION1 ( :I*1 AS HE CORRECTLY REM>KS1 0WE HE> ALMO/ NO?+40 

,SEV]AL YE>S AGO ,SEYM\R ,M4 ,LIPSET 5?USIA/ICALLY PROCLAIM$ 9 ,POLITICAL ,MAN ?AT 0! FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION HAVE BE5 SOLV$10 & ?AT 0?IS V]Y TRIUMPH ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ 5DS DOME/IC POLITICS = ?OSE 9TELLECTUALS :O MU/ HAVE IDEOLOGIES OR UTOPIAS TO MOTIVATE !M TO SOCIAL ACTION40 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( FAI? 9 0! 5D ( IDEOLOGY10 EV5 5LI<T5$ & 9=M$ COMM5TATORS W]E 9CL9$ TO PRES5T REM>KABLE EVALUATIONS ( ! /ATE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,DANIEL ,BELL1 = EXAMPLE1 WROTE ?AT 09 ! MASS CONSUMPTION ECONOMY ALL GR\PS CAN EASILY ACQUIRE ! \TW>D BADGES ( /ATUS & ]ASE ! VISIBLE DEM>CATIONS40.<#i.> ,WRIT+ 9 ,COMM5T>Y1 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#d1 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT WE HAVE 9 EFFECT ALREADY A*IEV$ 0! EGALIT>IAN & SOCIALLY MOBILE SOCIETY :I* ! 'FREE FLOAT+ 9TELLECTUALS' ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION HAVE BE5 CALL+ = DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S40 ,= ALL ! DETECTABLE G5]AL RISE 9 /&>D ( LIV+1 ! JUDGM5T ( ,GUNN> ,MYRDAL SEEMS F> MORE APPROPRIATE TO ! ACTUAL SITUATION3 0,! COMMON IDEA ?AT ,AM]ICA IS AN IMM5SELY RI* & AFFLU5T C\NTRY IS V]Y MU* AN EXAGG]ATION4 ,AM]ICAN AFFLU5CE IS HEAVILY MORTGAG$4 ,AM]ICA C>RIES A TREM5D\S BURD5 ( DEBT TO ITS POOR PEOPLE4 ,?AT ?IS DEBT MU/ BE PAID IS NOT ONLY A WI% ( ! DO-GOOD]S4 ,NOT PAY+ IT IMPLIES A RISK = ! SOCIAL ORD] & = DEMOCRACY AS WE HAVE KN[N IT40.<#a.> ,SURELY ! CLAIM ?AT ALL GR\PS CAN EASILY 5T] ! MASS CONSUMPTION ECONOMY & 0]ASE ! VISIBLE DEM>CATIONS0 IS A CONSID]ABLE EXAGG]ATION4 

,SIMIL> EVALUATIONS ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY APPE> FREQU5TLY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y S*OL>%IP4 ,TO M5TION JU/ ONE EXAMPLE1 CONSID] ! ANALYSIS ?AT ,ADAM ,ULAM1 ! ,H>V>D EXP]T ON ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM1 GIVES ( ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( CAPITALISM3 0,ONE CANNOT BLAME A CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V] LIKE ,M>X = HIS CONVICTION ?AT 9DU/RIAL FANATICISM & SELF-RI<TE\SNESS W]E 9DELIBLE TRAITS ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,?AT ! CAPITALI/ W\LD GR[ MORE HUMANE1 ?AT HE W\LD SLACK5 9 HIS CEASELESS PURSUIT ( ACCUMULATION & EXPANSION1 W]E NOT IMPRESSIONS READILY W>RANT$ BY ! ,5GLI% SOCIAL SC5E ( ! #a#h#d'S & '#e'S40.<#a#a.> ,AGA91 = ALL ! IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY OV] ! PA/ C5TURY1 IT /ILL COMES AS A SURPRISE TO HE> ?AT ! CAPITALI/ HAS SLACK5$ 9 HIS CEASELESS PURSUIT ( ACCUMULATION & EXPANSION4.<#a#b.> 

,REM>KS SU* AS !SE ILLU/RATE A FAILURE TO S5SE ! REALITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 :I* MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY TRACEABLE TO ! NEWLY F\ND 7OR AT LEA/ ASPIR$ TO7 ACCESS TO P[] & AFFLU5CE1 BUT :I* IS1 NEV]!LESS1 :AT ONE W\LD EXPECT 9 ! DEVELOP+ IDEOLOGY ( A NEW PRIVILEG$ ELITE4 

,V>I\S /R&S ( ?IS IDEOLOGY >E DRAWN TOGE!R 9 A REC5T >TICLE 9 ,5C\NT] BY ,ZBIGNIEW ,BRZEZ9SKI ( ,COLUMBIA1 9 :I* A NUMB] ( ! CONCEPTIONS & ATTITUDES ?AT APPE> 9 REC5T SOCIAL ?\<T >E SUMM>IZ$ -- ,I AM TEMPT$ TO SAY 0P>ODI$40 ,BRZEZ9SKI TOO SEES A 0PR(\ND *ANGE0 TAK+ PLACE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMUNITY1 AS 0! L>GELY HUMANI/-ORI5T$1 OCCASIONALLY IDEOLOGICALLY-M9D$ 9TELLECTUAL-DISS5T]1 :O SEES HIS ROLE L>GELY 9 T]MS ( PR(F]+ SOCIAL CRITIQUES1 IS RAPIDLY BE+ DISPLAC$ EI!R BY EXP]TS & SPECIALI/S1 :O BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 SPECIAL GOV]NM5TAL UND]TAK+S1 OR BY ! G5]ALI/S-9TEGRATORS1 :O BECOME 9 EFFECT H\SE-IDEOLOGUES = ?OSE 9 P[]1 PROVID+ OV]ALL 9TELLECTUAL 9TEGRATION = DISP>ATE ACTIONS40 

,HE SUGGE/S ?AT !SE 0ORGANIZATION-ORI5T$1 APPLICATION-M9D$ 9TELLECTUALS0 CAN BE EXPECT$ TO 9TRODUCE BROAD] & MORE RELEVANT CONC]NS 9TO ! POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,!Y >E A NEW M]ITOCRATIC ELITE1 0TAK+ OV] ,AM]ICAN LIFE1 UTILIZ+ ! UNIV]SITIES1 EXPLOIT+ ! LATE/ TE*NIQUES ( COMMUNICATIONS1 H>NESS+ AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE ! MO/ REC5T TE*NOLOGICAL DEVICES40 ,PRESUMABLY1 !IR CIVILIZ+ IMPACT IS REVEAL$ BY ! GREAT PROGRESS ?AT HAS BE5 MADE1 9 ?IS NEW 0HI/ORICAL ]A0 :I* ,AM]ICA ALONE HAS ALREADY 5T]$1 ) RESPECT TO ! PROBLEMS ?AT CONF\ND$ ! BUMBL+ POLITICAL LEAD]S ( PA/ ]AS -- ! PROBLEMS ( ! CITIES1 ( POLLUTION1 ( WA/E & DE/RUCTIV5ESS1 ( EXPLOITATION & POV]TY4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ?IS 0NEW BRE$ ( POLITICIANS-9TELLECTUALS10 ,AM]ICA HAS BECOME 0! CREATIVE SOCIETY2 ! O!RS1 CONSCI\SLY & UNCONSCI\SLY1 >E EMULATIVE40 ,WE SEE ?IS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 MA!MATICS1 ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 PHILOSOPHY1 C9EMA1 MUSIC1 HI/ORICAL S*OL>%IP1 & SO ON1 :]E O!R CULTURES1 HOPELESSLY \TDI/ANC$1 M]ELY OBS]VE & IMITATE :AT ,AM]ICA CREATES4 ,?US WE MOVE T[>D A NEW 0 'SUP]-CULTURE1' /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,AM]ICAN LIFE1 ) ITS [N UNIV]SAL ELECTRONIC-COMPUT] LANGUAGE44410 :]E AN 5ORM\S & GR[+ 0PSY*O-CULTURAL GAP0 SEP>ATES ,AM]ICA FROM ! RE/ ( ! 0DEVELOP$ WORLD40 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE EV5 TO IMAG9E :AT ,BRZEZ9SKI ?9KS A 0UNIV]SAL ELECTRONIC-COMPUT] LANGUAGE0 MAY BE -- TO ANYONE :O KN[S1 ! REF]5CE IS RIDICUL\S -- OR :AT CULTURAL VALUES HE ?9KS WILL BE CREAT$ BY ! NEW 0TE*NOLOGICALLY DOM9ANT & CONDITION$ TE*NETRON0 :O1 HE APP>5TLY BELIEVES1 MAY PROVE TO BE ! 0TRU] REPOSITORY ( ?AT 9DEF9ABLE QUALITY WE CALL HUMAN40 ,IT W\LD H>DLY BE REW>D+ TO TRY TO DIS5TANGLE ,BRZEZ9SKI'S CONFUSIONS & MISUND]/&+S4 ,:AT IS 9T]E/+1 RA!R1 IS ! WAY HIS DIM AW>5ESS ( CURR5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY IS US$ TO PROVIDE AN IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATION = ! 09CREAS+ ROLE 9 ! KEY DECISION-MAK+ 9/ITUTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS ) SPECIAL 9TELLECTUAL & SCI5TIFIC ATTA9M5TS10 ! NEW 0ORGANIZATION-ORI5T$1 APPLICATION-M9D$ 9TELLECTUALS0 BAS$ 9 ! UNIV]SITY1 0! CREATIVE EYE ( ! MASSIVE COMMUNICATIONS COMPLEX40 

,P>ALLEL TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL IS BASICALLY WELL AT HOME IS ! WIDELY >TICULAT$ BELIEF ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY1 TOO1 W\LD BE SUBJECT TO 9TELLIG5T MANAGEM5T1 W]E IT NOT = ! MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ?IS COMPLAC5CE IS ! BELIEF ?AT ! ,COLD ,W> WAS 5TIRELY ! RESULT ( ,RUSSIAN 7LAT] ,*9ESE7 AGGRESSIV5ESS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,DANIEL ,BELL HAS DESCRIB$ ! ORIG9S ( ! ,COLD ,W> 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 0,:5 ! ,RUSSIANS BEGAN /IRR+ UP ! ,GREEK GU]RILLA ,E,A,M 9 :AT HAD BE5 TACITLY ACKN[L$G$ AT ,TEH]AN AS A ,BRITI% SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S BEGAN !IR CRY AGA9/ ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM4 ,FOLL[+ ! REJECTION ( ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN & ! ,COMMUNI/ C\P 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,COLD ,W> WAS ON 9 E>NE/40.<#a#c.> ,?IS WILL H>DLY DO AS A BALANC$ & OBJECTIVE /ATEM5T ( ! ORIG9S ( ! ,COLD ,W> -- 9 P>TICUL>1 ! REM>K CONC]N+ ! ,RUSSIANS 9 ,GREECE IS NOT SUPPORT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL RECORD1 ?\< IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO DOCUM5T ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION.<#a#d.> 2 BUT ! DI/ORTION IT REFLECTS IS AN 9H]5T ELEM5T 9 ,BELL'S OPTIMISM AB\T ! NEW SOCIETY1 S9CE IT 5ABLES HIM TO MA9TA9 ?AT \R ,COLD ,W> POSITION IS PURELY REACTIVE1 & ?AT ONCE ,COMMUNI/ BELLIG]5CE IS TAM$1 ! NEW TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA CAN TURN ITS ATT5TION TO ! CON/RUCTION ( A MORE DEC5T SOCIETY4 

,A RELAT$ ELEM5T 9 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! LIB]AL 9TELLECTUAL IS ! FIRM BELIEF 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL G5]OSITY ( ,WE/]N POLICY T[>D ! ?IRD WORLD4 ,ULAM1 AGA91 PROVIDES A TYPICAL EXAMPLE3 0,PROBLEMS ( AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY UND]GO+ AN ECONOMIC & IDEOLOGICAL REVOLUTION SEEM TO DEFY444! G5]OSITY -- GRANT$ ITS QUALIFICATIONS & ]RORS -- ?AT HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! POLICY ( ! LEAD+ DEMOCRATIC P[]S ( ! ,WE/40.<#a#e.> ,EV5 ,HANS ,MORG5?AU SUCCUMBS TO ?IS ILLUSION4 ,HE SUMM>IZES A DISCUSSION ( 9T]V5TION ) !SE REM>KS3 0444WE HAVE 9T]V5$ 9 ! POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS ( O!R C\NTRIES TO ! TUNE ( F> 9 EXCESS ( @s#a BILLION1 & WE >E AT PRES5T 9VOLV$ 9 A CO/LY & RISKY W> 9 ORD] TO BUILD A NATION 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,ONLY ! 5EMIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL QUE/ION ! G5]OSITY ( !SE EF=TS1 :I* HAVE NO P>ALLEL 9 HI/ORY40.<#a#f.> ,:ATEV] ONE MAY ?9K AB\T ! @s#a BILLION1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE :Y ANYONE %\LD HAVE TAK5 S]I\SLY ! PR(ESS$ 0G5]OSITY0 ( \R EF=T TO BUILD A NATION 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 ANY MORE ?AN ! SIMIL> PR(ESSIONS ( B5EVOL5CE BY \R MANY =]UNN]S 9 SU* 5T]PRISES4 ,G5]OSITY HAS NEV] BE5 A COMMODITY 9 %ORT SUPPLY AMONG P[]S B5T ON EXT5D+ !IR HEGEMONY4 

,/ILL ANO!R /R& 9 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! NEW EM]G+ ELITE IS ! CONC]N = ORD]1 = MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO1 :I* IS N[ SE5 TO BE FAVORABLE & ESS5TIALLY JU/4 ,AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE IS ! /ATEM5T BY F\RTE5 LEAD+ POLITICAL SCI5TI/S & HI/ORIANS ON ,U,S ,ASIAN POLICY1 DI/RIBUT$ LA/ ,DECEMB] 7#a#i#f#g7 BY ! ,FRE$OM ,H\SE ,PUBLIC ,AFFAIRS ,9/ITUTE4.<#a#g.> ,!SE S*OL>S REF] TO !MSELVES AS 0! MOD]ATE SEGM5T ( ! ACADEMIC COMMUNITY40 ,! DESIGNATION IS ACCURATE2 !Y /& MIDWAY BETWE5 ! TWO V>IETIES ( EXTREMISM1 ONE :I* DEM&S ?AT WE DE/ROY EV]YONE :O /&S 9 \R PA?1 ! O!R ?AT WE ADOPT ! PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL BEHAVIOR ?AT WE REQUIRE ( EV]Y O!R WORLD P[]4 ,! PURPOSE ( !IR /ATEM5T IS TO 0*ALL5GE ?OSE AMONG US :O1 OV]:ELM$ BY GUILT COMPLEXES1 F9D COM=T 9 ASS]T+ OR IMPLY+ ?AT WE >E ALWAYS WRONG1 \R CRITICS ALWAYS RI<T1 & ?AT ONLY DOOM LIES AHEAD40 ,!Y F9D \R RECORD 9 ,ASIA TO BE 0REM>KABLY GOOD10 -- & APPLAUD \R DEMON/RAT$ ABILITY TO RECTIFY MI/AKES1 \R 0CAPACITY = PRAGMATISM & SELF-EXAM9ATION0 & 0HEAL?Y AVOIDANCE ( N>R[ NATIONALISM10 CAPACITIES :I* DI/+UI% US 0AMONG ! MAJOR SOCIETIES ( ?IS ]A40 

,! MOD]ATE S*OL>S W>N ?AT 0TO AVOID A MAJOR W> 9 ! ,ASIA-,PACIFIC REGION1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CONT9UE TO DET]1 RE/RA91 & C\NT]BALANCE ,*9ESE P[]40 ,TRUE1 S9CE ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 0,*9A HAS EX]CIS$ GREAT PRUD5CE 9 AVOID+ A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ! ,SOVIET ,UNION10 & IT IS LIKELY ?AT ,*9A WILL 0CONT9UE TO SUB/ITUTE WORDS = ACTS :ILE CONC5TRAT+ UPON DOME/IC ISSUES40 ,/ILL1 WE CANNOT BE C]TA9 ( ?IS1 & MU/ !RE=E CONT9UE \R EF=TS TO TAME ! DRAGON4 ,ONE ( ! GRAVE/ PROBLEMS POS$ BY ,*9A IS ITS POLICY ( 0ISOLATIONI/ FANATICISM10 OBVI\SLY A S]I\S ?REAT TO PEACE4 ,ANO!R DANG] IS ! T]RIFY+ FIGURE ( ,MAO ,TSETUNG1 A ROMANTIC1 :O REFUSES TO ACCEPT ! 0BUREAUCRATISM ESS5TIAL TO ! ORD]+ ( ?IS 5ORM\SLY COMPLEX1 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT SOCIETY40 ,! MOD]ATE S*OL>S W\LD FEEL MU* MORE AT EASE ) ! FAMILI> SORT ( TE*NICAL EXP]T1 :O IS COMMITT$ TO ! 0TRIUMPH ( BUREAUCRATISM10 & :O REFRA9S FROM ROMANTIC EF=TS TO UND]M9E ! P>TY APP>ATUS & ! DISCIPL9E ?AT IT IMPOSES4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT A SUB/ANTIAL ?REAT POS$ BY ,*9A1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S1 ?\< !IR /ATEM5T FAILS TO EXPRESS IT4 ,! ?REAT IS REVEAL$ BY SU* REM>KS AS ?IS1 BY A LIB]AL J\RNALI/ FROM ! ,PHILIPP9ES3.<#a#h.> 

,9 ,*9A A F\R? ( ! HUMAN RACE HAVE F\ND ! SOLUTION TO ! TW9 SC\RGES ( ,ASIA3 POV]TY & IGNORANCE4 ,NOT COMPLETELY1 TO BE SURE1 BUT !SE HAVE CEAS$ TO BE ! BIG PROBLEMS ( SURVIVAL ?AT !Y >E 9 ! RE/ ( ,ASIA4 ,9 EVALUAT+ ! A*IEVEM5T ( MAN1 HIS IDEOLOGY1 ! ELIM9ATION ( POV]TY & IGNORANCE & DISEASE -- 9 A NATION PEOPL$ BY #g MILLION -- IS A FEAT TO COMP>E ) ! PR\DE/ SUCCESSES ( ,AM]ICA & ,RUSSIA 9 SPACE EXPLORATION4 ,:]E MAN HAS DONE AWAY ) GRE$1 5VY1 DI%ONE/Y1 HE HAS SCOR$ A SIGNAL VICTORY = ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 ,MAN IS UPLIFT$ & ! HUMAN SPIRIT IS EXULT$4 ,?IS IS ! REALITY ( ,NEW ,*9A4 

,! SPREAD ( SU* ATTITUDES ?REAT5S ! LONG-RANGE GOALS \TL9$ PROPHETICALLY LONG AGO BY ,BROOKS ,ADAMS3 0444TO 5T] UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,EA/]N ,ASIA & TO R$UCE IT TO P>T ( \R [N ECONOMIC SY/EM40 ,9 ORD] TO CONTA9 ?IS ?REAT1 ,AM]ICAN POLICY SEEKS TO HAMP] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,*9A1 :ILE ,AM]ICAN S*OL>%IP RAISES ! SPECT] ( ,*9ESE AGGRESSION & FANATICISM4 

,MOREOV]1 ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S ANN\NCE !IR SUPPORT = 0\R BASIC POSITION0 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,A ,COMMUNI/ VICTORY 9 ,VIETNAM1 !Y >GUE1 W\LD 0GRAVELY JEOP>DIZE ! POSSIBILITIES = A POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM 9 ,ASIA1 S]I\SLY DAMAGE \R CR$IBILITY1 DEEPLY AFFECT ! MORALE -- & ! POLICIES -- ( \R ,ASIAN ALLIES & ! NEUTRALS40 ,BY A 0POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM10 !Y DO NOT1 ( C\RSE1 REF] TO ! /ATUS QUO AS ( #a#i#d#e-#f OR AS \TL9$ BY 9T]NATIONAL AGREEM5T AT ,G5EVA 9 #a#i#e#d4 ,!Y DO NOT EXPLA9 :Y ! CR$IBILITY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! CR$IBILITY ( ! 9DIG5\S ELEM5TS 9 ,VIETNAM :I* HAVE D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO A W> ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,NOR DO !Y EXPLA9 :Y ! MORALE ( ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS ( ,?AIL& & ,TAIWAN MU/ BE PRES]V$4 ,!Y M]ELY H9T D>KLY ( ! DANG]S ( A ?IRD WORLD W>1 DANG]S :I* >E REAL 5\<1 & :I* >E 9CREAS$ :5 ADVOCATES ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE FACE AN EXT]NAL C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 SU* DANG]S CAN BE LESS5$ EI!R BY DAMP+ REVOLUTION>Y >DOR OR BY )DRAW+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,! LATT]1 H[EV]1 IS UN?9KABLE1 IRRESPONSIBLE4 

,! CRUCIAL ASSUMPTION 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S IS ?AT WE MU/ NOT 5C\RAGE 0?OSE ELEM5TS COMMITT$ TO ! !SIS ?AT VIOL5CE IS ! BE/ MEANS ( EFFECT+ *ANGE40 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS NOT VIOL5CE AS SU* TO :I* ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S OBJECT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y APPROVE ( \R VIOL5CE 9 ,VIETNAM :I*1 AS !Y >E WELL AW>E1 5ORM\SLY EXCE$S ?AT ( ! ,VIETNAMESE 5EMY4 ,TO FUR!R UND]L9E ?IS PO9T1 !Y CITE AS \R GREATE/ TRIUMPH 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA ! 0DRAMATIC *ANGES0 ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,9DONESIA -- ( :I* SURELY ! MO/ DRAMATIC HAS BE5 ! MASSACRE ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,BUT ?IS MASSACRE1 LIKE \R EXT]M9ATION ( ,VIETNAMESE1 IS NOT A USE ( VIOL5CE TO EFFECT SOCIAL *ANGE1 & IS !RE=E LEGITIMATE4 ,:AT IS MORE1 IT MAY BE ?AT ?OSE MASSACR$ W]E L>GELY E?NIC ,*9ESE & L&LESS PEASANTS1 & ?AT ! 0C\NT]-C\P0 9 EFFECT REE/ABLI%$ TRADITIONAL AU?ORITY MORE FIRMLY4.<#a#i.> ,IF SO1 ALL ! MORE REASON :Y WE %\LD NOT DEPLORE ?IS USE ( VIOL5CE1 &1 9 FACT1 ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S DELICATELY REFRA9 FROM ALLUD+ TO IT 9 !IR DISCUSSION ( DRAMATIC *ANGES 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT :5 !SE S*OL>S DEPLORE ! USE ( VIOL5CE TO EFFECT *ANGE1 IT IS NOT VIOL5CE1 BUT RA!R SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT !Y F9D TRULY DI/URB+4 ,SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT DEP>TS FROM ! PLOTT$ C\RSE IS NOT TO BE TOL]AT$4 ,! ?REAT TO ORD] IS TOO GREAT4 

,SO GREAT IS ! IMPORTANCE ( /ABILITY & ORD] ?AT EV5 RE=M ( ! SORT ?AT RECEIVES ,AM]ICAN AU?ORIZATION MU/ (T5 BE DELAY$1 ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S CAUTION4 0,9DE$1 MANY TYPES ( RE=M 9CREASE 9/ABILITY1 H[EV] DESIRABLE & ESS5TIAL !Y MAY BE 9 LONG-RANGE T]MS4 ,= PEOPLE UND] SIEGE1 !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = SECURITY40 ,! REF]5CE1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 IS NOT TO SECURITY FROM ,AM]ICAN BOMB>DM5T1 BUT RA!R TO SECURITY FROM ! WRONG SORTS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,! POLICY RECOMM5DATIONS ( ! MOD]ATE S*OL>S >E BAS$ ON !IR P>TICUL> IDEOLOGICAL BIAS1 NAMELY ?AT A C]TA9 =M ( /ABILITY -- NOT ?AT ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM OR ,NOR? ,KOREA1 BUT ?AT ( ,?AIL&1 ,TAIWAN1 OR ! ,PHILIPP9ES -- IS SO ESS5TIAL ?AT WE MU/ BE WILL+ TO USE UNP>ALLEL$ MEANS ( VIOL5CE TO 5SURE ?AT IT IS PRES]V$4 ,IT IS 9/RUCTIVE TO SEE H[ O!R M5TORS ( ! NEW M&>9S DESCRIBE ! PROBLEM ( ORD] & RE=M4 ,I?IEL ,POOL HAS =MULAT$ ! C5TRAL ISSUE AS FOLL[S3 

,9 ! ,CONGO1 9 ,VIETNAM1 9 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ORD] DEP5DS ON SOMEH[ COMPELL+ NEWLY MOBILIZ$ /RATA TO RETURN TO A MEASURE ( PASSIVITY & DEFEATISM FROM :I* !Y HAVE REC5TLY BE5 >\S$ BY ! PROCESS ( MOD]NIZATION4 ,AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD] REQUIRES A L[]+ ( NEWLY ACQUIR$ ASPIRATIONS & LEVELS ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY4.<#b.> 

,?IS IS :AT 0WE HAVE LE>N$ 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S ( 9T5SIVE EMPIRICAL /UDY ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES40 ,POOL IS M]ELY DESCRIB+ FACTS1 NOT PROPOS+ POLICY4 ,A CORRESPOND+ V]SION ( ! FACTS IS FAMILI> ON ! DOME/IC SC5E3 WORK]S ?REAT5 ! PUBLIC ORD] BY /RIK+ = !IR DEM&S1 ! IMPATI5CE ( ! ,NEGRO COMMUNITY ?REAT5S ! /ABILITY ( ! BODY POLITIC4 ,ONE CAN1 ( C\RSE1 IMAG9E ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ORD] CAN BE PRES]V$ 9 ALL SU* CASES3 BY MEET+ ! DEM&S OR1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 BY REMOV+ ! B>RI]S ?AT HAVE BE5 PLAC$1 BY =CE :I* MAY BE LAT5T & DISGUIS$1 9 ! WAY ( ATTEMPTS TO SATISFY ! 0NEWLY ACQUIR$ ASPIRATIONS40 ,BUT ?IS MI<T MEAN ?AT ! WEAL?Y & P[]FUL W\LD HAVE TO SACRIFICE SOME DEGREE ( PRIVILEGE1 & IS !RE=E EXCLUD$ AS A ME?OD = MA9T5ANCE ( ORD]4 ,SU* PROPOSALS >E LIKELY TO MEET ) LITTLE SYMPA?Y FROM ,POOL'S NEW M&>9S4 

,FROM ! D\BLY PRIVILEG$ POSITION ( ! ,AM]ICAN S*OL>1 ! TRANSC5D5T IMPORTANCE ( ORD]1 /ABILITY1 & NONVIOL5CE 7BY ! OPPRESS$7 SEEMS 5TIRELY OBVI\S2 TO O!RS1 ! MATT] IS NOT SO SIMPLE4 ,IF WE LI/51 WE HE> SU* VOICES AS ?IS1 FROM AN ECONOMI/ 9 ,9DIA3 

,IT IS DIS+5U\S TO 9VOKE 0DEMOCRACY10 0DUE PROCESS ( LAW10 0NONVIOL5CE10 TO RATIONALIZE ! ABS5CE ( ACTION4 ,= MEAN+FUL CONCEPTS UND] SU* CONDITIONS BECOME MEAN+LESS S9CE1 9 REALITY1 !Y JU/IFY ! REL5TLESS P]VASIVE EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES2 AT ONCE A D5IAL ( DEMOCRACY & A MORE S9I/] =M ( VIOL5CE P]PETRAT$ ON ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ?R\< CONTRACTUAL =MS4.<#b#a.> 

,MOD]ATE ,AM]ICAN S*OL>%IP DOES NOT SEEM CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ !SE SIMPLE TRU?S4 

,TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 WE %\LD SAY ?AT ?OSE LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS :O >E 9 ! MA9/REAM ( 0RESPONSIBLE OP9ION0 & :OSE VOICES >E HE>D 9 ! C\NCILS ( /ATE >E 9CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! OPPRESS$ &1 CORRESPOND+LY1 =MULATE ! PROBLEMS ( 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS 9 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,?US ,ROG] ,HILSMAN SUGGE/S 9 HIS BOOK ,TO ,MOVE A ,NATION ?AT ! MO/ 0DIVISIVE ISSUE0 ?AT FAC$ ! 0H>D-HEAD$ & PRAGMATIC LIB]ALS0 ( ! NEW ,K5N$Y ,ADM9I/RATION WAS ! PROBLEM ( COMBAT+ 0MOD]N GU]RILLA W>F>E1 AS ! ,COMMUNI/S PRACTICE IT10 ?AT IS1 AS 09T]NAL W>1 AN AMBIGU\S AGGRESSION ?AT AVOIDS DIRECT & OP5 ATTACK VIOLAT+ 9T]NATIONAL FRONTI]S4440 7ITALICS HIS74 ,APP>5TLY1 ! H>D-HEAD$1 PRAGMATIC LIB]ALS W]E NOT DIVID$ OV] \R RI<T TO VIOLATE 9T]NATIONAL FRONTI]S 7& \R TREATY COMMITM5TS74 

,AS A PRIME EXAMPLE ( ! 0K9D ( CRITICAL1 SE>*+ ANALYSIS0 ?AT ! NEW1 LIB]AL1 REVITALIZ$ ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T S\<T TO 5C\RAGE1 ,HILSMAN CITES A /UDY :I* EXPLA9S H[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MI<T HAVE ACT$ MORE EFFECTIVELY 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ! ,MOSSADE< GOV]NM5T 9 ,IRAN4 ,:Y W]E WE )9 \R RI<TS 9 OV]?R[+ ! ,MOSSADE< & ,>B5Z GOV]NM5TS 7BO?1 9 ,HILSMAN'S VIEW1 LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5TS78 ,! REASON HE GIVES IS SIMPLE4 ,BO? M5 HAD CONCEAL$ 0! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A ,COMMUNI/ /ATE0 -- 9 FACT1 SO WELL HAD !Y CONCEAL$ ?IS 9T5TION ?AT TO ?IS DAY NO ONE HAS BE5 ABLE TO F9D SIGNIFICANT EVID5CE TO DEMON/RATE IT4 ,BUT ,ALL5 ,DULLES WAS 0FUNDAM5TALLY RI<T10 ACCORD+ TO ,HILSMAN1 9 URG+ SUPPORT = 0LOYAL ANTI-,COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS0 EV5 ?\<1 OBVI\SLY1 0NO 9VITATION WAS EXT5D$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 P[]40 

,( C\RSE !SE ATTITUDES P]SI/4 ,AS AN ILLU/RATION1 CONSID] ! BOOK ,NO ,MORE ,VIETNAMS81 ! RECORD ( A CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#f#h1 AT ! ,ADLAI ,/EV5SON ,9/ITUTE ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFFAIRS1 :]E A NUMB] ( S*OL>S 0) SPECIAL KN[L$GE ( ! W> & ITS IMPLICATIONS0 MET TO DET]M9E JU/ :AT HAD GONE WRONG 9 ,VIETNAM4.<#b#b.> ,! DISCUSSION IS 9TRODUC$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,SAMUEL ,HUNT+TON1 *AIRMAN ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,GOV]NM5T AT ,H>V>D & A PROM95T ADVIS] TO ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT 9 EVALUAT+ AN 9T]V5TION1 0RESULTS >E ALL ?AT C\NT40 ,?US ! ,DOM9ICAN 9T]V5TION APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 A SUCCESS1 EV5 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE :O FELT 9 #aife ?AT !RE W]E NO 0GOOD POLITICAL & MORAL GR\NDS444:ATSOEV] = 9T]V5+ 9 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC40 

,:Y8 ,BECAUSE 0:E!R OR NOT !RE WAS A ?REAT ( COMMUNI/ TAKEOV] ON ! ISL&1 WE W]E ABLE TO GO 91 RE/ORE ORD]1 NEGOTIATE A TRUCE AMONG CONFLICT+ P>TIES1 HOLD REASONABLY HONE/ ELECTIONS :I* ! RI<T MAN WON1 )DRAW \R TROOPS1 & PROMOTE A V]Y CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RE=M40 ,?US ! 9T]V5TION WAS CONSI/5T ) ! G5]AL PURPOSES & ME?ODS ( 9T]V5TION1 NAMELY1 ! ATTEMPT 0TO M9IMIZE VIOL5CE & 9/ABILITY 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES0 7?\< NOT1 ( C\RSE1 TO M9IMIZE ! K9D ( VIOL5CE ACCOMPANY+ \R DRAMATIC SUCCESS 9 ,9DONESIA2 NOR TO SUPPORT ! K9D ( /ABILITY WE F9D 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 :I* HAS 0PROBABLY ! MO/ /ABLE GOV]NM5T 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA0 -- A 0BITT] TRU? BUT A REAL ONE10 ACCORD+ TO ,PR(ESSOR ,HUNT+TON74 

,HUNT+TON'S CONC]N = /ABILITY & NONVIOL5CE REVEALS ITSELF /ILL MORE CLE>LY 9 HIS REC5T ?\<TS ON ! ,VIETNAM SITUATION 9 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 7,JULY1 #a#i#f#h74 ,\R PROBLEM 9 ,VIETNAM IS ?AT 0) HALF ! POPULATION /ILL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! ,VIET ,CONG WILL REMA9 A P[]FUL =CE :I* CANNOT BE DISLODG$ FROM ITS CON/ITU5CY SO LONG AS ! CON/ITU5CY CONT9UES TO EXI/40 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 WE MU/ 5SURE ?AT 0! CON/ITU5CY0 -- ! RURAL POPULATION ( ,VIETNAM -- CEASES TO EXI/4 ,PR(ESSOR ,HUNT+TON DOES NOT %R9K FROM ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE NOTES ?AT 09 AN ABS5T-M9D$ WAY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ,VIETNAM MAY WELL HAVE /UMBL$ UPON ! ANSW] TO 'W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4' 0 ,HE ELABORATES ?IS ANSW] 9 COMM5T+ ON ! CLAIM ( ! C\NT]-9SURG5CY EXP]T ,SIR ,ROB]T ,?OMPSON ?AT GU]RILLAS >E IMMUNE 0TO ! DIRECT APPLICATION ( ME*ANICAL & CONV5TIONAL P[]40 ,NOT SO1 SAYS ,PR(ESSOR ,HUNT+TON3 

,9 ! LI<T ( REC5T EV5TS1 ?IS /ATEM5T NE$S TO BE S]I\SLY QUALIFI$4 ,= IF ! 0DIRECT APPLICATION ( ME*ANICAL & CONV5TIONAL P[]0 TAKES PLACE ON SU* A MASSIVE SCALE AS TO PRODUCE A MASSIVE MIGRATION FROM C\NTRYSIDE TO CITY1 ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ! ,MAOI/ DOCTR9E ( REVOLUTION>Y W> NO LONG] OP]ATE4 ,! ,MAOI/-9SPIR$ RURAL REVOLUTION IS UND]CUT BY ! ,AM]ICAN-9SPIR$ URBAN REVOLUTION4 

,:AT AB\T ! HUMAN CONSEQU5CES ( ! 0DIRECT APPLICATION ( ME*ANICAL & CONV5TIONAL P[]0 ON A SCALE SUFFICI5T TO ELIM9ATE ! CON/ITU5CY ( ! ,VIET ,CONG BY 0=C$-DRAFT URBANIZATION08 ,TRUE1 0! SOCIAL CO/S ( ?IS *ANGE HAVE BE5 DRAMATIC & (T5 HE>T-R5D+10 BUT ?IS IS NOT ,HUNT+TON'S DEP>TM5T4 ,HE IS NOT CONC]N$ ) ! SOCIAL CO/S ( ! 9T]E/+ SOCIOLOGICAL PH5OM5ON ( 0URBANIZATION10 BUT RA!R ) ! NEW POSSIBILITIES IT AF=DS 0TO M9IMIZE VIOL5CE & 9/ABILITY 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES40 

,( C\RSE1 ,HUNT+TON CONT9UES1 0AFT] ! W>1 MASSIVE GOV]NM5T PROGRAMS WILL BE REQUIR$ EI!R TO RESETTLE MIGRANTS 9 RURAL >EAS OR TO REBUILD ! CITIES & PROMOTE PEACE-TIME URBAN EMPLOYM5T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME :ILE ! W> CONT9UES1 URBANIZATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]+ ! BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 ! ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T & ! ,VIET ,CONG40 ,?US :ILE ! W> CONT9UES WE CAN CONTROL ! URBAN POPULATION 9 SLUMS & REFUGEE CAMPS -- SOME ( :I* CAUS$ ,S5ATOR ,/EPH5 ,Y\NG1 AFT] A REC5T TRIP1 0TO ?9K AB\T :AT WE D5\NC$ 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I :5 WE TALK$ AB\T ,DA*AU & O!R CONC5TRATION CAMPS 9 ,G]MANY0.<#b#c.> -- & !N1 AFT] ! W>1 :5 ! 0RI<T MAN0 WILL HAVE WON 9 A 0REASONABLY HONE/ ELECTION10 WE CAN REV]SE ! PROCESS ( 0URBANIZATION0 & EV5 REBUILD ! CITIES WE HAVE DE/ROY$1 9 A TYPICAL GE/URE ( TRADITIONAL ,AM]ICAN B5EVOL5CE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 WE CAN CONT9UE1 ABS5T-M9D$LY1 TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T BY MORE 9T5SIVE >TILL]Y & A]IAL BOMB>DM5T 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 

,A USEFUL SUPPLEM5T TO !SE VIEWS IS PROVID$1 ONCE AGA91 BY ,PR(ESSOR ,I?IEL ,POOL1 *AIRMAN ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE AT ,M,I,T & A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( A LIB]AL & 0MOD]ATE0 S*OL>4 ,AT ! ,/EV5SON ,9/ITUTE CONF]5CE1 ,POOL OBS]VES ?AT 0\R WOR/ MI/AKE 9 ,VIETNAM CLE>LY WAS TO 9ITIATE ! BOMB+ ( ! NOR?40 ,! EXPLANATION IS 9T]E/+3 

,BE=E ?AT />T$1 IT WAS MY VIEW ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT /& ! MORAL PROTE/ ?AT W\LD >ISE IF WE RA9$ DEA? FROM ! SKIES UPON AN >EA :]E !RE WAS NO W>4 ,AFT] ! BOMB+ />T$1 ,I DECID$ ,I HAD BE5 9 ]ROR4 ,= A :ILE !RE SEEM$ TO BE NO \TCRY ( PROTE/1 BUT TIME BR\<T IT ON4 ,N[ ,I W\LD RETURN TO MY ORIG9AL VIEW ) AN IMPORTANT MODIFICATION1 NAMELY1 TIME4 ,PUBLIC REACTIONS DO NOT COME IMM$IATELY4 ,MANY ACTIONS ?AT PUBLIC OP9ION W\LD O!RWISE MAKE IMPOSSIBLE1 >E POSSIBLE IF !Y >E %ORT-T]M4 ,I BELIEVE WE CAN FAIRLY SAY ?AT UNLESS IT IS SEV]ELY PROVOK$ OR UNLESS ! W> SUCCE$S FA/1 A DEMOCRACY CANNOT *OOSE W> AS AN 9/RUM5T ( POLICY4 

,?IS IS SPOK5 9 ! TONE ( A TRUE SCI5TI/ CORRECT+ A FEW ( ! V>IABLES ?AT 5T]$ 9TO HIS COMPUTATIONS -- &1 TO BE SURE1 ,PR(ESSOR ,POOL IS SCORNFUL ( ?OSE 0ANTI-9TELLECTUALS10 SU* AS ,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T1 :O DO NOT COMPREH5D 0! VITAL IMPORTANCE ( APPLI$ SOCIAL SCI5CE = MAK+ ! ACTIONS ( \R GOV]NM5T 9 =EIGN >EAS MORE RATIONAL & HUMANE ?AN !Y HAVE BE540 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ANTI-9TELLECTUALS1 ! APPLI$ SOCIAL SCI5TI/ UND]/&S ?AT IT IS P]FECTLY PROP] TO 0RA9 DEA? FROM ! SKIES UPON AN >EA :]E !RE WAS NO W>10 SO LONG AS WE 0SUCCE$ FA/40 ,IF VICTORY IS DELAY$1 0! COHESION ( ! DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY0 WILL BE DE/ROY$ BY ! *OICE ( W> AS AN 9/RUM5T ( POLICY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE CANNOT AB&ON ?IS 9/RUM5T ( POLICY1 = WE MU/ 0COME TO REALIZE ?AT WE CAN LIVE 9 SAFETY ONLY 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ! POLITICAL SY/EMS ( ALL /ATES >E DEMOCRATIC & PACIFICALLY ORI5T$0 -- LIKE \RS4 ,?\< IT W\LD BE PREF]ABLE 0TO 9FLU5CE POLITICAL \TCOMES0 )\T ! USE ( =CE1 WE MU/ CONT9UE TO BE READY 0TO COPE ) DANG]\S >M$ IDEOLOGIES0 AS 9 ,VIETNAM1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! V>I\S 0ASPECTS ( \R VALUE SY/EM0 -- 9 P>TICUL>1 ITS 0PACIFIC ORI5TATION0 -- SPREAD MORE WIDELY ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,IT W\LD SEEM TO FOLL[1 !N1 ?AT \R FAILURE 9 ,VIETNAM IS TRACEABLE TO A S]I\S 9ADEQUACY 9 \R [N POLITICAL SY/EM3 ITS 9ABILITY TO CONTA9 ! MORAL \TRAGE ?AT RESULT$ :5 WE BEGAN TO RA9 DEA? ON A C\NTRY :]E !RE WAS NO W>4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! CONCLUSION REA*$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,POOL1 :O IS NOT %ORT ON LOGIC3 0444WE >E PAY+ AN 9ORD9ATE PRICE = \R GOALS0 & 09 ?AT S5SE WE C]TA9LY HAVE FAIL$ -- BUT MORE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AN 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,! AGONIZ+ POLITICAL LESSON ?AT RACKS ?IS C\NTRY IS ?AT !RE HAS BE5 A FAILURE ( \R [N POLITICAL SY/EM40 ,! P]=MANCE ( \R POLITICAL SY/EM HAS BE5 0DISAPPO9T+0 & 0GLOOMY0 7BUT NOT TOO GLOOMY1 S9CE 0!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT EI!R ! GOV]NM5T OR ! MAJORITY ( ! PUBLIC >E READY TO )DRAW ABRUPTLY 9 DIS>RAY FROM ,VIETNAM074 ,\R SY/EM HAS PROV5 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) ! 09T5SITY ( DISS5T0 :I*1 ALONG ) O!R FACTORS1 ?REAT5S DOME/IC /ABILITY4 0,!SE >E FAIL+S ( :I* WE USUALLY ACCUSE ! ,VIETNAMESE1 BUT ! CRITICISM IS MORE FAIRLY ADDRESS$ AGA9/ \RSELVES40 

,9 %ORT1 A DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY IS 9CAPABLE ( WAG+ AGGRESSIVE W> 9 A BRUTAL MANN]1 & ?IS IS A FAILURE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,:AT IS WRONG IS NOT ! POLICY ( RA9+ DEA? ON AN >EA :]E !RE IS NO W>1 /ILL LESS ! F> MORE 9T5SIVE BOMB>DM5T ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 :I* GOES UNM5TION$4 ,:AT IS WRONG IS ! 9ABILITY ( A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM TO CONTA9 ! 9EVITABLE DISS5T & MORAL \TRAGE4 ,! CONCLUSION APPE>S OBVI\S1 & WE MAY ASK H[ LONG IT WILL BE BE=E AT LEA/ SOME 9FLU5TIAL VOICES 9 LIB]AL ,AM]ICA WILL EXPLA9 ! NECESSITY = REMOV+ ! MAJOR IMP$IM5T TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( :AT ,PR(ESSOR ,POOL REF]S TO AS 0\R NATIONAL GOALS40 

,HUNT+TON1 9CID5TALLY1 APPE>S TO %>E ! QUALMS ( HIS COLLEAGUE REG>D+ ! 9ADEQUACIES ( DEMOCRACY AS A POLITICAL SY/EM 9 A P]IOD :51 AS ,POOL PUTS IT1 WE FEEL 0MASSIVELY ?REAT5$40 ,?US HE RECOMM5DS ?AT \R 09VOLVEM5TS0 BE KEPT 0REASONABLY LIMIT$1 DISCREET1 & COV]T0 7MY ITALICS71 & HE FEELS ?AT EV5 ! 0%IFT T[>D 9TROV]SION 9 \R SOCIETY0 MAY HAVE 0SIDE B5EFITS10 9 ?AT ! 0MORE LIMIT$ =MS ( =EIGN 9VOLVEM5T0 TO :I* WE WILL BE RE/RICT$ WILL BE FACILITAT$ 09 ! S5SE ?AT !RE WILL BE LESS PUBLIC ATT5TION & CONC]N DIRECT$ TO !SE ISSUES40 

,! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,POOL'S MORE RATIONAL & HUMANE SOCIAL SCI5CE APPROA* >E REVEAL$ 9 O!R REM>KS4 ,?US HE OBS]VES1 RA!R CASUALLY1 ?AT 9 #aifd 0! ONLY CAPABLE POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 ,VIETNAM .<WAS.> ! ,VIET ,CONG10 & ?AT IT WAS !N 0OBVI\S ?AT EXCEPT = ,AM]ICAN =CES ! ,VIET ,CONG W\LD TAKE OV] ,VIETNAM40 ,HE IS IMPRESS$1 H[EV]1 BY ! FACT ?AT AFT] ! ,AM]ICAN 9VASION ?IS IS NO LONG] SO OBVI\S1 & ?IS 9 HIS VIEW JU/IFIES ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION4 ,RECALL ! DECISIONS ?AT W]E TAK5 BY ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#f#d1 UND] ! CONDITIONS ?AT ,POOL DESCRIBES4 ,9 ,NO ,MORE ,VIETNAMS81 WE LE>N FROM ,JAMES ,?OMSON1 ,EA/ ,ASIAN SPECIALI/ AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATE & ! ,:ITE ,H\SE BETWE5 #aifa & #a#i#f#f1 ?AT 9 ! SUMM] ( #aifd ! ,PRESID5T'S *IEF ADVIS]S MET & DECID$ UNANIM\SLY ?AT PO/-ELECTION /RATEGY MU/ 9VOLVE ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,?IS IS A USEFUL REM9D]1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#h1 ( ! RELEVANCE ( ELECTORAL POLITICS TO QUE/IONS ( 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,9 #a#i#f#d1 AS ,PR(ESSOR ,POOL IS NO D\BT AW>E1 !RE W]E NO REGUL> ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE UNITS KN[N TO BE 9 ! ,S\? & ONLY A B>E TRICKLE ( SUPPLIES4 ,POOL MI<T ALSO AGREE ) ! OBS]VATION1 AT ! SAME CONF]5CE1 ( ,DANIEL ,ELLSB]G1 A ,R,& ,CORPORATION CONSULTANT TO ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,DEF5SE ON ,VIETNAM1 ?AT 0! BOMB+ 9 ! ,S\? HAS GONE ON LONG 5\< TO DISRUPT ! SOCIETY ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM 5ORM\SLY & PROBABLY P]MAN5TLY10 ?AT 0WE HAVE ( C\RSE1 DEMOLI%$ ! SOCIETY ( ,VIETNAM40 ,HE MI<T EV5 CONC$E ?AT !RE IS JU/ICE 9 ! SOMB] ASSESSM5T ( ,B]N>D ,FALL ?AT 0IT IS ,VIET-,NAM AS A CULTURAL & HI/ORIC 5TITY ?AT IS ?REAT5$ ) EXT9CTION0 AS 0! C\NTRYSIDE LIT]ALLY DIES UND] ! BL[S ( ! L>GE/ MILIT>Y MA*9E EV] UNLEA%$ ON AN >EA ( ?IS SIZE40.<#b#d.> ,NONE ( ?IS1 H[EV]1 SUGGE/S TO ! MORE RATIONAL & HUMANE SOCIAL SCI5TI/ ?AT P]HAPS WE HAVE COMMITT$ EV5 A WORSE 0MI/AKE0 ?AN ADOPT+ POLICIES ?AT ?REAT5 DOME/IC /ABILITY4 

,9 9TRODUC+ ! ,/EV5SON CONF]5CE PROCE$+S1 ,HUNT+TON OBS]VES ?AT 0IT IS OBVI\S ?AT \R 9VOLVEM5T HAS IMPOS$ ON US SEV]E CO/S -- 9 M51 MONEY1 & PSY*OLOGICAL COMPOSURE -- :I* MAKE IT ALL LOOK LIKE A HORRIBLE MI/AKE40 ,HE IS CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 ?AT A MISREAD+ ( ! ,VIETNAM EXP]I5CE MAY CAUSE 0A ,VIETNAM HANG-UP0 AMONG FUTURE POLICY MAK]S1 :O MAY T5D TO REFRA9 FROM 9T]V5TION EV5 :]E ITS CO/S TO US WILL BE QUITE TOL]ABLE4 ,PO9TS ( VIEW EXPRESS$ AT ! CONF]5CE W]E DIV]SE1 BUT IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT !SE REM>KS ( ,HUNT+TON'S REPRES5T SOME?+ ( A MAJORITY OP9ION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/ANLEY ,H(FMANN ( ,H>V>D1 0,VIETNAM IS AN EXTREME CASE3 ! MO/ 9APPROPRIATE T]RA9 = ! APPLICATION ( CONCEPTS ?AT HAVE PROV$ F]TILE & ADEQUATE ELSE:]E40 ,IT WAS NOT \R GOALS 9 ,VIETNAM ?AT W]E WRONG1 BUT \R 0IGNORANCE ( ! CONTEXT & EXCESSIVE SELF-CONFID5CE40 ,9 0NEGATIVE 9T]V5TIONS10 AS 9 ,GUATEMALA & ,IRAN1 :]E 0WE DID NOT EXACTLY KN[ :AT WE W]E =1 BUT WE DID KN[ :AT WE W]E AGA9/444WE HAVE SOMETIMES BE5 QUITE SUCCESSFUL02 0AS = ?IS CATEGORY ( 9T]V5TIONS1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT 9 ! FUTURE WE AT LEA/ \<T TO DEF9E MORE RIGOR\SLY :AT IT IS ?AT SO ?REAT5S US ?AT WE FEEL WE HAVE TO 9T]V5E EI!R BY POLITICAL SUBV]SION OR BY MILIT>Y ACTION40 

,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 ANO!R P>TICIPANT1 ADDS ?AT ! 0CONCEPTUAL ROOTS0 ( \R ,VIETNAM POLICY >E 0! NOBLE TRADITIONS ( ,/IMSONIANISM & LIB]AL EVANGELISM0 -- RESPECTIVELY1 ! VIEW ?AT AGGRESSION MU/ NEV] GO UNPUNI%$ & ?AT 0WE HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO DEAL ) POV]TY1 REPRESSION1 & 9JU/ICE 'EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD4' 0 ,!SE 05TIRELY HONORABLE /R&S 9 ,AM]ICAN ?9K+ AB\T \R ROLE 9 ! WORLD444REA*$ A F9AL & TRAGIC MISAPPLICATION 9 ,VIETNAM40 ,H5RY ,KISS+]1 :O CONC$ES ?AT \R GOALS 9 ,VIETNAM W]E LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,FR5*1 IS CONC]N$ ) \R 0ALTRUISM10 \R T5D5CY TO BELIEVE 0?AT WE HAVE TO SUPPORT EV]Y MORAL GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD :I* GETS 9TO DIFFICULTY0 -- AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,GREECE & ,?AIL&1 & SO G5]ALLY ?R\<\T ! 0,FREE ,WORLD40 ,SUP]FICIALITY ( ANALYSIS & AN ACCEPTANCE ( ! LEGITIMACY 9 PR9CIPLE ( =CEFUL 9T]V5TION -- :5 IT CAN SUCCE$ -- W]E *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( MU* ( ! DISCUSSION4 ,P>TICIPANTS :O DID NOT %>E ! G5]AL ASSUMPTIONS W]E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 MET ) 9COMPREH5SION1 & !IR VIEWS1 :5 DISCUSS$ AT ALL1 W]E DI/ORT$ BEYOND RECOGNITION4.<#b#e.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FACT ?AT MORE SE>*+ CRITICAL ANALYSIS WAS EXPRESS$ -- ?\< R>ELY HE>D -- IS P]HAPS A HOPEFUL SIGN4 ,IT SUGGE/S POSSIBILITIES = Y\NG] S*OL>S :O HOPE TO BREAK FREE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL CON/RA9TS ?AT SO (T5 SUBV]T S*OL>%IP1 OR SIMPLY BLOCK S]I\S 9QUIRY4 

,!RE >E O!R S\RCES FROM :I* WE LE>N :AT APPLI$ SOCIAL SCI5CE HAS TO (F] = ! =MATION ( MORE RATIONAL & HUMANE POLICIES4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 A REC5T /UDY BY ,*>LES ,WOLF1 S5IOR ECONOMI/ ( ! ,R,& ,CORPORATION4.<#b#f.> ,WOLF SUGGE/S ?AT WE AB&ON ! APPROA* ( ! 0HE>TS-&-M9DS0 S*OOL ( C\NT]9SURG5CY1 REPLAC+ IT ) A MORE H>D-HEAD$ MODEL ?AT HAS AS ITS 0UNIFY+ !ME0 ! CONCEPT ( 09FLU5C+ BEHAVIOR1 RA!R ?AN ATTITUDES40 ,9 ?IS MORE SCI5TIFIC APPROA*1 0CONFISCATION ( *ICK5S1 RAZ+ ( H\SES1 OR DE/RUCTION ( VILLAGES HAVE A PLACE 9 C\NT]9SURG5CY EF=TS0 IF !Y S]VE TO %APE BEHAVIOR 9 DESIR$ DIRECTIONS4 ,AN ADD$ ADVANTAGE ( ?IS MORE SCI5TIFIC APPROA* IS ?AT IT WILL 0MODIFY ! ATTITUDES ) :I* C\NT]9SURG5CY EF=TS >E VIEW$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 7:5 WE TURN TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( C\RSE1 WE >E CONC]N$ ) PEOPLE :OSE ATTITUDES MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 NOT M]ELY !IR BEHAVIOR74 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECT ( SU* S*OL>LY WORK IS ! WAY 9 :I* ! RHETORIC ( ! BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES IS US$ TO L5D A VAGUE AURA ( RESPECTABILITY4 ,ONE MI<T CON/RUCT SOME SU* *A9 ( ASSOCIATIONS AS ?IS4 ,SCI5CE1 AS EV]YONE KN[S1 IS RESPONSIBLE1 MOD]ATE1 UNS5TIM5TAL1 & O!RWISE GOOD4 ,BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE TELLS US ?AT WE CAN BE CONC]N$ ONLY ) BEHAVIOR & CONTROL ( BEHAVIOR4 ,!RE=E WE %\LD BE CONC]N$ ONLY ) BEHAVIOR & CONTROL ( BEHAVIOR2 & IT IS RESPONSIBLE1 MOD]ATE1 UNS5TIM5TAL1 & O!RWISE GOOD TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR BY APPROPRIATELY APPLI$ REW>D & PUNI%M5T4 ,CONC]N = LOYALTIES & ATTITUDES IS EMOTIONAL & UNSCI5TIFIC4 ,AS RATIONAL M51 BELIEV]S 9 ! SCI5TIFIC E?IC1 WE %\LD BE CONC]N$ ) MANIPULAT+ BEHAVIOR 9 A DESIRABLE DIRECTION1 & NOT BE DELUD$ BY MY/ICAL NOTIONS ( FRE$OM1 9DIVIDUAL NE$S1 OR POPUL> WILL4 

,LET ME MAKE CLE> ?AT ,I AM NOT CRITICIZ+ ! BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES BECAUSE !Y L5D !MSELVES TO SU* P]V]SION4 ,ON O!R GR\NDS1 ! 0BEHAVIORAL P]SUASION0 SEEMS TO ME TO LACK M]IT2 IT S]I\SLY MI/AKES ! ME?OD ( SCI5CE & IMPOSES PO9TLESS ME?ODOLOGICAL /RICTURES ON ! /UDY ( MAN & SOCIETY1 BUT ?IS IS ANO!R MATT] 5TIRELY4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 FAIR TO 9QUIRE TO :AT EXT5T ! POPUL>ITY ( ?IS APPROA* IS BAS$ ON ITS DEMON/RAT$ A*IEVEM5TS1 & TO :AT EXT5T ON ! EASE ) :I* IT CAN BE REFA%ION$ AS A NEW CO]CIVE IDEOLOGY ) A FA9TLY SCI5TIFIC TONE4 ,9 PASS+1 ,I ?9K IT IS WOR? M5TION+ ?AT ! SAME QUE/IONS CAN BE RAIS$ \TSIDE POLITICS1 SPECIFICALLY 9 CONNECTION ) $UCATION & !RAPY4 

,APPLI$ SOCIAL SCI5CE ( ! SORT ,I HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+ PLAYS A DUAL ROLE 9 C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS3 AN IDEOLOGICAL ROLE1 9 PROVID+ AN AURA ( LEGITIMACY = 9T]V5TION2 & A PRACTICAL ROLE1 9 DESIGN+ & IMPLEM5T+ 0MAT]IAL & HUMAN RES\RCES CONTROL ME?ODS10 TO USE CURR5T J>GON4 ,9 ! =M] CAPACITY1 IT HAS HAD SOME EFFECTIV5ESS 9 E/ABLI%+ ! PRET5SE ?AT OPPOSITION TO ! B>B>ISM ( ! ,VIETNAM W> 7OR ! USE ( SU* 0EMOTIONAL0 T]MS 9 DESCRIB+ IT7 IS AN EX]CISE 9 0ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM40 ,I AM 9 NO POSITION TO JUDGE H[ S]I\SLY ?IS WORK IS TAK5 BY ?OSE :O ACTUALLY DIRECT C\NT]9SURG5CY OP]ATIONS4 ,BUT 9 ! ,/EV5SON ,9/ITUTE CONF]5CE1 A NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS :O >E 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE 9DICAT$ ?AT IT MAY BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,ADAM ,Y>MOL9SKY /ATES ?AT 0,VIETNAM TURN$ \T TO BE A TE/+ GR\ND = !SE NEW K9DS ( =CES & TE*NIQUES10 RA!R 9 ! WAY ?AT ,SPA9 S]V$ AS A 0TE/+ GR\ND0 = ,HITL] & ,/AL9 ?IRTY YE>S AGO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JAMES ,?OMSON1 A 0POT5TIAL DANG] = ! FUTURE ( ,AM]ICAN =EIGN POLICY .<IS.> ! RISE ( A NEW BRE$ ( ,AM]ICAN IDEOLOGUES :O SEE ,VIETNAM AS ! ULTIMATE TE/ ( !IR DOCTR9E0 7HIS ITALICS74 ,!Y >E 0TE*NOCRACY'S [N ,MAOI/S10 & 0!IR DOCTR9E RIDES HI<40 ,EVID5TLY1 ! GOV]NM5T TAKES ?IS TYPE ( APPLI$ SOCIAL SCI5CE S]I\SLY 5\< TO FAVOR IT ) L>GE GRANTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,I?IEL ,POOL1 9 ADDITION TO HIS CONFID5TIAL 0,RESE>* ON ,URBAN ,9SURG5CY10 IS CURR5TLY DIRECT+ @s#a#h1 WOR? ( CONFID5TIAL RESE>* ON A 0,*IEU ,HOI ,/UDY0 & @s#c#b1 WOR? ON 0,PROBLEM ANALYSIS1 ,REPUBLIC ( ,VIETNAM10 BO? = ! ,ADVANC$ ,RESE>* ,PROJECT ,AG5CY ( ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T 7,>,P,A71 ?R\< ! ,S,I,M,U,L,M,A,T,I,C,S ,CORPORATION4.<#b#g.> 

,ONE IS REM9D$ ( ! PR$ICTION1 MADE BY ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU ?IRTY YE>S AGO 9 ,! ,SPANI% ,COCKPIT :5 COMM5T+ ON ! CRU%+ ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION3 9 ! FUTURE1 0EV]Y REVOLUTION IS LIKELY TO MEET ! ATTACK ( ! MO/ MOD]N1 MO/ EFFICI5T1 MO/ RU?LESS MA*9]Y YET 9 EXI/5CE10 SO ?AT 0! AGE ( REVOLUTIONS FREE TO EVOLVE ACCORD+ TO !IR [N LAWS IS OV]40 ,BORK5AU WAS ?9K+ ( 0! ADV5T ( FASCISM10 :I* REV]SES ! TRADITIONAL ALIGNM5T ( =CES 9 :I* 0C\NT]REVOLUTION USUALLY DEP5D$ UPON ! SUPPORT ( REACTION>Y P[]S1 :I* W]E TE*NICALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY 9F]IOR TO ! =CES ( REVOLUTION40 ,HE DID NOT =ESEE ?AT ! LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES W\LD PLAY ! ROLE ?AT HE ASSIGN$ TO ! FASCI/ P[]S4 

,TURN+ TO ! ,VIETNAM W>1 WE SEE HIS ]ROR4 ,AM]ICAN POLICY1 AT ?IS PO9T1 CAN H>DLY BE SUBJECT$ TO RATIONAL ASSESSM5T4 ,:AT WE OBS]VE IS SIMPLY ?AT ! TE*NOLOGY CREAT$ BY ,AM]ICAN SCI5CE IS RUNN+ AMOK1 :ILE ACADEMIC APOLOGI/S SPEAK ( 0IRONY0 & 0BLUND]S10 & ( ! 0TRAGIC MISAPPLICATION0 ( \R 0NOBLE TRADITIONS10 ( \R 0GR& IDEALS0 & HUMANIT>IAN GOALS ?W>T$ BY 9ADEQUATE SOCIAL SCI5CE RESE>*4 ,REC5TLY RELEAS$ /ATI/ICS 9DICATE ?AT NE>LY ?REE MILLION TONS ( BOMBS HAVE BE5 DROPP$ 9 ,VIETNAM1 AB\T #d_/#e ( ?IS TOTAL HAV+ FALL5 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 A FIGURE ?AT CAN BE COMP>$ TO ! TWO MILLION TONS DROPP$ BY ! ,U,S ,AIR ,=CE 9 ALL !AT]S 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & ! #f#c#e1 TONS 9 ,KOREA4.<#b#h.> ,9 ! FACE ( SU* /ATI/ICS1 IT IS LUDICR\S TO DISCUSS ! QUE/ION ( CIVILIAN CASUALTIES OR ! DEGREE ( DEVA/ATION4 

,S9CE ! ,TET (F5SIVE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS 9 EFFECT ADOPT$ SOME?+ LIKE ! 05CLAVE /RATEGY0 RECOMM5D$ E>LI] BY ,G5]AL ,GAV91 & ,AM]ICAN =CES HAVE BE5 L>GELY OCCUPI$ ) ! ATTEMPT TO HOLD ! ,AM]ICAN BASES & ! CITIES -- 9CLUD+ ! 0ASSASS9AT$ CITY0 ( ,HUE ?AT WAS VIRTUALLY DEMOLI%$1 BLOCK BY BLOCK1 H\SE BY H\SE1 :5 ,AM]ICAN TROOPS S\<T TO RECAPTURE IT FROM ! ,N,L,F4 ,AT ! ,/EV5SON ,9/ITUTE ,CONF]5CE1 ,DANIEL ,ELLSB]G PO9T$ \T ?AT ,SAIGON ITSELF 0IS PREEM95TLY ! 'OIL SPOT' MORE & MORE1 ALMO/ ! ONLY ONE2 ) A FEW O!R CITIES & T[NS IT IS ! HOME ( ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,G,V,N1 PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO ,SAIGON BY :AT ,HUNT+TON REG>DS AS \R 'MOD]NIZ+ 9/RUM5TS' 9 ,VIETNAM1 BOMBS & >TILL]Y40 ,9S(> AS ,AM]ICAN /RATEGY HAS AN (F5SIVE COMPON5T1 IT APPE>S TO BE L>GELY A MATT] ( ,B-#e#b & O!R A]IAL ATTACKS1 :I* CANNOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE /OPP$ BY ! ,VIETNAMESE RESI/ANCE =CES & :I* >E SY/EMATICALLY DEVA/AT+ L>GE >EAS ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM FROM ! SUBURBS ( ,SAIGON TO ! ,CAMBODIAN & ,LAOTIAN BORD]S & BEYOND4 

,9=MATION IS SCANTY1 BUT IT APPE>S ?AT 9 ! ,AM]ICAN-CONTROLL$ >EAS1 ! LA/ REMA9+ 0OIL SPOTS10 !RE >E SIGNS ( ]OSION ( SUPPORT = ! ,AM]ICAN W> EV5 AMONG ! URBAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,AT BE/1 ?IS SUPPORT HAS BE5 FLIMSY4 ,TE/IFY+ BE=E ,CONGRESS1 ,RU!R=D ,POATS -- ,A,I,D DIRECTOR ( ! 0O!R W>0 9 ,VIETNAM FROM #aifd -- AGRE$ ?AT !RE WAS 0C]TA9LY A SUB/ANTIAL ELEM5T ( TRU?0 9 ! *>GE BY ,CONGRESSMAN ,DONALD ,RIEGLE ?AT ! COMMODITY IMPORT PROGRAM IS A 0RANSOM0 PAID 0TO ESS5TIALLY KEEP C]TA9 COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S HAPPY 5\< ?AT !Y WILL NOT GET !IR SYMPA?IZ]S \T 9 ! /REETS & BR+ D[N ! ,GOV]NM5T40 ,HE ADD$ ?AT 0! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,VIETNAM HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO MOBILIZE NATIONAL SUPPORT 9 ! WAY ( SACRIFICES BY 9DIVIDUALS1 F9ANCIAL SACRIFICES1 ON ! ORD] DESIRABLE10 & AGRE$ ?AT 0COMM]CIAL LEAD]S444DO NOT REALLY HAVE ! LEVEL ( COMMITM5T ?AT !Y NE$ TO HAVE TO GET ?IS JOB DONE40.<#b#i.> ,S9CE ! ,TET (F5SIVE1 G5]AL DISILLUSIONM5T APPE>S TO HAVE DEEP5$4 ,! ,/UD5TS' ,ASSOCIATION ( ,SAIGON LA/ ,JUNE SUBMITT$ ! FOLL[+ MANIFE/O3 

,AFT] ! ,TET (F5SIVE1 ! MAJORITY ( ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE SAW ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS AB\T TO UND]GO A HI/ORIC *ANGE4 ,AFT] YE>S ( 9CESSANT FI<T+1 ! CONFLICT CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY A MILIT>Y VICTORY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! BOMB>DM5TS HAVE CAUS$ MORE & MORE DAMAGE1 EXHAU/$ ! 5]GY ( ! PEOPLE & ! NATIONAL POT5TIALS4 ,UP TILL N[ ?IS DE/RUCTION CONT9UES DUE TO =EIGN IMP]IALISM4 ,! NATIONAL CIVILIZATION HAS BECOME !RE=E DESP]ATE4 ,AW>E ( ! DANG] ( TOTAL EXT]M9ATION & SE5 = !MSELVES H[ ! BOMB>DM5TS HAVE MURD]$ ! PEOPLE1 DE/ROY$ PA9/AK+LY ]ECT$ CON/RUCTIONS1 ! ,REPRES5TATIVE ,C\NCIL ( ,SAIGON ,/UD5TS1 BE=E HI/ORY1 BE=E ! PEOPLE1 BE=E ! :OLE /UD5T COMMUNITY :OSE ONLY AIM IS TO S]VE ! PEOPLE1 SOLEMNLY DECL>ES3 ,IT IS N[ ! MOM5T TO SOLVE ! ,VIETNAMESE CONFLICT1 TO AVOID ! TOTAL EXT]M9ATION ( ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE444.<#c.> 

,)9 A FEW WEEKS1 ! (FICIAL NEWSPAP] ( ! ,/UD5T ,ASSOCIATION WAS CLOS$ & ITS $ITOR S5T5C$ BY A MILIT>Y TRIBUNAL TO FIVE YE>S AT H>D LABOR1 :]E HE JO9S ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,SAIGON ,/UD5TS & MANY ( ! O!R (FIC]S ( ! ,ASSOCIATION1 AS WELL AS ,TRUONG ,D9H ,DZU & 9NUM]ABLE O!RS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,SAIGON ,DAILY ,NEWS1 !RE >E #a1 P]SONS 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE JAILS1 SUFF]+ SU* CONDITIONS AS !SE3 

,! ,CAN ,?O PROV9CIAL JAIL .<:I*.> WAS BUILT BY ! ,FR5* = #e PRISON]S IS N[ US$ TO KEEP OV] #b14 ,O!R PRISONS ?R\< ! C\NTRY >E 9 A SIMIL> SITUATION4 ,DETA9EES HAVE NO ROOM TO SIT4 ,LEGS ( MO/ PRISON]S HAVE BE5 SWOLL5 = HAV+ TO /& ON !IR FEET TO SLEEP444.<#c#a.> 

,! ,SAIGON ,DAILY ,NEWS WAS SUSP5D$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ON ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 ! T5? NEWSPAP] CLOS$ 9 TW5TY DAYS4 ,! SITUATION 9 ! OCCUPI$ >EAS IS ILLU/RAT$ 9 MANY SMALL WAYS1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE 9 A LETT] FROM A ,VIETNAMESE GIRL TO A FRI5D 9 ,I4,V4,S43.<#c#b.> 

,SAD NEWS FROM ,MAI3 ,%E HAD BE5 >RE/$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TROOPS1 ACCUS$ ( BE+ A ,V,C SPY4 ,! POLICE TORTUR$ H] T]RIBLY1 SO %E HAD BE5 9 ! HOSPITAL = #b #a_/#b MON?S4 ,N[ %E IS BETT]1 BUT /ILL V]Y WEAK4 ,!Y PUT H] 9 ! PRISON N[1 CLAIM+ %E HAS RELATIVES ) ! ,V,C4 ,%E C\LD NOT F9D H] FAMILY YET BECAUSE ! VILLAGE GOT BOMB$ .<).> NAPALM SO H] P>5TS RAN AWAY4 ,I AM SO SAD4 ,I HAVE KN[N H] = #ae YE>S4 ,%E HAS BE5 HE>TSICK & QUITE 9NOC5T4 ,BESIDES1 %E WORK$ = ,AM]ICANS4 ,ALAS1 NO W> 9 HI/ORY CAN BE DIRTI] ?AN ! ONE 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,IT IS ALSO REVEAL+ ?AT LATE 9 #a#i#f#g1 PHYSICAL REQUIREM5TS = ! ,SAIGON >MY W]E L[]$1 MAK+ Y\NG M5 ELIGIBLE :O WEI< AT LEA/ #gg P\NDS4.<#c#c.> ,?OSE ( US :O CANNOT TRULY COMPREH5D :AT IT MEANS TO DROP MORE ?AN TWO MILLION TONS ( BOMBS ON ,S\? ,VIETNAM CAN P]HAPS RESPOND TO SIMPLE FACTS LIKE !SE4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T HAS F9ALLY AGRE$ TO ELIM9ATE ! MAJOR B>RI] ?AT IT HAD ]ECT$ AGA9/ A NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T1 & SUSP5D ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D1 AT ?IS /AGE 9 ! ,VIETNAM AFFAIR1 ?AT ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A M>G9AL COMPON5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ATTACK4 ,! OBS]VATIONS ( ,ADAM ,Y>MOL9SKY AT ! ,/EV5SON ,9/ITUTE CONF]5CE PROBABLY EXPRESS FAIRLY ACCURATELY ! MORE 5LI<T5$ ,P5TAGON VIEW3 

,9 RETROSPECT .<! /RATEGIC BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM.> WAS PROBABLY A /EP ?AT %\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 TAK51 S9CE IT PRODUC$ NO MILIT>Y ADVANTAGES EXCEPT = ITS PUTATIVE FAVORABLE IMPACT ON MORALE 9 ! ,S\?4 ,BUT IT WAS TAK51 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 BECAUSE IT WAS ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MILIT>Y =CES W]E BE/ PREP>$ TO DO4 

,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO /ATE MORE CONCISELY ! >GUM5T AGA9/ MA9TA9+ AN (F5SIVE MILIT>Y CAPABILITY 9 A C\NTRY SU* AS \RS4 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E O!R CONSID]ATIONS ?AT MI<T HAVE MOTIVAT$ ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,RECALL ,POOL'S JUDGM5T ?AT ONLY ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y =CES C\LD /OP ! ,VIET ,CONG 9 ! ,S\?1 A JUDGM5T ?AT IS WIDELY HELD4 ,RECALL ALSO ?AT 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#e1 WE BEGAN ! 9T5SIVE BOMB>DM5T ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 & ?AT1 %ORTLY !REAFT]1 ! FIR/ MAJOR ELEM5TS ( A VA/LY EXP&$ ,AM]ICAN ,EXP$ITION>Y ,=CE L&$ 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM WAS UND]TAK5 TO PROVIDE A PROPAG&A COV] = ! ,AM]ICAN 9VASION ( ! ,S\?1 TO L5D CR$5CE TO ! PRET5SE ?AT WE W]E DEF5D+ ,S\? ,VIETNAM FROM 0\TSIDE AGGRESSION0 -- A PRET5SE DIFFICULT TO MA9TA9 9 ! LI<T ( ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T /ATI/ICS ON ASSI/ANCE FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM TO ! ,N,L,F4 

,9 ANY EV5T1 ATT5TION MU/ N[ %IFT TO :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! C5TRAL ISSUE3 ,:O %ALL RULE 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM8 ,S9CE #a#i#f1 ! (FICIAL /ATEM5TS ( ! ,N,L,F HAVE CALL$ = 0A BROAD NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC COALITION ADM9I/RATION4449CLUD+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL /RATA ( PEOPLE1 NATIONALITIES1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES1 & PATRIOTIC P]SONALITIES0 -- A COALITION :I*1 IT IS FAIR TO ASSUME1 W\LD BE DOM9AT$ BY ! ,FRONT4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS 9SI/$ ON PRES]V+ ! REGIME ?AT WE HAVE 9/ALL$ & MA9TA9$ BY =CE4 ,:Y DO WE REJECT ANY SOLUTION ?AT REFLECTS ACTUAL POLITICAL =CES 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM8 ,! ANSW] IS H>DLY OBSCURE4 ,IT IS EXPRESS$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,=EIGN ,M9I/] ,TRAN ,VAN ,DO3 0,WE >E NOT ABLE TO ORGANIZE ,S\? ,VIETNAM POLITICALLY444SO WE CANNOT ACCEPT ! ,N,L,F AS A POLITICAL P>TY444! 9TEGRATION ( ! ,FRONT WILL BE A POLITICAL WAY TO TAKE OV] ,S\? ,VIETNAM40 

,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ! VIEWS ( ! ACADEMIC EXP]TS >E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,REPORT]S HAVE G5]ALLY TAK5 A SIMIL> POSITION4 ,?REE ,AM]ICAN CORRESPOND5TS :O GAVE CONFID5TIAL TE/IMONY REC5TLY TO ! ,S5ATE ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS ,COMMITTEE W]E 9 G5]AL AGREEM5T ?AT ! ,SAIGON GOV]NM5T 0IS LOS+ ! POLITICAL W>10 ?AT 0!RE IS NO VIABLE POLITICAL =CE 9 ,VIETNAM O!R ?AN ! ,N,L,F40.<#c#d.> ,AS ,ROB]T ,%APL5 HAS NOT$1 0! ,COMMUNI/S444>E OBVI\SLY MORE WILL+ TO RISK A POLITICAL FI<T ?AN ,SAIGON IS1 BO? 9 ,P>IS & 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM10 S9CE 0! GREAT ADVANTAGE !Y HAVE IS ?AT !Y CAN FACE ! PROBLEMS ( PEACE & ADDRESS !MSELVES TO ! PEOPLE ( ,VIETNAM1 & TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 AS ,VIETNAMESE NATIONALI/S AS WELL AS ,COMMUNI/S40.<#c#e.> ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 LITTLE HAS *ANG$ 9 ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 

,= !SE REASONS1 WE HAVE RESI/$ A POLITICAL SETTLEM5T1 & /ILL >E ATTEMPT+ TO DO SO4 ,?US WE N[ MAKE ! CYNICAL DEM& ?AT ! ,VIET ,CONG DE-ESCALATE 9 ! ,S\?1 :ILE WE PLAN OP5LY TO EXP& \R MILIT>Y ACTIVITIES 9 RESPONSE TO !IR 0RE/RA9T40 ,! MATT] IS EXPLA9$ CLE>LY 9 A DISPAT* FROM ,SAIGON ON ,NOVEMB] #a BY ,D\GLAS ,ROB9SON ( ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES4 ,HE QUOTES MILIT>Y S\RCES :O \TL9E ! PLANS TO USE ! W>PLANES FRE$ FROM DAILY MISSIONS OV] ,NOR? ,VIETNAM 0= 9CREAS$ AIR/RIKES TO SUPPORT GR\ND ACTIONS 9 ! ,S\?40 ,MOREOV]1 0,9 ! ,GULF ( ,TONK91 ,AM]ICAN W>%IPS BEGAN TO /EAM T[>D POSITIONS (F ! COA/ ( ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 ,MILIT>Y LEAD]S SAID ?AT ! BATTLE%IP ,NEW ,J]SEY & ! O!R CRUIS]S & DE/ROY]S ?AT HAD BE5 US$ TO BOMB>D ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE COA/ W\LD N[ BE US$ = ! MILIT>Y OP]ATION 9 ! ,S\?0 -- AS HAS S9CE BE5 REPORT$4 ,O!R REPORTS 9DICATE ?AT BOMB+ 9 ,LAOS WILL TRIPLE 9 9T5SITY4 ,BUT ! MO/ CYNICAL ASPECT ( CURR5T ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y PLANN+ IS 9DICAT$ 9 ! 0EXTREMELY IMPORTANT GA90 N[ ANTICIPAT$ BY ! ALLI$ MILIT>Y COMM&3 

,IF ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE DO NOT TRY TO BUILD UP !IR =CES AS A RESULT ( ! BOMB+ HALT444AT LEA/ A DIVISION ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS W\LD BE FRE$ TO C>RY \T AN OP]ATION LONG ?\<T NECESS>Y BY ! MILIT>Y -- ! F]RET+ \T ( ,VIETCONG LEAD]S & CADRES 9 ,COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ VILLAGES & HAMLETS >\ND ,S\? ,VIETNAM4 

,?US IF ! 0,COMMUNI/S0 %[ !IR S9C]ITY BY RE/RICT+ !IR MILIT>Y ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,S\?1 WE WILL RECIPROCATE BY US+ \R MILIT>Y =CES TO ]ADICATE ! POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE ( ! ,N,L,F1 TO DEPRIVE IT ( 0A POLITICAL WAY TO TAKE OV] ,S\? ,VIETNAM40 

,AS ,G5]AL ,ABRAMS EXPLA9$ TO HIS S5IOR COMM&]S1.<#c#f.> 0,! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE P]SONNEL & UNITS >E TOTALLY DEP5D5T444= !IR EXI/5CE AS WELL AS !IR MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS444.<ON.> ! POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE & P>A-MILIT>Y /RUCTURE44402 IT IS ?IS 9DIG5\S ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE /RUCTURE 0ON :I* HIS :OLE MOVEM5T DEP5DS40 0,SO1 Y\ %\LD GO \T & WORK AGA9/ !M & F9D !M0 -- A PROP] GOAL = ! ,AM]ICAN >MY ( OCCUPATION4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ WE >E HAV+ SOME SUCCESS4 ,! ,U,S MILIT>Y COMM& REPORTS AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! KILL-RATIO1 & ATTRIBUTES IT TO 0! PRESSURE BE+ MA9TA9$ BY ALLI$ =CES0 :I* >E SEEK+ 0TO ATTACK ! 5TIRE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE-,VIETCONG SY/EM 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM40.<#c#g.> 

,! ,TIMES ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 QUOTES ALLI$ (FICIALS AS PO9T+ \T ?AT 0A DECREASE 9 ! ACTIVITY ( REGUL> 5EMY =CES LOGICALLY LEADS TO AN 9CREASE 9 ALLI$ ACTIVITY AGA9/ GU]RILLAS10 & P>TICUL>LY1 AGA9/ 0! ,VIETCONG 9FRA/RUCTURE1 :I* IS :]E SO MU* ( IT REALLY />TS40 ,! REPORT DESCRIBES AN OP]ATION 9 :I* #c1 CIVILIANS W]E EVACUAT$ & 0PA9/AK+LY SCRE5$0 BY 9TELLIG5CE (FIC]S 7#a DEAD1 AB\T A DOZ5 SUSPECT$ ,VIET ,CONG ID5TIFI$74 ,ON A FAC+ PAGE1 ! ,TIMES QUOTES ,PRESID5T ,JOHNSON3 0,WE CANNOT HAVE PRODUCTIVE TALKS 9 AN ATMOSPH]E :]E ! CITIES >E BE+ %ELL$ & :]E ! ,D,M,Z IS BE+ ABUS$40 

,! ,VIETNAMESE RESI/ANCE HAS R$UC$ ! RANGE ( LIKELY \TCOMES 9 ,VIETNAM TO TWO3 )DRAWAL ( ! ,AM]ICAN =CES & A POLITICAL SOLUTION1 OR ! EXT9CTION ( ,VIETNAM AS A CULTURAL & HI/ORIC 5TITY4 ,! *OICE BETWE5 !M LIES 9 ! H&S ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 TO A V]Y CONSID]ABLE EXT5T4 ,SO F>1 9 ! WORDS ( ,ROB]T ,SCALAP9O ( ,B]KELEY1 0,GOLIA? HAS PLAC$ C]TA9 LIMITATIONS ON HIS P[]10 RISK+ 0,AM]ICAN LIVES OV] MON?S & MON?S0 EV5 ?\< 0WE HAVE IT )9 \R P[]444TO ]ADICATE ,NOR? ,VIETNAM FROM ! MAP0 -- & ,S\? ,VIETNAM AS WELL1 ( C\RSE4.<#c#h.> ,!RE REMA9S A POSSIBILITY1 SMALL P]HAPS1 BUT T]RIFY+1 ?AT ,GOLIA? MAY 5D HIS ADMIRABLE SELF-RE/RA9T4 ,IT DOES SEEM UNLIKELY ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE WILL TOL]ATE AN 5DLESS CONT9UATION ( ! W>4 ,!RE >E1 IT W\LD SEEM1 REASONABLE HOPES = PEACE1 IF PRESSURE IS MA9TA9$ AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T POLICY1 BO? )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & \TSIDE4 

,AM]ICANS :O DO NOT KN[ H[ TO 9FLU5CE PRES5T POLICY 9 FAVOR ( AN 5D TO 9T]V5TION & A POLITICAL SETTLEM5T1 CAN TURN = ADVICE1 SAY1 TO ,MC,GEORGE ,BUNDY4 ,9 HIS MU*-QUOT$ SPEE* AT ,DE,PAUW ,UNIV]SITY ON ,OCTOB] #a#b1 ,MR4 ,BUNDY SUGGE/$ ?AT WE T]M9ATE ! BOMB+ ( ! ,NOR? & BEG9 ! )DRAWAL ( TROOPS4 ,?US HE ADOPT$ ! VIEWS ?AT HAD BE5 ADVANC$ PREVI\SLY ONLY BY 0WILD M5 9 ! W+S10 TO USE HIS T]M9OLOGY 9 AN >TICLE 9 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#g4 ,:Y ?IS SUDD5 *ANGE8 ,NOT BECAUSE 0! C\NTRYSIDE LIT]ALLY DIES UND] ! BL[S ( ! L>GE/ MILIT>Y MA*9E EV] UNLEA%$ AGA9/ AN >EA ?IS SIZE40 ,NOT BECAUSE WE HAVE A SOLEMN COMMITM5T TO REFRA9 FROM ! USE ( =CE AGA9/ ?OSE :O >E WEAK & HELPLESS4 ,BUNDY REGRETS !SE ASPECTS ( ! W>1 BUT HE IS NOT AN IRRESPONSIBLE S5TIM5TALI/ :O W\LD BE SWAY$ BY SU* CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! PRIM>Y REASON = HIS REV]SAL1 HE EXPLA9S1 IS ?AT ! CO/ ( ! W> TO US IS 0PLA9LY UNACCEPTABLE02 0ITS P5ALTIES UPON US ALL >E MU* TOO GREAT40 ,A MAJOR CO/ IS 0! 9CREAS+ BITT]NESS & POL>IZATION ( \R PEOPLE10 ! 0FAILURE ( \R [N POLITICAL SY/EM0 DISCUSS$ BY ,I?IEL ,POOL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,BUNDY CONT9UES3 0,!RE IS A SPECIAL PA9 9 ! GR[+ ALI5ATION ( A G5]ATION :I* IS ! BE/ WE HAVE HAD4 ,SO WE MU/ NOT GO ON AS WE >E GO+40 

,:AT ,BUNDY IS SAY+1 9 EFFECT1 IS ?AT ! /RATEGY ( ! RESI/ANCE HAS BE5 CORRECT4 ,! /UD5TS :O UND]TOOK TO CREATE A PROGRAM ( RESI/ANCE AT ! ELITE UNIV]SITIES ASSUM$ ,AM]ICAN POLICY-MAK]S TO BE SO CYNICAL ?AT ONLY CONSID]ATIONS ( CO/ W\LD LEAD !M TO RETREAT FROM AGGRESSION4 ,& ! ONLY S]I\S 0CO/0 ?AT CAN BE IMPOS$ BY !SE Y\NG M5 & WOM5 IS ! ?REAT ?AT ! MANAG]S ( ! SOCIETY ( TOMORR[1 ! ,YALE GRADUAT+ CLASS1 = EXAMPLE1 WILL SEP>ATE !MSELVES FROM 0! SY/EM10 *OOS+ JAIL RA!R ?AN MILIT>Y S]VICE & QUE/ION+ ! LEGITIMACY ( \R 9/ITUTIONS 9 O!R WAYS4 ,! IMPORTANT DECISIONS >E 9 FACT MADE BY ! ,MC,GEORGE ,BUNDYS ( ! WORLD1 & !Y >E TELL+ US1 L\D & CLE>1 ?AT !Y WILL RETREAT FROM AGGRESSION ONLY :5 ! CO/ TO !M IS 0PLA9LY UNACCEPTABLE40 ,?OSE :O WI% TO BR+ AN 5D TO W> & REPRESSION WILL LI/5 TO ?IS MESSAGE1 & ACT ACCORD+LY4 

,MU* ! SAME IS TRUE 9 ! SECOND SUP]P[]4 ,9 ! GRIM ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 RESI/ANCE CAN B>ELY BE CONTEMPLAT$4 ,ALL ! MORE1 !N1 MU/ WE HONOR ?OSE :O DO MAKE !IR VOICES HE>D3 ,PAVEL ,LITV9OV1 ,MRS4 ,L>ISA ,DANIEL1 & ! O!RS ( ! 0,MOSC[ ,FIVE10 OR EX-G5]AL ,PYOTR ,GRIGOR5KO :O HAS PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! 0TOTALIT>IANISM ?AT HIDES BEH9D ! MASK ( SO-CALL$ ,SOVIET DEMOCRACY0 & CALL$ UPON HIS FELL[-CITIZ5S TO FI<T 0! DAMN$ MA*9E10 & :O HAS HAD ! C\RAGE TO /& UP & SAY ?AT 0,FRE$OM WILL COME6 ,DEMOCRACY WILL COME60 

,IT HAS LONG BE5 UND]/OOD ?AT !RE IS A RELATION ( MUTUAL SUPPORT BETWE5 ! ,AM]ICAN & ! ,RUSSIAN HAWKS4 ,:5 ONE SIDE COMMITS AN ATROCITY1 ! O!R IS 5C\RAG$ TO DO LIKEWISE4 ,:5 ! MILIT>I/S 9 ONE CAMP SUCCE$ 9 9CREAS+ ! LEVEL ( >MAM5TS1 ?IS IS A %OT 9 ! >M TO ?OSE :O PRET5D TO OPPOSE BUT 9 FACT SUPPORT !M4 ,NO D\BT ! ,AM]ICAN H>D-L9]S W]E SECRETLY GRATIFI$ :5 ! ,RUSSIANS 9VAD$ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 AS !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION >E PLEAS$ BY \R MOVE TO HI<] & HI<] LEVELS ( B>B>ISM 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT RESI/]S ON ALL SIDES /& 9 A RELATION ( MUTUAL SUPPORT4 ,?OSE :O RESI/ ! W> H]E >E FI<T+ ! SAME BATTLE AS ,L>ISA ,DANIEL & ,PYOTR ,GRIGOR5KO4 ,& !Y >E FI<T+ A COMMON 5EMY3 ! MILIT>I/S & MANAG]S ( REPRESSION ON BO? SIDES ( ! IRON CURTA94 ,= US1 ?IS RESI/ANCE MU/ TAKE MANY =MS4 ,IT MU/ BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,DEP>TM5T ( 0,DEF5SE10 ! ORGANIZATION ?AT ,K5NE? ,B\LD+ HAS CALL$ ! 0SECOND L>GE/ C5TRALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY 9 ! WORLD0.<#c#i.> -- AN ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS SP5T MORE ?AN A TRILLION DOLL>S S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 0TO M9IMIZE VIOL5CE & 9/ABILITY 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES40 ,IT MU/ BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,A,B,M & ALL O!R MEANS ( 9T5SIFY+ ! >MS RACE & 9CREAS+ 9T]NATIONAL T5SION2 AGA9/ ,N,A,T,O1 :I* S]VES PRIM>ILY AS AN EXCUSE = ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO SUBJUGATE MORE EFFECTIVELY ITS ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN COLONIES & ITS [N PEOPLE4 ,IT MU/ SE>* = WAYS TO DIRECT \R NATIONAL 5]GIES AWAY FROM DE/RUCTION & WA/E & T[>D SOCIALLY USEFUL PRODUCTION & CON/RUCTIVE SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,ANY RATIONAL P]SON MU/ BE APPALL$ AT ! WA/E ( RES\RCES BY ! GREAT P[]S1 AS WELL AS BY ! %AMEFUL 9EQUITY ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,REVULSION AGA9/ ?IS SC&AL IS EXPRESS$ 9 A G5]AL WAY ON BO? SIDES ( ! IRON CURTA91 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,ACADEMICIAN ,&REI ,SAKH>OV 9 HIS ESSAY 0,?\<TS ON ,PROGRESS1 ,PEACEFUL ,CO-EXI/5CE & ,9TELLECTUAL ,FRE$OM10.<#d.> ) ITS CALL = 0*ANGES 9 ! PSY*OLOGY0 ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE SO ?AT 0!Y WILL VOLUNT>ILY & G5]\SLY SUPPORT !IR GOV]NM5T & WORLDWIDE EF=TS TO *ANGE ! ECONOMY1 TE*NOLOGY & LEVEL ( LIV+ ( BILLIONS ( PEOPLE444= ! SAKE ( PRES]V+ CIVILIZATION & MANK9D ON \R PLANET40 ,OR BY ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/1 ,JOHN ,P9CUS1 :O WRITES3.<#d#a.> 

,ONE-?IRD ( ! WORLD LIVES 9 COM=T & TWO-?IRDS 9 MIS]Y4 ,YET NO DAY SP>ES US ! $IFICATION ( LECTURES BY ! PROSP]\S ,NOR? ON ! ,S\?'S GRIEV\S ECONOMIC S9S4 ,IT IS ALL 9ESCAPABLY REM9ISC5T ( ECONOMI/S' N9ETE5? C5TURY DIATRIBES AGA9/ ! IDLE & SP5D?RIFT POOR 9 ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL /ATES ( ?AT ]A4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS C5TURY HAS NOT YET F\ND ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E ITS ,LABOR ,P>TY OR ITS ,BISM>CK TO (F] FROM LEFT OR RI<T ! POLITICALLY EFFECTIVE RETORT TO SU* SELF-S]V+ HOMILIES4 

,! PROBLEM ( DEVIS+ A 0POLITICALLY EFFECTIVE RETORT0 IS =MIDABLE4 ,GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION APPE>S TO BE AN IMPORTANT COMPON5T 9 PRES]V+ ! HEAL? ( ! ECONOMY 7IF ONE CAN USE SU* A T]MS AS 0HEAL?0 :5 SPEAK+ ( ! >MS RACE & ! 9FANTILE COMPETITION TO L& A MAN ON ! MOON74 ,TAXPAY]S CAN BE DELUD$ 9TO SUPPORT+ ! ,ROMAN ,CIRCUS ( ! SPACE RACE1 OR 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !Y MU/ BE >M$ TO ! TEE? TO KEEP ! ,VIET ,CONG FROM SWIMM+ OV] TO /EAL !IR TELEVISION SETS4 ,IT IS A DIFF]5T MATT] = PEOPLE TO SURR5D] MU* ( :AT !Y E>N TO REBUILD ! CITIES OR TO CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ?IRD WORLD4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! LATT] EF=T IS UNLIKELY TO B5EFIT HEAVY 9DU/RY OR A]OSPACE4 ,! FIR/ PROBLEM IS ULTIMATELY ONE ( P]SUASION & $UCATION1 P]HAPS4 ,! SECOND IS PROBABLY ONE ( RESI/ANCE4 ,IF A L>GE NUMB] ( TE*NOLOGI/S W]E1 LET US SAY1 TO REFUSE TO DO SECRET RESE>* OR TO L5D !IR TAL5TS TO WA/E & DE/RUCTION1 ?IS REFUSAL W\LD PROBABLY BECOME AN 0ILLEGAL CONSPIRACY10 AS IT BEGAN TO ?REAT5 DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9T]E/S4 ,REPRESSION CAN ALSO BE EXPECT$ IF O!R =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- SAY1 URBAN COOP]ATIVES -- OR ANO!R1 MORE CON/RUCTIVE USE ( TE*NOLOGY W]E TO REA* SIGNIFICANT PROPORTIONS4 ,= !SE & MANY O!R REASONS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONT9UE 9 :ATEV] WAY ! TIMES P]MIT TO CON/RUCT A MOVEM5T -- ULTIMATELY1 ONE HOPES1 A MASS MOVEM5T -- ?AT WILL BE COMMITT$ TO RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE & TO RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION1 DE/RUCTION1 & WA/E4 

,!RE >E SOME 9DICATIONS ?AT ?IS MAY NOT BE A FANTASY4 ,CLOSE TO HOME1 ,I AM 5C\RAG$ BY ! MANY HUNDR$S ( /UD5TS AT ,M,I,T :O HAVE COMMITT$ !MSELVES TO ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 A SANCTU>Y = AN ,A,W,O,L SOLDI] -- P>TICUL>LY :5 ,I RECALL ?AT ?REE YE>S AGO ,M,I,T /UD5TS W]E EQUALLY COMMITT$ TO BREAK+ UP PUBLIC MEET+S AGA9/ ! W>1 & ?AT A TEA*-9 WAS CONSID]$ SUCCESSFUL IF IT ATTRACT$ #a CURI\S ONLOOK]S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! GR[? ( A NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( RESI/ANCE HAS SURPASS$ 9 SCALE ! EXPECTATIONS ( MO/ OBS]V]S4 ,9 NATIONAL T]MS1 !SE MAY /ILL BE M>G9AL PH5OM5A1 BUT !Y >E NOT )\T SIGNIFICANCE1 & !Y SUGGE/ ?AT A LONG-T]M COMMITM5T MAY YIELD IMPORTANT RESULTS4 ,SURELY ! *ANGE 9 MOOD 9 ! UNIV]SITIES DUR+ ! PA/ FEW YE>S IS REM>KABLE4 ,! 0SY/EM0 LOOKS OV]:ELM+LY P[]FUL :5 ONE WAT*ES ,MAYOR ,DALCY'S POLICE OR ! ,B-#e#b'S1 BUT IT HAS ITS WEAKNESSES1 & ONE SU* WEAKNESS IS ITS 0P]SONNEL40 ,! SAME TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA ?AT SOME SEE AS ! POT5TIAL ELITE ( ! PO/-9DU/RIAL SOCIETY MI<T HELP TO CONC5TRATE SOCIAL 5]GIES 9 V]Y DIFF]5T PLACES1 IF !Y CAN OV]COME ! ELITISM & >ROGANCE & FACTIONALISM ?AT HAVE BE5 ! CURSE ( ! ,LEFT4 ,! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS HAVE ADOPT$ ,HUEY ,NEWTON'S R5D]+ ( A ,MAOI/ SLOGAN3 0! SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE IS GREAT] ?AN ! ,MAN'S TE*NOLOGY40 ,?OSE :O CREATE & CONTROL 0! ,MAN'S TE*NOLOGY0 MI<T PLAY A ROLE 9 GIV+ SOME SUB/ANCE TO ?IS HOPE4 

,! UNIV]SITIES >E ONE NATURAL C5T] = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MOVEM5T ( ?IS SORT4 ,HONE/ 9QUIRY IS 9H]5TLY 0SUBV]SIVE10 9 ANY FIELD4 ,! PHYSICI/ WORK+ AT ! BORD]S ( CURR5T KN[L$GE WILL ATTEMPT TO *ALL5GE ASSUMPTIONS ?AT RET>D UND]/&+1 JU/ AS A CREATIVE MUSICIAN WILL NOT TRY TO COMPOSE ,BEE?OV5'S T5? SYMPHONY BUT WILL EXPLORE & P]HAPS *ALL5GE FUNDAM5TAL ES!TIC /&>DS4 ,& ! SAME W\LD BE TRUE ( S]I\S SOCIAL 9QUIRY1 IF IT EXI/$ ON ANY SIGNIFICANT SCALE 9 ! UNIV]SITIES4 ,9 FACT1 IT MAY BE ?AT A MOVEM5T = RESI/ANCE & SOCIAL *ANGE MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ! EVOLUTION ( A TRADITION ( S*OL>%IP ?AT IS MORE HUMANE & MORE OBJECTIVE1 ?AT WILL FREE ITSELF FROM A COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL MANAGEM5T 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PRIVILEG$ ELITES & WILL EXPLORE & TRY TO >TICULATE ! NE$S ( ?OSE :OSE VOICES >E /ILL$ BY IDEOLOGICAL CONTROLS1 BY WEAKNESS & IGNORANCE1 BY SOCIAL FRAGM5TATION1 OR SIMPLY BY REPRESSIVE =CE4 ,IT IS 9 SU* WAYS AS !SE ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMUNITY CAN MO/ EFFECTIVELY RESI/ ! 0SPECIFIC GR[+ DANG]S TO ITS 9TEGRITY0 ( :I* ,O',BRI5 SO RI<TLY W>NS4 

,NOTES 

,EUG5E ,BLACK1 TE/IFY+ BE=E ,CONGRESS ON ! ,ASIAN ,DEVELOPM5T ,BANK1 PO9T$ \T ?AT 0:5 ! ,BANK MAKES LOANS Y\ HAVE 9T]NATIONAL BIDS1 & ,I AM SURE ?AT ) \R ABILITY & +5UITY 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 WE WILL GET \R %>E ( ! BUS9ESS4 ,WE C]TA9LY \<T TO GET MORE ?AN ! SMALL AM\NT WE CONTRIBUTE40 ,DAVID ,BELL TE/IFI$ ?AT 0! ,BANK WILL PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 C>RY+ =W>D ANO!R POLICY ( \R [N ASSI/ANCE PROGRAM--/R5G!N+ ! ROLE ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR444BY ID5TIFY+ P>TICUL> PROJECTS :I* CAN ATTRACT PRIVATE CAPITAL1 BY HELP+ TO DRAW UP DEVELOPM5T PLANS & /IMULATE POLICIES :I* WILL 5C\RAGE PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 & BY DRAW+ PRIVATE CAPITAL TO ! REGION40 ,NO?+ H]E AB\T 0! G5]OSITY ?AT *>ACT]IZES \R POLICY40 

,EQUALLY REVEAL+ IS ! HI/ORY ( PROGRAMS SU* AS ! ,ALLIANCE = ,PROGRESS4 ,AS ,S5ATOR ,GORE COMM5T$1 ?IS PROGRAM 0HAS 9 L>GE MEASURE COME TO BE A SUBSIDY = ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS & ,AM]ICAN EXPORT]S10 A FAIRLY ACCURATE JUDGM5T1 SO IT APPE>S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,A,I,D L5D+ PROGRAM 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ACCORD+ TO =M] ,ALLIANCE = ,PROGRESS (FICIAL ,WILLIAM ,ROG]S1 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,TWILI<T ,/RUGGLE 7,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#f#g71 IS BAS$ ON TWO ELEM5TS3 0A DEMON/RAT$ BALANCE ( PAYM5TS NE$$ TO 9CREASE ! NATION'S ABILITY TO IMPORT ,U,S GOODS & S]VICES1 & ! ADOPTION ( PUBLIC POLICIES & PROGRAMS :I* W\LD 9SURE AGA9/ CAPITAL FLI<T ON ! 9T]NATIONAL ACC\NT SIDE OR ! MISUSE ( DOME/IC RES\RCES ?R\< 9EFFICI5T BUDGET+1 R$UC$ LOCAL SAV+S1 OR 9FLATION40 ,COMM5T+ ON ?IS1 ,ROB]T ,SMI? NOTES ?AT 0! LATT] /&>D 9CLUD$ 9CREAS$ TAX REV5UES1 R$UCTION ( BUDGET DEFICIT1 ELIM9ATION ( 'DI/ORT+ SUBSIDIES TO PUBLIC ACTIVITIES1' & ! ADOPTION ( '/ATE 9C5TIVES TO PRIVATE SECTOR 9VE/M5T & GR[?4' 0 7,NEW ,POLITICS1 ,VOL4 ,V,I1 ,NO4 #b1 ,SPR+1 #a#i#f#g--= SOME REM>KS ON ! O!R SIDE ( \R ASSI/ANCE PROGRAM1 MILIT>Y AID1 SEE ! >TICLES BY ,JAMES ,PETRAS 9 ?IS & ! PREC$+ ISSUE47 

,B>NET3 ,! ,F9AL ,SOLUTION ( ! ,JEWI% ,PROBLEM & ! ,DROPP+ ( ! ,ATOMIC ,BOMB444>E DI/+UI%ABLE 9 MAGNITUDE & CONTEXT1 BUT AS EXAMPLES ( ! AMORALITY ( BUREAUCRACY !Y >E /RIK+LY SIMIL>4444 

,ALB]T ,WOHL/ETT]3 ,9 FACT1 ,B>NET EQUATES ,TRUMAN'S DECISION TO USE ! ,A-BOMB444) ,HITL]'S G5OCIDE444 

,B>NET3 ,! ROOTS ( ! ,VIETNAM FAILURE LIE MORE 9 ! /RUCTURE & ORGANIZATION ( ! NATIONAL SECURITY BUREAUCRACY ?AN 9 ! P]SONALITY ( ! ,PRESID5T OR ! IDIOSYNCRACIES ( ! P>TICUL> GR\P444:O HAVE BE5 ! ,PRESID5T'S PR9CIPAL ADVIS]S4444 ,! ,PRESID5T MAY DECIDE1 BUT ! BUREAUCRACY /RUCTURES ! DECISIONS BY SETT+ \T ! *OICES4 

,S*LES+]3 ,HE %\LDN'T SAY ?AT EV]Y?+ IS DET]M9$ BY UNIFI$ NATIONAL SECURITY BUREAUCRACIES1 :I* ,I GA!R WAS HIS PO9T4 

,B>NET3 ,! PECULI> M5TAL SET ( ! NATIONAL SECURITY BUREAUCRAT IS ! PRODUCT ( C]TA9 BIASES :I*444>E 9H]5T 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURE ITSELF444 

,H(FMANN3 ,B>NET'S PRES5TATION444& ! K9D ( CONSPIRACY !ORY ON :I* IT RE/S444 

,B>NET3444! PROBLEMS NOT$ >E 0NOT LIMIT$ TO ! NATIONAL SECURITY BUREAUCRACY OR EV5 TO GOV]NM5T0 BUT >E 0COMMON TO ALL L>GE ORGANIZATIONS4440 

,Y>MOL9SKY3 ,B>NET 0TALKS AB\T ! EVILS ( ! ,AM]ICAN BUREAUCRACY & ! MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACY AS IF ! EVILS W]E PECULI> TO ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS RA!R ?AN G5]AL TO BUREAUCRACIES AT MO/ TIMES & PLACES4 

,& SO ON4 ,B>NET'S CLE> & SIMPLE /ATEM5T WAS 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO MANY ( ! CONF]5CE P>TICIPANTS1 :O APP>5TLY FELT QUITE UNEASY ) ANALYZES ?AT GO BEYOND P]SONAL ]ROR1 OR FAILURE ( 9=MATION1 OR ! EXI/5CE ( A 0W>RIOR CA/E0 7,S*LES+]7 ON :OM ONE CAN CA/ ! BLAME4 

,*,O,M,S,K,Y4,9,F,O 

.<#a.> 0,POLITICS & ! ,MORALITY ( ,S*OL>%IP10 9 ,! ,MORALITY ( ,S*OL>%IP1 $IT$ BY ,MAX ,BLACK1 ,CORNELL1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#b.> 0,! ,W> & ITS ,EFFECTS -- ,I,I10 ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,DECEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#c.> ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#d.> ,W4 ,A4 ,NI<SWONG]1 ,RURAL ,PACIFICATION 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,PRAEG] ,SPECIAL ,/UDIES1 #aiff -- ONE ( A S]IES ( 0SPECIALIZ$ RESE>* MONOGRAPHS 9 ,U,S & 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMICS & POLITICS40 

.<#e.> ,I?IEL ,POOL1 0,! NECESSITY = SOCIAL SCI5TI/S DO+ RESE>* = ,GOV]NM5T10 QUOT$ BY ,M4 ,W9DMILL] 9 ,! ,DISS5T+ ,ACADEMY1 $IT$ BY ,T4 ,ROSZAK1 ,PAN!ON1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#f.> ,MAX ,WAYS WRITES 9 ,=TUNE ?AT 0,MC,NAM>A1 HIS SY/EMS ANALY/S1 & !IR COMPUT]S >E NOT ONLY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! PRACTICAL EFFECTIV5ESS ( ,U,S ACTION1 BUT RAIS+ ! MORAL LEVEL ( POLICY BY A MORE CONSCI\S & SELECTIVE ATT5TION TO ! DEF9ITION ( ITS AIMS0 7ITALICS M9E1 CIT$ BY ,A4 ,KOPK9D1 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#f#g74 ,COMM5TS W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S4 

.<#g.> ,DANIEL ,BELL1 0,NOTES ON ! ,PO/-,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY10 ,P>T ,I1 ,! ,PUBLIC ,9T]E/1 ,NO4 #f1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#h.> ,SOME ( ! DANG]S >E NOT$ BY ,RI*>D ,GOODW91 9 A REVIEW ( ,S*ELL+'S ,>MS & ,9FLU5CE 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK]1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#f#h4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 0! MO/ PR(\ND OBJECTION TO ?IS K9D ( /RATEGIC !ORY IS NOT ITS LIMIT$ USEFULNESS BUT ITS DANG]1 = IT CAN LEAD US TO BELIEVE WE HAVE AN UND]/&+ ( EV5TS & A CONTROL OV] !IR FL[ :I* WE DO NOT HAVE40 ,A /ILL MORE PR(\ND OBJECTION1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT ! PRET5D$ OBJECTIVITY ( 0/RATEGIC !ORY0 CAN BE US$ TO JU/IFY ! ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! FL[ ( EV5TS4 

.<#i.> 0,/ATUS ,POLITICS & ,NEW ,ANXIETIES10 9 ,! ,5D ( ,IDEOLOGY1 ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f1 P4 #a#a#i4 

.<#a.> 0,! NECESSITY & DIFFICULTY ( PLANN+ ! FUTURE SOCIETY10 ,AM]ICAN ,9/ITUTE ( ,PLANN]S ,CONF]5CE1 ,WA%+TON1 ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#f#g4 ,CIT+ ?IS1 ,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T 7OP4 CIT47 COMM5TS ?AT 0POV]TY1 :I* IS A TRAG$Y 9 A POOR C\NTRY1 BLI<TS \R AFFLU5T SOCIETY ) SOME?+ MORE ?AN TRAG$Y2 BE+ UNNECESS>Y1 IT IS DEEPLY IMMORAL AS WELL40 ,HE ALSO COMP>ES 0! @s#i#d BILLION WE HAVE SP5T ON MILIT>Y P[] S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I0 ) 0! @s#i#f BILLION WE HAVE SP5T1 \T ( \R REGUL> NATIONAL BUDGET1 ON $UCATION1 HEAL?1 WELF>E H\S+1 & COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T40 ,9 ,*ALL5GE TO ,AFFLU5CE 7,PAN!ON1 #a#i#f#b71 ,GUNN> ,MYRDAL CONCLUDES ?AT 09 SOCIETY AT L>GE !RE IS MORE EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY TODAY ?AN !RE EV] WAS4 ,BUT = ! BOTTOM LAY] !RE IS LESS OR NONE40 ,HE QUE/IONS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 0,AM]ICA IS /ILL ! FREE & OP5 SOCIETY ( ITS *]I%$ IMAGE & WELL E/ABLI%$ IDEALS0 & REM>KS ?AT 0AS LESS WORK IS REQUIR$ ( ! TYPE ?AT PEOPLE 9 ! URBAN & RURAL SLUMS CAN (F]1 !Y WILL BE 9CREAS+LY ISOLAT$ & EXPOS$ TO UNEMPLOYM5T & PLA9 EXPLOITATION4 ,!RE IS AN UGLY SMELL RIS+ FROM ! BASEM5T ( ! /ATELY ,AM]ICAN MANSION40 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,UNF9I%$ ,REVOLUTION1 ,V9TAGE1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 #i#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,9 #a#i#f#e1 #b COMPANIES \T ( #d#b1 MADE #* P]C5T ( PR(ITS AFT] TAXES1 E>N+S ON =EIGN 9VE/M5T W]E WELL OV] ?REE TIMES :AT !Y W]E #ae YE>S E>LI]4 ,! SALES ( ,G,M EXCE$$ ! ,G,N,P ( ALL BUT N9E =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,! T5 L>GE/ COMPANIES REPORT$ PR(ITS EQUAL TO ! NEXT #d#i4 ,A ?\S& COMPANIES DISAPPE>$ ?R\< M]G]4 

.<#a#c.> 0,M>XIAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 9 ,SOCIALISM & ,AM]ICAN ,LIFE1 $IT$ BY ,EGB]T & ,P]SONS1 ,VOL4 ,I1 ,PR9CETON1 #a#i#e#b1 P4 #c#b#i4 

.<#a#d.> ,SEE ,RI*>D ,B>NET1 ,9T]V5TION & ,REVOLUTION 7,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#f#h71 = A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ?IS & O!R EPISODES ( ! PO/W> P]IOD4 

.<#a#e.> ,OP4 CIT4 ,LESS TYPICAL1 & MORE REALI/IC1 IS HIS BELIEF ?AT !SE PROBLEMS ALSO 0SEEM TO DEFY ! SOCIAL SCI5TI/'S EXP]TIZE40 ,= SOME G5]AL DISCUSSIONS ( ?IS 0G5]OSITY10 SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,D4 ,HOR[ITZ1 ,HEMISPH]ES ,NOR? & ,S\? 7,JOHNS ,HOPK9S1 #a#i#f#f71 & MANY O!R SPECIAL /UDIES4 ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC (FICIALS DO NOT %>E ?IS FAI? 9 \R G5]OSITY1 BY & L>GE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE = ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN AFFAIRS OBS]V$ BLUNTLY ?AT 0! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T IS NOT DISPOS$ TO FAVOR L>GE LOANS ( PUBLIC FUNDS TO C\NTRIES NOT WELCOM+ \R PRIVATE CAPITAL0 7,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ,BULLET91 ,NO4 #b#b1 #a#i#e1 CIT$ 9 ,FR$]ICK ,CLAIRMONTE1 ,ECONOMIC ,LIB]ALISM & ,UND]DEVELOPM5T1 ,ASIA ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 ,BOMBAY & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f74 

.<#a#f.> 0,TO ,9T]V5E OR ,NOT TO ,9T]V5E10 ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#a#g.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,DECEMB] #b1 #a#i#f#g4 ,! ,TIMES REF]S TO :AT IS PR9T$ AS 0EXC]PTS10 BUT IT IS NOT MAT]IALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! FULL DOCUM5T4 ,IT HAS S9CE BE5 SIGN$ BY MANY O!R S*OL>S4 

.<#a#h.> ,H]N&O ,ABAYA1 ,! ,UNTOLD ,PHILIPP9E ,/ORY1 ,QUEZON ,CITY1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#a#i.> ,SEE ! REVIEWS BY ,CORAL ,BELL & ,B4 ,R4 ,O',G4 ,&]SON 9 ! ,*9A ,QU>T]LY1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#f4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT OPPOSITION TO SOCIAL *ANGE1 & SUPPORT = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE ?AT IS US$ TO SUPPRESS IT1 >E LONG-/&+ FEATURES ( ,AM]ICAN CULTURAL HI/ORY4 ,?US ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,L\IS ,H>TZ1 0!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! APPE>ANCE ( EV5 A MILD SOCIALISM 9 #a#h#d#h1 ( ,L$RU ,ROLL9 & ! NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 WAS 5\< TO PRODUCE G5]AL ,AM]ICAN DISMAY4 ,!RE WAS NO \TCRY 9 ,AM]ICA AGA9/ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,JUNE REVOLT ( ! WORK]S 9 ,P>IS1 AS !RE WAS NONE OV] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,COMMUN>DS 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,H]E WAS VIOL5CE1 & PL5TY ( IT1 BUT IT WAS BE+ US$ = 'ORD] & LAW1' AS ONE $ITORIAL WRIT] PUT IT .<9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,J\RNAL ( ,COMM]CE.>40 7,9 ,! ,NATURE ( ,REVOLUTION1 TE/IMONY BE=E ! ,S5ATE ,COMMITTEE ON ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #a#i#f#h1 ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE1 ,WA%+TON1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#b.> 0,! ,PUBLIC & ! ,POLITY0 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE3 ,T[>D ,EMPIRICAL ,!ORY1 $IT$ BY ,I?IEL DE ,SOLA ,POOL1 ,MC,GRAW-,HILL1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,CLAIRMONTE1 OP4 CIT4 ,SEE NOTE #a#e4 

.<#b#b.> ,P>TS ( ,NO ,MORE ,VIETNAMS8 HAVE APPE>$ 9 ! ,ATLANTIC ,MON?LY1 ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#b#c.> ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#b#d.> ,LA/ ,REFLECTIONS ON A ,W>1 ,D\BL$AY1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#b#e.> ,P]HAPS ! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE IS ! RECEPTION GIV5 TO ! PAP] BY ,RI*>D ,B>NET1 :I* TRI$ TO ID5TIFY C]TA9 9/ITUTIONAL FACTORS 9 POLICY PLANN+4 ,COMP>E1 = EXAMPLE1 !SE /ATEM5TS ) ! REACTION 9 LAT] DISCUSSION4 

.<#b#f.> ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 ,LITTLE1 ,BR[N1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#b#g.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,NEWSLETT] ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,CONGRESS ON ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 ,NO4 #e1 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#b#h.> ,SEE ,I4 ,F4 ,/ONE'S ,WEEKLY1 ,NOVEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#b#i.> ,HE>+S BE=E A SUBCOMMITTEE ( ! COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS1 ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 #i? ,CONGRESS1 #a#i#f#g1 ,P>T #b1 ,ECONOMIC ,ASSI/ANCE1 P4 #a#b#e4 

.<#c.> ,PUBLI%$ 9 T9TUONG1 J\RNAL ( ! ,OV]SEAS ,VIETNAMESE ,BUDDHI/ ,ASSOCIATION1 ,P>IS1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#c#a.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,NEWS1 ,VIEWS1 ,VOL4 ,I1 ,NO4 #e1 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#h4 ,?IS IS ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,VIETNAM ,9=MATION ,PROJECT1 CONSI/+ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VICES1 :O >E1 BY & L>GE1 ! ONLY ,AM]ICANS ) ANY REAL CONTACT ) ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE4 ,! REPORT NOTES ?AT JAIL+ POLITICAL PRISON]S IS A DUBI\S TACTIC = ! GOV]NM5T S9CE IT S]VES TO EXT5D ,V,C 9FLU5CE4 ,!Y QUOTE ONE Y\NG MAN1 =M]LY ANTI-,N,L,F1 :O DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS 0V]Y IMPRESS$ BY ! DISCIPL9E1 D$ICATION1 & 9TELLIG5CE ( ! ,N,L,F CADRES0 HE MET 9 JAIL1 & :O1 %ORTLY AFT] HIS RELEASE1 0JO9$ HIS NEW FRI5DS 9 ! ,FRONT40 

.<#c#b.> ,IBID4 

.<#c#c.> T9TUONG1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#c#d.> ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,JUNE #b#h4 ,REPR9T$ 9 ,W>_/,PEACE ,REPORT1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#c#e.> ,! ,NEW ,YORK]1 ,NOVEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#c#f.> ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ,MONITOR1 ,OCTOB] #b#c1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#c#g.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,NOVEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#c#h.> ,! ,NEW ,LEAD]1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #a#i#f#h1 QUOT$ BY ,!ODORE ,DRAP] 9 ,NO ,MORE ,VIETNAMS8 

.<#c#i.> ,9 ,! ,DRAFT1 $IT$ BY ,SOL ,TAX1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#f#g4 

.<#d.> ,PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,JULY #b#b1 #aifh &1 MORE REC5TLY1 AS A BOOK4 

.<#d#a.> ,TRADE1 ,AID & ,DEVELOPM5T1 ,MC,GRAW-,HILL1 #a#i#f#g4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,M5ACE ( ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,M5ACE ( ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/