,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,! ,MANUFACTUR+ ,P]IOD1 #a#h#b-#a#h#e 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I3 

 ,! ,HI/ORY & ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,POLI% ,9DU/RY 

#a4#a ,! ,MANUFACTUR+ ,P]IOD1 #a#h#b-#a#h#e 

,POLITICAL EV5TS MOV$ ,POL& 9TO A COMPLETELY NEW SITUATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! P>TITION BR\<T IT \T ( ! PECULI> NATURAL-ECONOMIC1 FEUDAL-AN>*IC CONDITIONS ( ! REPUBLIC ( ! NOBLES :I* WE F9D 9 ! ,POL& ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & PLAC$ IT UND] ! RULE ( 5LI<T5$ ABSOLUTISM & UND] ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,AU/RIA1 & ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SECTION ( ,POL&1 :I* 9T]E/S US H]E1 ADMITT$LY MA9TA9$ ITS [N CORPORATIVE CON/ITUTION :ILE /ILL ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW & LAT] AFT] ! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS4 ,BUT IT WAS AS DIFF]5T FROM ! OLD ,POL& AS HEAV5 FROM E>?1 & ! :OLE ADM9I/RATIVE1 F9ANCIAL1 MILIT>Y1 LEGAL GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS WAS TAILOR$ TO A MOD]N C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,! LATT] F\ND ITSELF 9 ! H>%E/ CONTRADICTION ) ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ON :I* IT HAD BE5 GRAFT$4 

,POL&'S ECONOMIC LIFE1 AS BE=E1 WAS CONC5TRAT$ ON L& [N]%IP4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN H&ICRAFT BEGUN 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY HAD CRUMBL$ TO DU/ BY ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY2 ! ATTEMPT BY ! MAGNATES TO />T UP MANUFACTUR+ AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY DIS9TEGRAT$ LIKEWISE4 ,! SY/EM ( L& [N]%IP1 H[EV]1 WAS UTT]LY UNSUIT$ TO S]VE AS ! BASIS ( A MOD]N /ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! WORLD M>KET1 :I* DAT$ FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY 9 OLD ,POL&1 DROVE IT TO AN EXTREMELY EXT5SIVE LATIFUNDIA ECONOMY & ! UTMO/ EXACTION ( =C$ LABOR2 IT BECAME MORE & MORE IRRATIONALLY CULTIVAT$ & AS A RESULT MORE & MORE UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,! W>S DUR+ ,POL&'S LA/ EPO*1 !N ! ,NAPOLEONIC SY/EM 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW1 ! ,CONT95TAL ,BLOCKADE & ) IT ! DECL9E ( GRA9 EXPORTS1 ! DROP 9 GRA9 PRICES1 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #a#h#g1 ALL !SE BL[S RA9$ D[N ON L&$ PROP]TY 9 ! C\RSE ( APPROXIMATELY T5 YE>S & BR\<T IT TO ! BR9K ( RU94 ,S9CE IT WASMEAN:ILE ! MA9 S\RCE ( REV5UE 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! RELATIVELY HI< CO/ ( ! C\NTRY'S NEW ADM9I/RATION HAD TO FALL ON IT FULL =CE4 ,! T5 P] C5T 9COME TAX ON L&$ PROP]TY1 ALREADY 9TRODUC$ 9 OLD ,POL& BUT ONLY N[ ACTUALLY COLLECT$1 WAS N[ TO BE RAIS$ TO #bd P] C5T4 ,! BURD5 ( QU>T]+ SOLDI]S & PROVID+ SUPPLIES = ! MILIT>Y 9 NATURA FELL ON ! NOBILITY 9 ADDITION4 

,! RESULT WAS ?AT L&$ PROP]TY SOON FELL 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( USURY4 ,:ILE OLD ,POL& POSSESS$ NO URBAN CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A RESULT ( ! DECAY ( URBAN PRODUCTION & TRADE1 SU* A CLASS SURFAC$ RI<T AFT] ! P>TITION ( ,POL&4 ,9 P>T IT CONSI/$ ( IMMIGRAT+ (FICIALS & USUR]S1 9 P>T ( ,POLI% P>V5US :O [$ !IR MAT]IAL EXI/5CE TO ! C\NTRY'S GREAT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,?IS NEW LAY] ( ! POPULATION N[ SUPPLI$ ! NE$Y NOBILITY ) CAPITAL4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 H[EV]1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! NOBILITY'S 9DEBT$NESS DAT$ FROM ! T5 YE>S ( ,PRUSSIAN RULE 7#a#g#i#f-#a#h#f71 DUR+ :I* AN ORGANIZ$ AGRICULTURAL CR$IT WAS WIDELY (F]$ TO ! ,POLI% NOBILITY = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,= ,POLI% L&$ PROP]TY ?IS MEANT A REAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?R\< A SL[ & P]SI/5T PROCESS OV] C5TURIES - ! DIS9TEGRATION ( PATRIMONIAL L& [N]%IP ?R\< USURY - WAS N[ A*IEV$ 9 ,POL&1 :]E L&$ PROP]TY HAD KEPT ITSELF FREE FROM USURY UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 LESS ?AN #b YE>S4 ,ALREADY 9 ! YE> #ahba IT HAD TO BE RESCU$ FROM D[NFALL BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,K+DOM BY MEANS ( AN EXCEPTIONAL MEASURE3! MORATORIUM4 

,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! DEFICIT BECAME A P]MAN5T PH5OM5ON 9 ! ,K+DOM'S BUDGET RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,! CREATION ( NEW S\RCES ( REV5UE = ! EX*EQU] & ( NEW SPH]ES ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 ! C\NTRY !RE=E BECAME A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE = ! ,K+DOM FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T4 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( O!R C\NTRIES & DRIV5 BY IMM$IATE NE$S1 ! GOV]NM5T UND]TOOK ! E/ABLI%M5T ( URBAN 9DU/RY 9 ,POL&4 

,! DECADE #a#h#b-#a#h#c IS ! P]IOD ( ! RISE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 ( ,POLI% MANUFACTURE4 

,IT WAS QUITE SIMIL> 9 *>ACT] TO ! E>LI] RISE ( ,POLI% H&ICRAFT BY ! ME?OD ( ATTRACT+ =EIGN1 MA9LY ,G]MAN CRAFTSM54 ,JU/ AS 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ! ,POLI% PR9CES TRI$ TO 5TICE =EIGN WORK]S TO ,POL& ) A V>IETY ( PRIVILEGES1 SO ALSO ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CONGRESS ,POL&4 ,A :OLE S]IES ( ,CZ>I/ UKASES RELAT+ TO ?IS W]E PROCLAIM$ 9 ! YE>S #ahaf TO #a#h#b#d4 ,! GOV]NM5T PROVID$ H\SES & MADE BUILD+ MAT]IALS AVAILABLE GRATIS1 GAVE R5T EXEMPTIONS1 F\ND$ ! SO-CALL$ IRON FUND = ! CON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL BUILD+S & H\S+ = 9DU/RY4 ,9 #a#h#a#f1 IMMIGRAT+ CRAFTSM5 W]E PROMIS$ FRE$OM FROM ALL TAXES & PUBLIC *>GES = SIX YE>S1 !IR SONS W]E FRE$ FROM MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & ! DUTY-FREE IMPORT ( !IR PROP]TY WAS P]MITT$4 ,9 #ahb ! GOV]NM5T GRANT$ ! IMMIGRANTS A FREE SUPPLY ( BUILD+ MAT]IALS FROM ! /ATE =E/S & CON/RUCT$ ITS [N BRICKY>DS 9 ORD] TO SUPPLY !M ) ! *EAPE/ POSSIBLE BRICKS4 

,A LAW ( ! YE> #ahbb FRE$ ALL 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES FROM ! OBLIGATION TO QU>T] SOLDI]S = ?REE TO SIX YE>S4 ,9 #ahb & #ahbc IT WAS DECRE$ ?AT ! CITIES W]E TO H& OV] LOCATIONS TO !SE 5T]PRISES R5T-FREE = SIX YE>S4 ,! 9DU/RIAL FUND E/ABLI%$ 9 #ahbb = ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( 9DU/RIAL COLONIZATION AM\NT$ TO #d#e1 RUBLES AT ! BEG9N+1 ALREADY TWICE AS MU* 9 #a#h#b#c1 & FROM !N ON #a#b#g1#e RUBLES ANNUALLY4 

,SU* MANIFOLD ATTRACTIONS DID NOT FAIL TO HAVE AN EFFECT4 ,SOON ,G]MAN CRAFTSM5 TROOP$ 9TO ,POL& & SETTL$ D[N4 ,APPROXIMATELY #a1 ,G]MAN FAMILIES IMMIGRAT$ 9 A FEW YE>S AT ?IS TIME4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL CITIES ( TODAY SOON >OSE3 ,LODZ1 ,ZGI]Z1 ,RAWA1 ,PABIANICE1 & O!RS4 ,9 ADDITION TO CRAFTSM51 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& CALL$ 9 PROM95T =EIGN 9DU/RIALI/S TO DIRECT ITS 5T]PRISES3 ,COQU]IL FROM ,BELGIUM1 ,FRAGET1 ,GIR>D1 & O!RS4 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&'S GOV]NM5T DID NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) ! GRANT+ ( PRIVILEGES TO IMMIGRANTS & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,G]MAN MANUFACTUR+ T[NS1 H[EV]4 ,UNLIKE ! H&ICRAFTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 MANUFACTUR+ C\LD NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) ! N>R[ CIRCLE ( CONSUMPTION & CIRCULATION )9 ANY ONE CITY2 TO />T )1 IT REQUIR$ A :OLESALE M>KET &1 FUR!R1 COMMODITY CIRCULATION EMBRAC+ ! :OLE C\NTRY AT LEA/4 ,TOGE!R ) ! F\NDATION ( MANUFACTUR+ COLONIES1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO UND]TAKE A :OLE S]IES ( ADM9I/RATIVE & LEGISLATIVE RE=MS :I* W]E TO UNIFY ! C\NTRY ECONOMICALLY 9TO ONE COMPLEX & CREATE ! NECESS>Y LEGAL =MS = 9T]NAL COMMODITY TRAFFIC4 ,! GREATE/ BREA* 9 ! PROP]TY RELATIONS & ESPECIALLY ! L&$ PROP]TY RELATIONS ( OLD ,POL& HAD ALREADY BE5 =C$ BY ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON 9TRODUC$ 9 ! ,DU*Y ( ,W>SAW 9 #a#h#h4 ,IT HAD GRAFT$ ! LEGAL =MS ( A MOD]N B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 9 QUITE F9I%$ =M ONTO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( A PURELY FEUDAL NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,UNABLE TO REORGANIZE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS SU* 9 ! SLI<TE/1 IT HAD NEV]!LESS SEV]ELY VIOLAT$ ! OLD PROP]TY RELATIONS & SO HURRI$ !IR DIS9TEGRATION4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( P]PETUAL R5T1 5TAIL1 ETC41 L&$ PROP]TY WAS TORN \T ( P]MAN5CE & CATAPULT$ 9TO CIRCULATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON SUPPLI$ COMM]CE & ! COMM]CIAL C\RTS ) LEGAL /&>DS4 ,9 #a#h#a#g1 FUR!RMORE1 *AMB]S ( COMM]CE & MANUFACTUR+ W]E E/ABLI%$ & ! REGULATION ( TRADE WAS BR\<T TO A CLOSE2 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 DE$ REGI/RIES W]E 9TRODUC$2 9 #a#h#b#e1 ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,CR$IT ,ASSOCIATION WAS F\ND$4 ,9 #a#h#a#i1 ! BUILD+ ( HI<WAYS & ! REGULATION ( WAT]WAYS W]E BEGUN BY ORD] ( ! /ATE1 & 9 #a#h#b#e1 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! CANAL BETWE5 ! ,NIEM5 & ! ,VI/ULA4 

,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T ALSO TOOK ! LEAD - AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES AT ! BEG9N+S ( MANUFACTURE - ) ITS [N 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 & E/ABLI%$ MODEL FACTORIES1 MODEL %EEP-RAIS+1 & SO ON4 ,BUT IT GAVE ! /RONGE/ FOO?OLD TO BUDD+ MANUFACTUR+ BY E/ABLI%+ ! ,POLI% ,BANK1 :I* WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE BY ! ,CZ>I/ UKASE ( #ahbh & ORGANIZ$ AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,G]MAN ,SEEH&LUNG & ! ,BELGIAN ,SOCIETE G5]ALE4 ,?IS WAS AN ISSU+1 9VE/M5T1 DEPOSIT1 MORTGAGE1 COMMISSION1 & 9DU/RIAL BANK ALL AT ONCE4 ,9ITIALLY 5D[$ ) A FUND AM\NT+ TO #c MILLION RUBLES1 IT ALSO OBTA9$ DEPOSITS1 SECURITIES1 ECCLESIA/ICAL FUNDS1 FIRE 9SURANCE1 P5SIONS1 & O!R CAPITALS ON DEPOSIT1 :I* BY #ahgg REPRES5T$ #bhb MILLION RUBLES TOTAL4 ,! BANK (F]$ CR$IT TO 9DU/RY AS WELL AS TO AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( #e YE>S S9CE ITS F\ND+1 IT HAD GIV5 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES ALONE CR$IT TO ! AM\NT ( #ia MILLION RUBLES4 ,! ACTIVITY ( ! BANK WAS EXTREMELY DIV]SE4 ,IT NOT ONLY E/ABLI%$ FACTORIES ITSELF & C>RI$ ON M9+ & AGRICULTURE1 BUT ALSO ATT5D$ TO MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,! FIR/ ,POLI% TRA9 L9E1 ,W>SAW-,VI5NA1 ( #ahde WAS *IEFLY ! WORK ( ! ,POLI% ,BANK4 

,! ACTIVITY ( ! GOV]NM5T SKET*$ ABOVE WAS ! FIR/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&4 ,:ATEV] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES MAY HAVE ADDITIONALLY 9FLU5C$ ITS HI/ORY1 IT UNQUE/IONABLY [ES ITS EXI/5CE TO ! 9ITIATIVE & EF=TS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,WE SEE ( C\RSE - AS WAS SAID - ?AT 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 = EXAMPLE ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 GOV]NM5TS /& BY ! CRADLE ( MANUFACTUR+ & TAKE HOLD ( ITS DE/9Y ) 5]GETIC H&S4 ,BUT !RE ! GOV]NM5TS (F]$ !IR HELP ONLY TO A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN PRODUCTION1 :I* MOV$ ( ITSELF & BY VIRTUE ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS SU* AS ! ACCUMULATION ( TRAD+ CAPITAL1 ! WID5+ ( M>KETS1 & ! TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( H&ICRAFT T[>D TRANS=MATION 9TO MANUFACTUR+ PRODUCTION ME?ODS4 ,9 ,POL&1 MANUFACTURE1 LIKE URBAN H&ICRAFT E>LI]1 WAS A =EIGN PRODUCT IMPORT$ 9 F9I%$ =M1 :I* C\LD DEVELOP NEI!R A TE*NOLOGICAL NOR A SOCIAL CONNECTION TO ,POL&'S [N ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,H]E1 !N1 ! ACTIVITY ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS ! ONLY POSITIVE FACTOR 9 ! RISE ( MANUFACTURE1 & ?IS EXPLA9S TO US ! PR$ILECTION :I* ,POLI% ECONOMI/S & PUBLICI/S HAVE = REV]T+ TO ?IS PO9T2 ?US ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS ON ! :OLE ONLY TOO (T5 OV]E/IMAT$4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y =GET ?AT ! AUTONOM\S ,POLI% GOV]NM5T1 9 ! ACTIVITY ?AT !Y DESCRIBE1 ACT$ 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE AGREEM5T ) ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM1 :I* WAS GUID$ BY 9T5TIONS :I* W]E 9 NATIONAL T]MS NO?+ LESS ?AN FRI5DLY T[>D ,POL&4 

,FUR!RMORE1 FROM ! FIR/1 ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL&'S GOV]NM5T FELL ON ! MO/ FAVORABLE SOIL3 ,POL&'S T>IFF RELATIONS4 ,! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS ,ACT RESULT$ 9 TWO IMPORTANT MEASURES = ,POL& 9 ?IS CONNECTION3 ,FIR/1 IT WAS UNIT$ ) ,RUSSIA4 ,SECOND1 FREE TRADE ) ! O!R SECTIONS ( :AT WAS =M]LY ,POL&1 OR :AT 9 FACT MEANT ! SAME ?+1 ) ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 WAS SECUR$4 ,AS F> AS ! UNION ) ,RUSSIA IS CONC]N$1 ! TRADE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES W]E REGULAT$ BY ! T>IFFS ( #ahbb & #ahbd SO ?AT !IR PRODUCTS W]E EX*ANG$ ) EA* O!R ALMO/ DUTY-FREE4 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS NEW REGULATION = ,POL& ONLY BECOMES CLE>1 H[EV]1 IF IT IS KEPT 9 M9D ?AT S9CE ! YE> #a#h#a1 & ESPECIALLY UND] ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,KANKR91 ,RUSSIA ADH]$ TO AN EXTREME PROHIBITIVE POLICY T[>D ,EUROPE1 (T5 BORD]+ ON ABSURDITY1 & WAS PROTECT$ ON ALL SIDES FROM =EIGN MANUFACTURE BY AN UNBREA*ABLE T>IFF WALL4 ,?R\< ! UNIFICATION ) ,POL&1 ,RUSSIA WAS N[ MADE ACCESSIBLE TO ,G]MAN GOODS FROM ?IS SIDE1 BECAUSE ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ T>IFF4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS = ,POL& WAS ?AT IT BECAME ! WORK%OP = ! PROCESS+ ( HALF-F9I%$ ,G]MAN GOODS1 MO/ ( :I* W]E IMPORT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN ,POL& DUTY-FREE1 F9I%$ 9 ,POL&1 & :I* !N F\ND !IR WAY 9TO ,RUSSIA AS ,POLI% PRODUCTS1 AGA9 ALMO/ DUTY-FREE4 ,BY SU* MEANS ,POL&'S L>GE CLO? 9DU/RY1 9 P>TICUL>1 CAME 9TO FULL BLOOM 9 ONLY A FEW YE>S4 

,FIR/ E/ABLI%$ 9 ! YE>S #ahag TO #a#h#b#f1 IT HAD ALREADY1 9 #a#h#b#i1 REA*$ ! = ?AT TIME CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( #e1#g#e#b1 RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION4 ,?AT ?IS SURPRIS+LY RAPID GR[? WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY ?ANKS TO ,RUSSIAN CONSUMPTION IS %[N BY ! FOLL[+ TABLE ( EXPORTS ( WOOL PRODUCTS TO ,RUSSIA1 9 ?\S&S ( RUBLES3 

#a#h#b#c3 
  
#a1#h#f#e 
#a#h#b#e3 
#e1#e#h 
#a#h#b#g3 
#g1#b#a#h 
#a#h#b#i3 
#h1#d#a#h 

,IF ! VALUE ( EXPORT$ PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO ?IS TABLE EXCE$S ! VALUE ( ?AT PRODUC$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 ?IS IS BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT1 ALONG ) GOODS F9I%$ 9 ,POL&1 ,G]MAN F9I%$ PRODUCTS SMUGGL$ 9TO ,POL& W]E MASSIVELY EXPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA UND] ,POLI% LABELS4 

,BUT ?IS T>IFF RELATION%IP HAD /ILL ANO!R IMPORTANT SIDE = ,CONGRESS ,POL&4 ,IT OP5$ TO H] A FREE TRADE R\TE TO ,*9A1 :]E ,POLI% CLO? WAS LIKEWISE EXPORT$ 9 L>GE QUANTITIES4 ,?IS EXPORT SPECIFICALLY AM\NT$ TO 79 ?\S&S ( RUBLES73 

#a#h#b#d3 
  
   #cca 
#a#h#b#f3 
   #ccb 
#a#h#b#h3 
#a1#b#d 
#a#h#c3 
#a1#g 

,AL?\< ,POL&'S :OLE EXPORT TRADE 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ITS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T REALLY EXT5D$ TO ONLY ONE BRAN*1 ! WOOL 9DU/RY1 YET ITS IMPORTANCE = ! C\NTRY WAS GREAT1 = IT ALSO HAD 9VIGORAT+ REP]CUSSIONS ON O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION & /RONGLY 5C\RAG$ ! IMMIGRATION ( ,G]MAN CRAFTSM54 ,A HI/ORIAN ( ! ,POLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY C5T]1 ! CITY ( ,LODZ1 CALLS ,POL&'S CLO? TRADE ( ?AT TIME ) ,RUSSIA & ,*9A 0! MA9SPR+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY40 

,YET 9 #ahca ?IS TRADE CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! ,POLI% UPRIS+1 :I* P>ALYZ$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( MANUFACTURE 9 ! C\NTRY = SOME TIME1 9 ADDITION HAD AS A LA/+ EFFECT ?AT 9 ?IS YE> ! T>IFF BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY 9CREAS$4 ,! COMPETITION ( ,POLI% CLO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A HAD BE5 A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S = A LONG TIME4 ,!IR REPEAT$ PETITIONS TO 9CREASE T>IFFS AT ! ,POLI% BORD] REMA9$ UNSUCCESSFUL1 H[EV]1 UNTIL ! UPRIS+ ( #ahca & ) IT ! /&/ILL ( ,POLI% CLO? EXPORTS TO ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS FURNI%$ ! ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S ) ! OPPORTUNITY TO QUICKLY TAKE ! DES]T$ FIELD BY EXP&+ !IR [N PRODUCTION & SO PROVE TO ! GOV]NM5T ) FIGURES H[ MU* ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RY HAD SUFF]$ FROM ,POLI% COMPETITION UNTIL !N4 ,) ! RAIS+ ( ! T>IFF &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ABOLITION ( FREE TRANSIT TO ,*9A1 ,POLI% EXPORTS SANK RAPIDLY3 

,9 #a#h#c#d1 !Y AM\NT$ TO A TOTAL ( #b1#h#h#g1 RUBLES1 ( ?AT MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS #b1#c#h#e1 RUBLES4 ,9 #a#h#e1 !Y AM\NT$ TO A TOTAL ( #a1#b#g#d1 RUBLES1 ( ?AT MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS #g#e#e1 RUBLES4 

,= ,POLI% WOOL PRODUCTION1 ?IS WAS A H>D BL[4 ,AFT] ITS VALUE HAD REA*$1 9 #ahbi - AS WE SAW - ! HEI<T ( #e1#g#e#b1 RUBLES1 IT SANK 9 #ahcb TO #a1#i#a#g1 & ROSE ONLY LITTLE BY LITTLE TO #b1#e#f#d1 RUBLES 9 #a#h#e1 ?AT IS1 TO HALF ( ! E>LI] AM\NT4 

,YET ! CLOS+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN BORD] C\LD HAVE NO GREAT SIGNIFICANCE = ! FUR!R DE/9Y ( ,POLI% MANUFACTUR+ AS A :OLE4 ,! CONDITIONS = A GR[+ DEM& = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS DID NOT !N EXI/ 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 NOR W]E ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT ADAPT$ TO MASS TRANSPORT4 ,! L>GE CLO? EXPORT TRADE CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 ! MA9 ONLY BY ! NE$S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,>MY4 ,MOREOV]1 ,POLI% MANUFACTUR+ HAD /ILL NOT EV5 HAD TIME TO PROVIDE ITSELF ) AN 9T]NAL M>KET4 ,SO AFT] ! CLOS+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS BORD]1 IT SL[LY SET \T TO GET A FOO?OLD )9 ! C\NTRY1 ) FAVORABLE GOV]NM5T MEASURES & SUPPORT$ 9 P>TICUL> BY ! ,POLI% ,BANK4 ,9 ! NEXT TWO DECADES MANY BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION DEVELOP$ WELL3 9 ! #a#h#cS TANN+ & SOAP-MAK+1 9 ! #a#h#dS SUG> PRODUCTION1 ALSO M9+ 9 ! #a#h#cS & SIMIL>LY PAP] MANUFACTUR+4 ,BUT ! C\NTRY'S SOCIAL SITUATION DREW RA!R N>R[ B\NDS = ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY4 ,TOTAL+ ONLY ! T9Y NUMB] ( #d TO #e MILLION PEOPLE1 ! POPULATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,POL& MOREOV] LIV$ 9 L>GE P>T )9 A NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,DESPITE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #a#h#g1 =C$ LABOR REMA9$ ! PR$OM9ANT MODE ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & AS A RESULT ! PROP]TY [N]S1 JU/ LIKE ! PEASANTS1 W]E CUT (F FROM COMMODITY & MONEY EX*ANGE TO A GREAT DEGREE4 ,! CITIES GREW ONLY SL[LY &1 POOR & UND]POPULAT$ AS !Y W]E1 C\LD NOT PROVIDE A /RONG DEM& = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS EI!R4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ?US REALLY A V]Y SL[ ONE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,POLI% MANUFACTURE >OSE1 AFT] A P]IOD 9 :I* IT HAD BE5 MA9LY DIRECT$ T[>D ITS [N 9T]NAL M>KET1 WE SEE ?AT IT IS /ILL RE/RICT$ TO QUITE DW>FI% DIM5SIONS4 ,! MO/ ADVANC$ ( ALL 9DU/RIES1 TEXTILES1 WAS /ILL MA9LY RUN ) MANUAL LABOR 9 ! #a#h#eS1 )\T /EAM P[]1 & !RE=E ONLY BY SKILL$ MA/] CRAFTSM5 & J\RNEYM5 & )\T A TRACE ( FEMALE LABOR4 ,ON ! :OLE ! FRAGM5TATION ( PRODUCTION PO9TS TO ITS PR$OM9ANTLY CRAFT *>ACT]1 = 9 ! YE> #aheg WE /ILL SEE #a#b1#e#d#b 0FACTORIES0 9 ,POL& ) #e#f1#c#f#d WORK]S & #b#a1#b#g#h1#e#i#b RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION3 ON ! AV]AGE1 F\R TO FIVE WORK]S & #a1#g RUBLES' WOR? ( PRODUCTION P] 0FACTORY40 

,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS SITUATION1 URBAN 9DU/RY ALSO PLAY$ ONLY A SECOND>Y ROLE 9 ,POL&'S SOCIAL LIFE UNTIL ! #a#h#eS & EV5 ! #a#h#fS4 ,L&$ PROP]TY /ILL SET ! TONE 9 ! ECONOMY AS WELL AS ! POLITICS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9DE$1 ! BROAD MASS ( MIDDLE L&[N]S1 ?OSE :O AT ! TIME REPRES5T$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 REG>D$ BUDD+ URBAN 9DU/RY & ) IT ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A =EIGN & POISON\S WE$1 AS A 0,G]MAN SW9DLE0 ?AT BORE ! GUILT = ! DESP]ATE CONDITION ( L&$ PROP]TY & ( ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/