,! FRU/RATION ( ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,RI*>D ,DAWK9S1 ,BRITA9'S LEAD+ EVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S1 HAS BE5 PRES5T+ AN EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ & 9=MATIVE S]IES ON ,D>W9ISM 70,! ,G5IUS ( ,*>LES ,D>W901 ,*ANNEL #d74 ,IT IS A ?REE P>T S]IES TO COMMEMORATE ! #a#e? ANNIV]S>Y ( DISCOV]Y ( NATURAL SELECTION 7NEXT YE> M>KS ! SAME ANNIV]S>Y ( ! PUBLICATION ( 0,ON ,ORIG9 ( ,SPECIES074 

,! FIR/ P>T WAS 9=MATIVE1 AL?\< ,DAWK9S DID SIMPLY /ATE1 9 PASS+1 H[ ,D>W9 WAS 9FLU5C$ 9 DEVELOP+ HIS IDEAS BY ECONOMICS1 NAMELY ,MAL?US'S 9FAM\S ESSAY ON POPULATION4 ,NO M5TION ( H[ ?AT ESSAY1 REFUT$ 9 PRACTICE S9CE IT WAS WRITT51 BECAME POPUL> 9 RUL+ CLASS CIRCLES TO C\NT] ATTEMPTS AT SOCIAL RE=M 7IT WAS DIRECTLY AIM$ AT ,WILLIAM ,GODW974 ,GIV5 ?AT ,DAWK9S GOES \T ( HIS WAY 9 ! SECOND P>T TO ATTACK ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ?IS OV]SI<T WAS /RANGE4 

,& IT IS ?IS SECOND P>T ( ! S]IES :I* IS SO FRU/RAT+4 ,9 IT ,DAWK9S TRIES TO PRES5T ! 0D>K0 SIDE ( NATURAL SELECTION BUT ALSO TO %[ H[ MORALITY C\LD HAVE EVOLV$4 ,YET1 HIS ACC\NT IS FULL ( /RANGE EXCLUSIONS & UND]DEVELOP$ IDEAS & CONCEPTS4 

,HE />TS BY PROCLAIM+ ?AT :ILE1 0AS A SCI5TI/ ,I'M ?RILL$ BY NATURAL SELECTION1 BUT AS A HUMAN BE+ ,I ABHOR IT AS A PR9CIPLE = ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY40 ,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE1 AS NATURAL SELECTION HAS BE5 US$ BY ! RI<T TO JU/IFY EV]Y?+ FROM LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM TO ,NAZISM4 ,DAWK9S IS AT PA9S TO SAY ?AT HE IS AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO USE ,D>W9'S IDEAS TO JU/IFY SU* IDEAS & POLICIES4 ,YET1 ! RATIONALE = ?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! V]Y ONE-SID$ MANN] ?AT NATURAL SELECTION IS PORTRAY$4 ,IF ! ANIMAL WORLD IS 0DOG EAT DOG0 & PEOPLE >E ANIMALS !N ! CONCLUSION SEEMS TO LOGICALLY FOLL[ ?AT ORGANIZ+ HUMAN SOCIETY 9 NONCOMPETITIVE WAYS IS AGA9/ 0\R0 NATURE4 ,DAWK9S TURNS TO ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 EXAM9+ :E!R !RE >E P>ALLELS TO BE DRAWN BETWE5 ECONOMIC & BIOLOGICAL SY/EMS4 ,HE1 RI<TLY1 NOTES ?AT IT IS SOME?+ ( A /RET* TO APPLY EVOLUTION>Y IDEAS TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS & BE/ NOT TO4 

,SADLY1 HE DOES NOT DISCUSS ! OBVI\S IMPACT ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC !ORY1 & ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMY ( HIS DAY1 ON ,D>W9'S IDEAS & H[ !Y W]E 9T]PRET$4 ,D>W9'S IDEAS W]E NOT PRODUC$ 9 AN IVORY T[]1 UNAFFECT$ BY ! SOCIETY & DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( HIS TIMES4 ,RUSSIAN CRITICS ( ,D>W9 MADE PRECISELY ?IS PO9T1 ACKN[L$G+ ! IMPORTANCE ( NATURAL SELECTION BUT NOT+ ?AT ,D>W9 & HIS FOLL[]S D[NPLAY$ ! IMPORTANCE ( COOP]ATION 9 NATURE DUE TO CULTURAL 9FLU5CES4 ,KROPOTK9'S 0,MUTUAL ,AID0 CAME \T ( ?IS CRITICAL ACCEPTANCE ( ,D>W9'S WORK 9 ,RUSSIAN SCI5TIFIC CIRCLES 7SEE 0,! ,SCI5TIFIC ,BACKGR\ND ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID0 BY ,DANIEL ,P4 ,TODES 9 ,! ,RAV5 7,VOL4 #f1 ,NO4 #d774 

,NOR DOES HE PO9T \T ! OBVI\S CONTRADICTION4 ,NATURAL SELECTION IS AB\T 9DIVIDUALS YET MOD]N 9DU/RY IS BAS$ ON JO9T ACTIVITY4 ,ROCKEFELL]1 ONE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S ,DAWK9S M5TION$1 DID NOT RISE TO HIS POSITION BY HIS [N EF=TS BUT AS A RESULT ( EXPLOIT+ ! WORK ( O!RS4 ,HIS POSITION IS1 SURELY1 BAS$ ON ! SELF-SACRIFICE ( O!RS TO 5RI* HIM8 ,SIMIL>LY1 UNIONS >E UNM5TION$ 9 ,DAWK9S ACC\NT - UNLIKE ,KROPOTK91 :O PO9T$ TO !M AS EXAMPLES ( COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR 9 ! HO/ILE 5VIRONM5T ( CAPITALISM4 

,BUT ?AT IS P>T ( A WID] BL9DNESS TO CLASS & ITS IMPACT ON SCI5CE4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 :5 SCI5TI/S PROCLAIM !MSELVES ABOVE CULTURAL 9FLU5CES :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 EXPLA9+ NATURE 9 T]MS ( ! ASSUMPTIONS & PRACTICE ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT CAN BE SE5 :5 ,DAWK9S SUGGE/$ ?AT 0POOR LAWS0 W]E AN EXAMPLE ( US REBELL+ AGA9/ \R SELFI% G5ES4 ,! WELF>E /ATE W\LD1 P]HAPS1 BE A BETT] EXAMPLE GIV5 H[ ! POOR LAWS W]E AN 9/RUM5T ( RUL+ CLASS REPRESSION 7! ,TUDOR ,POOR ,LAWS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E H>% T[>DS ! ABLE BODI$ POOR :O W]E NOT LOOK+ = WORK - :IPP+S & BEAT+S W]E ACCEPTABLE PUNI%M5TS74 ,! WORKH\SE DOES NOT SUGGE/ ALTRUISM4 ,?AT ,MAL?US WANT$ ! POOR LAWS ABOLI%$ DID NOT MAKE !M A PRODUCT ( ALTRUISM BUT RA!R A SIGN ?AT !IR CO/S N[ \TWEI<$ !IR B5EFITS & SO HAD BECOME A BURD5 TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,! CONCLUSION CANNOT BE AVOID$ ?AT UND]LY+ ,DAWK9S ACC\NT IS A P]SPECTIVE 9FLU5C$1 PROBABLY UNKN[+LY1 BY ! SY/EM HE LIVES 9 & SO HE SEES RU?LESS COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 70NATURE R$ 9 TOO? & CLAW07 AS BE+ ! CORE ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,YET1 AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR IS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,BY CO-OP]AT+1 9DIVIDUALS ( A SPECIES GA9 A B5EFIT & SURVIVE TO REPRODUCE &1 MOREOV]1 SU* MUTUAL AID LAYS ! F\NDATIONS = ALTRUISM4 ,?US NATURAL SELECTION DOES NOT PRECLUDE COOP]ATION1 ALTRUISM & E?ICS4 ,YET TO 0ABHOR0 IT ) REG>DS TO HUMANITY AS ,DAWK9S DOES IMPLIES ?AT SU* BEHAVIOR IS NOT A PRODUCT ( NATURAL SELECTION & IS1 SOMEH[1 UNNATURAL4 

,9 ?IS ,DAWK9S 7,D>W9'S ,ROTTWEIL]7 TO SIMIL> TO ,?OMAS ,HUXLEY 7,D>W9'S ,BULLDOG74 ,9 ! ESSAY :I* PROVOK$ ,KROPOTK9 TO WRITE ! >TICLES :I* W\LD BECOME 0,MUTUAL ,AID01 ,HUXLEY >GU$ ?AT WE C\LD1 & %\LD1 ORGANIZE SOCIETY AGA9/ ! LAWS ( NATURE4 ,:I*1 9 ITSELF RAISES AN 9T]E/+ P>ADOX - H[ CAN WE ACT 9 WAYS AGA9/ \R NATURE8 ,CAN LIONS BECOME VEGET>IAN8 ,?AT IS ! ISSUE ,KROPOTK9 ADDRESS$ & :I* HE PROV$1 BEYOND REASONABLE D\BT1 ?AT COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR IS COMMON-PLACE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD PRECISELY BECAUSE IT 5SURES SURVIVAL & SO CIVILIZATION WAS NOT AGA9/ NATURE AS ,HUXLEY ASS]T$4 

,DAWK9S DOES DISCUSS ?IS1 NOT+ ?AT SELFI% G5ES PRODUCE ALTRUI/IC 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ?IS ASPECT ( HIS IDEAS DOES NOT SEEM FULLY 9TEGRAT$ ) HIS O!R VIEWS4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM HIS REPEAT$ COMM5TS ?AT HE HAS BE5 /RUGGL+ ) ! ISSUES ( SELFI%NESS & ALTRUISM1 COMPETITION & COOP]ATION1 = SOME TIME4 ,HALFWAY ?R\< ! PROGRAM1 HE /ATES ?AT HE CONSID]$ MORALITY AS HAV+ EVOLV$ BUT AT ! 5D1 AS ) HIS BOOK 0,! ,SELFI% ,G5E01 ,DAWK9S PROCLAIMS ?AT \R BIG BRA9S 5SURE ?AT1 UNIQUE AMONG ANIMALS1 WE CAN REBEL AGA9/ \R SELFI% G5ES & ORGANIZE SOCIETY AS WE W\LD LIKE IT TO BE4 

,YET1 ULTIMATELY1 !RE IS NO P>ADOX4 ,COOP]ATION & DISPLAYS ( SYMPA?Y1 S5SITIVITY1 ALTRUISM &1 9 HUMANS1 E?ICS CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) ! IDEA ( ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/4 ,?OSE :O CO-OP]ATE1 AS ,KROPOTK9 /RESS$1 >E ! FITTE/ & SO SURVIVE4 ,?IS PRODUCES GR\P LIV+ &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! BASIS = SYMPA?Y &1 ULTIMATELY1 ALTRUISM4 ,E?ICAL BEHAVIOR IS JU/ AS MU* P>T ( \R NATURE AS COMPETITION & RU?LESSNESS - MORE SO1 AS IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT WE C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ & PROSP]$ IF ! LATT] RA!R ?AN ! =M] PR$OM9AT$4 

,?AT IS :Y ,DAWK9S PROGRAM WAS SO FRU/RAT+4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE IS AW>E ( H[ COOP]ATION IS NATURAL & A PRODUCT ( NATURAL SELECTION4 ,ON ! O!R1 HE T5DS TO PA9T A PICTURE ( NATURE AS ONE ( 9DIVIDUAL COMPETITION & IMPLIES ?AT MO/ ( HUMANITY'S ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR IS AGA9/ NATURAL SELECTION 7A PRODUCT ( \R 0MISFIR+ SELFI% G5ES0 AS HE PUT IT74 ,IF HE HAD QUE/ION$ SOME ( ! CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS HE SEEMS TO TAKE = GRANT$ !N ! PROGRAM W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPROV$ BUT1 ULTIMATELY1 ,DAWK9S IS A LEFT-W+ LIB]AL1 EV5 A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 & NOT AN AN>*I/ SO ?AT ?IS WAS NOT DONE IS H>DLY SURPRIS+4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! FRU/RATION ( ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! FRU/RATION ( ,RI*>D ,DAWK9S -- ,UPDAT$4 

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