,*APT] #d - ,EPI/EMOLOGIES ( ,RULE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#d4 ,EPI/EMOLOGIES ( ,RULE 

  

,! %IFT FROM HI]>*ICAL TO CLASS SOCIETIES OCCURR$ ON TWO LEVELS3 ! MAT]IAL & ! SUBJECTIVE4 ,A CLE>LY MAT]IAL %IFT WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 ! ,/ATE1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN TE*NICS1 & A HI<LY ORGANIZ$ M>KET ECONOMY4 ,! SUBJECTIVE %IFTS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! EM]G5CE ( A REPRESSIVE S5SIBILITY & BODY ( VALUES -- 9 V>I\S WAYS ( M5TALIZ+ ! 5TIRE REALM ( EXP]I5CE ALONG L9ES ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,SU* M5TALITIES C\LD V]Y WELL BE CALL$ EPI/EMOLOGIES ( RULE1 TO USE A BROAD PHILOSOPHICAL T]M4 ,AS MU* AS ANY MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T1 !SE EPI/EMOLOGIES ( RULE FO/]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( PATRI>*Y & AN EGOI/IC MORALITY 9 ! RUL]S ( SOCIETY2 9 ! RUL$1 !Y FO/]$ A PSY*IC APP>ATUS ROOT$ 9 GUILT & R5UNCIATION4 ,JU/ AS AGGRESSION FLEXES \R BODIES = FI<T OR FLI<T1 SO CLASS SOCIETIES ORGANIZE \R PSY*IC /RUCTURES = COMM& OR OB$I5CE4 

,A REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY1 NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) REASON AS SU*1 R5D]$ ! SOCIAL *ANGE FROM ORGANIC SOCIETY TO CLASS SOCIETY HI<LY AMBIGU\S 9 *>ACT]4 ,REASON HAS ALWAYS ID5TIFI$ HUMAN FULFILLM5T ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( SELF1 ) LOGICAL CL>ITY1 & ) SALVATION FROM HUMANITY'S COMPLETE ABSORPTION 9TO ! MI/Y WORLD ( ! MY?OPEIC4 ,EV5 MATT]S ( FAI? & RELIGION HAVE BE5 9T]PRET$ RATIONALLY -- AS HI<LY SY/EMATIC !OLOGIES RATIONALLY D]IV$ FROM A FEW FUNDAM5TAL BELIEFS4 ,BUT ?IS VA/ PROJECT ( HUMANIZATION -- FROM ORGANIC TO CLASS SOCIETY -- OCCURR$ )\T A CLE> E?ICAL BASIS = HUMAN FULFILLM5T1 ONE ?AT HAD A DEF9ITE RATIONAL CONT5T4 ,H5CE ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY WAS TO BE BURD5$ FROM ITS \TSET BY A P>ADOX3 H[ CAN REASON1 CONCEIV$ AS A TOOL OR ME?OD = A*IEV+ E?ICAL GOALS1 BE 9TEGRAT$ ) REASON CONCEIV$ AS ! 9H]5T FEATURE OR MEAN+ ( !SE E?ICAL GOALS8 

,TRAGICALLY1 IT WAS NOT LEFT TO REASON ALONE1 AS ! GREAT ?9K]S ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T SO OPTIMI/ICALLY BELIEV$1 TO RESOLVE ?IS P>ADOX4 ,CRISES HAVE RIDDL$ CLASS SOCIETY FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 ,9 ! WE/]N WORLD1 AT LEA/1 !Y HAVE PRODUC$ A LEGACY ( DOM9ATION SO =MIDABLE ?AT IT ?REAT5S TO PU% US 9TO AN ABYSS ?AT MAY 5GULF SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 ! EM]G5CE ( A MISPLAC$ ANTIRATIONALISM SO BLI/]+ & 9TROV]T$ 9 ITS HO/ILITY TO M9D ?AT IT HAS LIT]ALLY LO/ SI<T ( ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ITSELF4 ,9 SURR5D]+ M9D TO 9TUITION1 RATIONALITY TO M]E IMPULSE1 COH]5CE TO ECLECTICISM1 & :OL5ESS TO A MY/ICAL 0ON5ESS10 WE MAY V]Y WELL RE9=CE ?IS LEGACY IF ONLY BECAUSE WE REFUSE TO DISPEL IT ) ! MEANS ( RATIONAL ANALYZES4 

,9 \R REACTION TO ,5LI<T5M5T ?\<T1 WE MU/ RESCUE REASON )\T BECOM+ 0RATIONALI/IC10 )\T R$UC+ REASON TO M]E TE*NIQUE4 ,R>ELY HAS SOCIETY BE5 SO DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! WAY WE M5TALIZE RULE & ( ! HI/ORY ( DOM9ATION ?AN TODAY1 :5 ! V]Y SURVIVAL ( HUMANITY IS AT /AKE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS ONLY 9 ! USE ( REASON RA!R ?AN 9 RATIONALIZ+ AB\T REASON ?AT M9D REVEALS ITS PROMISES & PITFALLS4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] TO USE \R RATIONAL FACULTIES & REFLECT ON !M LAT] ?AN TO LOSE !M ALTOGE!R TO A D>K H]ITAGE ?AT MAY OBLIT]ATE M9D ITSELF4 

,! MAT]IAL & SUBJECTIVE LEVELS ON :I* HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO CLASS SOCIETIES >E NOT %>PLY SEP>ABLE4 ,OR TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ,VICTORIAN SOCIAL ?\<T1 WE CANNOT COM=TABLY SPEAK ( ONE LEVEL AS ! 0BASE0 = ! O!R2 BO?1 9 FACT1 >E 9EXTRICABLY 9T]TW9$4 ,! CITY1 :I* FROM ! BEG9N+S ( HI/ORY APPE>S AS ! 0EFFECT0 ( BASIC *ANGES FROM K9%IP TO T]RITORIALISM1 IS SO CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT AS ! >5A = DISSOLV+ ! BLOOD OA? ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE REG>D$ AS A 0CAUSE10 H[EV] ANCILL>Y IT SEEMS TO IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 TE*NICS & IDEOLOGY4 ,9 FACT1 URBAN LIFE FROM ITS 9CEPTION OCCUPIES SU* AN AMBIGU\S PLACE 9 ! COMMONS5SE LOGIC ( CAUSE & EFFECT ?AT WE W\LD DO WELL TO USE !SE CONCEPTS G+]LY4 

,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 ! BLOOD OA? :I*1 MORE ?AN ANY S+LE FACTOR1 HELD TOGE!R PRIMORDIAL VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TEGRITY1 C\LD ONLY BE SURM\NT$ AFT] ! CLAIMS ( BLOOD TIES C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ?OSE ( CIVIC TIES4 ,ONLY AFT] ! T]RITORIAL SY/EM BEGAN TO DISSOLVE ! K9%IP SY/EM OR1 AT LEA/1 ATT5UATE ITS NEXUS ( RESPONSIBILITIES1 C\LD HALL[$ T]MS LIKE BRO!R & SI/] CEASE TO BE COMPELL+ NATURAL REALITIES4.<#b.> ,!REAFT]1 0BRO!RHOOD0 9CREAS+LY CAME TO MEAN A COMMONALITY ( MAT]IAL & POLITICAL 9T]E/S RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( K9%IP1 & 0SI/]S0 W]E TO BECOME ! MEANS = E/ABLI%+ ALLIANCES -- = UNIT+ MALES 9TO SOCIAL FRAT]NITIES BAS$ ON MILIT>Y1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC NE$S4 

,! SOCIAL & CULTURAL IMPACT ( !SE MAT]IAL & SUBJECTIVE FACTORS1 SO CLE>LY ROOT$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY & ,/ATE1 CAN H>DLY BE OV]/AT$4 ,HUMANITY WAS TO CL+ TO ! PRIMAL BLOOD OA? ) SU* T5ACITY ?AT PRIMORDIAL SOCIAL =MS (T5 REMA9$ 9TACT EV5 AFT] !Y HAD BE5 DIVE/$ ( !IR CONT5T4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ! CLANS W]E NOT IMM$IATELY DE/ROY$2 (T5 !Y W]E RETA9$ & LIKE ! EXT5D$ FAMILY P]SI/$ AS M]E %AD[S ( ! PA/4 ,9 FACT1 !Y W]E SUBTLY REWORK$ 9 C]TA9 SOCIETIES 9TO 9/RUM5TALITIES ( ! NEWLY EM]G+ ,/ATE -- FIR/1 9 ! S]VICE ( E>LY PRIE/LY CORPORATIONS1 LAT]1 9 VE/IGIAL =M1 9 ! S]VICE ( ! MILIT>Y *IEFTA9S & K+S4 

,H]E2 WE S5SE ! IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! E>LY PRIE/HOOD ?AT HAD EM]G$ FROM A REWORK+ ( %AMANISM4 ,BY FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! SOCIAL VULN]ABILITIES ( ! %AMAN1 :OSE BODY CON/ITUT$ A M]E VESSEL = SPIRITS1 ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION HAD ACQUIR$ ! ROLE ( A COSMIC BROK]AGE FIRM BETWE5 HUMANITY & ITS 9CREAS+LY AN?ROPOMORPHIC DEITIES -- DEITIES NO LONG] TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! NATURE SPIRITS ?AT PEOPL$ ! 5VIRONM5T ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,!OLOGY BEGAN TO GA9 ASC5DANCY OV] DIV9ATION4 ,SEEM+LY RATIONAL ACC\NTS ( ! ORIG9S1 WORK+S1 & DE/9Y ( ! COSMOS -- LAD5 ) AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE -- T5D$ TO REPLACE MAGIC4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! 0GUILT0 ( ! HUMAN 0WRONG-DO]0 & ! 0DISPLEASURE0 ( ! DEITIES1 ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION C\LD ACQUIRE AN IMMUNITY TO FAILURE ?AT ! %AMAN HAD ALWAYS LACK$4 ,! TE*NICAL FAILURES ( ! %AMAN1 :I* TYPICALLY R5D]$ HIS SOCIAL /ATUS SO 9SECURE 9 PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY1 C\LD BE RE9T]PRET$ BY ! EM]G+ PRIE/HOOD AS EVID5CE ( ! MORAL FAILURE ( ! COMMUNITY ITSELF4 ,DR\<T1 DISEASES1 FLOODS1 LOCU/ 9FE/ATIONS1 & DEFEATS 9 W>F>E -- TO CITE ! ,BIBLICAL AFFLICTIONS ( ANCI5T HUMANITY -- W]E RE9T]PRET$ AS ! RETRIBUTION ( WRA?FUL DEITIES = COMMUNAL WRONG-DO+1 NOT M]ELY AS ! D>K WORK ( MALEVOL5T SPIRITS4 ,TE*NICAL FAILURE1 9 EFFECT1 WAS %IFT$ FROM ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION TO A FALL5 HUMANITY ?AT HAD TO ATONE = ITS MORAL FRAILTIES4 ,& ONLY PRIE/LY SUPPLICATIONS1 VISIBLY RE9=C$ BY G5]\S SACRIFICES 9 ! =M ( GOODS & S]VICES1 C\LD R$EEM HUMANITY1 TEMP] ! PUNITIVE ACTIONS ( ! DEITIES1 & RE/ORE ! E>LI] H>MONY ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 HUMANITY & ITS GODS4 ,9 TIME1 SACRIFICE & SUPPLICATION BECAME A CON/ANT EF=T 9 :I* NEI!R ! COMMUNITY NOR ITS PRIE/LY CORPORATION C\LD REL5T4 ,:5 ?IS EF=T WAS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! EPISODIC BECAME *RONIC1 IT CREAT$ ! E>LY !OCRACIES ?AT GO H&-9-H& ) E>LY CITIES1 :OSE FOCI W]E ALWAYS ! TEMPLE1 ITS PRIE/LY QU>T]S1 ITS /OREH\SES1 CRAFT %OPS1 & ! DWELL+S ( ITS >TISANS & BUREAUCRACIES4 ,URBAN LIFE BEGAN ) AN ALT>1 NOT SIMPLY A M>KETPLACE1 & PROBABLY ) WALLS ?AT W]E MEANT TO DEF9E SACR$ SPACE FROM ! NATURAL1 NOT SIMPLY AS DEF5SIVE PALISADES4 

,IT IS BREA?TAK+ TO REFLECT ON ! 9TRICATE V>IETY ( IDEOLOGICAL ?READS 9 ?IS NEW TAPE/RY1 ) ITS />K 9SIGNIA ( CLASS & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION4 ,BY CONV]T+ MUNDANE NATURE SPIRITS & DEMONS 9TO HUMANLIKE SUP]NATURAL DEITIES & DEVILS1 ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION HAD CUNN+LY CREAT$ A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL DISP5SATION -- 9DE$1 A NEW WAY ( M5TALIZ+ RULE4 ,! GU>DIAN DEITY ( ! COMMUNITY 9CREAS+LY BECAME A SURROGATE = ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE -- LIT]ALLY1 A P]SONIFICATION & MAT]IALIZATION ( A PRIMAL SOLID>ITY ?AT GRADUALLY ACQUIR$ ! TRAPP+S ( \TRI<T SOCIAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* WAS TO UNWITT+LY MISLEAD US :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT \R HUMANLIKE GODS & GODDESSES W]E ! PROJECTIONS ( HUMANITY ITSELF 9TO A L>G]-?AN-LIFE RELIGI\S WORLD2 ACTUALLY1 !Y W]E ! PROJECTION ( ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION 9TO AN ALL-TOO-REAL PAN!ON ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! COMMUNAL L&S & !IR PRODUCE1 ONCE AVAILABLE TO ALL BY VIRTUE ( ! PRACTICE ( USUFRUCT1 W]E N[ SE5 AS ! 5D[M5T ( A SUP]NATURAL DEITY :OSE E>?LY BROK]S VOIC$ ITS WI%ES1 NE$S1 & COMM&M5TS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !Y ACQUIR$ !OCRATIC SOV]EIGNTY OV] ! COMMUNITY1 ITS LABOR1 & ITS PRODUCE4 ,COMMUNAL PROP]TY1 TO TOY ) A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 HAD EM]G$ ) A V5GEANCE AS ! COMMUNISM ( ! GODHEAD & ITS E>?LY ADM9I/RATORS4 ,! COMMUNAL :OLE1 :I* HAD ONCE BE5 AT ! DISPOSITION ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE1 WAS N[ PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSITION ( ! DEIFI$ 0,ONE10 IF ONLY A PATRON DEITY 9 A SUP]NATURAL PAN!ON1 :O 9 ! V]Y ROLE ( P]SONIFY+ ! COMMUNITY & ITS UNITY HAD TURN$ IT 9TO AN OB$I5T CONGREGATION RUL$ BY A PRIE/LY ELITE4 ,! NATURE SPIRITS :O HAD PEOPL$ ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD W]E ABSORB$ 9TO TUTEL>Y DEITIES4 ,! ,MO!R ,GODDESS :O REPRES5T$ ! FECUNDITY ( NATURE 9 ALL ITS DIV]SITY1 ) ITS RI* V>IETY ( SUBDEITIES1 WAS TRAMPL$ D[N BY ! 0,LORD ( ,HO/S10 :OSE H>% MORAL CODES W]E =MULAT$ 9 ! AB/RACT REALM ( HIS HEAV5LY ,SUP]NATURE4 

,! CLAN1 TOO1 LIKE ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ECONOMIC CORPORATION4 ,COMMUNITY1 ONCE CONCEIV$ AS ! VITAL ACTIVITY ( COMMUNIZ+1 BECAME ! S\RCE ( PASSIVE COMMUNAL LABOR1 A M]E 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,COMMUNAL TRAITS W]E VALU$ 9S(> AS !Y L5T !MSELVES TO TE*NICAL COORD9ATION1 EXPLOITATION1 & RATIONALIZATION -- A V]Y ANCI5T COMM5T>Y ON ! EXPLOITATIVE NATURE ( A COMMUNISM /RUCTUR$ >\ND HI]>*Y4 ,H5CE CLAN SOCIETY1 F> FROM BE+ 9ITIALLY EFFAC$1 WAS US$ AGA9/ ITSELF TO PRODUCE A WEAL? ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 ,! PRIE/LY CORPORATION1 9 EFFECT1 HAD BECOME A CLAN UNTO ITSELF ?AT RAIS$ ITSELF LIKE ! ,HEBREW ,LEVITES ABOVE ALL CLANS4 ,IT HAD BECOME SOME?+ QUITE NEW3 A CLASS4 

,ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?1 N[ CONCEIV$ AS ! SUM ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL SACRIFICES TO ! DEITIES1 WAS DIVE/$ ( ! DEMONIC TRAITS ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETY HAD IMPUT$ TO TREASURE4 ,! WEAL?Y TEMPLES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! ,OLD ,WORLD & ,NEW >E TE/IMONY TO A SACRALIZATION ( ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?2 LAT]1 ( BOOTY AS ! REW>D ( VALOR2 & F9ALLY1 TRIBUTE AS ! RESULT ( POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,GIFTS1 :I* ONCE SYMBOLIZ$ ALLIANCE BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 MUTUAL SUPPORT SY/EMS1 W]E N[ TRANS=M$ 9TO TI!S & TAXES = SUP]NATURAL & POLITICAL SECURITY4 ,?IS /EADY REWORK+ ( ! COMMUNAL CLANS 9TO LABOR =CES1 ( COMMUNAL L&S 9TO PROPRIET>Y SAC]DOTAL E/ATES1 ( CONCILIATORY MY?S 9TO REPRESSIVE RELIGI\S DRAMAS1 ( K9%IP RESPONSIBILITIES 9TO CLASS 9T]E/S1 ( HI]>*ICAL COMM& 9TO CLASS EXPLOITATION -- ALL W]E TO APPE> MORE LIKE %IFTS ( EMPHASIS 9 TRADITIONAL SY/EMS ( RI<T RA!R ?AN M>K$ RUPTURES ) HALL[$ CU/OMS4 ,LEAV+ ! CATA/ROPHIC4 EFFECTS ( 9VASIONS ASIDE1 PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 S$UC$ 9TO ! NEW SOCIAL DISPOSITION ( CLASS SOCIETY )\T CLE>LY DEP>T+ FROM ! \TL9ES ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT )9 ! TEMPLE PREC9CTS ALONE ?AT !SE *ANGES OCCURR$4 ,FAIRLY REC5T DATA FROM ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,ROB]T ,MC,ADAMS'S ADMIRABLE COMP>ISONS ( ,MESOAM]ICA ) ,MESOPOTAMIA REVEAL ?AT ! CIVIL SPH]E ( ! MALE W>RIOR WAS AS DEEPLY IMPLICAT$ 9 TRANS=M+ ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO CLASS SOCIETY AS ! SAC]DOTAL SPH]E ( ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION4 ,! PRIE/HOOD HAS ! P[] ( IDEOLOGY -- BY NO MEANS 9SIGNIFICANT1 BUT A P[] ?AT RELIES ON P]SUASION & CONVICTION4 ,! W>RIOR HAS ! P[] ( CO]CION -- ONE ?AT RELIES ON ! MORE COMPELL+ EFFECTS ( PHYSICAL PR[ESS1 WEAPONRY1 & VIOL5CE4 ,:ILE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION & ! MILIT>Y SOCIETY 9T]TW9E1 AT TIMES QUITE 9TIMATELY1 !Y (T5 UNRAVEL & OPPOSE EA* O!R4 ,! W>RIOR :O CONFRONTS HIS OPPON5T T5DS TO BE MORE DEM&+ & C]TA9LY MORE ?OR\<GO+ 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS 9T]E/S ?AN ! PRIE/ :O /&S BETWE5 ! COMMUNITY & ITS DEITIES AS A SAC]DOTAL AG5T OR BROK]4 ,NEI!R ! IDEOLOGIES NOR ! 9/ITUTIONS !SE DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL FIGURES CREATE >E ID5TICAL OR EV5 CALCULAT$ TO PRODUCE ! SAME SOCIAL EFFECTS4 ,! W>RIOR SOCIETIES ?AT EM]G$ )9 ORGANIC SOCIETY W]E MORE ?OR\<GO+ 9 UPROOT+ IT ?AN ! PRIE/LY CORPORATIONS ?AT EM]G$ \TSIDE IT -- AFT] IT HAD ALREADY UND]GONE CONSID]ABLE MODIFICATION BY HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS & RELEGAT$ %AMANI/IC PRACTICES TO A FOLK MAGIC & M$IC9E4 ,! W>RIORS SUPPLANT$ !IR !OCRATIC PR$ECESSORS1 ACTUALLY LEAN+ TO ALL APPE>ANCES ON ! V]Y IDEOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT ! !OCRACIES HAD PRODUC$4 ,H5CE1 IT WAS ! W>RIOR *IEFTA9 & HIS MILIT>Y COMPANIONS FROM :OM HI/ORY RECRUIT$ ITS CLASSICAL NOBILITY & ITS MANORIAL LORDS1 :O PRODUC$ ! POLITICAL ,/ATE1 & LAT]1 ! C5TRALIZ$ MON>*Y ) PRIE/LY VE/IGES ( ITS [N4 ,?IS L>GELY MILIT>Y FRAT]NITY CUT ACROSS ! L9EAGE SY/EM ( CLAN SOCIETY ) ! P[] ( A BATTLE AX & EV5TUALLY ALL BUT DE/ROY$ ITS HOLD ON SOCIAL LIFE4 ,& AGA91 ! CLANS P]SI/$1 LIKE ! CAPULLI ( ! ,AZTECS & ! ASCRIPTIVE FAMILY UNITS ( ,SUM]IAN SOCIETY1 AL?\< !Y W]E /EADILY DIVE/$ ( SOCIAL P[]4 

,!OCRACIES >E NOT 9COMPATIBLE ) C]TA9 DEMOCRATIC FEATURES ( TRIBAL LIFE1 SU* AS POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & C\NCILS ( ELD]S4 ,9S(> AS ! PRIVILEGES ( ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION >E RESPECT$1 TRIBAL DEMOCRACY & !OCRACY MAY ACTUALLY RE9=CE EA* O!R 9/ITUTIONALLY -- ! ONE1 DEAL+ ) ! MAT]IAL CONC]NS ( ! BODY POLITIC1 ! O!R DEAL+ ) ! MAT]IAL CONC]NS ( ! TEMPLE & ! SACR$4 ,BETWE5 !M1 AN ACTIVE DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS MAY EM]GE ?AT ! FRAT]NAL MILIT>Y SOCIETIES CAN ONLY REG>D AS A HUMILIAT+ RE/RICTION ( !IR HUNG] = CIVIL P[]4 ,! E>LIE/ CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,*UR* & ,/ATE W]E 9ITIALLY1 9 FACT1 ?REE-WAY CONFLICTS ?AT 9VOLV$ ! DEMOCRATIC CLAIMS ( ! CLANS -- &1 ULTIMATELY1 !IR COMPLETE REMOVAL FROM ! CONFLICT4 

,AS ,I HAVE >GU$ = YE>S1 ! ,/ATE IS NOT M]ELY A CON/ELLATION ( BUREAUCRATIC & CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO A /ATE ( M9D1 AN 9/ILL$ M5TALITY = ORD]+ REALITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,/ATE HAS A LONG HI/ORY -- NOT ONLY 9/ITUTIONALLY BUT ALSO PSY*OLOGICALLY4 ,AP>T FROM DRAMATIC 9VASIONS 9 :I* CONQU]+ PEOPLES EI!R COMPLETELY SUBDUE OR VIRTUALLY ANNIHILATE ! CONQU]$1 ! ,/ATE EVOLVES 9 GRADATIONS1 (T5 COM+ TO RE/ DUR+ ITS OV]ALL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 SU* HI<LY 9COMPLETE OR HYBRIDIZ$ =MS ?AT ITS B\ND>IES >E ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO FIX 9 /RICTLY POLITICAL T]MS4 

,ITS CAPACITY TO RULE BY BRUTE =CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 LIMIT$4 ,! MY? ( A PURELY CO]CIVE1 OMNIPRES5T ,/ATE IS A FICTION ?AT HAS S]V$ ! /ATE MA*9]Y ALL TOO WELL BY CREAT+ A S5SE ( AWE & P[]LESSNESS 9 ! OPPRESS$ ?AT 5DS 9 SOCIAL QUIETISM4 ,)\T A HI< DEGREE ( COOP]ATION FROM EV5 ! MO/ VICTIMIZ$ CLASSES ( SOCIETY SU* AS *ATTEL SLAVES & S]FS1 ITS AU?ORITY W\LD EV5TUALLY DISSIPATE4 ,AWE & APA?Y 9 ! FACE ( ,/ATE P[] >E ! PRODUCTS ( SOCIAL CONDITION+ ?AT R5D]S ?IS V]Y P[] POSSIBLE4 ,H5CE1 NEI!R SPONTANE\S OR IMMAN5T EXPLANATIONS ( ! ,/ATE'S ORIG9S1 ECONOMIC ACC\NTS ( ITS EM]G5CE1 OR !ORIES BAS$ ON CONQUE/ 7%ORT ( CONQUE/S ?AT YIELD NE>-EXT]M9ATION7 EXPLA9 H[ SOCIETIES C\LD HAVE LEAP$ FROM A /ATELESS CONDITION TO A ,/ATE & H[ POLITICAL SOCIETY C\LD HAVE EXPLOD$ UPON ! WORLD4 

,NOR WAS !RE EV] A S+LE LEAP ?AT C\LD ACC\NT = ! IMM5SE V>IETY ( /ATES & QUASI-/ATES ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! PA/4 ,! E>LY ,SUM]IAN /ATE1 9 :I* ! GOV]N+ 5SI1 OR MILIT>Y OV]LORDS1 W]E REPEAT$LY *ECK$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES2 ! ,AZTEC /ATE1 :I* WAS FAC$ ) A TUG-(-W> BETWE5 ! CAPULLI & ! NOBILITY2 ! ,HEBREW MON>*IES1 :I* W]E REPEAT$LY UNSETTL$ BY PROPHETS :O 9VOK$ ! DEMOCRATIC CU/OMS ( ! 0,B$\9 COMPACT0 7TO USE ,]N/ ,BLO*'S T]M72 & ! ,A!NIAN /ATE1 9/ITUTIONALLY ROOT$ 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY -- ALL ( !SE1 H[EV] MU* !Y DIFF] FROM EA* O!R & CONFLICT ) ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC /ATES ( MOD]N TIMES1 CON/ITUTE V]Y 9COMPLETE DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,EV5 ! HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC ,PH>OANIC ,/ATE ( ! ,PTOLEMIES LEFT MU* ( ,EGYPTIAN VILLAGE LIFE UNT\*$1 DESPITE ITS DEM&S = TAXES & CORVEE LABOR4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ /ATES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ,ASIA W]E NOT AS 9VASIVE ( COMMUNITY LIFE AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY AS IS ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 ) ITS MASS M$IA1 HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS1 & ITS AU?ORITY TO SUP]VISE ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( P]SONAL LIFE4 ,! ,/ATE1 9 ! AU!NTICALLY F9I%$1 HI/ORICALLY COMPLETE =M WE F9D TODAY1 C\LD HAVE EM]G$ ONLY AFT] TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 CU/OMS1 & S5SIBILITIES W]E SO ?OR\<LY REWORK$ TO ACCORD ) DOM9ATION ?AT HUMANITY LO/ ALL S5SE ( CONTACT ) ! ORGANIC SOCIETY FROM :I* IT ORIG9AT$4 

,CLAN SOCIETY WAS NOT EFFAC$ 9 A S+LE OR DRAMATIC /ROKE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! ,/ATE WAS TO BE E/ABLI%$ 9 A S+LE HI/ORICAL LEAP4 ,UNTIL !Y W]E NEUTRALIZ$ AS A SOCIAL =CE1 ! CLANS /ILL RETA9$ L>GE >EAS ( L& DUR+ ! E>LY URBAN PHASE ( SOCIETY4 ,! W>RIOR SOCIETIES1 = !IR P>T1 RE9=C$ !IR MILIT>Y P[] ) ECONOMIC P[] BY CLAIM+ ! L&S ( CONQU]$ PEOPLES1 NOT ( !IR [N FOLK1 AS PRIVATE BOOTY4 ,EXTRATRIBAL CONQUE/1 9 EFFECT1 WAS TO LEAD TO ! W> *IEFTA9'S AGGR&IZEM5T ) L>GE PRIVATE E/ATES1 (T5 WORK$ BY !IR ABORIG9AL 9HABITANTS AS S]FS4 ,AS = ! W>RIOR SOCIETIES ?AT CLU/]$ >\ND ! *IEFTA9S1 ! MO/ P]MAN5T SPOILS ( BATTLE & VICTORY W]E ! L&S !Y C>V$ \T AS !IR [N DEMESNES -- E/ATES1 9 EFFECT -- :I* !Y !N ELABORAT$ 9TO AN 9T]NAL MANORIAL HI]>*Y ( VILLE9S1 T5ANTS1 S]FS1 & SLAVES4 ,JUDG+ FROM ,MESOAM]ICAN DATA1 ! MANORIAL ECONOMY EV5TUALLY BEGAN TO \TWEI< ! CAPULLI ECONOMY 9 %E] ACREAGE & PRODUCE4 ,9DE$1 ,SUM]IAN RECORDS & ,SPANI% ACC\NTS ( ,AZTEC SOCIETY TELL A WOEFUL TALE ( ! GRADUAL SALE ( ! CLAN L&S TO ! MANORS & ! R$UCTION ( ! FOOD CULTIVATORS1 FREE OR CAPTIVE1 TO A S]F-LIKE OR T5ANT /ATUS4.<#b#a.> ,BEYOND ! CITY WALLS1 9 ! MORE REMOTE >EAS ( ! SOCIETY1 VILLAGE LIFE /ILL RETA9$ MU* ( ITS VITALITY4 ,! OLD WAYS W]E TO REMA91 H[EV] FA9TLY & VE/IGIALLY1 9TO MOD]N TIMES4 ,BUT ! BLOOD OA?1 ) ITS HI<LY V>IEGAT$ CU/OMS & RITUALS1 BECAME MORE SYMBOLIC ?AN REAL4 ,CLASS SOCIETY HAD SUPPLANT$ HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 JU/ AS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY HAD SUPPLANT$ ! EGALIT>IAN FEATURES ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 

,?IS SWEEP+ %IFT FROM SOCIAL TIES BAS$ ON K9%IP1 USUFRUCT1 & COMPLEM5T>ITY TO CLASSES1 PROPRIETOR%IP1 & EXPLOITATION C\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ )\T CONCOMITANT *ANGES 9 TE*NICS4 ,)\T ! L>GE-SCALE1 ANIMAL-P[]$ PL[ AGRICULTURE1 N[ G5]ALLY MANAG$ BY MALES1 ?AT REPLAC$ WOMAN'S DIGG+ /ICK & HOE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ?AT SURPLUSES W\LD HAVE >IS5 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITY TO SUPPORT PR(ESSIONAL PRIE/S1 CRAFTSM51 SCRIBES1 C\RTS1 K+S1 >MIES1 & BUREAUCRACIES -- 9 %ORT1 ! VA/ P>APH]NALIA ( ! ,/ATE4 ,YET SEV]AL CULTURAL P>ADOXES CONFRONT US4 ,AZTEC SOCIETY1 DESPITE ITS OBVI\S CLASS /RUCTURE1 EXHIBIT$ NO TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES BEYOND ! SIMPLE/ PUEBLO COMMUNITIES4 ,AMONG ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN SOCIETIES WE F9D NO PL[S ?AT FURR[ ! E>?1 NO :EELS = TRANSPORTATION AL?\< !Y APPE> 9 ,AZTEC TOYS1 NO DOME/ICATION ( ANIMALS = AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES4 ,DESPITE !IR GREAT 5G9E]+ FEATS1 !RE WAS NO R$UCTION ( FOOD CULTIVATION FROM A CRAFT TO AN 9DU/RY4 ,CONV]SELY1 9 SOCIETIES :]E PL[S1 ANIMALS1 GRA9S1 & GREAT IRRIGATION SY/EMS =M$ ! BASES = AGRICULTURE1 PRIMORDIAL COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E /ILL RETA9$ TOGE!R ) !IR COMMUNAL DI/RIBUTIVE NORMS4 ,!SE SOCIETIES & !IR VALUES P]SI/$ EI!R )\T DEVELOP+ CLASSES OR BY COEXI/+1 (T5 IGNOM9I\SLY1 ) FEUDAL OR MON>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXPLOIT$ !M RU?LESSLY -- BUT R>ELY *ANG$ !M /RUCTURALLY & NORMATIVELY4 

,MORE COMMONLY ?AN NOT1 HUMANITY EI!R DID NOT 0ADVANCE0 9TO CLASS SOCIETY OR DID SO ONLY 9 V>Y+ DEGREES4 ,PL[ AGRICULTURE1 GRA9S1 & ! ELABORATION ( CRAFTS MAY HAVE PROVID$ ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES1 CLASSES1 & EXPLOITATION 9 MANY >EAS ( ! WORLD1 BUT !Y NEV] PROVID$ SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS4 ,:AT R5D]S ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS CAPITALI/ =M1 SO HI/ORICALLY & MORALLY UNIQUE IS ?AT IT SURPASS$ BY F> EV]Y SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ! ,NE> ,EA/]N ONES 9 :I* IT WAS ROOT$1 9 ! EXT5T TO :I* ECONOMIC CLASSES & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION -- 9DE$1 ECONOMICS AS WE KN[ IT TODAY -- COLONIZ$ ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! C5TRALITY ( ! CITY 9 A*IEV+ ?IS TRANS=MATION CAN H>DLY BE OV]EMPHASIZ$4 ,= IT WAS ! CITY ?AT PROVID$ ! T]RITORY = T]RITORIALISM1 ! CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS = CITIZ5%IP1 ! M>KETPLACE = ELABORATE =MS ( EX*ANGE1 ! EXCLUSIVITY ( QU>T]S & NEI<BORHOODS = CLASSES1 & MONUM5TAL /RUCTURES = ! ,/ATE4 ,ITS TIMB]S1 /ONES1 BRICKS1 & MORT> GAVE 5DUR+ TANGIBILITY TO SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 9/ITUTIONAL1 & EV5 MORAL *ANGES ?AT MI<T HAVE O!RWISE RETA9$ ! FUGITIVE QUALITY ( M]E EPISODES 9 HUMANITY'S CONVOLUT$ HI/ORY OR SIMPLY BE5 ABSORB$ BACK 9TO NATURE1 LIKE AN AB&ON$ FIELD RECLAIM$ BY =E/4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS 5DURANCE & GR[?1 ! CITY CRY/ALLIZ$ ! CLAIMS ( SOCIETY OV] BIOLOGY1 ( CRAFT OV] NATURE1 ( POLITICS OV] COMMUNITY4 ,LIKE ! CUTT+ $GE ( CLASS SOCIETY'S BATTLEAXE1 IT F\<T BACK ! EV]-9VASIVE CLAIMS ( K9%IP1 USUFRUCT1 & COMPLEM5T>ITY1 AFFIRM+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( 9T]E/ & DOM9ATION OV] %>+ & EQUALITY4 ,= A CONQU]+ >MY TO OBLIT]ATE A CULTURE'S CITY WAS TO ANNIHILATE ! CULTURE ITSELF2 TO RECLAIM ! CITY1 BE IT A ,J]USALEM OR A ,ROME1 WAS TO RE/ORE ! CULTURE & ! PEOPLE :O HAD CREAT$ IT4 ,ON ! V]Y URBAN ALT>S ( ! BLOOD OA?1 ! CITY DRA9$ K9%IP ( ITS CONT5T :ILE EXALT+ ITS =M1 UNTIL ! HUSK C\LD BE DISC>D$ = A M]E REPRODUCTIVE UNIT WE EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL ! 0NUCLE> FAMILY40 

,H[ EV] SWEEP+ !SE OBJECTIVE *ANGES T[>D CLASS SOCIETY MAY HAVE BE51 !Y >E NOT NE>LY AS *ALL5G+ AS ! *ANGES ?AT HAD TO BE A*IEV$ 9 ! SUBJECTIVE REALM BE=E CLASSES1 EXPLOITATION1 ACQUISITION1 & ! COMPETITIVE M5TALITY ( B\RGEOIS RIVALRY C\LD BECOME P>T ( HUMANITY'S PSY*IC EQUIPM5T4 ,WE GRAVELY MISJUDGE HUMAN NATURE IF WE SEE IT ONLY ?R\< AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE & DOM9ATION1 OR WORSE1 CLASS RELATION%IPS & EXPLOITATION4 ,H[>D ,PRESS HAS OBS]V$ ?AT 0SEP>ATION IS ! >*ETYPAL TRAG$Y40 ,BUT !RE >E DIFF]5T WAYS TO SEP>ATE4 ,AL?\< ?IS 0TRAG$Y0 MAY BE NECESS>Y TO ALL[ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DISCOV] HIS OR H] UNIQU5ESS & ID5TITY1 IT %\LD NOT HAVE TO ASSUME ! SOCIALLY EXPLOSIVE =M ( RIVALRY & COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 

,A PH5OM5OLOGY ( ! SELF HAS YET TO BE WRITT5 ?AT TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! CONCILIATORY & P>TICIPATORY ASPECTS ( SELF-=MATION4 ,! 0,I0 ?AT EM]GES FROM ! WELT] ( 0ITS10 ! MAGIC B\ND>Y ?AT ! 9FANT MU/ CROSS TO DI/+UI% ITSELF FROM ! UNDIFF]5TIAT$ EXP]I5CES ?AT FLOOD ITS S5SORIMOTOR APP>ATUS1 IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( ANTAGONISM4 ,FE> HAS TO BE LE>N$2 IT IS A SOCIAL EXP]I5CE -- AS IS HATR$4 ,! COMMONLY ACCEPT$ IDEOLOGY ?AT ! 5L>GEM5T ( EGOC5TRICITY IS ! AU!NTIC M$IUM 9 :I* SELFHOOD & 9DIVIDUALITY COME 9TO !IR [N IS A B\RGEOIS TRICK1 ! RATIONALE = B\RGEOIS EGOTISM4 ,?IS NOTION IS CONTRADICT$ BY ,PIAGET'S LIFELONG RESE>*ES 9TO ! E>LY YE>S ( *ILDHOOD4 ,AS HE OBS]VES1 

,?R\< AN APP>5TLY P>ADOXICAL ME*ANISM :OSE P>ALLEL WE HAVE DESCRIB$ APROPOS ( ! EGOC5TRISM ( ?\<T ( ! OLD] *ILD1 IT IS PRECISELY :5 ! SUBJECT IS MO/ SELF-C5T]$ ?AT HE KN[S HIMSELF ! LEA/1 & IT IS TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE DISCOV]S HIMSELF ?AT HE PLACES HIMSELF 9 ! UNIV]SE4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,PIAGET F9DS ?AT LANGUAGE1 REFLECTIVE ?\<T1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( A SPATIAL1 CAUSAL1 & TEMPORAL UNIV]SE BECOME POSSIBLE 0TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! SELF IS FRE$ ( ITSELF BY F9D+ ITSELF & SO ASSIGNS ITSELF A PLACE AS A ?+ AMONG ?+S1 AN EV5T AMONG EV5TS40 

,E>LY HUMANITY C\LD NEV] HAVE SURVIV$ )\T BE+ 79 ,PIAGET'S S5SE7 0A ?+ AMONG ?+S1 AN EV5T AMONG EV5TS40 ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM ASIDE1 CREATURES SPECIALIZ$ 9 ! P[]FUL NEUROPHYSICAL CAPACITY TO M5TALIZE & CONCEPTUALIZE1 TO PLAN & CALCULATE W\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ !MSELVES 9 A ,HOBBESIAN W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL4 ,HAD REASON1 ) ITS CAPACITY = CALCULATION1 BE5 US$ TO DIVIDE & DE/ROY RA!R ?AN UNITE & CREATE1 ! V]Y HUMAN QUALITY ( HUMANITY W\LD HAVE TURN$ UPON ITSELF & ! SPECIES IMMOLAT$ ITSELF AGES AGO1 LONG BE=E IT DEVIS$ ITS >MAM5T>IUM ( MOD]N WEAPONRY4 

,ORGANIC SOCIETY'S CONCILIATORY S5SIBILITY F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ITS \TLOOK 9 DEAL+ ) ! EXT]NAL WORLD -- NOTABLY 9 ANIMISM & MAGIC4 ,BASICALLY1 ANIMISM IS A SPIRITUAL UNIV]SE ( CONCILIATION RA!R ?AN AN AGGRESSIVE =M ( CONCEPTUALIZATION4 ,?AT ALL 5TITIES HAVE 0S\LS0 -- A SIMPLE 0ID5TITY ( SPIRIT & BE+10 TO USE ,HEGEL'S WORDS -- IS ACTUALLY LIV$ & FELT4 ,?IS \TLOOK P]VADES ! PRACTICE ( SIMPLE PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES4 ,:5 ,$W>D ,B4 ,TYLOR1 9 HIS CLASSIC DISCUSSION ( ANIMISM1 NOTES ?AT AN ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN 0WILL REASON ) A HORSE AS IF RATIONAL10 HE TELLS US ?AT ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 ?+S >E FUNCTIONAL4 ,! ,9DIAN & ! HORSE >E BO? SUBJECTS -- HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION >E TOTALLY ABS5T FROM !IR RELATION%IP4 0,! S5SE ( AN ABSOLUTE PSY*ICAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 MAN & BEA/1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 IS H>DLY TO BE F\ND AMONG L[] 7SIC7 RACES40 ,! V]Y EPI/EMOLOGY ( !SE 0L[] RACES0 IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM \R [N4 

,PRELIT]ATE EPI/EMOLOGY T5DS TO UNIFY RA!R ?AN DIVIDE3 IT P]SONIFIES ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 EV5 NATURAL =CES & P]FECTLY 9ANIMATE ?+S AS WELL AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,:AT >E (T5 M]E AB/RACTIONS 9 \R M9DS ACQUIRE LIFE & SUB/ANCE 9 ! PRELIT]ATE ANIMI/IC M9D4 ,TO ! ANIMI/1 MAN'S S\L1 = EXAMPLE1 IS HIS BREA?1 HIS H&1 HIS HE>T1 OR O!R SU* CLE>LY SUB/ANTIAL 5TITIES4 

,?IS ANIMI/IC \TLOOK 9 ITS MANY MODIFICATIONS WILL P]VADE ! M9D LONG AFT] ! PASS+ ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,\R DIFFICULTY 9 DEAL+ ) ! SEEM+LY P>ADOXICAL QUALITIES ( ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY /EMS FROM ! T5SION BETWE5 ITS ANIMI/IC \TLOOK & SECUL> REASON4 ,?ALES & ! ,IONIAN ?9K]S1 AL?\< APP>5TLY RATIONALI/IC 9 ! S5SE ?AT !IR \TLOOK WAS SECUL> & BAS$ ON LOGICAL CAUSALITY1 NEV]!LESS SAW ! WORLD AS ALIVE1 AS AN ORGANISM1 09 FACT10 AS ,COLL+WOOD OBS]VES1 0AS AN ANIMAL40 ,IT IS SOME?+ 05S\L$ 4 4 4 )9 :I* >E LESS] ORGANISMS HAV+ S\LS ( !IR [N2 SO ?AT A S+LE TREE OR A S+LE S\L1 IS ACCORD+ TO .<,?ALES.>1 BO? A LIV+ ORGANISM 9 ITSELF & ALSO A P>T ( ! GREAT LIV+ ORGANISM :I* IS ! WORLD40 ,?IS ANIMI/IC \TLOOK L+]S ON 9 ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY WELL 9TO ,>I/OTLE'S TIME2 H5CE ! DIFFICULTY WE 5C\NT] 9 NEATLY CLASSIFY+ ,HELL5IC ?\<T 9TO 0IDEALI/0 & 0MAT]IALI/0 COMP>TM5TS4 

,MAGIC1 ! TE*NIQUE ?AT ! ANIMI/ EMPLOYS TO MANIPULATE ! WORLD1 SEEMS TO VIOLATE ! CONCILIATORY EPI/EMOLOGY ( ?IS S5SIBILITY4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S T5D TO DESCRIBE MAGICAL PROC$URES AS 0PRIMITIVE MAN'S0 FICTIVE TE*NIQUES = 0CO]CION10 = MAK+ ?+S OBEY HIS WILL4 ,A CLOS] VIEW1 H[EV]1 SUGGE/S ?AT IT IS WE :O READ ?IS CO]CIVE M5TALITY 9TO ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD4 ,BY MAGICALLY IMITAT+ NATURE1 ITS =CES1 OR ! ACTIONS ( ANIMALS & PEOPLE1 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES PROJECT !IR [N NE$S 9TO EXT]NAL NATURE2 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ?AT EXT]NAL NATURE IS CONCEPTUALIZ$ AT ! V]Y \TSET AS A MUTUALI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,PRIOR TO ! MANIPULATIVE ACT IS ! C]EMONI\S SUPPLICATORY WORD1 ! APPEAL TO A RATIONAL BE+ -- TO A SUBJECT -- = COOP]ATION & UND]/&+4 ,RITES ALWAYS PREC$E ACTION & SIGNIFY ?AT !RE MU/ BE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 EQUAL P>TICIPANTS1 NOT M]E CO]CION4 ,! CONS5T ( AN ANIMAL1 SAY A BE>1 IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! HUNT 9 :I* IT WILL BE KILL$4 ,:5 ITS C>CASS IS RETURN$ TO ! CAMP1 ,9DIANS WILL PUT A PEACE PIPE 9 ITS M\? & BL[ D[N IT AS A CONCILIATORY GE/URE4 ,SIMPLE MIMESIS1 AN 9TEGRAL FEATURE ( MAGIC & RITUAL1 IMPLIES BY ITS V]Y NATURE UNITY ) ! 0OBJECT10 A RECOGNITION ( ! 0OBJECT'S0 SUBJECTIVITY4 ,LAT]1 TO BE SURE1 ! WORD WAS TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! DE$ & BECOME ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,WORD ( A PATRI>*AL DEITY4 ,MIMESIS1 9 TURN1 WAS TO BE R$UC$ TO A /RATEGY = PRODUC+ SOCIAL CON=MITY & HOMOG5EITY4 ,BUT ! RITUAL ( ! WORD 9 ! =M ( 9CANTATIONS & WORK SONGS REM9DS US ( A MORE PRIMORDIAL S5SIBILITY BAS$ ON MUTUAL RECOGNITION & %>$ RATIONALITY4 

,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETY LACK$ A S5SE ( P>TICUL>ITY 9 ! MANIFOLD ( ?IS EXP]I5TIAL UNITY4 ,TO ! ANIMI/1 BE>S W]E BE>S & NOT BISONS OR HUMAN BE+S4 ,! ANIMI/ DISCRIM9AT$ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & SPECIES AS C>EFULLY AS WE DO -- (T5 EXHIBIT+ A REM>KABLE ATT5TION TO DETAIL AS REVEAL$ 9 LATE ,PALEOLI?IC CAVE PA9T+S4 ,! REPRESSIVE AB/RACTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BE> 9TO A BE> SPIRIT1 A UNIV]SALIZ+ ( ! SPIRIT ( BE>S ?AT D5IES !IR SPECIFICITY1 IS1 ,I SUSPECT1 A LAT] DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ELABORATION ( ! ANIMI/IC SPIRIT4 ,9 R5D]+ ! 9DIVIDUAL BE> SUBJECT TO MANIPULATIVE =MS ( HUMAN PR$ATION1 G5]ALIZATION 9 ?IS =M M>KS ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D ! OBJECTIFICATION ( ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,BE=E !RE W]E BE> SPIRITS !RE W]E PROBABLY ONLY 9DIVIDUAL BE>S1 AS ,TYLOR SUGGE/S1 :5 HE TELLS US ?AT IF 0AN ,9DIAN IS ATTACK$ & TORN BY A BE>1 IT IS ?AT ! BEA/ FELL UPON HIM 9T5TIONALLY 9 ANG]1 P]HAPS TO REV5GE ! HURT DONE TO ANO!R BE>40 ,A BE> ?AT HAS WILL1 9T5TIONALITY1 & KN[S ANG] IS NOT A M]E EPIPH5OM5ON ( A BE> SPIRIT2 IT IS A BE+ 9 ITS [N RI<T & AUTONOMY4 

,BY AB/RACT+ A BE> SPIRIT FROM 9DIVIDUAL BE>S1 BY G5]ALIZ+ FROM ! P>TICUL> TO ! UNIV]SAL1 & FUR!R1 BY 9FUS+ ?IS PROCESS ( AB/RACTION ) MAGICAL CONT5T1 WE >E DEVELOP+ A NEW EPI/EMOLOGY = EXPLA9+ ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL BE> IS M]ELY AN EPIPH5OM5ON ( AN ANIMAL SPIRIT1 IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO OBJECTIFY NATURE BY4 COMPLETELY SUBSUM+ ! P>TICUL> BY ! G5]AL & D5Y+ ! UNIQU5ESS ( ! SPECIFIC & CONCRETE4 ,! EMPHASIS ( ! ANIMI/IC \TLOOK !REBY %IFTS FROM ACCOMMODATION & COMMUNICATION TO DOM9ATION & CO]CION4 

,?IS 9TELLECTUAL PROCESS PROBABLY OCCURR$ 9 GRADUAL /EPS4 ,! ,ORPHEUS LEG5D1 ONE ( ! MO/ >*AIC 9 MY?OLOGY1 IS /ILL BAS$ ON ! NOTION ( A GU>DIAN SPIRIT RA!R ?AN A MA/] ( ANIMALS4 ,ORPHEUS *>MS ! ANIMAL UNIV]SE 9TO RECONCILIATION & H>MONY4 ,HE IS A PACIFI] 9 A BRUTE WORLD ( 0CLAW & FANG40 ,FROM ! ,ORPHEUS LEG5D1 WE S5SE ! EXI/5CE ( A TIME :5 PACIFICATION & AB/RACTION W]E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES4 ,BUT EFFECT A SLI<T %IFT 9 ! EMPHASIS ( ! LEG5D & WE PASS FROM ! IMAG]Y ( A GU>DIAN ( ANIMALS 9TO ?AT ( A MA/] ( ANIMALS4 ,?IS %IFT IS PROBABLY ! WORK ( ! %AMAN :O1 AS ,IV> ,PAULSON SUGGE/S1 CONCOMITANTLY EMBODIES ! PROTECTOR ( GAME -- ! MA/] ( !IR SPIRITS -- & ! HELP] ( ! HUNT]4 ,! %AMAN MAGICALLY DELIV]S ! HUNT$ ANIMAL 9TO ! H&S ( ! HUNT]3 HE IS ! MA/] IMPLI$ 9 MA/]Y4 ,AS BO? ELD] & PR(ESSIONAL MAGICIAN1 HE E/ABLI%ES ! NEW1 QUASI-HI]>*ICAL B\ND>IES ?AT SUBV]T ! OLD ANIMI/IC \TLOOK4 

,?AT HALL[$ PROCESS CALL$ ,REASON1 ( G5]ALIZATION & CLASSIFICATION1 APPE>S V]Y E>LY 9 AN 9VOLUT$ & CONTRADICTORY =M3 ! FICTIVE MANIPULATION ( NATURE BEG9S ) ! REAL MANIPULATION ( HUMANITY4 ,AL?\< ! %AMAN'S EF=TS TO GIVE GREAT] COH]5CE TO ! WORLD WILL BECOME SOCIAL P[] ?AT CONF]S UPON HUMANITY GREAT] CONTROL OV] ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 ! %AMAN &1 MORE PRECISELY1 HIS SUCCESSOR -- ! PRIE/ -- 9ITIALLY DIVIDES ?IS WORLD TO MANIPULATE IT4 ,WOM51 AS %AMANNESSES OR PRIE/ESSES1 >E NO MORE IMMUNE TO ?IS PH5OM5ON ?AN M54 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ,WE/ON ,LA ,B>RE IS C]TA9LY CORRECT 9 SAY+ ?AT E>LY HUNT]-GA!R]S PROJECT$ ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( SECUL> P[] ONTO ! SUP]NATURAL JU/ AS O!R GR\PS DO3 0,! FIT ( MY? TO ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( A HUNT+ B& IS EXACT4 ,MY? ANTICIPAT$ NO LAT] SOCIAL DISP5SATION1 = RELIGION REFLECT$ ONLY ! !N CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL /RUCTURE40 

,MOREOV]1 AS WE CAN SUSPECT1 ! %AMANS & PRIE/S >E ALWAYS AT WORK4 ,!Y NOT ONLY G5]ALIZE & =MULATE1 BUT !Y REG5]ALIZE & RE=MULATE4 ,! E>LY COALITIONS !Y =M ) ! ELD]S & W>RIOR-*IEFS1 LAT] ! CONFLICT+ ISSUES !Y FACE ) ! EM]G5CE ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES1 PLACE NEW DEM&S UPON !IR IDEOLOGICAL +5UITY :I*1 9 TURN1 LEAD TO NEW G5]ALIZATIONS & =MULATIONS4 ,AFT] !IR DEA?1 ! MORE R5[N$ %AMANS & PRIE/S BECOME ! RAW MAT]IALS = PRODUC+ GODHEADS4 ,A COMPROMISE IS /RUCK BETWE5 ANIMISM & RELIGION1 ONE ?AT PHASES %AMANISM 9TO ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION4 ,! E>LY DEITIES REVEAL ?IS NEW MELD+ BY COMB9+ AN ANIMAL FACE ) A HUMAN BODY OR VISE V]SA1 AS 9 ! CASES ( ! ,SPH9X & ! ,M9OTAUR4 ,9EXORABLY1 ?IS PROCESS ( CONT9UAL SUB/ITUTION YIELDS A PAN!ON ( DEITIES ?AT >E 5TIRELY HUMAN1 EV5 9 !IR CAPRICI\S BEHAVIOR4 

,AS SOCIETY SL[LY DEVELOPS T[>D HI]>*Y & !N 9TO CLASS /RUCTURES1 SO TOO DO ! DEITIES4 ,9 A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ?AT IS /ILL SATURAT$ ) MATRIC5TRIC TRADITIONS1 ! =EMO/ DEITY IS ! ,MO!R ,GODDESS1 :O P]SONIFIES F]TILITY & SOIL1 ! COJO9$ DOMA9S ( SEXUALITY & HORTICULTURE4 ,9 A WELL-5TR5*$ PATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY -- ONE ?AT 9TRODUCES ! MALE1 HIS BEA/S1 & ! PL[ 9TO FOOD CULTIVATION -- ! ,MO!R ,GODDESS ACQUIRES A MALE CONSORT1 TO :OM %E GRADUALLY YIELDS H] EM95CE AS PATRI>*Y BECOMES PREVAL5T4 ,?IS PROCESS CONT9UES ONW>D ACROSS ! ?RE%OLD ( 0CIVILIZATION0 9TO URBAN SOCIETIES UNTIL ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! DEITIES LEADS TO POLITICAL !OGONIES4 ,IF ! COMMUNITY CONF]S 9 ASSEMBLIES1 SO TOO DO ! DEITIES2 IF ! IMPACT ( W> ON PRIMITIVE URBAN DEMOCRACIES LEADS TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SUPREME RUL]1 A SUPREME DEITY ALSO T5DS TO EM]GE4 ,AS LONG AS ! WORLD IS UND] ! SWAY ( %AMANI/IC &1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 PRIE/LY M$IATION1 IT T5DS TO REMA9 EMB$D$ 9 A RELIGI\S MATRIX4 ,NOR DOES IT EV] FREE ITSELF ( ! MY?OPEIC & RELIGI\S AS LONG AS HUMAN DOM9ATES HUMAN4 ,SOCIAL DIVISIONS >E OBSCUR$ BY MY? & MY?OLOGY3 EV5 ! W>RIOR-*IEFTA9 TRIES TO VALIDATE HIS SOCIAL /ATUS BY BECOM+ A PRIE/ OR A DEITY4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL =CES >E MADE TO APPE> AS NATURAL =CES1 LIKE ! DEITIES ?AT P]SONIFY OR SEEM TO MANIPULATE !M4 

,:]E NATURE IS T\*$ BY ! WORKS ( ! FOOD CULTIVATOR1 HUMANITY HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 DEVIS+ DEITIES ?AT >E P>T ( ! E>? & DOME/IC HE>?3 FOLK GODS & FOLK GODDESSES :OSE BEHAVIOR WAS (T5 DET]M9$ BY SEASONAL CYCLES OR HUMAN SUPPLICATION4 ,W>S1 CATA/ROPHES1 FAM9ES1 & GREAT MIS=TUNES OCCURR$1 TO BE SURE1 BUT !Y OCCURR$ AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( NATURAL ORD]4 ,! DEITIES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 = EXAMPLE1 MAY SEEM MORE UNRULY & H>%] ?AN ?OSE ?AT PRESID$ OV] ! DE/9Y ( ,EGYPT2 ! BEHAVIOR ( ! RIV] 9 ! =M] L& WAS LESS PR$ICTABLE & MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ?AT ( ! LATT]4 ,SIGNIFICANT AS !Y MAY BE1 H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! DEITIES 9 ! TWO GREAT ALLUVIAL CIVILIZATIONS W]E DIFF]5CES 9 DEGREE RA!R ?AN 9 K9D4 ,NATURE WAS /ILL A NURTUR+ MO!R :O PROVID$ C>E & SOLICITUDE4 ,%E BE/[$ LU% H>VE/S & SECURITY TO ! COMMUNITY :O REV]$ H] & NEV] FAIL$ TO PROVIDE H] ) A C]EMONIAL B\NTY ( ITS [N4 

,BUT CONTRA/ !SE WELL-TILL$ L&S ) ! >ID /EPPES & ! P>*$ DES]T ( ! ,B$\94 ,H]E1 9SECURITY & CONFLICT BETWE5 PATRI>*AL W>RIOR-%EPH]DS OV] WAT] RI<TS & H]DS >E A *RONIC HUMAN CONDITION1 & IT IS EASY TO SEE :Y NEW DEITIES BEG9 TO EM]GE :O ASSUME A MORE T]RIBLE VISAGE ?AN ?AT ( ! AGRICULTURI/S' NATURE SPIRITS1 GODS1 & GODDESSES4 ,H]E1 NATURE SEEMS V]Y MU* LIKE A CL5*$ FI/ ?AT CAPRICI\SLY /AMPS \T MAN & HIS H]DS4 ,NO DOME/IC HE>? EXI/S FROM :I* HE CAN W>M HIS S\L AFT] ! LABORS ( ! DAY2 ONLY ! NOMAD'S CAMP ) ITS AMBIANCE ( IMP]MAN5CE4 ,NOR >E !RE LU% FIELDS1 CRISSCROSS$ BY COOL /REAMS4 ,= ! ,B$\91 ONLY ! HEAV5S >E BLUE1 PRESID$ OV] BY A SCOR*+ SUN4 ,! WIDE HORIZON1 BROK5 BY />K M\NTA9S & PLATEAUS1 9/ILLS A S5SE ( ! 9F9ITY ( SPACE1 ( ! TRANSC5D5TAL & O!R-WORLDLY4 ,WOMAN1 ! EMBODIM5T ( FECUNDITY & A RELATIVELY B5IGN NATURE TO ! AGRICULTURI/1 HAS NO SYMBOLIC PLACE 9 ?IS />K UNIV]SE-EXCEPT P]HAPS AS A M]E VESSEL TO PRODUCE SONS1 H]DSM51 & W>RIORS4 ,%E IS NOT SO MU* EXPLOIT$ AS SIMPLY DEGRAD$4.<#b#b.> 

,!SE PA/ORAL NOMADS1 SEP>AT$ FROM AGRICULTURE BY CLIMATIC *ANGES OR BY POPULATION PRESSURES ON ! L&1 >E AN EXPELL$1 EV]-W&]+1 & RE/LESS PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E ACCURS$ BY ! V]Y *TONIC DEITIES ?AT /ILL L+] AMONG !M AS <O/S ( A LO/ ,$54 ,AS H]DSM51 !Y >E A PEOPLE :O LIVE MA9LY AMONG DOME/IC BEA/S1 EA* ( :I* IS AN ALI5ABLE QUANTUM2 ! M]E NUMB] ( ANIMALS ! PATRI>* [NS IS A MEASURE ( HIS WEAL? & PRE/IGE4 ,P[] & =TUNE CAN BE DET]M9$ ) NUM]ICAL EXACTNESS3 BY ! SIZE ( ONE'S H]DS & ! NUMB] ( ONE'S SONS4 ,FROM !SE PEOPLE -- HI/ORICALLY ! ,HEBREWS1 :O >TICULATE ! PA/ORAL S5SIBILITY P> EXCELL5CE -- A NEW EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE & A NEW DEITY WILL EM]GE1 BAS$ ON ! 9F9ITE1 ! H>% EXPRESSION ( MALE WILL1 & ! (T5 CRUEL NEGATION ( NATURE4 ,AS NOT$ BY ,H4 & ,H4 ,A4 ,FRANK=T1 

,! DOM9ANT T5ET ( ,HEBREW ?\<T IS ! ABSOLUTE TRANSC5D5CE ( ,GOD4 ,YAHWEH IS NOT 9 NATURE4 ,NEI!R E>? NOR SUN NOR HEAV5 IS DIV9E2 EV5 ! MO/ POT5T NATURAL PH5OM5A >E BUT REFLECTIONS ( ,GOD'S GREATNESS4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 POSSIBLE TO NAME ,GOD 4 4 4 4 ,HE IS HOLY4 ,?AT MEANS HE IS SUI G5]IS 4 4 4 4 ,IT HAS BE5 RI<TLY PO9T$ \T ?AT ! MONO!ISM ( ! ,HEBREWS IS A CORRELATE ( !IR 9SI/5CE ON ! UNCONDITION$ NATURE ( ,GOD4 ,ONLY A ,GOD :O TRANSC5DS EV]Y PH5OM5ON1 :O IS NOT CONDITION$ BY ANY MODE ( MANIFE/ATION -- ONLY AN UNQUALIFI$ ,GOD CAN BE ! ONE & ONLY GR\ND ( ALL EXI/5CE4 

,BEH9D SU* COSMOGONIES LIES ! DIALECTIC ( A CONTRADICTORY RATIONALITY1 AT ONCE LIB]AT+ & REPRESSIVE -- AS REASON EMB$D$ 9 MY?4 ,D\BTLESSLY1 REAL 9TELLECTUAL P[]S >E BE+ EX]CIS$2 !Y >E ACTUALIZ+ !MSELVES ) MY?OPEIC MAT]IALS4 ,! GRADUATION ( ANIMI/IC ?\<T FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! SPECIES1 FROM BE>S TO ! 0BE> SPIRITS10 IS AN OBVI\S PRELIM9>Y TO A CONCEPTION ( NATURAL =CES AS HUMANLY DIV9E4 ,! DEITIES >E SUBTLE EVID5CE ( HUMANITY'S PRES5CE 9 NATURE AS A NATURAL =CE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 

,IT IS TEMPT+1 H]E1 TO SEE ! /EPPE L&S & P>TICUL>LY ! DES]T AS DOM9E]+ 5VIRONM5TS ?AT BR\<T HUMANITY 9TO SUBJUGATION TO NATURE & TO VIEW ! ,B$\9 AS 9VOLV$ 9 A BITT] 0/RUGGLE0 ) NATURE4 ,YET SU* AN IMAGE W\LD BE V]Y SIMPLI/IC4 ,TO ! ,B$\JN1 ! />KNESS ( ! NOMAD'S >ID WORLD WAS (T5 SE5 AS A S\RCE ( PURIFICATION1 9DE$ ( MORAL & P]SONAL FRE$OM4 ,TO ! GREAT ,HEBREW PROPHETS1 MO/ NOTABLY FIGURES LIKE ,AMOS1 ! DES]T WAS ABOVE ALL ! L& TO :I* ONE RETURN$ TO F9D ! /R5G? ( *>ACT] & MORAL PROBITY TO FI<T 9JU/ICE4 ,H5CE ! NOBILITY ?AT WAS IMPUT$ TO ! H]DSMAN1 :O1 W&]+ ) HIS FLOCKS & LEFT TO HIS [N ?\<TS1 CAME CLOS] TO ! DEITY ?AN ! FOOD CULTIVATOR4 ,HIS CONTACT ) ! DES]T IMBU$ HIM ) A S5SE ( RI<TE\SNESS4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,SEMITIC CONTRIBUTION TO \R WE/]N S5SIBILITY LIES NOT SIMPLY 9 ! PATRI>*AL $GE IT GAVE TO ! ALREADY EXI/+ HI]>*IES ( AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES -- A CONTRIBUTION ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ H]E = HEURI/IC PURPOSES4 ,IT ALSO LIES 9 ! MORAL PROBITY & TRANSC5D5TAL M5TALITY ?AT G5]ALIZ$ ! CONCRETE IMAGE ( NATURE SO PREVAL5T AMONG PEASANT PEOPLES 9TO A ,SUP]NATURE ?AT WAS AS /RIK+LY 9TELLECTUAL AS IT WAS WILLFUL 9 ITS AB/RACTNESS4 

,H5CE ) ! ,HEBREWS1 RELIGION EXHIBITS A GR[+ T5D5CY TO AB/RACT1 TO CLASSIFY1 & TO SY/EMIZE4 ,= ALL ITS OBVI\S CONTRADICTIONS1 ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE IS A REM>KABLY COH]5T ACC\NT ( HUMANITY'S EVOLUTION 9TO SOCIETY4 ,EV5 9 ! ,HEBREWS' DEVALUATION ( NATURAL PH5OM5A WE HAVE A BREAK ) MY?OPEIC ?\<T AS SU*1 A RUPTURE ) PH5OM5A AS FANTASY1 A WILL+NESS TO DEAL ) LIFE ON REALI/IC & HI/ORICAL T]MS4 ,SOCIAL HI/ORY1 AS ! WILL ( ,GOD1 REPLACES NATURAL HI/ORY AS ! COSMOGONY ( SPIRITS1 DEMONS1 & DIV9E BE+S4 ,! ,HEBREWS1 AS ! ,FRANK=TS EMPHASIZ$1 PROP\ND$ NOT A SPECULATIVE !ORY1 BUT REVOLUTION>Y & DYNAMIC TEA*+4 ,! DOCTR9E ( A S+LE1 UNCONDITIONAL1 TRANSC5D5T ,GOD REJECT$ TIME-HONOR$ VALUES1 PROCLAIM$ NEW ONES1 & PO/ULAT$ A METAPHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE = HI/ORY & = MAN'S ACTIONS4 

,! DE/9Y ( MAN MOVES TO ! C5T] ( ! 9TELLECTUAL /AGE3 IT IS HIS FATE & ?AT ( HIS SPECIES1 ALBEIT 9 ! =M ( ! 0*OS5 PEOPLE10 ?AT =MS A C5TRAL !ME 9 ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE4 

,BUT AN ANTI!TICAL RATIONALITY P]MEATES ?IS 0REVOLUTION>Y & DYNAMIC TEA*+40 ,) ! ,HEBREWS1 ! EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE COMES 9TO ITS [N AS A TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPTION ( ORD]4 ,DOM9ATION BECOMES SUI G5]IS3 IT DIVIDES ! 9DIVISIBLE BY FIAT4 ,M]ELY TO RELEGATE ! ,HEBREW ,YAHWEH TO A MONO!I/IC PREEMPTION ( A MULTIF>I\S NATURE OR EV5 ! HUMAN DEITIES :O PEOPL$ ! PAGAN WORLD IS A SIMPLIFICATION4 ,9DE$1 SU* EF=TS HAD BE5 9 ! AIR = C5TURIES BE=E ,JUDAISM HAD ACQUIR$ EM95CE BY TURN+1 9 ITS ,*RI/IAN =M1 9TO A WORLD RELIGION4 ,NOR W]E ! ,HEBREWS ! ONLY PEOPLE TO REG>D !MSELVES AS *OS52 ?IS IS A TRIBAL >*AISM ?AT MO/ PRELIT]ATE & LAT] LIT]ATE PEOPLE SYMBOLIZE 9 !IR E?NIC NOM5CLATURE :5 !Y DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0,! ,PEOPLE0 & O!RS AS 0/RANG]S0 OR 0B>B>IANS40 

,:AT R5D]S ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE UNIQUE IS ?AT IT IS SELF-D]IVATIVE3 ,GOD'S WILL1 AS IT W]E1 IS ,GOD4 ,NO COSMOGONY1 MORALITY1 OR RATIONALITY IS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 IT1 & MAN'S DUTY IS TO OBEY UNQUE/ION+LY4 ,:5 ,MOSES FIR/ 5C\NT]S ,YAHWEH & ASKS = HIS NAME1 ! REPLY IS A DAMN+ 9TONATION3 0,I AM ?AT ,I AM40 ,& FUR!R3 0,I ,AM HA? S5T ME UNTO Y\40 ,:AT ,MOSES CONFRONTS IS NOT M]ELY AN ONLY ,GOD OR A JEAL\S ONE2 HE CONFRONTS A NAMELESS ,GOD :OSE TRANSC5D5CE CLOSES ,HIM TO ALL BE+ BEYOND ,HIS [N EXI/5CE & WILL4 ,! CONCRETE N[ COMPLETELY BECOMES ! M]E PRODUCT ( ! UNIV]SAL2 ! PR9CIPLE1 BY :I* ANIMISM & E>LY COSMOGONIES >E TO EVOLVE FROM ! P>TICUL> TO ! G5]AL1 HAS BE5 TOTALLY REV]S$4 ,! ORD] ( ?+S EM]GES NOT FROM NATURE TO ,SUP]NATURE1 BUT FROM ,SUP]NATURE TO NATURE4 

,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! BIBLICAL NOTION ( CREATION 0IS NOT A SPECULATIVE COSMOGONY10 ,RUDOLPH ,BULTMANN OBS]VES1 0BUT A CONFESSION ( FAI? 9 ,GOD AS ,LORD4 ,! WORLD BELONGS TO HIM & HE UPHOLDS IT BY HIS P[]40 ,?IS WORLD IS N[ P]VAD$ BY HI]>*Y1 BY RUL] & RUL$1 OV] :OM PRESIDES ?AT NAMELESS AB/RACTION1 ! ,LORD4 ,MAN1 VIEW$ FROM ! ,LORD'S EYES1 IS AN UTT]LY ABJECT CREATURE1 YET1 VIEW$ FROM \RS1 A HI]>* 9 HIS [N RI<T4 ,= ! ,LORD ORDA9S ?AT ,NOAH WILL BE 0FE>$0 BY 0EV]Y BEA/ ( ! E>?10 BY 0EV]Y F[L 9 ! AIR10 & BY 0ALL ?AT MOVE? UPON ! E>? & 4 4 4 ALL ! FI%ES ( ! SEA40 ,! COMMUNICATION ?AT ! ANIMI/ MAGICALLY A*IEVES ) ! HUNT$ ANIMAL1 FIR/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAT$ BE+ & LAT] AS AN EPIPH5OM5ON ( A SPECIES-SPIRIT1 IS NOT TRANS=M$ 9TO 0FE>40 ,?AT ANIMALS CAN FEEL 0FE>0 /ILL ACKN[L$GES !IR SUBJECTIVITY -- A FEEL+1 IRONICALLY1 !Y %>E ) PEOPLE :O >E 9SPIR$ BY ! 0FE> ( ,GOD0 -- BUT IT IS A SUBJECTIVITY ?AT IS PLAC$ UND] HUMAN DOM9ATION4 

,EQUALLY AS SIGNIFICANT1 PEOPLE TOO >E CAU<T 9 A NEXUS ( HUMAN DOM9ATION4 ,BIBLICAL P[] IS ! MANA ?AT ALL MA/]S CAN USE AGA9/ !IR SLAVES3 RUL] AGA9/ RUL$1 MAN AGA9/ WOMAN1 ! ELD]S AGA9/ ! Y\NG4 ,H5CE WE NE$ HAVE NO DIFFICULTY 9 UND]/&+ :Y ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE BECOMES A UNIV]SALIZ$ DOCUM5T3 ! SUPREME CODE ( ! ,/ATE1 S*OOL1 WORK%OP1 BODY POLITIC1 & FAMILY4 ,IT IS MANA ?AT HAS ACQUIR$ METAPHYSICAL TRAPP+S :I* MAKE IT VIRTUALLY 9VULN]ABLE TO ! 9CR$ULITY AN 9CREAS+LY SECUL>IZ$ WORLD BR+S TO ! MANA ( ! W>RIOR *IEFTA91 DIV9E K+1 & DOME/IC PATRI>*4 0,HEBREW ?\<T DID NOT 5TIRELY OV]COME MY?OPEIC ?\<T10 OBS]VE ! ,FRANK=TS4 0,IT CREAT$1 9 FACT1 A NEW MY? -- ! MY? ( ! ,WILL ( ,GOD40 ,YET MORE ?AN MY? IS 9VOLV$ 9 ,YAHWEH'S 9JUNCTIONS4 ,BEH9D ! /ORIES1 EPISODES1 & HI/ORY ?AT ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE CONTA9S IS A NASC5T PHILOSOPHICAL APRIORISM ?AT L9KS HUMAN SOV]EIGNTY ) AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,! P]PETUATION ( HI]>*Y1 9 EFFECT1 APPE>S AS A MATT] ( HUMAN SURVIVAL 9 ! FACE ( 9EXORABLE =CES4 

,YAHWEH'S WILL COMPLETES ! GR[+ SEP>ATION BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT4 ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,HIS WILL DIVID$ ! TWO NOT SIMPLY AS P>TICUL>S ?AT MAKE = A RI*] :OL5ESS1 BUT ANTAGONI/ICALLY3 ! OBJECT IS SUBJUGAT$ TO ! SUBJECT4 ,!Y >E DIVID$ AS OPPOSITES ?AT 9VOLVE A D5IAL ( ! CONCRETE1 ( FACTICITY1 & ( ! BODY BY ! AB/RACT1 ! UNIV]SAL1 & ! M9D4 ,SPIRIT CAN N[ BE OPPOS$ TO REALITY1 9TELLECT TO FEEL+1 SOCIETY TO NATURE1 MAN TO WOMAN1 & P]SON TO P]SON1 BECAUSE ! ORD] ( ?+S AS EXPRESS$ BY ,YAHWEH'S 0,I ,AM0 HAS SO ORDA9$ IT4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO 9VOKE CU/OM1 LAW1 OR !ORY TO EXPLA9 ?IS ORD]2 ! TRANSC5D5TAL ,WILL ( ,GOD -- A GOD :O IS SUI G5]IS -- HAS ORD]$ ?IS DISP5SATION4 ,IT IS NOT = MAN TO QUE/ION ,HIS OMNIPOT5CE4 

,?IS RELIGI\S SEP>ATION ( ! WORLD'S ORD] 9 T]MS ( SOV]EIGNTY RA!R ?AN COMPLEM5T>ITY WAS TO S]VE ITS ACOLYTES WELL4 ,= ! EM]G+ RUL+ CLASSES & ! ,/ATE1 IT PROVID$ AN IDEOLOGY ( UNREASON$ OB$I5CE1 ( RULE BY FIAT & ! P[]S ( SUP]NATURAL RETRIBUTION4 ,& IT HAD A*IEV$ ?IS SWEEP+ TRANS=MATION NOT BY 9VOK+ NATURE & H] DEITIES -- ! 0BE> SPIRIT10 ! P>T-HUMAN & P>T-ANIMAL DEITIES TYPIFI$ BY ,EGYPTIAN RELIGIO-ANIMISM1 OR BY ! IRASCIBLE AN?ROPOMORPHIC DEITIES ( ,SUM] & ,GREECE -- BUT BY 9VOK+ A COMPLETELY DISEMBODI$1 AB/RACT1 & NAMELESS ,SUP]NATURE ?AT ALL[$ = ! CODIFICATION ( PURE BELIEF )\T ! CON/RA9TS ( EMPIRICAL REALITY4 ,! DES]T L&SCAPE ( ! ,B$\9 M]ELY %>P5$ ?IS IDEOLOGY BUT DID NOT =M IT1 = ! 0,B$\9 COMPACT0 T5DS TO BELIE ITS POLITICAL CLAIMS ( UNRE/RICT$ SOV]EIGNTY4 ,9DE$1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT AN IDEOLOGY SO DEM&+ ( SUBS]VI5CE & OB$I5CE BY PATRI>*S AS WELL AS !IR WIVES1 *ILDR51 & RETA9]S C\LD HAVE COME FROM SIMPLE ,B$\9S :O W]E SOON TO SETTLE D[N TO AN AGRICULTURAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY WAS PAT5TLY FA%ION$ BY PRIE/S & MILIT>Y COMM&]S1 BY /]N LAWGIV]S & ,SP>TAN-LIKE SOLDI]S SO CLE>LY EMBODI$ 9 ! FIGURE ( A ,MOSES4 ,?AT ! ,LORD DEM&S FROM ,MOSES A T5T ( GOAT'S HAIR = HIS E>?LY DWELL+ SUGGE/S ?AT ! IDEOLOGY1 9 ITS E>LY P>TS 9 ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE1 WAS =MULAT$ :5 ! CONF$]AT$ ,HEBREW TRIBES W]E PU%+ !IR WAY 9TO ,CANAAN4 ,LAT] IT WAS ELABORAT$1 AFT] !IR CONQUE/ ( ! L&1 9TO A RI*LY HUMANI/IC & HI<LY IDEALI/IC E?ICAL DOCUM5T4.<#b#c.> 

,) ! ,GREEKS1 ! EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE IS TRANS=M$ FROM A MORAL PR9CIPLE1 BAS$ ON FAI?1 9TO AN E?ICAL PR9CIPLE1 BAS$ ON REASON4 ,AL?\< MY?OPEIC ?\<T IS NEV] ABS5T FROM ! ,HELL5IC CULTURAL LEGACY1 IT EI!R TAKES ON A HI<LY 9TELLECTUALIZ$ =M OR IS PREEMPT$ BY M9D1 OR N\S4 ,! ,GREEK REALM ( REASON IS NOT FOCUS$ ON ,SUP]NATURE2 ITS AU!NTIC LOCUS IS ! POLIS1 OR ! SO-CALL$ CITY-/ATE4 

,LIKE ! ,SEMITIC PATRI>*AL CLAN1 ! POLIS1 TOO1 IS P>TLY %AP$ BY A COMPELL+ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T3 M\NTA9S ?AT WR9KLE ! ,GREEK PROMONTORY & FO/] A HI< DEGREE ( COMMUNAL AUTONOMY & P]SONAL VIRTUOSITY 9 NE>LY ALL TASKS FROM AGRICULTURE TO METALLURGY & W>4 ,! WORD AMATEUR IS ,LAT9 9 ORIG91 BUT IT ACCURATELY REFLECTS ! ,HELL5IC PR$ISPOSITION TO A MODE/ DEGREE ( COMPET5CE 9 ALL FIELDS1 = BALANCE & SELF-SUFFICI5CY 7AUT>KEIA71 ?AT HAS SO *>ACT]I/ICALLY M>K$ M\NTA9-DWELL+ COMMUNITIES 9 ! PA/ & PLAC$ ! IMPR9T ( SELF-RELIANCE1 *>ACT]1 H>D9ESS1 & A FRE$OM-LOV+ SPIRIT ON !IR 9HABITANTS4 ,= SU* PEOPLES1 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT T5D$ TO BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AL?\< !IR ISOLATION C\LD ALSO YIELD A N>R[ P>O*IALISM ?AT MILITAT$ AGA9/ ANY REAL BREAD? ( VISION4 

,HELL5IC 9TELLECTUALISM WAS C5T]$ PRIM>ILY 9 ! COA/AL & ISL& POLEIS ( ANTIQUITY1 :]E A R>E BALANCE WAS /RUCK BETWE5 ! FREE-RANG+ SPIRIT ( !IR M\NTA9 ORIG9S & ! COSMOPOLITAN SPIRIT ( !IR M>ITIME CONTACTS4 ,)9 !SE POLEIS1 SPECIFICALLY ! ,A!NIAN1 A NEW DUALISM EM]G$3 ,HOME1 OR OIKOS1 & ! AGORA 7A M>KETPLACE :I*1 9 TIME1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A HI<LY V>IEGAT$ CIVIC C5T]7 W]E C\NT]POS$ TO EA* O!R4 ,! AGORA1 MORE BROADLY1 ! POLIS ITSELF 0WAS ! SPH]E ( FRE$OM10 AS ,HANNAH ,>5DT HAS NOT$1 E*O+ ! MOTIF ( ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT HOME & POLIS W]E RELAT$ TO EA* O!R1 IT WAS A MATT] ( CO>SE ?AT ! MA/]+ ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE 9 ! H\SEHOLD WAS ! CONDITION = FRE$OM ( ! POLIS 4 4 4 4 ,:AT ALL ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S1 NO MATT] H[ OPPOS$ TO POLIS LIFE1 TOOK = GRANT$ IS ?AT FRE$OM IS EXCLUSIVELY LOCAT$ 9 ! POLITICAL REALM1 ?AT NECESSITY IS PRIM>ILY A PREPOLITICAL PH5OM5ON1 *>ACT]I/IC ( ! PRIVATE H\SEHOLD ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT =CE & VIOL5CE >E JU/IFI$ 9 ?IS SPH]E BECAUSE !Y >E ! ONLY MEANS TO MA/] NECESSITY -- = 9/ANCE1 BY RUL+ OV] SLAVES -- & TO BECOME FREE4 ,BECAUSE ALL HUMAN BE+S >E SUBJECT TO NECESSITY1 !Y >E 5TITL$ TO VIOL5CE T[>D O!RS2 VIOL5CE IS ! PREPOLITICAL ACT ( LIB]AT+ ONESELF FROM ! NECESSITY ( LIFE = ! FRE$OM ( ! WORLD4 

,?IS EPI/EMOLOGICAL DUALISM BETWE5 NECESSITY & FRE$OM1 A DUALISM UTT]LY ALI5 TO ,HEBREW MONI/IC ?\<T1 RE/$ ON SU* SWEEP+ ASSUMPTIONS AB\T NATURE1 WORK1 9DIVIDUALITY1 REASON1 WOMAN1 FRE$OM1 & TE*NICS ?AT IT W\LD REQUIRE A SEP>ATE WORK TO DEAL ) !M ADEQUATELY4 ,H]E1 ,I (F] A CURSORY EXAM9ATION ( SOME ( !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 ) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO ! WE/]N LEGACY ( DOM9ATION1 & LEAVE !IR IMPLICATIONS TO A LAT] /UDY4 

,TO BEG9 )1 ,GREEK RATIONALITY DID NOT QUITE FO/] A REJECTION ( NATURE4 ,A NATURE TAM$ BY MAN1 NOTABLY ! ORD]LY FIELDS ( ! AGRICULTURI/ & ! SACR$ GROVES ( ! DEITIES1 WAS A PLEAS+ DESID]ATUM4 ,!Y W]E REFRE%+ TO ! EYE & TO ! SPIRIT4 ,NATURE1 9 ?IS =M1 WAS 9FUS$ ) REASON & SCULPT$ BY HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,:AT ! ,GREEKS ?OR\<LY FE>$ & RESI/$ WAS WILD1 UNTAM$ NATURE 7AS ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS WAS TO EMPHASIZE7 -- A B>B>IAN NATURE1 AS IT W]E4 ,WILD NATURE WAS NOT M]ELY PREPOLITICAL2 IT WAS BEYOND ! REALM ( ORD]4 ,NEI!R REASON NOR NECESSITY C\LD F9D A HOME 9 ! TANGLE ( ! UNBRIDL$ =E/ & ITS P]ILS4 ,! ,GREEK NOTION ( MAN'S DOM9ATION ( NATURE -- A NOTION ?AT WAS NO LESS REAL ?AN ! MOD]N -- C\LD NOT F9D FIXITY & MEAN+FULNESS !RE4 ,9 ! ,GREEK M9D1 ! POLIS1 :I* 9CLUD$ ITS WELL-TILL$ 5VIRONS1 WAG$ A CON/ANT BATTLE AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5T ( ! UNRULY NATURAL WORLD & ITS B>B>IAN D5IZ5S4 ,)9 ITS CONF9ES1 ! POLIS CREAT$ A SPACE NOT ONLY = DISC\RSE1 RATIONALITY1 & ! 0GOOD LIFE10 BUT EV5 = ! OIKOS1 :I* AT LEA/ HAD ITS [N REALM ( ORD]1 H[EV] PREPOLITICAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,UND]P9N+ ! SUPREMACY ( ! POLIS OV] ! OIKOS WAS A MORE UNIV]SAL DUALISM1 ! SUPREMACY ( ORD] OR KOSMOS OV] MEAN+LESS DISSOLUTION OR *AOS4 ,ALL ( ,GREEK NATURE PHILOSOPHY TOOK !SE 9TELLECTUAL COORD9ATES -- P>TICUL>LY AS !Y REF]R$ TO ! COH]5CE ( ! POLIS AGA9/ ! =CES = 9COH]5CE -- AS !IR BASIC REF]5CE PO9TS4 ,! LOVE ( WILD NATURE WAS TO COME LAT]1 ) ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,GREEK RATIONALISM DID NOT D5IGRATE WORK & MAT]IALITY4 ,9DE$1 ! ,A!NIAN YEOMAN1 ! HOPLITE :O AS F>M]-CITIZ5 =M$ ! MILIT>Y BACKBONE ( ! CLASSICAL DEMOCRACY1 WORK$ H&-9-H& ) HIS HIR$ HELP & SU* SLAVES AS HE C\LD AF=D TO [N4 ,(T51 ?IS SMALL LABOR =CE %>$ ! SAME F>E & MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,! ,GREEK LOVE ( ! HUMAN BODY1 ( A?LETICISM1 & RESPECT = PHYSICAL =M IS PROV]BIAL4 ,:AT ,GREEK RATIONALISM ?OR\<LY D5IGRAT$ -- & WE SPEAK ( ITS ELITES -- WAS ! TOIL ASSOCIAT$ ) TRADE & ! PURSUIT ( GA94 ,= 9 ! M>KETPLACE LAY ! =CES ?AT ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! ,HELL5IC IDEAL ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 BALANCE1 & LIMIT -- ?AT IS1 ( ! KOSMOS ?AT C\LD BE UND]M9$ SO EASILY BY *AOS :5 ! VIGILANCE ( REASON WAS RELAX$4 

,9 A WIDELY QUOT$ PASSAGE1 ,>I/OTLE >TICULAT$ ?IS FE> ) A CL>ITY ?AT IS *>ACT]I/ICALLY ,HELL5IC4 ,!RE >E SOME PEOPLE :O BELIEVE ?AT GETT+ WEAL? IS ! OBJECT ( H\SEHOLD MANAGEM5T & ! :OLE IDEA ( !IR LIVES IS ?AT !Y \<T EI!R TO 9CREASE !IR MONEY )\T LIMIT1 AT ANY RATE NOT TO LOSE IT4 ,! ORIG9 ( ?IS DISPOSITION 9 M5 IS ?AT !Y >E 9T5T UPON LIV+ ONLY1 & NOT UPON LIV+ WELL2 &1 AS !IR DESIRES >E UNLIMIT$1 !Y ALSO DESIRE ?AT ! MEANS ( GRATIFY+ !M %\LD BE )\T LIMIT4 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 ! ?REAT ( ! UNLIMIT$ LIES NOT ONLY 9 IMBALANCE & DEP5D5CE2 IT ALSO LIES 9 ! SUBV]SION ( =M -- )\T :I* ID5TITY ITSELF DISSOLVES & ! MEAN+FUL IS SUPPLANT$ BY ! MEAN+LESS4 

,H5CE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! EQUIPOISE PROVID$ BY BALANCE1 ! ,GREEKS S\<T AN ORD]LY >RANGEM5T ( ! DUALITIES !Y HAD 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION3 ! DUALITY BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 WORK & FREE TIME1 S5SU\SNESS & 9TELLECT1 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY4 ,! DUALITIES EXI/$ & ACQUIR$ MEAN+ ONLY BECAUSE !Y EXI/$ CONTRAPUNTALLY1 EA* 9 OPPOSITION TO & 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! O!R4 ,! G5IUS ( REASON WAS TO RECOGNIZE & ADJU/ ! T5SION BETWE5 !M BY GIV+ BO? EPI/EMOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PRIORITY TO ! SECOND T]M 9 ! DUALITY OV] ! FIR/4 ,EV5 ! POLIS1 CONCEIV$ AS ! REALM ( FRE$OM1 WAS CONT9UALLY BELEAGU]$ BY ! PROBLEM ( :E!R ! COMMUNITY W\LD BE CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ AN ID5TITY BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 0,9 ,A!NIAN IDEOLOGY ! /ATE WAS BO? SUP]IOR & ANTEC$5T TO ITS CITIZ5S10 OBS]VES ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 AT LEA/ = A BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME3 

,?IS PR$OM9ANCE ( ! POLIS FACILITAT$ RA!R ?AN H9D]$ ! RISE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 IT EFFECT$ A BALANCE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ITS MEMB]S1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL0 FRE$OM & COMMUNAL WELF>E1 AS NO:]E MORE ELOQU5TLY DEPICT$ ?AN 9 ! ,FUN]AL ,ORATION ( ,P]ICLES4 

,BUT 9 ! ,HELL5IC M9D1 ORD] ALWAYS HAD TO RESI/ DISORD] -- KOSMOS TO RESI/ *AOS4 ,?IS IMAG]Y IS ESS5TIAL 9 A*IEV+ ANY UND]/&+ ( H[ ! ,GREEKS -- & EV]Y ,EUROPEAN RUL+ CLASS ?AT WAS TO FOLL[ ! DECL9E ( ! POLIS -- W]E TO ?9K AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,ITS ACCOLADES TO BALANCE & EQUIPOISE NOT)/&+1 ! PR$OM9ANT NOTE 9 ,HELL5IC ?\<T WAS ALWAYS A HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( REALITY4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS /AT$ 9 RATIONAL & SECUL> T]MS1 BUT WE CANNOT =GET ?AT *AOS HAD A V]Y MUNDANE & E>?Y SUB/ANTIALITY 9 ! =M ( A L>GE POPULATION ( SLAVES1 =EIGN]S1 WOM5 & POT5TIALLY UNRULY FRE$M5 :O W]E PLAC$ 9 AN 9F]IOR /ATUS )9 ! POLIS OR HAD NO /ATUS AT ALL4 

,! PR9CIPAL >*ITECTS ( ,GREECE'S HI]>*ICAL EPI/EMOLOGY -- ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE -- HAD A LONG PHILOSOPHICAL P$IGREE ROOT$ 9 PRE-,SOCRATIC NATURE PHILOSOPHY4 ,H[ TO ACC\NT = DOM9ATION ( LIT]ALLY HALF ( ! POLIS1 ITS WOM51 & A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( SLAVES8 ,H[ TO D5Y CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS TO ! ALI5 RESID5TS & FRE$M5 :O LIT]ALLY 9FE/$ ! POLIS & PROVID$ = ITS MO/ ESS5TIAL DAY-TO-DAY S]VICES8 ,!SE QUE/IONS HAD TO BE RESOLV$ ON RATIONAL T]MS1 )\T REC\RSE TO MY?S ?AT OP5$ ! DOOR TO *AOS & ITS D>K PA/4 

,= BO? ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 A RATIONAL ANSW] REQUIR$ 9TELLECTUAL OBJECTIVITY1 NOT ! DIV9E REVELATION & DEIFI$ ,WILL ( E>LY ,HEBREW SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,! NOTION ( HUMAN EQUALITY 7:I* ! ,BIBLE DOES NOT EXCLUDE & :I* ITS GREATE/ PROPHETS1 9 FACT1 EMPHASIZ$7 HAD TO BE IMPUGN$ ON NATURALI/IC GR\NDS -- AN ORD]$ RATIONAL NATURE ?AT ! ,GREEK M9D C\LD ACCEPT4 ,H]E1 BO? ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE AGRE$4 ,BUT !Y W]E DIVID$ ON ! LOCUS ( ?IS NATURE1 ! ACTUAL CAULDRON 9 :I* DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PEOPLE C\LD BE /RATIFI$ 9 SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 

,PLATO'S /RATEGY WAS1 9 MANY WAYS1 ! MORE ATAVI/IC3 ,DIFF]5CES 9 9DIVIDUAL CAPACITIES & P]=MANCES /EM FROM DIFF]5CES 9 S\LS4 ,! FEW :O >E EQUIPP$ TO RULE -- ! GU>DIANS 9 ,PLATO'S IDEALIZ$ SOCIETY 7MI/ITL$ ,! ,REPUBLIC7 -- >E BORN ) 0GOLD0 & 0SILV]0 S\LS4 ,?OSE ) 0GOLD0 S\LS >E DE/9$ BY !IR 9BORN SPIRITUAL QUALITIES TO BE ! PHILOSOPH]-RUL]S ( ! POLIS2 ?OSE ) 0SILV]0 S\LS1 ITS W>RIORS4 ,! TWO >E TRA9$ ALIKE 9 A RIGOR\S REGIM5 ?AT FO/]S A?LETICISM1 COMMUNAL %>+ ( ALL POSSESSIONS & MEANS4 ( LIFE -- A FAMILY-LIKE SOLID>ITY ?AT ESS5TIALLY TURNS ! 5TIRE /RATUM 9TO A L>GE OIKOS -- & A ,SP>TAN-LIKE D5IAL ( LUXURIES & COM=T4 ,LAT]1 ! VISIBLY 0GOLD0 & 0SILV]0 S\LS >E FUNCTIONALLY SEP>AT$ -- ! =M]1 TO DEVELOP !IR 9TELLECTUAL & !ORETICAL QUALITIES1 ! LATT] TO ELABORATE !IR CAPACITY TO FULFILL PRACTICAL1 G5]ALLY MILIT>Y1 RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,! REMA9D] ( ! POPULATION -- ITS F>M]S1 CRAFTSM51 & M]*ANTS1 :O HAVE 0BRONZE0 OR 0IRON0 S\LS -- >E H>DLY M5TION$4 ,APP>5TLY1 !Y WILL 5JOY MORE SECURE LIVES SCULPT$ BY !IR GU>DIANS4 ,BUT !IR LIFEWAYS DO NOT APPE> TO BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! COMMON]S 9 ,PLATO'S DAY4 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS ?US ESS5TIALLY AU?ORIT>IAN -- 9 SOME RESPECTS1 TOTALIT>IAN4 ,! PHILOSOPH]-RUL]S >E FREE TO BLATANTLY 7OR 0NOBLY10 9 ,PLATO'S WORDS7 LIE TO ! 5TIRE POPULACE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL UNITY & PURGE ! POLIS ( 0IGNOBLE0 IDEAS & LIT]ATURE4 ,H]E1 ,PLATO NOTORI\SLY 9CLUDES ,HOM]IC POETRY & PROBABLY ! CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMA 9 HIS DAY ?AT HE VIEW$ AS DEGRAD+ TO HUMANITY'S IMAGE ( ! GODS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WOM5 9 ! GU>DIAN /RATUM 5JOY COMPLETE1 9DE$ UNRE/RICT$1 EQUALITY ) M54 ,PLATO1 HAV+ REMOV$ ! OIKOS FROM ! LIFE ( ! RUL+ CLASS & REPLAC$ IT ) A =M ( DOME/IC COMMUNISM1 HAS %IFT$ ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 ( ! PREPOLITICAL1 TO ! %\LD]S ( ! COMMON]S4 ,) 9EXORABLE LOGIC1 HE SEES NO REASON :Y WOM5 9 ! GU>DIAN /RATUM %\LD N[ BE TREAT$ ANY DIFF]5TLY FROM ! M54 ,H5CE1 ALL ?AT IS TO LIMIT !IR ACTIVITIES -- BE IT W>1 A?LETICS1 $UCATION1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL PURSUITS -- >E !IR PHYSICAL ABILITIES4 ,!Y MAY BE PHILOSOPH]-RUL]S NO LESS ?AN M5 ( COMP>ABLE 9TELLECTUAL /ATURE4 ,NOR >E ! 0GOLD0 OR 0SILV]0 S\LS ?AT 0MUTATE10 AS IT W]E1 AMONG ! COMMON]S TO BE KEPT FROM 5T]+ ! GU>DIAN /RATUM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 0BRONZE0 OR 0IRON0 S\LS ?AT APPE> AMONG ! *ILDR5 ( ! GU>DIANS >E TO BE PLUCK$ FROM ! RUL+ /RATUM & PLAC$ AMONG ! COMMON]S4.<#b#d.> 

,DESPITE ALL ! ACCOLADES ,! ,REPUBLIC WAS TO RECEIVE OV] ! C5TURIES AFT] IT WAS COMPOS$1 IT IS NOT A UTOPIA1 A VISION ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 OR 9 ANY S5SE ( ! T]M A DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS AN IDEAL =M1 AN EIDOS1 9 ,PLATO'S METAPHYSICAL WORLD ( =MS4 ,:AT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$1 H]E1 IS ?AT ,PLATO'S RATIONALITY IS RU?LESSLY1 EV5 CYNICALLY OR PLAYFULLY1 HI]>*ICAL4 ,! POLIS1 IF IT WAS TO SURVIVE FROM ,PLATO'S VIEWPO9T1 HAD TO YIELD TO ! 0CRUELTY ( REASON10 SO TO SPEAK1 & FOLL[ ! FULL LOGIC ( DOM9ATION4 ,)\T HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 !RE CAN BE NO KOSMOS1 NO ORD]4 ,! ,GREEKS -- & !Y ALONE >E ( CONC]N TO ,PLATO -- MU/ DRA/ICALLY ALT] ! POLIS ALONG ! L9ES DICTAT$ BY A REPRESSIVE EPI/EMOLOGY4 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 ,! ,REPUBLIC'S RATIONALI/IC IDEALITY IS MISPLAC$4 ,ITS !ORETICAL PURITY REMOVES IT FROM HIS CATEGORY ( PRACTICAL REASON TO :I* ! =MULATION ( A RATIONAL POLIS & ITS ADM9I/RATION BELONG4 ,H5CE ,>I/OTLE /&S AT ODDS ) ,PLATO'S 0CRUELTY ( REASON10 :I* DEMAT]IALIZES ! PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS ( ORD]+ ! POLIS ALONG WORKABLE L9ES4 ,HIS ,POLITICS UND]TAKES A SEV]E CRITIQUE ( ! IDEAL POLIS AS SU*1 9CLUD+ ,PLATO'S & ?OSE PROPOS$ BY HIS PR$ECESSORS4 ,P]HAPS NO WORK WAS TO EX]CISE A MORE PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON WE/]N SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,:AT C\NTS = \R PURPOSES IS ,>I/OTLE'S 9T5SELY CRITICAL /RATEGY & CONC]NS4 ,REASON MU/ EXORCIZE ITS [N MY?S1 NOTABLY ,PLATO'S ATTEMPT AT IDEALITY & ITS PROCLIVITY TO REMOVE ITSELF FROM ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION & RECON/RUCTION4 

,>I/OTLE'S PR9CIPAL CONC]NS 9 ! ,POLITICS >E DI/9CTLY ?OSE ( HIS TIME3 SLAV]Y1 ! NATURE ( CITIZ5%IP1 & ! RATIONAL CLASSIFICATION ( POLEIS ?AT VALIDATES ! *OICE ( ONE TYPE OV] ANO!R4 ,?R\<\T1 REASON MU/ BE 9=M$ BY E?ICS & BY ! DESIRE ( RATIONAL MAN TO LEAD ! 0GOOD LIFE10 :I* BY NO MEANS IS CONF9$ TO ! MAT]IAL4 ,! WORK CLE>LY E/ABLI%ES A RATIONAL BASIS = SLAV]Y & PATRI>*Y1 & A POLITICAL M]ITOCRACY AS ! AU!NTIC >5AS = CITIZ5%IP4 ,= ,>I/OTLE1 ! ,GREEKS HAVE BE5 5D[$ BY GEOGRAPHY1 CLIMATE1 & !IR 9NATE 9TELLECTUAL QUALITIES TO RULE NOT ONLY ! B>B>IANS1 BUT ALSO SLAVES & WOM5 -- BO? ( :OM >E 0PREPOLITICAL0 & B5EFIT PR(\NDLY BY ! 0HI<]0 M5TAL FACULTIES ( !IR MALE MA/]S4 ,GIV5 ! WOMAN'S & SLAVE'S 09F]IOR0 RATIONALITY1 !IR 9ABILITY TO =MULATE POLICIES & MEAN+FUL C\RSES ( BEHAVIOR1 !Y1 NO LESS ?AN !IR MA/]S1 B5EFIT FROM HIS 0SUP]IOR0 RATIONALITY & HIS CAPACITY TO GIVE !M DIRECTION & GOV]N !IR NONRATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 ,SLAV]Y & PATRI>*Y1 9 EFFECT1 >E SE5 AS ! GIFTS ( REASON1 NOT ITS *A9S4 

,DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES1 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE ELABORAT$ SOCIAL !ORIES ) A CONSI/5CY & LOGIC ?AT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ IMPECCABLE TO MANY ( !IR SUCCESSORS4 ,& BO? LAID NOT ONLY ! F\NDATIONS = A RATIONAL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY BUT E/ABLI%$ A REPRESSIVE EPI/EMOLOGICAL TRADITION ?AT SPANS 5TIRE AGES ( WE/]N ?\<T4 ,V>I\S SOCIOBIOLOGIES W]E TO DRAW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ,PLATONI/IC & NEO-,PLATONIC !ORIES4 ,>I/OTELIAN !ORY WAS TO ACQUIRE AN 9CR$IBLE COMPOSITE LEGACY ?AT REA*ES 9TO ,?OMI/IC !OLOGY &1 DESPITE ITS SEV]E CLASS ORI5TATION1 9TO 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 

,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 ! TWO ?9K]S1 9DE$ ,HELL5IC ?\<T AS A :OLE1 UNIV]SALIZ$ HI]>*Y AS RATIONAL -- P]HAPS DEMOCRATIC :5 POSSIBLE1 (T5 TOTALIT>IAN :5 NECESS>Y4 ,BY ITS V]Y EXI/5CE1 ! POLIS CREAT$ A NEW TRADITION 9 WE/]N NOTIONS ( CITIZ5%IP & IMP>T$ TO !M AN UNPREC$5T$ SECUL>ITY ?AT GAVE MOD]N SOCIAL ?\<T ITS AU!NTIC F\NDATIONS4 ,IT ALSO CREAT$ ! ISSUES ?AT W]E TO BELEAGU] ! WE/]N M9D & PRAXIS = C5TURIES TO COME -- & A ?OR\<LY REPRESSIVE M5TALITY = DEAL+ ) !M4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 WE >E 9 NO S5SE FREE ( ?IS LEGACY'S WORLDL9ESS1 C&OR1 & LOGIC4 ,CROSS-F]TILIZ$ ) ,HEBREW ?\<T1 ,EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUALITY WAS BORN 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS & W\ND ITS WAY ?R\< ! C5TURIES UNTIL1 LIKE IT OR NOT1 WE /ILL REMA9 ITS HEIRS4 

,! ,HEBREW & ,HELL5IC M5TALITIES W]E SIMIL> 9 !IR FIRM COMMITM5T TO HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS /RUCTUR$ >\ND FAI? OR RATIONALITY4 ,OBJECTIVELY1 WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY FROM ! CUNN+ ( ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION 9 TURN+ CLAN VALUES AGA9/ ORGANIC SOCIETY2 FROM ! RISE & COMM&+ ROLE ( ! W>RIOR-*IEFTA9S & !IR 5T\RAGES 9 ! EXPANSION ( ! MALE'S CIVIL SPH]E2 FROM ! DIS9TEGRATION ( A COMMUNAL ECONOMY 9TO A MANORIAL ONE2 & F9ALLY1 FROM ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY AS ! >5A = DISSOLUTION ( K9%IP RELATION%IPS & ! BLOOD OA? BY CITIZ5%IP1 CLASS 9T]E/S1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! TRANSC5D5TAL WILL ( ,YAHWEH & ! RATIONAL ELEM5TS ( ,HELL5IC EPI/EMOLOGY HAVE /RUCTUR$ DIFF]5TIA ALONG ANTAGONI/IC L9ES1 VIOLAT+ ! ANIMI/'S S5SE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY & 9T]PRETATION ( CONCRETE REALITY ALONG CONCILIATORY L9ES4 

,! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ?US DEVELOPS AS A MANIPULATION ( PRIMORDIAL 9/ITUTIONS & S5SIBILITIES AGA9/ EA* O!R1 (T5 BY M]E %IFTS ( EMPHASES 9 SOCIAL REALITY & P]SONAL S5SIBILITY4 ,AB/RACTION & G5]ALIZATION1 :E!R AS FAI? OR REASON1 >E US$ NOT TO A*IEVE :OL5ESS OR COMPLET5ESS BUT TO PRODUCE A DIVISIVE ANTAGONISM 9 ! OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE REALMS4 ,O!R POSSIBLE EPI/EMOLOGIES1 :I* MI<T HAVE FAVOR$ A MORE 0RELAX$ OP5+ ( ! SELF TO 9SI<T10 TO USE ,ALV9 ,G\LDN]'S WORDS1 HAVE BE5 IGNOR$ 9 FAVOR ( 0VALUES C5T]+ ON MA/]Y & CONTROL40 ,?IS NE$LESSLY DIVISIVE DEVELOPM5T CAN BE SE5 AS A BETRAYAL ( SOCIETY & S5SIBILITY TO :AT ! WE/]N M9D HAS CLAIM$ = ITSELF AS ! 0HI/ORY ( MANK9D40 ,N[ ?AT WE >E BEG9N+ TO REAP ! T]RIBLE H>VE/ ( ?IS BETRAYAL1 WE MU/ *ALL5GE ! CLAIMS ( ?AT HI/ORY TO SOV]EIGNTY4 

,BUT ! /ORY ( ?IS BETRAYAL DOES NOT 5D ) !SE 9/ITUTIONAL & SUBJECTIVE *ANGES4 ,IT REA*ES FUR!R 9TO ! CORE ( ! PSY*E BY 9T]NALIZ+ HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS ET]NAL TRAITS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,MORE ?AN ,YAHWEH'S WILL & CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY'S RATIONALITY >E NE$$ TO SECURE RULE AS AN 9TEGRAL FEATURE ( SELFHOOD4 ,?IS FEATURE 5TAILS NOT ONLY HUMANITY'S COMMITM5T TO ITS [N SELF-REPRESSION ?R\< FAI? & REASON2 IT MU/ ALSO POLICE ITSELF 9T]NALLY BY ACQUIR+ A SELF-REGULAT+ 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 7TO USE ,FREUD'S T]MS7 BAS$ ON GUILT & R5UNCIATION4 ,ONLY !N CAN ! RUL$ BE BR\<T 9TO FULL COMPLICITY ) !IR OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 =G+ )9 !MSELVES ! ,/ATE ?AT COMM&S MORE BY ! P[] ( ! 09N] VOICE0 ( REP5TANCE ?AN ! P[] ( MOBILIZ$ PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 

,NEI!R ,FREUD NOR ,M>X HAVE HELP$ US FULLY UND]/& ?IS PROCESS4 ,EA* 9 HIS [N WAY HAS ABSOLV$ 0CIVILIZATION10 SPECIFICALLY ITS WE/]N =M1 FROM ITS V]Y REAL GUILT 9 =MULAT+ A REALITY PR9CIPLE BAS$ ON RULE4 ,BY MAK+ SELF-REPRESSION 7,FREUD7 & SELF-DISCIPL9E 7,M>X7 ! HI/ORIC KN\T = A*IEV+ MA/]Y OV] NATURE -- & ULTIMATELY ,FREUD'S VIEW1 NO LESS ?AN ,M>X'S1 COMES D[N TO PRECISELY ?IS ,VICTORIAN SOCIAL PROJECT -- !Y HAVE MADE DOM9ATION AN 9DISP5SABLE PHASE OR MOM5T 9 ! DIALECTIC ( CIVILIZATION4 ,:E!R AS SUBLIMATION OR PRODUCTION1 ! SELF-MA/]Y ( HUMANITY P]SI/S AS A PRECONDITION = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,T]MS LIKE REPRESSION1 R5UNCIATION1 & DISCIPL9E1 US$ 9 !IR TYPICAL PSY*OLOGICAL S5SE1 HAVE ALL TOO (T5 BE5 EUPHEMISMS = OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 & P[]LESSNESS4 ,& !Y HAVE BE5 %REWDLY L9K$ TO 0HI/ORIC PURPOSES0 ?AT HAVE NEV] S]V$ ! 5DS ( 0CIVILIZATION10 :ATEV] !SE MAY BE1 BUT SIMPLY ! AGGR&IZEM5T & P[] ( ELITES & RUL+ CLASSES4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! !ORETICAL CORPUS ( ,M>X & ,FREUD BLUR & CONCEAL ! EXT5T TO :I* SU* ATTEMPTS TO MANIPULATE ! SELF >E ACTUALLY EXT5SIONS ( CLASS 9T]E/S 9TO SELFHOOD4 ,BUT IT IS N[ BECOM+ PAT5TLY DE> ?AT !SE 9T]E/S >E =G+ AN APA!TIC1 GUILT-RIDD51 WILL-LESS PSY*E ?AT S]VES NOT TO FO/] SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BUT TO SUBV]T IT4 ,! MA/]Y ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY1 HAS ACTUALLY BEGUN TO ]ODE SELFHOOD ITSELF4 ,BY R5D]+ P]SONALITY 9CREAS+LY 9ORGANIC1 IT HAS BE5 PULV]IZ+ ! V]Y SELF ?AT PRESUMABLY L5DS ITSELF TO REPRESSION & DISCIPL9E4 ,9 T]MS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SELFHOOD1 !RE IS SIMPLY V]Y LITTLE LEFT TO %APE OR =M4 0,CIVILIZATION0 IS 0ADVANC+0 NOT SO MU* ON ! BACK ( HUMANITY BUT1 E]ILY 5\<1 )\T IT4 

,MORE REC5TLY1 SOCIOBIOLOGY HAS PROVID$ ITS [N RE9=CEM5T TO ?IS ,FREUDO-,M>XIAN 0P>ADIGM40 ,! NOTION ?AT ! HUMAN BRA91 AS A PRODUCT ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 CONTA9S PRIMAL AUTONOMIC1 0ANIMALI/IC10 &1 CAPP+ !M BO?1 0HI<]10 MORE COMPLEX C]EBRAL COMPON5TS ?AT MU/ MODIFY1 REPRESS1 OR DISCIPL9E ! RAW IMPULSES ( ! 0L[]0 0ANIMALI/IC0 BRA9 TO AVOID BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL DISORD] IS PAT5TLY IDEOLOGICAL4 ,ITS G5ESIS 9 ,HELL5IC DUALISM IS OBVI\S4 ,?AT WE HAVE LAY]$ BRA9S ?AT P]=M MANY FUNCTIONS UN?9K+LY IS D\BTLESSLY NEUROLOGICALLY S\ND4 ,BUT TO IMPUTE TO SPECIFIC LAY]S SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT >E DI/9CTLY BIAS$ BY HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 9T]E/S2 TO CREATE AN ALL-EMBRAC+ T]M LIKE 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT 9CORPORATES !SE 9T]E/S 9TO A BIOLOGY ( ! M9D2 &1 F9ALLY1 TO FO/] A ,VICTORIAN HYPO/ATIZATION ( WORK1 R5UNCIATION1 GUILT1 SUBLIMATION1 & DISCIPL9E 9 ! S]VICE ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION & PR(ITABLE SURPLUSES -- ALL ( ?IS IS TO AN*OR ! %IBBOLE?S ( ,YAHWEH'S WILL & ,HELL5IC REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY 9 EVOLUTION & ANATOMY4 

,TO R5D] ?IS IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T MORE CLE>LY1 LET US RETURN TO C]TA9 ASSUMPTIONS ?AT >E BUILT 9TO PSY*OANALYTIC CATEGORIES & SEE H[ WELL !Y HOLD UP AN?ROPOLOGICALLY4 ,:5 SPEAK+ ( ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 IS IT MEAN+FUL TO SAY ?AT SOCIAL LIFE CREATES A REPRESSIVE 0REALITY PR9CIPLE08 ,?AT ! NE$ = PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY REQUIRES ! DEF]RAL ( IMM$IATE SATISFACTION & PLEASURE8 ,?AT PLAY MU/ GIVE WAY TO WORK & COMPLETE FRE$OM TO SOCIAL RE/RICTIONS ?AT MAKE = SECURITY8 ,OR1 9 MORE FUNDAM5TAL T]MS1 ?AT R5UNCIATION IS AN 9H]5T FEATURE ( SOCIETAL LIFE & GUILT IS ! CON/RA9T ?AT SOCIETY 9/ILLS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL TO PREV5T ! TRANSGRESSION ( ITS RULES & MORES8 

,I ADMIT ?AT !SE QUE/IONS GREATLY SIMPLIFY ! ROLE ?AT ! ,FREUDIANS & ,FREUDO-,M>XIANS ASSIGN TO A REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY4 ,YET IT IS PRECISELY AT LEVELS :]E PSY*OANALYTIC >GUM5TS >E MO/ SIMPLIFI$ ?AT WE F9D ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ORGANIC & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/ G5]AL ANSW] ?AT MI<T BE GIV5 TO ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS IS ?IS3 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE TO R5\NCE OR REPRESS :5 V]Y LITTLE HAS BE5 =M$4 ,! %>PLY ET*$ 9/9CTS ?AT PSY*OLOGI/S ( ! PA/ IMPUT$ TO HUMAN NATURE >E N[ KN[N TO BE RUBBI%4 ,A HUMAN NATURE DOES EXI/1 BUT IT SEEMS TO CONSI/ ( PROCLIVITIES & POT5TIALITIES ?AT BECOME 9CREAS+LY DEF9$ BY ! 9/ALLATION ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,! SEXUAL 9/9CT BECOMES AN OBJECT ( REPRESSION :5 SOCIETY OV]/IMULATES IT & CONCOMITANTLY FRU/RATES :AT IT HAS EXAGG]AT$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE -- OR1 ( C\RSE1 :5 SOCIETY JU/ BLOCKS ! ADEQUATE SATISFACTION ( M9IMAL BIOSEXUAL NE$S4 ,EV5 PLEASURE1 CONCEIV$ AS ! FULFILLM5T ( DESIRE OR AS A BROAD 0PR9CIPLE0 7TO FOLL[ ,FREUDIAN NOM5CLATURE71 IS SOCIALLY CONDITION$4 ,IF IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION IS FRU/RAT$ BY ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF1 NO R5UNCIATORY APP>ATUS IS REQUIR$ TO 0REPRESS0 ?IS 0NE$40 ,! 0NE$10 IF IT EXI/S AT ALL1 SIMPLY CANNOT BE FULFILL$1 & :AT IS MO/ HUMAN AB\T HUMAN NATURE IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN KN[ ?IS H>% FACT4 

,9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 SOCIAL LIFE MORE OR LESS APPROXIMATES ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,NATURE G5]ALLY IMPOSES SU* RE/RICTIVE CONDITIONS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT ! SOCIAL LIMITS 5C\NT]$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL >E ALMO/ CONGRU5T ) ?OSE CREAT$ BY ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! 0SUP]EGO0 & 0EGO10 TO USE ,FREUDIAN CATEGORIES1 =M$ BY ! *ILD SEEM TO BE 7AS !Y SO (T5 >E 9 FACT7 ! PRODUCTS ( NATURAL LIMITATIONS TRANSMUT$ 9TO SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,! %>P T5SION BETWE5 ! *ILD & ITS P>5TS & BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 :I* REPRESSION PRESUPPOSES1 IS ATT5UAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD =MS ! MATRIX = ! SOCIAL WORLD & PLACES LIMITS ON ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,/AT$ 9 ,FREUDIAN T]MS1 ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 IS =M$ BY ! 0REALITY PR9CIPLE40 ,! TWO >E SIMPLY NOT DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y >E 9 HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,H5CE1 !Y B>ELY EXI/ AS SEP>ATE PR9CIPLES1 & ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M IS VIRTUALLY MEAN+LESS4 ,! RECEPTIVE S5SIBILITY1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ORGANIC SOCIETY1 HAS YET TO BE SUBV]T$ BY ! DEM&+1 AGGRESSIVE ATTITUDE ?AT PROVIDES 0CIVILIZATION0 ) ITS RATIONALE = REPRESSIVE REASON & 9/ITUTIONS4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ORGANIC SOCIETIES DO NOT MAKE ! MORAL JUDGM5TS WE CONT9UALLY G5]ATE AGA9/ TRANSGRESSIONS ( \R SOCIAL RULES4 ,9 ! PRELIT]ATE WORLD1 CULTURES >E NORMALLY CONC]N$ ) ! OBJECTIVE EFFECTS ( A CRIME & :E!R !Y >E SUITABLY RECTIFI$1 NOT ) ITS SUBJECTIVE /ATUS ON A SCALE ( RI<T & WRONG4 0,VIEW$ FROM C]TA9 ,AFRICAN DATA1 A CRIME IS ALWAYS A WRONG DONE TO SOCIETY :I* HAS BE5 DETECT$10 NOTES ,PAUL ,RAD94 0,A WRONG COMMITT$ 9 FULL KN[L$GE ?AT IT WAS SU* BUT :I* HAS NOT BE5 DETECT$ IS SIMPLY A FACT ?AT HAS NO SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES40 ,:ILE !RE MAY BE A 0SPIRITUAL0 DIM5SION TO A 0WRONGDO]'S /ATE ( M9D10 !RE IS 0NO FEEL+ ( S9 9 ! ,HEBREW ,*RI/IAN MEAN+ ( ! T]M40 ,ALL ?AT SOCIETY ASKS ( ! WRONGDO] IS ?AT HE OR %E M]ELY RECOGNIZE ?AT AN (F5SE HAS BE5 COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! H>MONY ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,IF ! (F5SE IS R$RESS$1 NO /IGMA IS ATTA*$ TO ! ACTION4 0,?IS S]VES1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 AS ! BE/ & MO/ EFFECTIVE DET]R5T TO WRONGDO+10 ,RAD9 EMPHASIZES ) *>ACT]I/IC UTILIT>IAN F]VOR4 ,HE GOES ON TO NOTE ?AT :5 A ,BANTU WAS ASK$ :E!R HE WAS P5IT5T AT ! TIME HE COMMITT$ A C]TA9 CRIME & ! NATIVE ANSW]$1 0,NO1 IT HAD NOT BE5 F\ND \T !N10 !RE WAS NO CYNICISM IMPLI$ NOR WAS ?IS A SIGN ( MORAL DEPRAVITY4 ,NO DI/URBANCE 9 ! H>MONY ( ! COMMUNAL LIFE HAD OCCURR$4 

,! NATIVE MAY FEEL %AME IF ! TRANSGRESSION IS DISCOV]$ OR MAY LOSE FACE AS A RESULT ( PUBLIC DISAPPROVAL1 BUT HE OR %E DOES NOT FEEL GUILT1 NOTABLY1 AN 9T]NALIZ$ S5SE ( SELF-BLAME & ANXIETY ?AT EVOKES REP5TANCE & A DESIRE = ATONEM5T4.<#b#e.> 

,GUILT & REP5TANCE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM %AME & ! PRACTICAL NE$ TO R$RESS ! EFFECTS ( A SOCIAL TRANSGRESSION1 BECOME *>ACT] TRAITS ) ! EM]G5CE ( MORALITY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! =MULATION ( MORAL PRECEPTS IS 9ITIALLY ! WORK ( ! PROPHET & PRIE/2 LAT]1 9 ITS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ =MS1 AS E?ICS1 IT IS ! REALM ( ! PHILOSOPH] & POLITICAL ?9K]4 ,!SE PRECEPTS REFLECT AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T M5TAL /ATE ?AN :AT OCCURS 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,TO SAY ?AT SOCIAL TRANSGRESSIONS >E 0BAD0 & ?AT OB$I5CE TO SOCIETY'S MORES IS 0GOOD0 IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM SAY+ ?AT ONE BEHAVIOR UPHOLDS ! H>MONY ( ! GR\P & ?AT ANO!R DISRUPTS IT4 0,GOOD0 & 0BAD0 >E MORAL & LAT] E?ICAL JUDGM5TS4 ,!Y >E NOT DELIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ACTS4 ,:AT MAKES 0GOOD0 & 0BAD0 P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT !Y >E EVID5CE ( ! SUBTLE 9TROJECTIONS ( SOCIAL CODES 9TO ! 9DIVIDUAL'S PSY*E3 ! JUDGM5TS 9DIVIDUALS MAKE :5 !Y TAKE C\NSEL ) !IR CONSCI5CES -- ?AT 5ORM\SLY P[]FUL PRODUCT ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,WE %ALL LAT] SEE ?AT MORALITY1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT PHASES 9TO ITS RATIONAL =M AS E?ICS1 FO/]S ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELFHOOD1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & A NEW COGNIZANCE ( ! GOOD & ! VIRTU\S4 ,H]E1 ,I AM PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ?OSE HI<LY OPAQUE EMOTIONAL SANCTIONS CALL$ CU/OMS4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 MORALITY WAS DEVIS$ TO MY/IFY & CONCEAL A ONCE-UNIFI$1 EGALIT>IAN SY/EM ( BEHAVIOR4 ,! SEEM+LY MORAL /&>DS ( ?AT COMMUNITY W]E C5T]$ NOT >\ND ! 0S9FULNESS0 ( BEHAVIOR OR ! UNQUE/ION+ COMM&S ( A PATRI>*AL DEITY & A DESPOTIC ,/ATE1 BUT >\ND ! FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS ( BEHAVIOR ON ! 9TEGRITY & VIABILITY ( ! COMMUNITY4.<#b#f.> 

,) ! BREAKD[N ( ! ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 PRIVILEGE BEGAN TO REPLACE P>ITY1 & HI]>*ICAL OR CLASS SOCIETY BEGAN TO REPLACE EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS4 ,MORAL PRECEPTS C\LD N[ BE US$ TO OBSCURE ! MUTILATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY BY MAK+ SOCIAL VALUES ! SUBJECT-MATT] ( IDEOLOGICAL RA!R ?AN PRACTICAL CRIT]IA4 ,ONCE ACTS W]E TRANSF]ABLE FROM ! REAL WORLD TO ?IS MY/IFI$ REALM1 SOCIETY'S RULES W]E FREE TO MY/IFY REALITY ITSELF & OBSCURE ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT N[ EM]G$ 9 ! SOCIAL REALM4 

,BUT1 AS YET1 ?IS PROCESS WAS M]ELY ! IDEOLOGICAL SIDE ( A MORE CRUCIAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! PSY*E ITSELF4 ,= MORALITY NOT ONLY /AK$ \T ITS SOV]EIGNTY OV] OV]T BEHAVIOR AS RE/RA9TS ON 0IMMORAL0 ACTS2 IT W5T FUR!R & ASSUM$ GU>DIAN%IP AGA9/ ! 0EVIL0 ?\<TS ?AT BELEAGU]$ ! 9DIVIDUAL'S M9D4 ,MORALITY DEM&S NOT ONLY BEHAVIORAL 0VIRTUE0 BUT SPIRITUAL1 PSY*IC1 & M5TAL AS WELL4 ,! RATIONAL EVALUATION ( RI<T & WRONG IS IGNOR$4 ,?AT WAS TO BE LEFT TO E?ICS4 ,HI]>*Y1 CLASS1 & ULTIMATELY ! ,/ATE P5ETRATE ! V]Y 9TEGUM5T ( ! HUMAN PSY*E & E/ABLI% )9 IT UNREFLECTIVE 9T]NAL P[]S ( CO]CION & CON/RA9T4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !Y A*IEVE A 0SANITIZ+0 AU?ORITY ?AT NO 9/ITUTION OR IDEOLOGY CAN HOPE TO COMM&4 ,BY US+ GUILT & SELF-BLAME1 ! 9N] ,/ATE CAN CONTROL BEHAVIOR LONG BE=E FE> ( ! CO]CIVE P[]S ( ! ,/ATE HAVE TO BE 9VOK$4 ,SELF-BLAME1 9 EFFECT1 BECOMES SELF-FE> -- ! 9TROJECTION ( SOCIAL CO]CION 9 ! =M ( 9SECURITY1 ANXIETY & GUILT4 

,R5UNCIATION N[ BECOMES SOCIALLY MEAN+FUL & 0MORALLY0 9VALUABLE TO HI/ORY'S RUL+ ELITES BECAUSE !RE REALLY IS SOME?+ TO R5\NCE3 ! PRIVILEGES ( /ATUS1 ! APPROPRIATION ( MAT]IAL SURPLUSES1 EV5 ! L+]+ MEMORY ( AN EGALIT>IAN ORD] 9 :I* WORK WAS PLEASURABLE & PLAYFUL & :5 USUFRUCT & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM /ILL DET]M9$ ! ALLOCATION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( CLASS RULE1 A 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 DOES1 9 FACT1 EM]GE4 ,& IT /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) A 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 :OSE LIMITS W]E ONCE CONGRU5T ) ?OSE IMPOS$ BY NATURE4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! RUL+ FEW >E FRE$ FROM !SE LIMITS BY ! TOIL+ MANY1 ! T5SION BETWE5 ! TWO PR9CIPLES IS 9CREAS+LY EXAC]BAT$2 IT ASSUMES ! =M NOT ONLY ( A SOCIAL TRAUMA1 NOTABLY1 AS CLASS CONFLICT1 BUT ALSO ( PSY*IC TRAUMA 9 ! =M ( GUILT1 R5UNCIATION1 & 9SECURITY4 

,BUT H]E ! ,FREUDIAN DRAMA COMPLETELY DECEIVES US -- & REVEALS AN EXTRAORD9>Y REACTION>Y CONT5T4 ,! FACT ?AT NATURE'S LIMITS CON/ITUTE ! ONLY 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 ( ORGANIC SOCIETY IS IGNOR$2 9DE$1 IT IS DISPLAC$ BY A MY?IC 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 ?AT MU/ BE CON/RA9$ BY GUILT & R5UNCIATION4 ,COOP]ATIVE NATURE IS TURN$ 9TO PR$ATORY NATURE1 RIDDL$ BY EGOISM1 RIVALRY1 CRUELTY1 & ! PURSUIT ( IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION4 ,BUT 0CIVILIZATION10 =M$ BY RATIONALITY1 LABOR1 & AN4 EPI/EMOLOGY ( SELF -- REPRESSION1 PRODUCES A 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 ?AT HOLDS UNRULY NATURE UND] ITS SOV]EIGNTY & PROVIDES HUMANITY ) ! MATRIX = CULTURE1 COOP]ATION1 & CREATIVITY4 ,FREUD'S TRANSPOSITION ( NATURE & 0CIVILIZATION0 9VOLVES A GROSS MISREAD+ ( AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY4 ,A 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 ?AT1 9 FACT1 ORIG9ATES 9 NATURE'S LIMITS1 IS TRANSMUT$ 9TO AN EGOI/IC PURSUIT = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION -- 9 %ORT1 ! V]Y 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 ?AT SOCIAL DOM9ATION HAS YET TO CREATE HI/ORICALLY & R5D] MEAN+FUL4 ,! NATURAL HOME ( HUMANITY1 TO BORR[ ,BLO*'S T]M9OLOGY1 :I* PROMOTES USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & %>+1 IS DEGRAD$ 9TO A ,HOBBESIAN WORLD ( ALL AGA9/ ALL1 :ILE ! 0CIVILIZ$0 HOME ( HUMANITY1 :I* FO/]S RIVALRY1 EGOTISM1 & POSSESSIV5ESS1 IS VIEW$ AS A ,JUDEA-,HELL5IC WORLD ( MORALITY1 9TELLECT1 & CREATIVITY4 ,FREUD'S DRA/IC RE%UFFL+ ( ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 & 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 ?US CONSI/5TLY VALIDATES ! TRIUMPH ( DOM9ATION1 ELITISM1 & AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE4 ,DIVE/$ ( :AT ,FREUD CALLS 0CIVILIZATION10 ) ITS LUXURIANT TRAITS ( DOM9ATION1 REPRESSIVE REASON1 & R5UNCIATION1 HUMANITY IS R$UC$ TO ! 0/ATE ( NATURE0 ?AT ,HOBBES WAS TO REG>D AS BRUTI% ANIMALITY4 

,%AME HAS NO PLACE 9 ?IS ,FREUDIAN UNIV]SE -- ONLY GUILT4 0,CIVILIZATION10 :OSE 5DS ?IS SPECI\S 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 IS MEANT TO S]VE1 TURNS \T TO BE PRECISELY ! CLASS & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY UNIQUE TO WE/]N CAPITALISM -- A 0CIVILIZATION0 ( UNADORN$ DOM9ATION & SOCIAL PRIVILEGE4.<#b#g.> ,FREUD'S CONGRU5CE ( VIEWS ) ,M>X IS (T5 REM>KABLE 9 !IR COMMON ORI5TATION T[>D 0CIVILIZATION40 ,= ,FREUD1 WORK 0HAS A GREAT] EFFECT ?AN ANY O!R TE*NIQUE ( LIV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( B9D+ ! 9DIVIDUAL MORE CLOSELY TO REALITY2 9 HIS WORK HE IS AT LEA/ SECURELY ATTA*$ TO A P>T ( REALITY1 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY40 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT IS NOT ! 5DS ( 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT >E S]V$ BY ! ,FREUDIAN 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 BUT ! 5DS ( ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 ?AT ! RUL+ ELITES HAVE PREEMPT$ = !MSELVES4 ,IT IS NOT NATURE ?AT FO/]S AN UNRULY PSY*IC ANIMALITY ) ITS APPETITE = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION1 BUT A HI]>*ICAL 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 -- AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( RULE -- ONE ?AT RE/S ON DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,! TRULY BRUTI% 0MOB0 ?AT ,FREUD FE>FULLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ASC5DANCY ( AGGRESSIVE 9/9CTS OV] SWEET REASON EXI/S ON ! SUMMITS ( 0CIVILIZATION10 NOT AT ITS BASE4 ,FREUD'S PESSIMISM OV] ! FATE ( 0CIVILIZATION0 MAY HAVE BE5 JU/IFI$1 BUT NOT = ! REASONS HE ADVANC$4 ,IT IS NOT A REPRESS$ HUMANITY :OSE AGGRESSIV5ESS ?REAT5S TO EXT+UI% 0CIVILIZATION0 TODAY BUT ! V]Y >*ITECTS ( ITS SUP]EGO3 ! BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & !IR 0FA!R-FIGURES0 ?AT RULE SOCIETY FROM ABOVE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #d - ,EPI/EMOLOGIES ( ,RULE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #d - ,EPI/EMOLOGIES ( ,RULE -- ,ADD$4 

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