,! ,COMMONS @& ,COLLECTIVE ,RES\RCES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,F$]AZIONE ,DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORIANS RECOGNIZE ! PRIVATIZATION & CONSEQU5T F5C+ 9 ( COMMON OR COMMUNITY L&S 7KN[N AS ! COMMONS7 9 #a#g?-C5TURY ,5GL& AS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROCESSES LEAD+ TO ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AS A RESULT ( ITS GRADUAL F5C+ 91 ! L& :I* ! LAW ( USAGE HAD E/ABLI%$ AS BE+ = COLLECTIVE USE BY ! RURAL POPULATION1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO PRIVATE PROP]TY BY MEANS ( SPECIAL LAWS1 ! ,5CLOSURE ,BILLS1 & WAS H5CE=? US$ P>TICUL>LY = 9T5SIVE %EEP F>M+1 ! WOOL FROM :I* WAS TO BECOME ! RAW MAT]IAL = ! NEW TEXTILES 9DU/RY4 ,! WAVE ( POV]TY ?AT FOLL[$ LA/$ SEV]AL C5TURIES4 

,H[EV]1 L&S 9 COMMON USE HAVE NOT 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$4 ,TO DATE !RE >E /ILL P>TS ( ! T]RITORY US$ COLLECTIVELY3 L&1 PA/URES1 =E/S1 WAT] S\RCES1 RIV]S1 LAKES & SEAS2 COLLECTIVE RES\RCES ?AT PROVIDE RAW & SECOND>Y MAT]IALS ESS5TIAL TO HUMAN SURVIVAL4 

,& ALSO ! /RUGGLE >\ND ! COMMONS HAS NOT DISAPPE>$1 NOR HAS ! PU% TO PRIVATIZE !M4 ,9DE$ 9 ! CURR5T P]IOD ( H>%5+ LIB]ALISM1 ! T5D5CY TO 0F5CE 90 HAS 9CREAS$4 ,& ?IS TR5D HAS EV5 EXP&$ ! BATTLE NOT ONLY TO L& OR NATURAL RES\RCES1 BUT ALSO TO A V]Y WIDE RANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE ( HUMANS & = !IR COLLECTIVE WELF>E4 

,TODAY 9 ! T]MS COMMONS & COMMON RES\RCES1 9 FACT1 WE NE$ TO C\NT NOT ONLY ! NATURAL RES\RCES ?AT HAVE EXI/$ S9CE ! DAWN ( HUMANITY1 SU* AS ! L& = PA/URE OR CROPS OR ! SEAS = FI%+1 BUT ALSO A :OLE SET ( PUBLIC GOODS CREAT$ BY HUMAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 AIM$ AT ! OV]ALL WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & AT ! SATISFACTION ( BO? ! MAT]IAL SPH]E & ! 09TELLECTUAL04 

,TODAY WE CAN DI/+UI% ?REE DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( COMMONS4 

,! FIR/ CATEGORY 9CLUDES ?OSE COLLECTIVE GOODS :I*1 BESIDES BE+ MAT]IALLY QUANTIFIABLE1 PROVIDE ! ELEM5TS ESS5TIAL TO \R PHYSICAL SURVIVAL3 WAT]1 ESS5TIAL TO ! BIOLOGICAL LIFE ( ALL LIV+ SPECIES2 ! =E/S1 AS A S\RCE ( 5]GY & RAW MAT]IALS = V>I\S PRODUCTS2 ! SEAS1 RIV]S & LAKES = FI%+ & NAVIGATION4 ,! FOLL[+ ALSO BELONG TO ?IS CATEGORY ( COMMONS3 LOCAL KN[L$GE1 SE$S SELECT$ = C5TURIES BY LOCAL POPULATIONS1 ! G5ETIC H]ITAGE ( HUMANITY & ( ALL SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 BIODIV]SITY4 

,AL?\< !SE ASSETS MAY BE B\<T & SOLD1 !Y >E NOT COMMODITIES1 & ACCESS & ! RI<T TO 5JOY !M ACCORD+ TO ONE'S NE$S IS 9 REALITY A RI<T :I* IS UNAVAILABLE TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WE MU/ FI<T AGA9/ CAPITAL'S DEM&S TO CONT9UE TO HO>D & FUR!R PRIVATIZE !SE ASSETS1 FI<T ATTEMPTS AT BIO-PIRACY & PAT5T+ AT ! EXP5SE ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 DEM& ! RI<T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+ NOT TO BE DISPOSSESS$ ( ACCESS TO ! NATURAL RES\RCES ?AT W\LD 5ABLE A DEC5T LIFE4 ,WE NE$ TO DEF5D & EXT5D ! RI<T TO SELF-PRODUCTION1 SOME?+ :I* CAN 9TEGRATE 9COME BUT PROTECT & DEF5D FROM /&>DIZATION & CONSUM]I/ SUBJECTION4 

,! SECOND COMMON CATEGORY ( COMMONS 9CLUDES ! GLOBAL COMMONS1 NOT QUANTIFIABLE 9 UNITS ( RES\RCES3 ! ATMOSPH]E1 CLIMATE1 ! HEAL? ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! OCEANS1 ! /ORE ( HUMAN KN[L$GE & ALL ?OSE GOODS1 SU* AS ! ,9T]NET1 :I* >E ! PRODUCT ( COLLECTIVE CREATION4 

,!SE GOODS CANNOT BE B\<T OR SOLD1 BUT ! RAPACITY ( CAPITALISM IS RESPONSIBLE = !IR PROGRESSIVE DECL9E & !Y NE$ TO BE PROTECT$ FROM CAPITALISM BY FI<T+ AGA9/ ! \TS\RC+ ( 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL CO/S PRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM4 

,! ?IRD CATEGORY ( COMMONS IS ?AT :I* CAN BE DEF9$ AS PUBLIC S]VICES1 HI/ORICALLY V>IABLE & ! \TCOME ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T & ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* >E CONC]N$ ) ! BASIC NE$S ( CITIZ5S4 ,!SE >E S]VICES SU* AS WAT] SUPPLY1 ELECTRICITY1 TRANSPORT SY/EMS1 HEAL?C>E1 $UCATION1 SOCIAL SECURITY & ALL ?AT GOES UND] ! DEF9ITION ( WELF>E4 

,!SE GOODS MU/ BE DEF5D$ FROM ! ATTACK CAPITALI/ :I*1 AT A TIME :5 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES >E ON ! BACK FOOT1 SEES AN OPPORTUNITY TO RECOV]1 POSSIBLY ) 9T]E/1 :AT IT WAS =C$ TO YIELD 9 MORE FAVORABLE TIMES4 ,BY CONV]T+ RI<TS 9TO S]VICES1 ! ]OSION ( ! WELF>E /ATE CONTRIBUTES TO A RETURN TO 9CREAS+ POV]TY & BLACKMAIL4 ,FI<T+ TO DEF5D ! RI<T TO H\S+1 HEAL?C>E1 MOBILITY1 MEANS NOT ONLY E>N+ MORE 9COME BUT ALSO W9N+ MORE FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 

,:ILE CAPITALISM HAS ALWAYS JU/IFI$ EXPROPRIATION -- BY ! FEW ( ! RES\RCES ( ALL -- UND] ! PRET5SE ( ! SC>CITY ( ! RES\RCE ITSELF 7! COMMONS >E HELD TO HAVE A PHYSICAL CON/RA9T ) REG>D TO QUANTITY DUE TO !IR LIMIT$ NATURE2 9 ORD] TO AVOID RUNN+ \T ( ! RES\RCE ITSELF OR ! OCCURR5CE ( CONGE/ION :I* W\LD R$UCE1 EV5 SO F> AS TO ANNUL1 ! USEFULNESS ( ! RES\RCE ITSELF1 ACCESS TO & ! USE ( ! RES\RCE MU/ BE LIMIT$ .<#a.>71 ! OPPOSITE ( PRIVATIZATION AS A COLLECTIVE RES\RCE MANAGEM5T MODEL HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T$ AS BE+ NATIONALIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( RES\RCES BY ! ,/ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ! MODEL :]EBY ! EXI/5CE ( AN EXT]NAL UMPIRE \TSIDE & ABOVE 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S W\LD 5SURE A RATIONAL USE ( RES\RCES1 LIMIT+ EGOI/IC1 ANTI-COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR4 

,BUT HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT BO? >E WRONG4 

,9 ! FIR/ MODEL1 :AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 9DISCRIM9ATE1 UNREGULAT$ EXPLOITATION ( ! COMMONS & EXPLOITATION ( ! COMMONS AS ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( AN 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS8 ,ONLY ! NUMB] ( EGOI/S1 :I* W\LD BE HI< 9 ! FIR/ CASE & ONLY A FEW OR EV5 ONE 9 ! SECOND4 ,9 ?IS MANAGEM5T MODEL1 ! 9C5TIVE TO CONS]VE ! RES\RCE W\LD BE ECONOMIC PR(IT1 ! SCI5TIFIC MAXIMIZATION ( SELFI%NESS4 

,PRIVATE MANAGEM5T TRANS=MS A COLLECTIVE RES\RCE 9TO A SIMPLE COMMODITY TO BE TRAD$ ON ! CAPITALI/ M>KET1 ?US SUBJECT TO ! LAWS ( PR(IT & ! SPECULATIVE :IMS ( ! M>KET4 

,! CURR5T F9ANCIAL CONC5TRATION LIES BEH9D ! PRIVATIZATION ( MULTI-UTILITIES & EFFECTIVELY REMOVES FROM PUBLIC CONTROL RES\RCES & MANAGEM5T ( ESS5TIAL S]VICES SU* AS WA/E1 5]GY & WAT] RES\RCES1 =M]LY UND] MUNICIPAL MANAGEM5T1 PUTT+ L>GE AM\NTS ( MONEY 9 ! H&S ( F9ANCIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ON ! SIDE ( F9ANCIAL CAPITAL IS ESS5TIAL = ! R$EF9ITION ( 9VE/M5TS 9 5]GY SUPPLIES1 WA/E-TO-5]GY PLANTS & 9VE/M5T 9 BUILD+ NEW NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 VIA ! GREAT WA/E BUS9ESS1 ) A MANAG]IAL MANAGEM5T /YLE :I* ON ! ONE H& RULES \T ANY K9D ( POLITICAL CONTROL OV] MAT]IALS :I* WAS UNTIL REC5TLY BELIEV$ TO BE PUBLIC & ON ! O!R USES G5]AL TAX REV5UES ) CONTRIBUTIONS ?AT CAN BE WRITT5 (F1 VITAL TO ! SU/A9ABILITY ( ! PROPOS$ OP]ATIONS4 

,& ! RU?LESS LAW ( ! M>KET1 ) COMPETITION BETWE5 PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 =CES !M TO KEEP ! CO/_/B5EFIT RATIO AS L[ AS POSSIBLE4 ,= ! COMMUNITY ?IS TRANSLATES 9TO AN 9CREASE 9 CO/S TO BE PAID 9 ! =M ( BILLS1 TAXES &_/OR %>ES1 DEP5D+ ON ! TYPE ( ASSET 79CREASE ( ! B5EFITS = ! PRIVATE OP]ATOR7 & 9 A WORS5+ ( ! S]VICE 7R$UCTION ( CO/S = ! PRIVATE OP]ATOR74 

,) ! PRIVATE MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMONS1 ! COMMUNITY -- & ESPECIALLY ITS MO/ ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAG$ SECTOR -- PAYS A /EEP PRICE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 5VIRONM5TAL WELL-BE+1 AS MANY COMMONS1 SU* AS ! CLIMATE1 ATMOSPH]E & ! ECOLOGICAL SPH]E AS A :OLE1 >E SUBJECT$ TO V>I\S TYPES ( POLLUTION1 EXPLOITATION = ! SAKE ( PR(IT4 

,TO SUMM>IZE !N1 ! PRIVATE MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMONS LEADS TO A PROGRESSIVE DET]IORATION ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T & ! GR[+ EXCLUSION ( SECTORS ( ! POOR POPULATION FROM ! B5EFITS ( !IR USAGE4 

,9 ! SECOND MODEL1 PROPOS$ BY MANY ,M>XI/ ECONOMI/S1 WE HAVE MANY EXAMPLES :]E ! MANAGEM5T ( COMMON RES\RCES & COMMONS BY ! ,/ATE OR ITS T]RITORIAL EXPRESSIONS 7,REGIONS1 ,PROV9CES1 ,MUNICIPALITIES1 ETC47 PRODUCES 9EFFICI5CY & G5]AL MISMANAGEM5T ( ! RES\RCES !MSELVES4 

,! REASON LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! OP]ATOR1 REPRES5T$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 C5TRAL OR DEC5TRALIZ$1 9EVITABLY W&]S F> FROM ! DEM&S & NE$S ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 

,?IS OCCURS BO? 9 A CONTEXT :]E ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM EXI/S1 :]E ! 0CLASS0 ( BUREAUCRATS SP5D ITS 5]GIES ABOVE ALL 9 PROTECT+ !IR PRIVILEGES OV] ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION & REPRODUC+ !IR CONDITION AS A PRIVILEG$ 0CLASS01 & 9 MIX$ PRIVATE-PUBLIC REGIMES1 :]E 9DE$ ! MISMANAGEM5T IS MORE M>K$1 9 T]MS ( CO/ & QUALITY ( ! RES\RCE1 BY ! CORRUPT RELATION%IP BETWE5 PUBLIC MANAG]S & 5TREPR5EURS4 

,MOREOV]1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN 0IMP>TIAL0 BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS AS COLLECTIVE RES\RCE MANAG]1 9TRODUCES ADDITIONAL CO/S1 NOT ONLY 9 MONET>Y T]MS 7& !RE=E MORE 9 A CAPITALI/ S5SE71 BUT 9 T]MS ( 5]GY BALANCE 7SOME?+ ! HUGE BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ( ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE CAPITALISM KN[S AB\T1 AS ONE ( ! REASONS IT IMPLOD$ WAS ! HEAVY EXP5DITURE REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 IT74 

,H[EV]1 WE %\LD ALSO BE AW>E -- S9CE ! HI/ORY ( YE/]DAY & TODAY TEA*ES US -- ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( COLLECTIVE RES\RCES & COMMONS BY LIB]AL CAPITALISM1 COMP>$ TO ,/ATE MANAGEM5T1 PRODUCES A FUR!R DET]IORATION ( ! MAT]IAL LIFE ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ( ! POORE/1 AS ! PRIVATE ELEM5T 9TRODUCES A CLE>]1 %>P] COMMODIFY+ DIFF]5TIAL 9 ! COLLECTIVE RES\RCE4 

,9 A HI/ORICAL P]IOD :]E WE >E WITNESS+ A FI]CE LIB]ALI/ ATTACK AGA9/ ! COMMONS & COLLECTIVE RES\RCES1 WE BELIEVE ?AT AS ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S WE MU/ DEVOTE \RSELVES1 TOGE!R ) ! LOCAL COMMITTEES1 TO LIMIT+ ! LIB]AL (F5SIVE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 

,& )9 !SE COMMITTEES1 WE HAVE TO PROPAG&IZE \R IDEAS ON ! MANAGEM5T ( COLLECTIVE RES\RCES3 SELF-MANAGEM5T & DIRECT CONTROL ( ALL VITAL RES\RCES ( A T]RITORY BY ! LOCAL BODIES ( PRODUC]S4 

,WORK+ )9 LOCAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES ?AT >E CREAT$ TO DEF5D ! COMMONS FROM CAPITALI/ SPECULATION1 WE MU/ AT ! SAME TIME PROPOSE HORIZONTAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION TO ! WORK]S2 !SE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS CAN EX]CISE CONTROL & BE ACTIVELY CRITICAL ( PUBLIC BODIES & OP]ATORS SO AS TO UNMASK BUREAUCRATIC WA/E & HI<LI<T !IR DI/ANCE FROM ! REAL NE$S ( ! US]S ( ! RES\RCE4 

,AT ?AT /AGE WE CAN BEG9 AN EXP]IM5TAL PROCESS ( COMPETITION 9 T]RITORIAL MANAGEM5T ( ! RES\RCE AGA9/ NOT ONLY ! LIB]ALI/ (F5SIVE BUT ALSO ! 9/ITUTIONAL BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUSES1 LEAD+ TO A =M ( DUAL MANAGEM5T ?AT W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO CONTRADICTIONS 9 T]MS ( P[] /RUGGLE4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY A LONG & DIFFICULT PROCESS BUT IT W\LD BE AN EXP]IM5T 9 H[ TO 0LIQUIDATE0 ! ,/ATE ON ! GR\ND4 

.<#a.> ,?IS !SIS LIES BEH9D AN >TICLE WRITT5 9 #aifi BY BIOLOGI/ ,G>RETT ,H>D91 5TITL$ 0,! ,TRAG$Y ( ! ,COMMONS01 :OSE REASON+ IS BAS$ ON ! !SIS ?AT ! WEAKNESS ( ! IDEA ( ! COMMONS LIES 9 ! V]Y FRE$OM ( USE BY ANYONE2 ?US ANY 9DIVIDUALI/IC & SELFI% USE W\LD PREVAIL OV] ! COLLECTIVE & W\LD DEF9ITIVELY COMPROMISE ! COMMONS4  

 ,9 FACT1 ,H>D9 SAYS ?AT ! V]Y FACT ?AT !RE IS FREE ACCESS TO ! COMMONS & ?AT !RE IS NO WAY ( LIMIT+ ! NUMB] ( US]S LEADS TO A SITUATION :]E ! RATIONAL BEHAVIOR ( EA* ( !M CAN ONLY CAUSE ! DEGRADATION OR DE/RUCTION ( ! RES\RCE ITSELF1 S9CE !Y >E TRAPP$ 9 A TRAG$Y ( FRE$OM BAS$ ON AN IRRESOLVABLE CONFLICT BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/1 ) ! 9EVITABLE DOM9ANCE ( ! =M] OV] ! LATT]4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#g? ,OCTOB] #bba FROM WWW4FDCA4IT47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,! ,COMMONS @& ,COLLECTIVE ,RES\RCES -- ,ADD$4 

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