,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 
,! ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON 

,TEXT 3 

,ORIG9AL ,SOLID>ITY ,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS PAMPHLET HAS TWO AIMS4 ,IT SEEKS TO CONTRIBUTE NEW FACTUAL MAT]IAL TO ! CURR5T DISCUSSION ON 'WORK]S' CONTROL'4 ,& IT ATTEMPTS A NEW K9D ( ANALYSIS ( ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! TWO OBJECTIVES1 AS WILL BE %[N1 >E 9T]-RELAT$4 

,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ',WORK]S' CONTROL' IS AGA9 BE+ TALK$ AB\T4 ,NATIONALIZATION 7:E!R ( ! ,WE/]N OR ,EA/]N V>IETY7 & ! RULE ( ! ',P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS' 7:E!R ( ! ,EA/]N OR ,WE/]N V>IETY7 HAVE MANIFE/LY FAIL$4 ,!Y HAVE NOT SATISFI$ ! HOPES & EXPECTATIONS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE - OR GIV5 !M ANY REAL SAY 9 DET]M9+ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y LIVE4 ,?IS HAS CREAT$ NEW 9T]E/ 9 ! SUBJECT ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL' & 9 IDEAS :I*1 9 A DIFF]5T CONTEXT1 W]E COMMON CURR5CY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY4 

,TODAY PEOPLE AS DIFF]5T AS ,Y\NG ,LIB]ALS & ,LABOR 'LEFTS'1 TIR$ TRADE UNION (FICIALS & ',TROTSKYI/S' ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R - NOT TO M5TION AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & 'LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/S' - ALL TALK AB\T 'WORK]S' CONTROL'4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ONE ( TWO ?+S4 ,EI!R !SE PEOPLE HAVE COMMON OBJECTIVES - :I* SEEMS UNLIKELY - OR ! WORDS S]VE TO MASK AS MU* AS !Y CONVEY4 ,WE HOPE TO DISPEL SOME ( ! CONFUSION BY RECALL+ H[1 AT A CRITICAL /AGE ( HI/ORY1 ! ADVOCATES ( DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL' CONFRONT$ ONE ANO!R & BY %[+ :O WON1 :Y !Y WON1 & :AT ! CONSEQU5CES W]E TO BE4 

,?IS RETURN TO ! HI/ORICAL ROOTS ( ! CONTROV]SY IS NOT MOTIVAT$ BY AN ADDICTION TO >*IVISM OR BY A P>TIALITY = ! ESOT]IC4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 - UNLIKE ?AT 9 SEV]AL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES - HAS NEV] BE5 MU* CONC]N$ ) !ORY1 PREF]R+ ON ! :OLE AN EMPIRICAL1 'SUCK-IT-&-SEE' K9D ( APPROA*4 ,?IS MAY AT TIMES HAVE HELP$ IT AVOID BECOM+ BOGG$ D[N 9 ! SWAMPS ( METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION BUT ! OV]HEAD CO/S - 9 T]MS ( CL>ITY & CONSI/5CY1 HAVE BE5 HEAVY4 ,)\T A CLE> UND]/&+ ( OBJECTIVES & ( ! =CES 79CLUD+ IDEOLOGICAL =CES7 IMP$+ ADVANCE - 9 %ORT )\T A S5SE ( HI/ORY - ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE T5DS TO BECOME 'ALL MOVEM5T & NO DIRECTION'4 ,)\T CLE> P]SPECTIVES1 REVOLUTION>IES T5D TO FALL 9TO TRAPS - OR BE DIV]T$ 9TO BL9D ALLEYS - :I*4 ) A LITTLE KN[L$GE ( !IR [N PA/1 !Y C\LD EASILY HAVE AVOID$4 

,! CONFUSION AB\T WORK]S' CONTROL 7AT LEA/ 9 ,BRITA97 IS P>TLY T]M9OLOGICAL4 ,9 ! ,BRITI% MOVEM5T 7& TO A LESS] EXT5T 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE7 A CLE>-CUT DI/9CTION IS SELDOM MADE BETWE5 'CONTROL' & 'MANAGEM5T'1 FUNCTIONS :I* MAY OCCASIONALLY OV]LAP BUT >E USUALLY QUITE DI/9CT4 ,9 ,FR5*1 ,SPANI% OR ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL LIT]ATURE TWO SEP>ATE T]MS 7'CONTROLE' & 'GE/ION'1 'CONTROL' & 'G]5CIA'1 'KONTROLIA' & 'UPRAVL5IYE'7 REF] RESPECTIVELY TO P>TIAL OR TOTAL DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUC]S OV] ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION WILL MAKE IT OBVI\S :Y ONE MU/ MAKE ?IS DI/9CTION4 

,TWO POSSIBLE SITUATIONS COME TO M9D4 ,9 ONE ! WORK+ CLASS 7! COLLECTIVE PRODUC]7 TAKES ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS4 ,IT DOES SO DIRECTLY1 ?R\< ORGANISMS ( ITS [N *OICE ) :I* IT ID5TIFIES ITSELF COMPLETELY OR :I* IT FEELS IT CAN TOTALLY DOM9ATE 7,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 ETC474 ,!SE BODIES1 COMPOS$ ( ELECT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES PROBABLY F$]ATE ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL BASIS4 ,!Y DECIDE 7ALL[+ ! MAXIMUM POSSIBLE AUTONOMY = LOCAL UNITS7 :AT TO PRODUCE1 H[ TO PRODUCE IT4 AT :AT CO/ TO PRODUCE IT1 AT :OSE CO/ TO PRODUCE IT4 ,! O!R POSSIBLE SITUATION IS ONE 9 :I* !SE FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS >E TAK5 'ELSE:]E'4 'FROM ! \TSIDE'1 I4E4 BY ! ,/ATE1 BY ! ,P>TY1 OR BY SOME O!R ORGANISM )\T DEEP & DIRECT ROOTS 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ITSELF4 ,! 'SEP>ATION ( ! PRODUC]S FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION' 7! BASIS ( ALL CLASS SOCIETY7 IS MA9TA9$4 ,! OPPRESSIVE EFFECTS ( ?IS TYPE ( >RANGEM5T SOON MANIFE/ !MSELVES4 ,?IS HAPP5S :ATEV] ! REVOLUTION>Y GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ! AG5CY 9 QUE/ION1 & :ATEV] PROVISIONS IT MAY 7OR MAY NOT7 MAKE = POLICY DECISIONS TO BE SUBMITT$ FROM TIME TO TIME = RATIFICATION OR AM5DM5T4 

,!RE >E WORDS TO DESCRIBE !SE TWO /ATES ( AFFAIRS4 ,TO MANAGE IS TO 9ITIATE ! DECISIONS ONESELF4 AS A SOV]EIGN P]SON OR COLLECTIVELY1 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ALL ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,TO CONTROL IS TO SUP]VISE1 9SPECT OR *ECK DECISIONS 9ITIAT$ BY O!RS4 ',CONTROL' IMPLIES A LIMITATION ( SOV]EIGNTY OR1 AT BE/1 A /ATE ( DUALITY ( P[]1 :]E9 SOME PEOPLE DET]M9E ! OBJECTIVES :ILE O!RS SEE ?AT ! APPROPRIATE MEANS >E US$ TO A*IEVE !M4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 CONTROV]SIES AB\T WORK]S CONTROL HAVE T5D$ TO BREAK \T PRECISELY 9 SU* CONDITIONS ( ECONOMIC DUAL P[]4 

,LIKE ALL =MS ( DUAL P[]1 ECONOMIC DUAL P[] IS ESS5TIALLY UN/ABLE4 ,IT WILL EVOLVE 9TO A CONSOLIDATION ( BUREAUCRATIC P[] 7) ! WORK+ CLASS EX]T+ LESS & LESS ( ! CONTROL74 ,OR IT WILL EVOLVE 9TO WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ) ! WORK+ CLASS TAK+ OV] ALL MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS4 ,S9CE #a#i#f#a1 :5 ',SOLID>ITY' />T$ ADVOCAT+ 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION O!RS HAVE BEGUN TO CALL = 'WORK]S' DIRECT CONTROL'1 'WORK]S' FULL CONTROL'1 ETC4 - SO MANY TACIT ADMISSIONS ( ! 9ADEQUACY 7OR AT LEA/ AMBIGUITY7 ( PREVI\S =MULATIONS4 

,IT W\LD BE A %ORT-SI<T$ VIEW TO SEE 9 ALL ?IS A QUE/ION ( L+UI/IC PURISM1 A T]M9OLOGICAL OR DOCTR9AL QUIBBLE4 ,WE HAVE TO PAY A RANSOM TO BO? ! PA/ & ! PRES5T4 ,WE HAVE NOT APPE>$ ON ! POLITICAL SC5E FROM NO:]E4 ,WE >E P>T ( A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN TRADITION = :OM !SE CONCEPTS HAD DEEP SIGNIFICANCE4 ,& WE >E NOT LIV+ 9 A POLITICAL VACUUM4 ,WE >E LIV+ 9 A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 9 :I* A CON/ANT /RUGGLE IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL /RATA 7B\RGEOISIE1 BUREAUCRACY & PROLET>IAT7 >E EXPRESS$ 9 DIFF]5T TYPES ( DEM&S1 MORE OR LESS CLE>LY =MULAT$4 ,DIFF]5T IDEAS AB\T CONTROL & MANAGEM5T FIGURE PROM95TLY 9 !SE CONTROV]SIES4 ,UNLIKE ,HUMPTY ,DUMPTY WE CANNOT MAKE WORDS MEAN EXACTLY :AT WE *OOSE4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ITSELF MOREOV] IS ONE ( ! =CES ON ?IS SOCIAL >5A4 ,:E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT - & :E!R IT FULLY APPRECIATES IT OR NOT - MO/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS IMPREGNAT$ ) ! E?OS1 TRADITIONS & ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,& 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - P>TICUL>LY BETWE5 #aiag & #aiba - ! ISSUE ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL' V]SUS 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T' LOOM$ L>GE4 ',FROM #aiag TO #aiba ! ISSUE ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION WAS ! MO/ S5SITIVE 9DICATOR ( ! CLA% ( PR9CIPLES AB\T ! %AP+ ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 4 4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ CONT9U\S & PROVOCATIVE FOCUS ( ACTUAL CONFLICT BETWE5 ! COMMUNI/ FACTIONS'4 ,&1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$1 BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & O!R T5D5CIES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?\S&S ( REVOLUTION>IES W]E TO BE KILL$ & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S 9C>C]AT$1 FI<T+ IT \T4 

,MO/ ( ?OSE N[ 5T]+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL BE UNFAMILI> ) !SE CONTROV]SIES4 ,A VIRTUE %\LD NOT H[EV] BE MADE ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,CL>IFICATION IS ESS5TIAL1 BUT H]E NEW PROBLEMS >ISE4 ,! ME?ODOLOGICAL POV]TY1 A-HI/ORICISM 7AT TIMES EV5 ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM7 AMONG SO MANY ( ?OSE REVOLUTION>IES :O DO HAVE SOME KN[L$GE AS TO :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$ IS A FIR/ TRAGIC OB/ACLE4 ,& IT IS ONE ( ! IRONIES ( ! PRES5T SITUATION ?AT ?OSE O!RS 7! RESIDUAL LEGATEES ( ,BOL%EVISM7 :O TALK L\DE/ AB\T ! 'NE$ = !ORY' & ! 'NE$ TO /UDY HI/ORY' %\LD BE ?OSE ) ! MO/ TO HIDE 7%\LD !IR [N HI/ORICAL ANTEC$5TS REALLY BE UNE>!D7 & ) ! MO/ TO LOSE 7%\LD A COH]5T ALT]NATIVE EM]GE TO *ALL5GE !IR OSSIFI$ BELIEFS74 

,SOME ( ! CONFUSION AB\T 'WORK]S' CONTROL' IS NEI!R T]M9OLOGICAL NOR DUE TO IGNORANCE CONC]N+ PA/ CONTROV]SIES4 ,IT IS DELIB]ATE4 ,TODAY1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE F9DS SOME H>D5$1 OLD-TIME ,L59I/S OR ,TROTSKYI/S 79 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,LEAGUE1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>XI/ ,GR\P OR 9 ! 'LEAD]%IP' ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM = 9/ANCE7 ADVOCAT+ 'WORK]S' CONTROL' )\T BATT+ AN EYELID4 ,SEEK+ TO CAPITALIZE ON ! CONFUSION N[ RAMPANT 9 ! MOVEM5T1 !SE PEOPLE TALK ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL' AS IF A7 !Y MEANT BY !SE WORDS :AT ! POLITICALLY UNSOPHI/ICAT$ MI<T ?9K !Y MEAN 7I4E4 ?AT WORK+ PEOPLE %\LD !MSELVES DECIDE AB\T ! FUNDAM5TAL MATT]S RELAT+ TO PRODUCTION7 & B7 AS IF !Y - & ! ,L59I/ DOCTR9E TO :I* !Y CLAIM TO ADH]E - HAD ALWAYS SUPPORT$ DEM&S ( ?IS K9D1 OR AS IF ,L59ISM HAD ALWAYS SE5 9 WORK]S' CONTROL ! UNIV]SALLY VALID F\NDATION ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 RA!R ?AN JU/ A SLOGAN TO BE US$ = MANIPULATORY PURPOSES 9 SPECIFIC & V]Y LIMIT$ HI/ORICAL CONTEXTS4 

,! QUE/ION ( SELF-MANAGEM5T IS NOT ESOT]IC4 ,ITS DISCUSSION - 9 ! %>PE/ POSSIBLE T]MS - IS NOT SECT>IAN4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T IS :AT ! REVOLUTION ( \R TIME IS ALL AB\T4 ,?IS 9 ITSELF W\LD JU/IFY A PAMPHLET SU* AS ! PRES5T ONE4 ,A /UDY ( ?IS P]IOD 7,RUSSIA1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a7 HAS1 H[EV]1 DEEP] IMPLICATIONS4 ,IT C\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = A NEW K9D ( ANALYSIS ( ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 A TASK TO :I* WE WILL N[ BRIEFLY TURN4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,TO PROPOSE A NEW WAY ( LOOK+ AT :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag 7& AFT]7 IS SYNONYM\S ) AN 9VITATION TO BE MISUND]/OOD4 ,IF MOREOV] ! QUE/IONS ASK$ & ! ME?ODOLOGY SUGGE/$ HAPP5 TO DIFF] FROM ?OSE 9 CURR5T USE ! PROPOSAL ALMO/ BECOMES A GU>ANTEE4 ,AS WE HAVE HAD OCCASION TO M5TION BE=E MISREPRES5TATION IS A WAY ( LIFE ON ! TRADITIONAL LEFT1 = :OM NO?+ IS QUITE AS PA9FUL AS A NEW IDEA4 

,OV] ! LA/ #e YE>S ALL ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LEFT HAVE ELABORAT$ A :OLE MY?OLOGY 7& EV5 A :OLE ANTI-MY?OLOGY7 AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y FETI%I/S ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY SEE '! FAILURE ( ,BOL%EVISM' 9 ITS 'ANTIDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES'4 ,! ORIG9AL S91 = !M1 WAS ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! SELF-/YL$ 'COMMUNI/' MOVEM5T 7,/AL9I/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ETC47 TALKS ) FILIAL PRIDE ( ! 'GLORI\S1 SOCIALI/1 ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION'4 ,!Y SEEK TO VAUNT & POPUL>IZE ITS ORIG9AL A*IEVEM5TS :ILE DIFF]+ 9 !IR APPRECIATION'S ( :AT HAPP5$ SUBSEQU5TLY :5 IT HAPP5$1 :Y IT HAPP5$ & TO :OM IT HAPP5$4 ,= V>I\S AN>*I/S ! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE OR 'POLITICAL P[]' W]E NOT IMM$IATELY 'ABOLI%$' IS ! ULTIMATE PRO( & Y>D/ICK ?AT NO?+ ( FUNDAM5TAL SIGNIFICANCE REALLY OCCURR$4 ,! ,S,P,G,B DRAW MU* ! SAME CONCLUSION1 AL?\< !Y ATTRIBUTE IT TO ! FACT ?AT ! WAGES SY/EM WAS NOT ABOLI%$1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION NOT HAV+ HAD ! B5EFIT ( HE>+ ! ,S,P,G,B VIEWPO9T 7AS PUT BY SPOKES M5 DULY SANCTION$ BY !IR ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE7 & NOT HAV+ !N S\<T TO W9 A ,P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY 9 ! EXI/+ ,RUSSIAN 9/ITUTIONS4 

,ON ALL SIDES PEOPLE SEEK TO USE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ) A VIEW TO 9TEGRAT+ IT 9TO !IR [N PROPAG&A - ONLY RETA9+ ( IT ?OSE ASPECTS :I* HAPP5 TO CON=M ) !IR [N P>TICUL> ANALYSIS ( HI/ORY1 OR !IR [N P>TICUL> PRESCRIPTIONS = ! PRES5T4 ,:AT EV] WAS NEW1 :ATEV] SEEM$ TO CONTRADICT E/ABLI%$ !ORIES OR BREAK \T ( E/ABLI%$ CATEGORIES1 HAS BE5 SY/EMATICALLY '=GOTT5'1 M9IMIZ$1 DI/ORT$1 D5I$4 

,ANY ATTEMPT TO RE EVALUATE ! CRUCIAL EXP]I5CE ( #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a IS B\ND TO EVOKE OPPOSITION4 ,! FIR/ TO REACT WILL BE ! 'APP>AT*IKS' :O = YE>S HAVE BE5 PROTECT+ 'REVOLUTION>Y' ORGANIZATIONS 7& 'REVOLUTION>Y' IDEOLOGY7 FROM ! DUAL ?REATS ( SUBV]SION & R5EWAL4 ,OPPOSITION WILL ALSO BE F\ND H[EV] 9 ! M9DS ( MANY HONE/ MILITANTS1 SEEK+ ! ROAD TO G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,ONE ISN'T DEAL+ H]E ) A SIMPLE PSY*OLOGICAL RESI/ANCE BUT ) A MU* DEEP] PH5OM5ON :I* CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ AWAY BY REF]5CE TO ! REACTION ROLE & 9FLU5CE ( V>I\S 'LEAD]%IPS'4 ,IF ! AV]AGE MILITANT HAS DIFFICULTY 9 UND]/&+ ! FULL SIGNIFICANCE ( SOME ( ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IT IS BECAUSE !SE PROBLEMS >E AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT 7IF NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT7 EV] TO HAVE CONFRONT$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MADE A REVOLUTION ?AT W5T BEYOND A M]E *ANGE 9 ! POLITICAL P]SONNEL AT ! TOP4 ,IT WAS ABLE TO EXPROPRIATE ! =M] [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7!REBY PR(\NDLY ALT]+ ! EXI/+ PROP]TY RELATIONS74 ,BUT TO :AT EXT5T WAS IT ABLE TO GO BEYOND EV5 ?IS8 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS IT ABLE - OR PREP>$ - TO REVOLUTIONIZE ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION8 ,WAS IT WILL+ TO DE/ROY ! AU?ORITY /RUCTURE :I* ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION EMBODY & P]PETUATE 9 ALL CLASS SOCIETIES8 ,TO :AT EXT5T WAS IT PREP>$ ITSELF TO MANAGE PRODUCTION 7& !REBY ! :OLE ( SOCIETY71 OR TO :AT EXT5T WAS IT 9CL9$ TO DELEGATE ?IS TASK TO O!RS8 ,& TO :AT EXT5T WAS ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY TO TRIUMPH1 COMPELL+ ! WORK+ CLASS TO SUB/ITUTE = ITS AV[$ 5EMIES A ,P>TY ?AT CLAIM$ TO SPEAK 'ON ITS BEHALF'8 

,TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS IS A MAJOR TASK BESET ) PITFALLS4 ,ONE ( ! DANG]S CONFRONT+ ANYONE SEEK+ DISPASSIONATELY TO ANALYZE ! 'H]OIC P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION' IS ! DANG] ( 'RETROSPECTIVE ID5TIFICATION' ) ?IS OR ?AT T5D5CY OR 9DIVIDUAL !N ACTIVE ON ! POLITICAL SC5E 7,OS9SKY1 ,KOLLONTAI1 ,MAXIMOV1 ,MAKHNO OR ,MIASNIKOV1 = 9/ANCE74 ,?IS IS A PO9TLESS POLITICAL PA/IME4 ,IT LEADS RAPIDLY TO A /ATE ( M9D :]E 9/EAD ( SEEK+ TO UND]/& ! BROAD C\RSE ( EV5TS 7:I* IS A RELEVANT PREOCCUPATION7 REVOLUTION>IES F9D !MSELVES ASK+ SU* QUE/IONS AS ':AT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE AT ?IS OR ?AT MOM5T8'2 'WAS ?IS OR ?AT ACTION PREMATURE8'3 ':O WAS RI<T AT ?IS OR ?AT ,CONGRESS8'2 ETC4 ,WE HOPE TO HAVE AVOID$ ?IS SN>E4 ,:51 = 9/ANCE1 WE /UDY ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY 79 #aib & #a#i#b#a7 IT IS NOT = US A QUE/ION ( 'TAK+ SIDES'4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( UND] /&+ :AT ! =CES 9 CONFLICT REALLY REPRES5T$4 ,:AT1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E ! MOTIVES 7& ! IDEOLOGICAL & O!R LIMITATIONS7 ( ?OSE :O APPE>$ TO BE *ALL5G+ ! DRIFT TO BUREAUCRATIZATION 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE8 

,ANO!R DANG] 7OR ANO!R =M ( ! SAME DANG]7 ?REAT5S ?OSE V5TUR+ 9TO ?IS FIELD = ! FIR/ TIME1 :ILE /ILL BEFUDDL$ BY ! (FICIAL MY?OLOGY4 ,IT IS ! DANG] ( BECOM+ 5TANGL$ 9 ! V]Y LEG5D ONE IS SEEK+ TO DE/ROY4 ,?OSE1 = 9/ANCE1 SEEK+ TO 'DEMOLI%' ,/AL9 7OR ,TROTSKY1 OR ,L597 MAY SUCCESSFULLY A*IEVE !IR IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE4 ,BUT !Y MAY 'SUCCE$' AT ! EXP5SE ( NOT SEE+1 S5S+ OR RECORD+ ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL NEW FEATURES ( ?IS P]IOD3 ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS SEEK+ TOTALLY TO ALT] ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,WE HOPE TO HAVE AVOID$ ?IS TRAP4 ,IF WE HAVE QUOT$ AT SOME L5G? ! /ATEM5TS ( PROM95T 9DIVIDUALS IT IS ONLY 9S(> AS !Y EPITOMIZE ! IDEOLOGIES :I*1 AT A GIV5 PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 GUID$ ! ACTIONS & ?\<TS ( M54 ,?R\<\T ! ACC\NT1 MOREOV]1 WE HAVE FELT ?AT ! ONLY WAY S]I\SLY TO DEAL ) :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS SAID OR DID WAS TO EXPLA9 ! SOCIAL ROLE ( !IR UTT]ANCES & ACTIONS4 

,WE MU/ N[ /ATE \R [N ME?ODOLOGICAL PREMISES4 ,WE HOLD ?AT ! 'RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION' - ! RELATIONS :I* 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS 5T] 9TO ) ONE ANO!R 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUC+ WEAL? - >E ! ESS5TIAL F\NDATIONS ( ANY SOCIETY4 ,A C]TA9 PATT]N ( RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION IS ! COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( ALL CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,?IS PATT]N IS ONE 9 :I* ! PRODUC] DOES NOT DOM9ATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT ON ! CONTR>Y BO? IS 'SEP>AT$ FROM !M' & FROM ! PRODUCTS ( HIS [N LABOR4 ,9 ALL CLASS SOCIETIES ! PRODUC] IS 9 A POSITION ( SUBORD9ATION TO ?OSE :O MANAGE ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION - IMPLY+ AS IT DOES ! TOTAL DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUC] OV] ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS - IS NOT = US A M>G9AL MATT]4 ,IT IS ! CORE ( \R POLITICS4 ,IT IS ! ONLY MEANS :]EBY AU?ORIT>IAN 7ORD]-GIV+1 ORD]-TAK+7 RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION CAN BE TRANSC5D$ & A FREE1 COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/1 SOCIETY 9TRODUC$4 

,WE ALSO HOLD ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY *ANGE H&S 7PASS+ = 9/ANCE FROM PRIVATE H&S 9TO ?OSE ( A BUREAUCRACY1 COLLECTIVELY [N+ !M7 ) \T ?IS REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES - & :ATEV] ! =MAL /ATUS ( PROP]TY - ! SOCIETY IS /ILL A CLASS SOCIETY = PRODUCTION IS /ILL MANAG$ BY AN AG5CY O!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,PROP]TY RELATIONS1 9 O!R WORDS1 DO NOT NECESS>ILY REFLECT !3 RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y MAY S]VE TO MASK !M - & 9 FACT !Y (T5 HAVE4 

,?IS MU* ( ! ANALYSIS IS FAIRLY WIDELY ACCEPT$4 ,:AT HAS NOT BE5 HI!RTO ATTEMPT$ IS TO RELATE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO ?IS OV]ALL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK4 ,H]E WE CAN ONLY 9DICATE ! BROAD L9ES ( SU* AN APPROA*4 ,SE5 9 ?IS LI<T ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION REPRES5TS AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS TO BREAK \T ( RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT W]E PROV+ 9CREAS+LY OPPRESSIVE4 ,! MASSIVE UPSURGE ( #aiag PROV$ /RONG 5\< TO SMA% ! POLITICAL SUPREMACY ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7BY %ATT]+ ! ECONOMIC BASE ON :I* IT WAS F\ND$3 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION74 ,IT ALT]$ ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,BUT IT DID NOT PROVE /RONG 5\< 7DESPITE H]OIC ATTEMPTS 9 ?IS DIRECTION7 TO ALT] ! AU?ORIT>IAN RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7?OSE MO/ ACTIVE 9 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T7 C]TA9LY ATTEMPT$ TO 9FLU5CE ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,BUT !IR ATTEMPT FAIL$4 ,IT IS WOR? ANALYZ+ ! CAUSES ( ?IS FAILURE - & SEE+ H[ NEW MA/]S CAME TO REPLACE ! OLD ONES4 

,:AT W]E ! =CES PITT$ AGA9/ ?OSE SEEK+ A TOTAL TRANS=MATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE8 ,FIR/1 ( C\RSE1 !RE WAS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD EV]Y?+ TO LOSE 9 SU* A TOTAL SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,CONFRONT$ ) WORK]S' MANAGEM5T1 IT /OOD TO LOSE NOT ONLY ITS [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT ALSO ! POSSIBILITY ( PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS VE/$ 9 EXP]TIZE & 9 ! EX]CISE ( DECISIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,NO WOND] ! B\RGEOIS BREA!D A SI< ( RELIEF :5 !Y SAW ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD 'GO NO FUR!R ?AN NATIONALIZATION' & W]E KE5 TO LEAVE 9TACT ! ORD]-GIV]_/ORD]-TAK] RELATION%IP 9 9DU/RY & ELSE :]E4 ,TRUE1 L>GE SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE F\<T DESP]ATELY TO REGA9 !IR LO/ PROP]TY4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS A PROTRACT$ & BLOODY AFFAIR4 ,BUT ?\S&S ( ?OSE :O1 ?R\< CU/OM & CULTURE1 W]E MORE OR LESS CLOSELY ATTA*$ TO ! EXPROPRIAT$ B\RGEOISIE W]E V]Y SOON (F]$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO RE5T] ! 'REVOLUTION>Y /RON<OLD' - BY ! BACK DOOR AS IT W]E - & TO RESUME !IR ROLE AS MANAG]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS 9 ! ',WORK]S' ,/ATE'4 ,!Y SEIZ$ ?IS UNEXPECT$ OPPORTUNITY EAG]LY4 ,9 DROVES !Y EI!R JO9$ ! ,P>TY - OR DECID$ TO CO-OP]ATE ) IT1 CYNICALLY WELCOM+ EV]Y UTT]ANCE BY ,L59 OR ,TROTSKY 9 FAVOR ( 'LABOR DISCIPL9E' OR 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T'4 ,MANY W]E SOON TO BE APPO9T$ 7FROM ABOVE7 TO LEAD+ POSITIONS 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,M]G+ ) ! NEW POLITICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE 'ELITE'1 ( :I* ! ,P>TY ITSELF =M$ ! NUCLEUS1 ! MORE '5LI<T5$' & TE*NOLOGICALLY SKILL$ SECTIONS ( ! 'EXPROPRIAT$ CLASS' SOON RESUM$ DOM9ANT POSITIONS 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,SECONDLY1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE ,MOVEM5T HAD TO COPE ) OP5LY HO/ILE T5D5CIES ON ! 'LEFT'1 SU* AS ! ,M5%EVIKS4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS REPEAT$LY /RESS$ ?AT AS ! REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE ( B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC TYPE !RE C\LD BE NO FUTURE 9 ATTEMPTS BY ! WORK]S TO MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,ALL SU* 5DEAVORS W]E D5\NC$ AS 'AN>*I/' & 'UTOPIAN'4 ,9 PLACES ! ,M5%EVIKS PROV$ A S]I\S OB/ACLE TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE ,MOVEM5T1 BUT ! OPPOSITION WAS ANTICIPAT$1 PR9CIPL$ & CONSI/5T4 

,?IRDLY - & F> MORE DIFFICULT TO SEE ?R\< - WAS ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,BETWE5 ,M>* & ,OCTOB] ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUPPORT$ ! GR[? ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ONLY TO TURN VICI\SLY AGA9/ !M 9 ! LA/ FEW WEEKS ( #a#i#a#g1 SEEK+ TO 9CORPORATE !M 9TO ! NEW UNION /RUCTURE1 ! BETT] TO EMASCULATE !M4 ,?IS PROCESS1 :I* IS FULLY DESCRIB$ 9 ! PAMPHLET1 WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 PREV5T+ ! RAPIDLY GR[+ *ALL5GE TO CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION FROM COM+ TO A HEAD4 ,9/EAD ! ,BOL%EVIKS CANALIZ$ ! 5]GIES RELEAS$ BETWE5 ,M>* & ,OCTOB] 9TO A SUCCESSFUL ONSLAU<T AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7& AGA9/ ! PROP]TY RELATIONS ON :I* ?AT P[] WAS BAS$74 ,AT ?IS LEVEL ! REVOLUTION WAS 'SUCCESSFUL'4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ALSO 'SUCCESSFUL' 9 RE/OR+ 'LAW & ORD]' 9 9DU/RY LAW & ORD] ?AT RE CONSOLIDAT$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION1 :I* = A BRIEF P]IOD HAD BE5 S]I\SLY %AK54 

,:Y DID ! ,P>TY ACT 9 ?IS MANN]8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION W\LD REQUIRE A MU* FULL] ANALYSIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY & ( ITS RELATION TO ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS ?AN WE CAN H]E ATTEMPT4 ,AGA9 ONE W\LD HAVE TO /E] CLE> BO? ( MY?OLOGY 7'! GREAT ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY'1 '! WEAPON =G$ BY ,L59'1 '! SPE>HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION'1 ETC47 & ( ANTI-MY?OLOGY 7'! ,P>TY AS ! EMBODIM5T ( TOTALIT>IANISM4 MILIT>ISM1 BUREAUCRACY1' ETC471 SEEK+ CON/ANTLY TO UND]/& RA!R ?AN TO RANT OR RAVE4 ,AT ! SUP]FICIAL LEVEL BO? ! ,P>TY'S IDEOLOGY & ITS PRACTICE W]E FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ?IS C5TURY4 ILLEGALITY & P]SECUTION P>TLY EXPLA9 7AL?\< !Y DO NOT JU/IFY7 ! ,P>TY'S ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE & ITS CONCEPTION ( ITS RELATION%IP TO ! CLASS4 ,:AT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& IS ! NAIVETE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S :O DON'T SEEM TO HAVE APPRECIAT$ ! EFFECTS ?AT ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION & ?IS TYPE ( RELATION%IP TO ! CLASS W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE ON ! SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ( ! ,P>TY4 

,WRIT+ ( ! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! ,P>TY NO LESS] AN EXPON5T ( ,BOL%EVIK OR?ODOXY ?AN ,TROTSKY WAS TO /ATE- 0,! HABITS PECULI> 4 4 4 TO A POLITICAL MA*9E W]E ALREADY =M+ 9 ! UND]GR\ND4 ,! Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRAT WAS ALREADY EM]G+ AS A TYPE4 ,! CONDITIONS ( CONSPIRACY1 TRUE 5\<1 (F]$ RA!R MEAG] SCOPE = SU* =MALITIES ( DEMOCRACY AS ELECTIONS1 ACC\NTABILITY & CONTROL4 ,YET UND\BT$LY ! ,COMMITTEE M5 N>R[$ !SE LIMITATIONS CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN NECESSITY DEM&$4 ,!Y W]E F> MORE 9TRANSIG5T & SEV]E ) ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ M5 ?AT ) !MSELVES1 PREF]R+ TO DOM9E] EV5 ON OCCASIONS ?AT CALL$ IMP]ATIVELY = L5D+ AN ATT5TIVE E> TO ! VOICE ( ! MASSES4 ,KRUPSKAYA NOTES ?AT1 JU/ AS 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK COMMITTEES1 SO AT ! ,CONGRESS ITSELF1 !RE W]E ALMO/ NO WORK+ M54 ,! 9TELLECTUALS PR$OM9AT$4 '',! ,COMMITTEE MAN'' WRITES ,KRUPSKAYA1 ''WAS USUALLY QUITE A SELF-CONFID5T P]SON 4 4 4 AS A RULE HE DID NOT RECOGNIZE ANY 9T]NAL P>TY DEMOCRACY444 DID NOT WANT ANY 9NOVATIONS 4 4 4 DID NOT DESIRE & DID NOT KN[ H[ TO ADAPT HIMSELF TO RAPIDLY *ANG+ CONDITIONS04 

,:AT ALL ?IS WAS TO LEAD TO WAS FIR/ H9T$ AT 9 #a#i#e4 ,SOVIETS HAD APPE>$ 9 MANY PLACES4 0,! ,PET]SBUR< ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS FRI<T5$ AT FIR/ BY SU* AN 9NOVATION AS A NONP>TIZAN REPRES5TATION ( ! EMBATTL$ MASSES4 ,IT C\LD F9D NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN TO PRES5T ! ,SOVIET ) AN ULTIMATUM3 IMM$IATELY ADOPT A ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM OR DISB&4 ,! ,PET]SBUR< ,SOVIET AS A :OLE1 9CLUD+ ! CONT+5T ( ,BOL%EVIK WORK+ M5 AS WELL1 IGNOR$ ?IS ULTIMATUM )\T BATT+ AN EYELID04 ,BR\E1 ONE ( ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ APOLOGI/S ( ,BOL%EVISM1 WAS TO WRITE ?AT 0?OSE 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :O W]E ! MO/ FAVORABLE TO ! ,SOVIETS ONLY SAW 9 !M1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 AUXILI>IES = ! ,P>TY 4 4 4 ONLY BELAT$LY DID ! ,P>TY DISCOV] ! ROLE IT C\LD PLAY 9 ! ,SOVIETS1 & ! 9T]E/ ?AT ! ,SOVIETS PRES5T$ = 9CREAS+ ! ,P>TY'S 9FLU5CE ) A VIEW TO LEAD+ ! MASSES04 ,! PROBLEM IS PUT H]E 9 A NUT%ELL4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK CADRES SAW !IR ROLE AS ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ANY MOVEM5T NOT 9ITIAT$ BY !M OR 9DEP5D5T ( !IR CONTROL C\LD ONLY EVOKE !IR SUSPICION4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 'SURPRIS$' BY ! CREATION ( ! ,SOVIETS3 ?IS EUPHEMISM %\LD NOT MISLEAD US4 ,! REACTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ( F> DEEP] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN M]E 'SURPRISE' - IT REFLECT$ A :OLE CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 A :OLE CONCEPT ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 WORK]S & REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! ACTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES !MSELVES4 AS F> BACK AS #a#i#e1 WAS ALREADY TO CONDEMN !SE ATTITUDES AS \TDAT$4 

,?IS SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! MASSES WAS TO BE REVEAL$ REPEAT$LY DUR+ #a#i#a#g4 ,IT WAS FIR/ WITNESS$ DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 AGA9 AT ! TIME ( ! ',APRIL ,!SES'4 & LAT] /ILL AT ! TIME ( ! ,JULY DAYS4 ,IT HAS REPEAT$LY BE5 ADMITT$ ?AT ! ,P>TY MADE 'MI/AKES' BO? 9 #aie & 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,BUT ?IS 'EXPLANATION' EXPLA9S NO?+4 ,:AT ONE %\LD BE ASK+ IS :AT MADE !SE MI/AKES POSSIBLE8 ,& ONE CAN ANSW] ONLY IF ONE UND]/&S ! TYPE ( WORK UND]TAK5 BY ! ,P>TY CADRES1 FROM ! CREATION ( ! ,P>TY RI<T UP TO ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,P>TY LEAD]S 7FROM ?OSE ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE D[N TO ?OSE 9 *>GE ( LOCAL GR\PS7 HAD BE5 PLAC$1 ?R\< ! COMB9$ EFFECTS ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM & ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTIONS1 9 A SITUATION :I* ALL[$ !M ONLY T5U\S L9KS ) ! REAL WORK]S MOVEM5T4 0,A WORK]-AGITATOR0 WROTE ,L591 0:O %[S ANY TAL5T & IS AT ALL PROMIS+ %\LD NOT WORK 9 ! FACTORY4 ,WE MU/ SEE TO IT ?AT HE LIVES ON ,P>TY SUPPORT 4 4 4 & GOES OV] TO AN UND]GR\ND /ATUS04 ,NO WOND] ! FEW ,BOL%EVIK CADRES ( WORK+ CLASS ORIG9 SOON LO/ REAL CONTACTS ) ! CLASS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS TORN BY A CONTRADICTION :I* HELPS EXPLA9 ITS ATTITUDE BE=E & AFT] #a#i#a#g4 ,ITS /R5G? LAY 9 ! ADVANC$ WORK]S :O SUPPORT$ IT4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ?IS SUPPORT WAS AT TIMES WIDESPREAD & G5U9E4 ,BUT !SE WORK]S C\LD NOT CONTROL ! ,P>TY4 ,! LEAD]%IP WAS FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 A S5SE ?IS WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,A CL&E/9E PRESS & ! DISSEM9ATION ( PROPAG&A C\LD ONLY BE KEPT GO+ REGUL>LY BY MILITANTS CON/ANTLY ON ! MOVE & AT TIMES COMPELL$ TO SEEK REFUGE OV]SEAS4 ,A WORK] C\LD ONLY BECOME A ,BOL%EVIK CADRE ON CONDITION HE CEAS$ WORK & PLAC$ HIMSELF AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,P>TY1 :I* W\LD !N S5D HIM ON SPECIAL MISSIONS1 TO ?IS OR ?AT T[N4 ,! APP>ATUS ( ! ,P>TY WAS 9 ! H&S ( REVOLUTION>Y SPECIALI/S4 ,! CONTRADICTION WAS ?AT ! REAL LIV+ =CES ?AT PROVID$ ! /R5G? ( ! ,P>TY C\LD NOT CONTROL IT4 ,AS AN 9/ITUTION1 ! ,P>TY TOTALLY ELUD$ CONTROL BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,! PROBLEMS 5C\NT]$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AFT] #aiag DID NOT BR+ AB\T ?IS CONTRADICTION1 !Y ONLY S]V$ TO EXAC]BATE IT4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,P>TY 9 #aiag & AFT] >E PRODUCTS ( ITS HI/ORY4 ,?IS IS :AT R5D]$ SO FUTILE MO/ ( ! ATTEMPTS MADE )9 ! ,P>TY BY V>I\S OPPOSITIONS BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b#a4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO P]CEIVE ?AT A GIV5 IDEOLOGICAL PREMISE 7! PREORDA9$ HEGEMONY ( ! ,P>TY7 L$ NECESS>ILY TO C]TA9 CONCLUSIONS 9 PRACTICE4 

,BUT EV5 ?IS IS PROBABLY NOT TAK+ ! ANALYSIS F> 5\<4 ,AT AN EV5 DEEP] LEVEL ! V]Y CONCEPTION ( ?IS K9D ( ORGANIZATION & ?IS K9D ( RELATION%IP TO ! MASS MOVEM5T REFLECT ! UNRECOGNIZ$ 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 EV5 ON ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O W]E REL5TLESSLY SEEK+ TO OV]?R[ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! CONCEPT ?AT SOCIETY MU/ NECESS>ILY BE DIVID$ 9TO 'LEAD]S' & 'L$'1 ! NOTION ?AT !RE >E SOME BORN TO RULE :ILE O!RS CANNOT REALLY DEVELOP BEYOND A C]TA9 /AGE HAVE FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL BE5 ! TACIT ASSUMPTIONS ( EV]Y RUL+ CLASS 9 HI/ORY4 ,= EV5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ACCEPT !M %[S H[ CORRECT ,M>X WAS :5 HE PROCLAIM$ ?AT '! RUL+ IDEAS ( EA* EPO* >E ! IDEAS ( ITS RUL+ CLASS'4 ,CONFRONT$ ) AN 'EFFICI5T'1 TI<TLY-KNIT ORGANIZATION ( ?IS K9D1 BUILT ON IDEAS ( ?IS K9D1 IT IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! EM]G+ FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E UNABLE TO C>RY ! ,REVOLUTION TO COMPLETION4 

,! F9AL DIFFICULTY CONFRONT+ ! ,COMMITTEES WAS 9H]5T 9 ! ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,AL?\< C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS %[$ EXTRAORD9>Y LUCIDITY1 & AL?\< ! ,COMMITTEE ,MOVEM5T REPRES5TS ! HI<E/ MANIFE/ATION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE A*IEV$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE WAS UNABLE TO UND]/& :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO IT & TO (F] ANY S]I\S RESI/ANCE4 ,IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 G5]ALIZ+ ITS EXP]I5CE & ! RECORD IT LEFT IS1 UN=TUNATELY1 V]Y FRAGM5T>Y4 ,UNABLE TO PROCLAIM ITS [N OBJECTIVES 7WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T7 9 CLE> & POSITIVE T]MS1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT O!RS W\LD /EP 9TO ! VACUUM4 ,) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 FULL DIS9TEGRATION1 & ! WORK+ CLASS AS YET 9SUFFICI5TLY /RONG OR CONSCI\S TO IMPOSE ITS [N SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS TE>+ SOCIETY AP>T1 ! TRIUMPHS ( ,BOL%EVISM & ( ! BUREAUCRACY W]E BO? 9EVITABLE4 

,AN ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[S ?AT 9 ALL[+ A SPECIFIC GR\P1 SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 TO TAKE OV] ! FUNCTION ( MANAG+ PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ CLASS LOSES ALL POSSIBILITY ( EV5 CONTROLL+ ! MEANS ( PRODUC+ WEAL?4 ,! SEP>ATION ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION RESULTS 9 AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 :5 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! SOVIETS C\LD NO LONG] BE 9FLU5C$ BY ORD9>Y WORK]S4 ! REGIME C\LD NO LONG] BE CALL$ A SOVIET REGIME4 ,BY NO /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION C\LD IT /ILL BE TAK5 TO REFLECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! BASIC QUE/ION3 :O MANAGES PRODUCTION AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOISIE8 %\LD !RE=E N[ BECOME ! C5T] ( ANY S]I\S DISCUSSION AB\T SOCIALISM ,TODAY ! OLD EQUATION 7LIQUIDATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE "7 WORK]S' /ATE7 POPUL>IZ$ BY C\NTLESS ,L59I/S1 ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S IS JU/ NOT GOOD 5\<4 

,9 #aiag ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S CREAT$ ORGANS 7,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & ,SOVIETS7 ?AT MI<T HAVE 5SUR$ ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! SOVIETS PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ,BOL%EVIK FUNCTION>IES4 ,A /ATE APP>ATUS1 SEP>ATE FROM ! MASSES1 WAS RAPIDLY RECON/ITUT$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 CREAT+ NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* !Y W\LD HAVE MANAG$ BO? 9DU/RY & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS TASK WAS !RE=E TAK5 OV] BY SOMEONE ELSE1 BY A GR\P :OSE SPECIFIC TASK IT BECAME4 ,! BUREAUCRACY ORGANIZ$ ! WORK PROCESS 9 A C\NTRY ( :OSE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS IT WAS ALSO MA/]4 

,ALL ?IS NECESSITATES A S]I\S REEVALUATION ( SEV]AL BASIC CONCEPTS4 ',WORK]S' P[]' CANNOT BE ID5TIFI$ OR EQUAT$ ) ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY - AS IT REPEAT$LY WAS BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 WORK]S' P[] MU/ BE IMPLEM5T$ 'BY ! CLASS1 NOT BY A M9ORITY1 MANAG+ ?+S 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS4 ,IT MU/ EMANATE FROM ! ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 REMA9 UND] !IR DIRECT 9FLU5CE1 BE SUBMITT$ TO CONTROL BY ! 5TIRE POPULATION1 RESULT FROM ! 9CREAS+ POLITICAL AW>5ESS ( ! PEOPLE'4 ,AS = ! CONCEPT ( 'TAK+ P[]' IT CANNOT MEAN A SEMI MILIT>Y PUTS*1 C>RI$ \T BY A M9ORITY1 AS IT OBVI\SLY DOES = SO MANY :O /ILL SEEM TO BE LIV+ 9 ! ,PETROGRAD ( #a#i#a#g4 ,NOR CAN IT ONLY MEAN ! DEF5SE - H[EV] NECESS>Y - ( :AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAS WON AGA9/ ATTEMPTS BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO W9 IT BACK4 ,:AT 'TAK+ P[]' REALLY IMPLIES IS ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT LA/ REALIZES ITS ABILITY TO MANAGE BO? PRODUCTION & SOCIETY - & ORGANIZES TO ?IS 5D4 

,?IS TEXT IS 9 NO S5SE AN ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#a4 ,IT IS4 AT BE/1 A SELECTIVE 9DU/RIAL *RONOLOGY4 ,9 MO/ 9/ANCES ! FACTS SPEAK = !MSELVES4 ,9 A FEW PLACES1 WE HAVE TAK5 ! OPPORTUNITY ( DESCRIB+ \R [N VIEWS1 P>TICUL>LY :5 WE FELT ?AT ALL ! PROTAGONI/S 9 ! GREAT HI/ORICAL DEBATES W]E WRONG1 OR TRAPP$ 9 A SY/EM ( IDEAS ?AT PREV5T$ !M FROM APPRECIAT+ ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( :AT WAS HAPP5+4 ,EV5TS SU* AS ! /AGES ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> >E ONLY M5TION$ 9 ORD] TO PLACE V>I\S CONTROV]SIES 9 CONTEXT - & TO NAIL ONCE & = ALL ! ALLEGATION ?AT MANY ( ! MEASURES DESCRIB$ W]E TAK5 'AS A RESULT ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>'4 

,IT WILL PROBABLY BE OBJECT$ ?AT1 ?R\<\T ! N>RATIVE1 GREAT] /RESS HAS BE5 PLAC$ ON V>I\S /RUGGLES )9 ! ,P>TY ?AN ON ! ACTIONS ( ! MILLIONS :O1 = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 NEV] JO9$ ! ,P>TY OR :O1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 SAW ?R\< :AT IT WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO DO4 ,! '*>GE' IS TRUE BUT ! %ORTCOM+ ALMO/ UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! ASPIRATIONS ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE1 !IR D\BTS1 !IR HESITATIONS1 !IR HOPES1 !IR SACRIFICES1 !IR DESIRE TO TRANS=M ! CONDITIONS ( !IR DAILY LIFE & !IR /RUGGLES TO DO SO >E UND\BT$LY AS MU* A MOLD+ =CE ( HI/ORY AS ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,P>TY ,CONGRESSES OR ! SPEE*ES ( ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,YET AN ACTIVITY ?AT HAS NEI!R RULES NOR /ATUTES1 NEI!R TRIBUNES NOR TR\BAD\RS1 BELONGS ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION TO :AT HI/ORY SUPPRESSES4 ,AN AW>5ESS ( ! PROBLEM1 H[EV] ACUTE1 WILL NOT G5]ATE ! MISS+ MAT]IAL4 ,& AN ESSAY SU* AS ?IS IS L>GELY A QUE/ION ( DOCUM5TATION4 ,! MASSES MAKE HI/ORY1 !Y DO NOT WRITE IT4 ,& ?OSE :O DO WRITE IT >E NE>LY ALWAYS MORE CONC]N$ ) ANCE/OR WOR%IP & RETROSPECTIVE JU/IFICATION ?AT ) A BALANC$ PRES5TATION ( ! FACTS4 

,O!R *>GES WILL ALSO BE MADE4 ,! QUOTATIONS FROM ,L59 & ,TROTSKY WILL NOT BE D5I$ BUT IT WILL BE /AT$ ?AT !Y >E 'SELECTIVE' & ?AT 'O!R ?+S1 TOO' W]E SAID4 ,AGA91 WE PLEAD 'GUILTY'4 ,BUT WE W\LD /RESS ?AT !RE >E HAGIOGRAPH]S 5\< 9 ! TRADE :OSE 'OBJECTIVITY' 7LIKE ,DEUTS*]'S = 9/ANCE7 IS BUT A CLOAK = SOPHI/ICAT$ APOLOGETICS4 ,!RE IS MOREOV] ANO!R REASON = UNE>?+ ?IS MAT]IAL4 ,FIFTY YE>S AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION - & LONG AFT] ITS 'ISOLATION' HAS BE5 BROK5 - ! BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM 9 ,RUSSIA CLE>LY BE>S LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO ! MODEL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7ELECT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES1 NONE RECEIV+ MORE ?AN A WORK+MAN'S WAGE1 ETC41 ETC474 ,9 FACT ,RUSSIA'S SOCIAL /RUCTURE HAS SC>CELY ANY ANTICIPATION 9 ! :OLE CORPUS ( ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,IT !RE=E SEEMS MORE RELEVANT TO QUOTE ?OSE /ATEM5TS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S ( #aiag :I* HELP$ DET]M9E ,RUSSIA'S EVOLUTION RA!R ?AN ?OSE O!R /ATEM5TS :I*1 LIKE ! ,MAY ,DAY SPEE*ES ( ,LABOR LEAD]S1 W]E = EV] TO REMA9 9 ! REALM ( RHETORIC4 

,NOTES ON ,DATES ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #a#i#a#h1 ,RUSSIA AB&ON$ ! OLD ,JULIAN CAL5D> & ADOPT$ ! ,GREGORIAN ONE 9 USE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,FEBRU>Y #a BECAME ,FEBRU>Y #a#d4 ,OLD /YLE DATES HAVE BE5 OBS]V$ UP TO ?IS PO9T4 ,NEW /YLE DATES !REAFT]4 

#aiag 

,FEBRU>Y 

,/RIKES & BREAD RIOTS 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,ANGRY /REET DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,TROOPS1 S5T TO RE/ORE ORD]1 FRAT]NIZE ) DEMON/RATORS4 ,SOVIETS REAPPE> 9 SEV]AL CITIES1 = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE #a#i#e4 

,FEBRU>Y #bg 

,ABDICATION ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I4 ,=MATION ( ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 7,PR9CE ,LVOV AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]74 

,M>* 

,FACTORY & ,%OP ,COMMITTEES1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,C\NCILS ( ,ELD]S APPE> 9 EV]Y MAJOR 9DU/RIAL C5T] ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,FROM ! ONSET1 !IR DEM&S >E NOT LIMIT$ TO WAGES OR H\RS BUT *ALL5GE MANY MANAG]IAL PR]OGATIVES4 

,9 SEV]AL 9/ANCES ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E SET UP BECAUSE ! PREVI\S [N]S OR MANAG]S HAD DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y TURMOIL4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O LAT] DRIFT$ BACK W]E ALL[$ TO RESUME !IR POSITIONS - BUT HAD TO ACCEPT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 0,! PROLET>IAT0 WROTE ,PANKRATOVA 0)\T LEGISLATIVE SANCTION1 />T$ SIMULTANE\SLY TO CREATE ALL ITS ORGANIZATIONS3 SOVIETS ( WORK]S' DEPUTIES1 TRADE UNIONS & ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES04 ,A TREM5D\S WORK+ CLASS PRESSURE WAS DEVELOP+ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 

,ANNA ,MIKHAILOVNA ,PANKRATOVA JO9$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 #aiai AS AN ,ODESSA ,UNIV]SITY /UD5T4 ,%E WROTE A NUMB] ( BOOKS ON ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T & LAT] BECAME A PR(ESSOR AT ,MOSC[ ,UNIV]SITY & AT ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES4 ,9 #aieb %E WAS ELECT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY & ! FOLL[+ YE> BECAME $ITOR-9-*IEF ( ! ,P>TY J\RNAL ,VOPROSII ,I/ORII 7,QUE/IONS ( ,HI/ORY74 ,%E DI$ 9 #a#i#e#g4 

,PUBLI%$ BE=E ! ]A ( SY/EMATIC HI/ORICAL DI/ORTION1 H] PAMPHLET ON ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES CONTA9S 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL4 ,H] SCOPE & VISION >E H[EV] S]I\SLY LIMIT$ BECAUSE ( H] 5DORSEM5T ( TWO FUNDAM5TAL ,BOL%EVIK ASSUMPTIONS3 7A7 0?AT ! ROLE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 5DS EI!R ) ! EBB ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE OR ) ! VICTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION0 & 7B7 ?AT ! 0DEM&S & ASPIRATIONS >IS+ FROM ! DEP?S ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E GIV5 =MULATION1 & PROVID$ ) IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T & ORGANIZATIONAL CEM5T ?R\< ! ,P>TY444 ,! /RUGGLE = WORK]S' CONTROL TOOK PLACE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY1 :I* HAD ALL[$ 7SIC67 ! PROLET>IAT TO TAKE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[]04 

,M>* #a 

,FIR/ =MAL CAPITULATION BY A SIGNIFICANT BODY ( EMPLOY]S4 ,AGREEM5T SIGN$ BETWE5 ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET & ,PETROGRAD ,MANUFACTUR]'S ,ASSOCIATION1 GRANT+ ! #h-HR DAY 9 SOME 5T]PRISES & 'RECOGNIZ+' SOME ( ! ,COMMITTEES4 ,MO/ O!R EMPLOY]S REFUS$ TO FOLL[ SUIT4 ,= 9/ANCE ON ,M>* #ad ! ,COMMITTEE = ,COMM]CE & ,9DU/RY DECL>$ ?AT 0! QUE/ION ( ! #h-HR DAY CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY RECIPROCAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 WORK]S & EMPLOY]S1 BECAUSE IT IS A MATT] ( /ATE IMPORTANCE40 ,! FIR/ MAJOR FI<T ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TOOK PLACE ON ?IS ISSUE4 

,! #h-HR DAY WAS SOON IMPOS$ 9 ,PETROGRAD1 EI!R ) ! RELUCTANT CONS5T ( ! EMPLOY]S OR UNILAT]ALLY1 BY ! WORK]S4 ,! 'RECOGNITION' ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES PROV$ MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO IMPOSE1 BO? EMPLOY]S & ,/ATE RECOGNIZ+ ! ?REAT TO !M 9H]5T 9 ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 

,APRIL #b 

,EXPLORATORY ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ,PETROGRAD ,W> ,9DU/RIES1 CONV5$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S ( ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEP>TM5T4 ,?IS ,CONF]5CE WAS TO PROCLAIM :AT W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ 'T]MS ( REF]5CE' = ANY ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE4 ,P>AGRAPHS #e TO #g ( ! PROCLAMATION /IPULAT$3 

0,FROM ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE %\LD EMANATE ALL 9/RUCTIONS CONC]N+ 9T]NAL FACTORY ORGANIZATION 7I4E4 9/RUCTIONS CONC]N+ SU* MATT]S AS H\RS ( WORK1 WAGES1 HIR+ & FIR+1 HOLIDAYS1 ETC474 ,! FACTORY MANAG] TO BE KEPT NOTIFI$444 

',! :OLE ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL 7MANAGEM5T AT ALL LEVELS & TE*NICIANS7 IS TAK5 ON ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE :I* HAS TO NOTIFY ! WORK]S ( ITS DECISIONS AT MASS MEET+S ( ! :OLE FACTORY OR ?R\< %OP COMMITTEES444 

',! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE CONTROLS MANAG]IAL ACTIVITY 9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE1 ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL FIELDS444 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MU/ BE PROVID$1 = 9=MATION1 ) ALL (FICIAL DOCUM5TS ( ! MANAGEM5T1 PRODUCTION BUDGETS & DETAILS ( ALL ITEMS 5T]+ OR LEAV+ ! FACTORY444 0 

,APRIL #g 

,PUBLICATION ( ,APRIL ,!SES1 %ORTLY AFT] ,L59 HAD RETURN$ TO ,PETROGRAD FROM ABROAD4 ,ONLY REF]5CE TO WORK]S' CONTROL IS 9 ,!SIS #h3 ',\R IMM$IATE TASK %ALL NOT BE ! 09TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM0 BUT TO BR+ SOCIAL PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS444 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES4' 

,APRIL #bc 

,! NEW GOV]NM5T HAD TO MAKE SOME V]BAL CONCESSIONS4 ,IT PASS$ A LAW P>TIALLY 'RECOGNIZ+' ! ,COMMITTEES BUT C>EFULLY RE/RICT+ !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,ALL ! KEY ISSUES W]E LEFT TO ! 0MUTUAL AGREEM5T ( ! P>TIES CONC]N$0 - 9 O!R WORDS !RE WAS NO /ATUTORY OBLIGATION ON ! EMPLOY]S TO DEAL DIRECTLY ) ! ,COMMITTEES4 

,! WORK]S H[EV] %[$ LITTLE CONC]N AB\T ! PROVISIONS ( ! LAW4 0,!Y COMM5T$1 9 !IR [N FA%ION1 ON ! LAW ( ,APRIL #b#c444 ,!Y DET]M9$ !IR [N T]MS ( REF]5CE1 9 EA* FACTORY1 /EADILY EXP&+ !IR PR]OGATIVES & DECID$ ON :AT !IR REPRES5TATIVES MI<T DO1 ACCORD+ TO ! RELATION ( =CES 9 EA* P>TICUL> 9/ANCE40 

,APRIL #bc 

,L59 WRITES3 0,SU* MEASURES AS ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L& & ( ! BANKS & SYNDICATES ( CAPITALI/S1 OR AT LEA/ ! IMM$IATE E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CONTROL ( ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES OV] !M 7MEASURES :I* DO NOT 9 ANY WAY IMPLY ! '9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM'7 MU/ BE ABSOLUTELY 9SI/$ ON & :5EV] POSSIBLE 9TRODUC$ BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS04 ,SU* MEASURES W]E 05TIRELY FEASIBLE ECONOMICALLY0 & )\T !M IT W\LD BE 0IMPOSSIBLE TO HEAL ! W\NDS ( ! W> & PREV5T ! IMP5D+ COLLAPSE04 

,TO ,L59'S BASIC IDEAS ( WORK]S' CONTROL AS A 0CURB ON ! CAPITALI/S0 & 0A MEANS ( PREV5T+ COLLAPSE01 A ?IRD WAS SOON TO BE ADD$ ) RECURS 9 MU* ( ,L59'S WRIT+ ( ?IS P]IOD4 ,IT IS ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL AS A 0PRELUDE TO NATIONALIZATION04 ,= 9/ANCE3 0,WE MU/ AT ONCE PREP>E ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES1 ! ,SOVIET ( ,DEPUTIES ( ,BANK ,EMPLOYES1 ETC41 TO PROCE$ TO ! ADOPTION ( FEASIBLE & PRACTICABLE MEASURES = ! M]G+ ( ALL ! BANKS 9TO ONE S+LE NATIONAL BANK1 TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CONTROL ( ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES OV] ! BANKS & SYNDICATES & !N BY !IR NATIONALIZATION04 

,MAY #aiag 

,MORE & MORE EMPLOY]S W]E 'HAV+ TO COPE' ) ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! B\RGEOIS PRESS LAUN*$ A MASSIVE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! #h-HR DAY & ! ,COMMITTEES1 TRY+ TO SME> ! WORK]S 9 ! EYES ( ! SOLDI]S AS LAZY1 GRE$Y1 GOOD-=-NO?+S1 LEAD+ ! C\NTRY TO RU9 ?R\< !IR 'EXCESSIVE' DEM&S4 ,! WORK]S' PRESS PATI5TLY EXPLA9S ! REAL CAUSES ( 9DU/RIAL /AGNATION & ! REAL CONDITIONS ( WORK+ CLASS LIFE4 ,AT ! 9VITATION ( V>I\S ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ,>MY DELEGATES W]E S5T TO 'V]IFY' CONDITIONS AT ! RE>4 ,!N !Y PUBLICLY TE/IFI$ AS TO ! TRU? ( :AT ! WORK]S W]E SAY+444 

,MAY #ag 

,9 ,PRAVDA ,L59 EXPLICITLY 5DORSES ! SLOGAN ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 DECL>+ ?AT 0! WORK]S MU/ DEM& ! IMM$IATE REALIZATION ( CONTROL1 9 FACT & )\T FAIL1 BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES04 

,MAY #b 

,L59 PRODUCES DRAFT = A NEW ,P>TY PROGRAM3 0,! ,P>TY FI<TS = A MORE DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REPUBLIC1 9 :I* ! POLICE & /&+ >MY WILL BE COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ! UNIV]SALLY >M$ PEOPLE1 BY A UNIV]SAL MILITIA4 ,ALL (FICIAL P]SONS WILL NOT ONLY BE ELECT$ BUT ALSO SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ANY TIME UPON ! DEM& ( A MAJORITY ( ! ELECTORS4 ,ALL (FICIAL P]SONS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 WILL BE PAID AT A RATE NOT EXCE$+ ! AV]AGE WAGE ( A COMPET5T WORK]04 

,AT ! SAME TIME ,L59 CALLS = ! 0UNCONDITIONAL P>TICIPATION 7MY EMPHASIS7 ( ! WORK]S 9 ! CONTROL ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! TRU/S0 - :I* C\LD BE BR\<T AB\T 0BY A DECREE REQUIR+ BUT A S+LE DAY TO DRAFT04 ,! CONCEPT ?AT 'WORK]S P>TICIPATION' %\LD BE 9TRODUC$ BY LEGISLATIVE MEANS 7I4E4 FROM ABOVE7 CLE>LY HAS A ILLU/RI\S ANCE/RY4 

,MAY #bi 

,KH>KOV ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 

,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS ! PROV9CES W]E 9 ADVANCE ( ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,! ,KH>KOV ,CONF]5CE DEM&$ ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES BECOME 0ORGANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION444 AIM+ AT CONSOLIDAT+ ITS VICTORIES04 0,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES MU/ TAKE OV] PRODUCTION1 PROTECT IT1 DEVELOP IT04 0,!Y MU/ FIX WAGES1 LOOK AFT] HYGI5E1 CONTROL ! TE*NICAL QUALITY ( PRODUCTS1 DECREE ALL 9T]NAL FACTORY REGULATIONS & DET]M9E SOLUTIONS TO ALL CONFLICTS40 ,SOME NON-,BOL%EVIK DELEGATES EV5 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,COMMITTEES %\LD TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES DIRECTLY & EX]CISE ALL MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS4 

,MAY #c-,JUNE #e 

,FIR/ FULL ,CONF]5CE ( ,PETROGRAD ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 

,! ,CONF]5CE MET 9 ! ,TAURIDE ,PALACE1 9 ! SAME HALL :]E ?REE MON?S E>LI] ! ,/ATE ,DUMA 7,P>LIAM5T7 HAD ASSEMBL$4 ,AT LEA/ HALF ! ,COMMITTEE REPRES5T$ W]E FROM ! 5G9E]+ 9DU/RY4 0,! LONG & FL[]Y SPEE*ES ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANS HAD GIV5 WAY TO ! S9C]E1 SIMPLE & USUALLY CONCISE CONTRIBUTIONS ( 'DEPUTIES' :O HAD JU/ LEFT !IR TOOLS OR !IR MA*9ES1 TO EXPRESS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 PUBLIC !IR HUMILIATIONS1 !IR CLASS NE$S & !IR NE$S AS HUMAN BE+S04 

,BOL%EVIK DELEGATES W]E 9 A MAJORITY4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( !IR CONTRIBUTIONS C5T]$ ON ! NE$ TO 9TRODUCE WORK]S' CONTROL AS A MEANS ( 'RE/OR+ ORD]' & 'MA9TA9+ PRODUCTION'1 O!R VIEWPO9T W]E ALSO VOIC$4 ,NEMTSOV1 A ,BOL%EVIK METAL WORK] PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! 0WORK+ ( ! FACTORIES IS N[ 9 ! EXCLUSIVE H&S ( HI<] MANAGEM5T4 ,WE MU/ 9TRODUCE ! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION4 ,TO ASSESS WORK444 WE DON'T NE$ ! 9DIVIDUAL DECISIONS ( =EM54 ,BY 9TRODUC+ ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE WE CAN CONTROL PRODUCTION04 ,NAUMOV1 ANO!R DELEGATE1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0BY TAK+ 9TO \R [N H&S ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION WE WILL LE>N AB\T ITS PRACTICAL ASPECTS & RAISE IT TO ! LEVEL ( FUTURE SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION04 ,WE >E A LONG WAY H]E FROM ! LAT] ,BOL%EVIK ADVOCACY ( ! 'EFFICI5CY' ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T & FROM !IR LATE PRACTICE ( APPO9TM5TS FROM ABOVE4 

,! ,CONF]5CE WAS WIDELY ATT5D$4 ,EV5 ,M4,I4 ,SKOBELEV1 ,M5%EVIK ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS TO ADDRESS IT4 ,HIS CONTRIBUTION WAS ( 9T]E/ AS A SORT ( ANTICIPATION ( :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD BE SAY+ BE=E ! YE> WAS UP4 ,SKOBELEV ASS]T$ ?AT 0! REGULATION & CONTROL ( 9DU/RY WAS A TASK = ! ,/ATE4 ,UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL CLASS1 ESPECIALLY ! WORK+ CLASS1 LIES ! RESPONSIBILITY = HELP+ ! /ATE 9 ITS ORGANIZATIONAL WORK04 ,HE ALSO /AT$ ?AT 0! TRANSF] ( 5T]PRISES 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE AT ! PRES5T TIME W\LD NOT ASSI/ ! ,REVOLUTION04 ,! REGULATION ( 9DU/RY WAS ! FUNCTIO ( ,GOV]NM5T1 NOT ( AUTONOM\S ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 0,! ,COMMITTEES W\LD BE/ S]VE ! WORK]S' CAUSE BY BECOM+ SUBORD9ATE UNITS 9 A /ATE WIDE NETWORK ( TRADE UNIONS04 

,A SIMIL> VIEWPO9T WAS PUT BY ,ROZANOV1 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,PR(ESSIONAL ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,HIS ASS]TIONS ?AT ! 0FUNCTIONS ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E EPHEM]AL0 & ?AT 0,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES %\LD CON/ITUTE ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! UNIONS0 W]E %>PLY CRITICIZ$4 ,YET ?IS IS EXACTLY ! ROLE TO :I* - )9 A FEW MON?S - ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO BE RELEGAT$ BY ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE4 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E CRITICAL ( ! IDEA 7! UNIONS W]E /ILL L>GELY UND] ,M5%EVIK 9FLU5CE74 

,L59'S ADDRESS TO ! ,CONF]5CE CONTA9$ A H9T ( ?+S TO COME4 ,HE EXPLA9$ ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL MEANT 0?AT ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S %\LD 5T] ALL RESPONSIBLE 9/ITUTIONS & ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION %\LD R5D] AN ACC\NT ( ITS ACTIONS TO ! MO/ AU?ORITATIVE WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS04 ,UND] 'WORK]S' CONTROL' ,L59 CLE>LY 5VISAG$ AN 'ADM9I/RATION' O!R ?AN ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,! F9AL RESOLUTION1 SUPPORT$ BY #ccf ( ! #dba DELEGATES1 PROCLAIM$ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 0FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS1 ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! WIDE/ DEMOCRACY & ) A COLLECTIVE LEAD]%IP04 ,!IR OBJECTIVES W]E ! 0CREATION ( NEW CONDITIONS ( WORK04 ,! RESOLUTION CALL$ = 0! ORGANIZATION ( ?OR\< CONTROL BY LABOR OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION0 & = 0A PROLET>IAN MAJORITY 9 ALL 9/ITUTIONS HAV+ EXECUTIVE P[]04 

,! NEXT FEW WEEKS WITNESS$ A CONSID]ABLE GR[? ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,:]EV] !Y W]E /RONG 5\< 7BO? BE=E BUT ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 :5 !Y W]E ABETT$ BY LOCAL ,SOVIETS7 ! ,COMMITTEES 0BOLDLY \/$ ! MANAGEM5T & ASSUM$ DIRECT CONTROL ( !IR RESPECTIVE PLANTS04 

,JUNE #af 

,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

,JUNE #b-#b#h 

,A TRADE UNION ,CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,PETROGRAD PASS$ A RESOLUTION :I* /IPULAT$ ?AT 0! TRADE UNIONS1 DEF5D+ ! RI<TS & 9T]E/S ( HIR$ LABOR444 CANNOT TAKE UPON !MSELVES ADM9I/RATIVE-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS 9 PRODUCTION04 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E RELEGAT$ TO ! ROLE ( SEE+ TO IT 0?AT LAWS = ! DEF5SE ( LABOR W]E OBS]V$ & ?AT COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS CONCLUD$ BY ! UNIONS W]E ALSO OBS]V$04 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO AGITATE = ! 5TRANCE ( ALL WORK]S ( ! 5T]PRISE 9TO ! UNION4 ,!Y %\LD 0WORK TO /R5G!N & EXT5D ! TRADE UNIONS1 CONTRIBUTE TO ! UNITY ( !IR FI<T+ ACTION0 & 09CREASE ! AU?ORITY ( ! UNIONS 9 ! EYES ( UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S04 

,?IS ,CONF]5CE4 DOM9AT$ BY ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES1 HAD CONSID]ABLE MISGIV+S CONC]N+ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,IT EXPRESS$ !SE BY ADVOCAT+ ?AT ! ,COMMITTEES %\LD BE ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( LI/S DRAWN UP BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK !SES1 PRES5T$ TO ! ,CONF]5CE BY ,GLEBOV-,AVILOV1 SUGGE/$ ?AT = ! CONDUCT ( WORK]S' CONTROL' 'ECONOMIC CONTROL COMMISSIONS' %\LD BE ATTA*$ TO ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! UNIONS4 ,!SE ,COMMISSIONS W]E TO BE MADE UP ( MEMB]S ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE & W]E TO CO-OP]ATE ) ! LATT] 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E NOT ONLY TO P]=M 'CONTROL FUNCTIONS' = ! TRADE UNIONS BUT W]E ALSO TO BE F9ANCIALLY DEP5D5T UPON ! UNION4 

,! ,CONF]5CE SET UP AN ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 TO :I* REPRES5TATIVES W]E ELECT$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? ( ! V>I\S POLITICAL T5D5CIES PRES5T AT ! ,CONF]5CE4 

,AT ?IS /AGE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RID+ TWO HORSES1 SEEK+ TO GA9 ! ASC5DANCY 9 BO? ! UNIONS & ! ,COMMITTEES4 ,!Y W]E NOT AV]SE TO A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( D\BLE TALK 9 ! PURSUIT ( ?IS D\BLE OBJECTIVE4 ,9 UNIONS UND] /RONG ,M5%EVIK CONTROL ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD PRESS = CONSID]ABLE AUTONOMY = ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,9 UNIONS UND] !IR [N CONTROL1 !Y W\LD BE F> LESS 5?USIA/IC AB\T ! MATT]4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y AT ?IS /AGE TO SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ! ROLE ( ! UNIONS BE=E & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 

,BE=E #aiag ! UNIONS HAD BE5 RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT 9 ,RUSSIAN LABOR HI/ORY4 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS /ILL V]Y Y\NG4 ,UND] ,CZ>DOM 7AT LEA/ UNTIL ! TURN ( ! C5TURY7 TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION HAD BE5 ILLEGAL & P]SECUT$4 0,9 SUPPRESS+ TRADE UNIONISM ,CZ>DOM UNWITT+LY PUT A PREMIUM UPON REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION444 ,ONLY ! MO/ POLITICALLY-M9D$ WORK]S1 ?OSE PREP>$ TO PAY = !IR CONVICTION ) PRISON & EXILE1 C\LD BE WILL+ TO JO9 TRADE UNIONS 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES444 :]EAS 9 ,BRITA9 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS CREAT$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS FROM !IR BEG9N+ L$ !IR EXI/5CE 9 ! %AD[ ( ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T04 

,! ANALYSIS IS CORRECT - & MOREOV] ( MU* DEEP] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN ,DEUTS*] PROBABLY REALIZ$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS ( #aiag REFLECT$ ?IS PECULI> DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,ON ! ONE H& ! UNIONS W]E ! AUXILI>IES ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* UTILIZ$ !M = RECRUIT+ PURPOSES & AS A MASS TO BE MANEUV]$4 "9 ,ON ! O!R H& ! UNION MOVEM5T1 REBORN 9 A S5SE AFT] ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 WAS PU%$ =W>D BY ! MORE $UCAT$ WORK]S3 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! V>I\S UNIONS REFLECT$ ! PR$OM9ANCE ( A SORT ( 9TELLECTUAL ELITE1 FAVORABLE AT FIR/ TO ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT LAT] WON OV]1 9 V>Y+ PROPORTIONS1 TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! UNIONS W]E TI<TLY CONTROLL$ BY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* US$ !M TO SOLICIT SUPPORT = !IR V>I\S ACTIONS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! EASE ) :I* ! ,P>TY WAS ABLE - AT A LAT] DATE - TO MANIPULATE ! UNIONS4 ,IT ALSO HELPS ONE UND]/& ! FACT ?AT ! UNIONS 7& !IR PROBLEMS7 W]E (T5 TO PROVE ! BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* POLITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,P>TY LEAD]S W]E AGA9 & AGA9 TO BE F\<T \T4 ,TAK5 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! FACT ?AT ! ,P>TY'S :OLE PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T 79CLUD+ ITS TI<TLY C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE & HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTIONS7 HAD T5D$ TO SEP>ATE IT FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 ONE CAN UND]/& H[ HEAVILY ! C>DS W]E /ACK$ AGA9/ ANY AUTONOM\S EXPRESSION OR EV5 VOIC+ ( WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS4 ,9 A S5SE !SE F\ND A FRE] EXPRESSION 9 ! ,SOVIETS ?AN 9 EI!R ! ,P>TY OR ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,BE ?AT AS IT MAY TRADE UNION MEMB]%IP 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY AFT] ,FEBRU>Y1 WORK]S TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( !IR NEWLY WON FRE$OM4 0,DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S ( #aiag 7UNION7 MEMB]%IP ROSE FROM A FEW SCORES ( ?\S&S TO #a4#e MILLION444 ,BUT ! PRACTICAL ROLE ( ! TRADE UNIONS DID NOT CORRESPOND TO !IR NUM]ICAL /R5G?444 ,9 #aiag /RIKES NEV] ASSUM$ ! SCALE & P[] !Y HAD 9 #a#i#e444 ,! ECONOMIC RU9 ( ,RUSSIA1 ! GALLOP+ 9FLATION1 ! SC>CITY ( CONSUM]S' GOODS1 & SO ON1 MADE NORMAL 'BREAD & BUTT]' /RUGGLE LOOK UNREAL4 ,9 ADDITION ! ?REAT ( MOBILIZATION HUNG OV] W\LD-BE /RIK]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 NO MOOD TO /RIVE = LIMIT$ ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE & P>TIAL RE=MS4 ,! 5TIRE SOCIAL ORD] ( ,RUSSIA WAS AT /AKE04 

,WE >E NOT H]E 'D5\NC+' ! FACT ?AT ! UNIONS W]E BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,NOR >E WE ADVOCAT+ ANY?+ AS SIMPLI/IC AS 'KEEP+ POLITICS \T ( ! UNIONS'4 ,WE >E SIMPLY DESCRIB+ ! REAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ) A VIEW TO ASSESS+ ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,JUNE-,JULY 

,P]SI/5T EF=TS ( ,M5%EVIKS FULLY TO SUBORD9ATE ! ,FACTORY & ,PLANT ,COMMITTEES TO ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,!SE W]E SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ BY A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ( AN>*I/S - OBJECT+ ON GR\NDS ( PR9CIPLE - & ( ,BOL%EVIKS ACT+ ON ! BASIS ( TACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! AUTONOM\S ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T F\ND ITS HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T & MO/ MILITANT EXPRESSION 9 ! 5G9E]+ 9DU/RY4 ,?IS IS ( P>TICUL> RELEVANCE AS IT EXPLA9S ! DRA/IC MEASURES ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO RESORT TO1 9 #a#i#b#b1 TO BREAK ! 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS ( ! 5G9E]+ WORK]S4 

,JULY #b#f-,AUGU/ #c 

,SIX? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS4 

,MILYUT9 DECL>ES3 0,WE WILL RIDE ON ! CRE/ ( ! ECONOMIC WAVE ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S & WE WILL TURN ?IS SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T 9TO A CONSCI\S POLITICAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! EXI/+ /ATE P[]04 

,AUGU/ #g-#a#b 

',SECOND ,CONF ]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ,PETROGRAD1 ITS ,5VIRONS1 & ,NEI<BOR+ ,PROV9CES'1 HELD AT ! ,SMOLNY ,9/ITUTE4 

,! ,CONF]5CE RESOLV$ ?AT #a_/#d.0 ( ! WAGES ( ALL WORK]S REPRES5T$ %\LD GO TO SUPPORT A ',C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES'1 ?US MADE F9ANCIALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! UNIONS4 ,RANK & FILE SUPPORT]S ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES VIEW$ ! SETT+ UP ( ?IS ',C5TRAL ,SOVIET' ) MIX$ FEEL+S4 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y S5S$ ! NE$ = CO-ORD9ATION4 ,ON ! O!R H& !Y WANT$ ?IS CO-ORD9ATION TO BE C>RI$ \T FROM BEL[1 BY !MSELVES4 ,MANY W]E SUSPICI\S ( ! MOTIVES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ON :OSE 9ITIATIVE ! ',C5TRAL ,SOVIET' HAD BE5 BUREAUCRATICALLY SET UP4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,SKRYPNIK SPOKE ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ATTRIBUT+ !M 09 P>T TO ! WORK]S !MSELVES'4 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES HAD BE5 RELUCTANT TO FREE !IR MEMB]S = WORK 9 ! ,C5T]04 ,SOME ( ! ,COMMITTEES 0REFRA9$ FROM P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET BECAUSE ( ,BOL%EVIK PR$OM9ANCE 9 IT04 ,V4 ,M4 ,LEV91 ANO!R ,BOL%EVIK1 WAS TO COMPLA9 ?AT ! WORK]S 0DIDN'T DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! CONCEPTION ( CONTROL & ! CONCEPTION ( TAK+ POSSESSION04 

,! ,SECOND ,CONF]5CE ADOPT$ A :OLE NUMB] ( /ATUTES1 REGULAT+ ! WORK ( ! ,COMMITTEES1 ! DUTIES ( ! MANAGEM5T 7SIC671 PROC$URES = ELECT+ ! ,COMMITTEES1 ETC4 0,ALL DECREES ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES0 W]E DECL>$ COMPULSORY 0= ! FACTORY ADM9I/RATION AS WELL AS = ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES - UNTIL SU* TIME AS ?OSE DECREES W]E ABOLI%$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ITSELF1 OR BY ! ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES04 ,! ,COMMITTEES W]E TO MEET REGUL>LY DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 ,MEET+S W]E TO BE HELD ON DAYS DESIGNAT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEES !MSELVES4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEES W]E TO RECEIVE FULL PAY - FROM ! EMPLOY]S - :ILE ON ,COMMITTEE BUS9ESS4 ,NOTICE TO ! APPROPRIATE ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL WAS TO BE DEEM$ SUFFICI5T TO FREE A MEMB] ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE FROM WORK SO ?AT HE MI<T FULFILL HIS OBLIGATIONS TO ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,9 ! P]IODS BETWE5 MEET+S1 SELECT$ MEMB]S ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO OCCUPY PREMISES1 )9 ! FACTORY1 AT :I* !Y C\LD RECEIVE 9=MATION FROM ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES4 ,FACTORY ADM9I/RATIONS W]E TO PROVIDE FUNDS 0= ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,COMMITTEES & ! CONDUCT ( !IR AFFAIRS04 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO HAVE 0CONTROL OV] ! COMPOSITION ( ! ADM9I/RATION & ! RI<T TO DISMISS ALL ?OSE :O C\LD NOT GU>ANTEE NORMAL RELATIONS ) ! WORK]S OR :O W]E 9COMPET5T = O!R REASONS04 0,ALL ADM9I/RATIVE FACTORY P]SONNEL CAN ONLY 5T] 9TO S]VICE ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE1 :I* MU/ DECL>E ITS 7SIC67 HIR+S AT A ,G5]AL ,MEET+ ( ALL ! FACTORY OR ?R\< DEP>TM5TAL OR WORK%OP COMMITTEES40 ,! '9T]NAL ORGANIZATION' ( ! FACTORY 7WORK+ TIME1 WAGES1 HOLIDAYS1 ETC47 WAS ALSO TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO HAVE !IR [N PRESS & W]E 0TO 9=M ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES ( ! 5T]PRISE CONC]N+ !IR RESOLUTIONS BY PO/+ AN ANN\NCEM5T 9 A CONSPICU\S PLACE04 ,BUT1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIK ,SKRYPNIK REALI/ICALLY REM9D$ ! ,CONF]5CE 0WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT !SE >E NOT NORMAL /ATUTES CONFIRM$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y >E \R PLAT=M1 ON ! BASIS ( :I* WE WILL FI<T04 ,! BASIS ( ! DEM&S WAS 0CU/OM>Y REVOLUTION>Y RI<T04 

,AUGU/ #c 

,CAMPAIGN LAUN*$ BY ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ',FACTORY ,COMMITTEES' 9 ! ,RAILWAYS4 ,KUKEL1 ,VICE-,M9I/] = ! ,NAVY1 PROPOSES PROCLAMATION ( M>TIAL LAW ON ! ,RAILWAYS & ! CREATION ( COMMISSIONS 5TITL$ TO 0DISSOLVE ! ,COMMITTEES04 7,?IS IS ! VOICE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,AUGU/ #aiag - NOT ( ,TROTSKY1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b6 ,SEE ,AUGU/ #a#i#b74 

,AT A ,GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ 0CONSULTATION ) ! RANK-&-FILE0 HELD 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,AUGU/ #a ! CATA/ROPHIC CONDITION ( ! ,RAILWAYS WAS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,RAILWAY ,COMMITTEES4 0,ACCORD+ TO AN 9QUIRY CONDUCT$ AT A MEET+ ( ,RAILWAY ,MANAG]S1 #eeca WORK]S HAD BE5 NOM9AT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 !SE ,COMMITTEES ON ! #cg MA9 L9ES4 ,!SE PEOPLE W]E ABSOLV$ ( ALL COMMITM5TS TO WORK4 ,ON ! BASIS ( AN AV]AGE M9IMUM ( #b1 RUBLES1 ?IS LITTLE BUS9ESS WAS CO/+ ! ,GOV]NM5T #aa MILLION RUBLES4 ,& ?IS ONLY CONC]N$ #cg ( ! #f MA9 L9ES444 0 

,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME ,/RUVE1 A WELL-KN[N B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGI/ & ECONOMI/1 WAS WRIT+ ?AT 0JU/ AS 9 ! MILIT>Y FIELD ! ELIM9ATION ( (FIC]S BY SOLDI]S LEADS TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,>MY 7BECAUSE IT IMPLIES A LEGALIZATION ( REVOLT 9COMPATIBLE ) ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,>MY71 SO 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD3 ! SUB/ITUTION ( MANAG]IAL P[] BY WORK]S MANAGEM5T IMPLIES ! DE/RUCTION ( NORMAL ECONOMIC ORD] & LIFE 9 ! 5T]PRISES04 

,A LITTLE LAT] 9 ! MON? A ,CONF]5CE ( ,EMPLOY]S WAS HELD 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,IT SET UP A ,UNION ( ,EMPLOY]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! MA9 FUNCTION ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION WAS DESCRIB$ BY ITS PRESID5T ,BYMANOV AS 0! ELIM9ATION ( 9T]F]5CE BY ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9 :AT >E MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS40 

,AUGU/ #aa 

,FIR/ ISSUE ( ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA UND] BANN] ( ! ,UNION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,PROPAG&A4 

,AUGU/ #be 

,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 9 A FAM\S >TICLE HEAD$ ',QUE/IONS ( ! ,H\R'1 WROTE3 0,WE SAY TO ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S1 REVOLUTIONI/S3 ABOVE ALL1 CONT9UE ! REVOLUTION4 ,CONT9UE TO ORGANIZE Y\RSELVES SOLIDLY & TO UNITE Y\R NEW ORGANIZATIONS3 Y\R COMMUNES1 Y\R UNIONS1 Y\R COMMITTEES1 Y\R SOVIETS4 ,CONT9UE1 ) FIRMNESS & P]SEV]ANCE1 ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E TO P>TICIPATE MORE & MORE EXT5SIVELY & MORE & MORE EFFECTIVELY 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY1 CONT9UE TO TAKE 9TO Y\R H&S1 ?AT IS 9TO ! H&S ( Y\R ORGANIZATIONS1 ALL ! RAW MAT]IALS & ALL ! 9/RUM5TS 9DISP5SABLE TO Y\R LABOR4 ,CONT9UE ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,DO NOT HESITATE TO FACE ! SOLUTION ( ! BURN+ QUE/IONS ( ! PRES5T4 ,CREATE EV]Y:]E ! NECESS>Y ORGANIZATIONS TO A*IEVE !SE SOLUTIONS4 ,PEASANTS1 TAKE ! L& & PUT IT AT ! DISPOSAL ( Y\R COMMITTEES4 ,WORK]S1 PROCE$ TO PUT 9 ! H&S ( & AT ! DISPOSAL ( Y\R [N SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS - EV]Y:]E ON ! SPOT - ! M9ES & ! SUBSOIL1 ! 5T]PRISES & ! E/ABLI%M5TS ( ALL SORTS1 ! WORKS & FACTORIES1 ! WORK%OPS & ! MA*9ES04 

,A LITTLE LAT]1 ISSUE ,NO4 #ae ( ! SAME PAP] URG$ ITS READ]S TO 0BEG9 IMM$IATELY TO ORGANIZE ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY ON NEW BASES4 ,!N A SORT ( 'DICTATOR%IP ( LABOR' WILL BEG9 TO BE A*IEV$1 EASILY & 9 A NATURAL MANN]4 ,& ! PEOPLE W\LD LE>N1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 TO DO IT04 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD !RE W]E A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT /RIKES 7TANN]Y & TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,MOSC[1 5G9E]+ WORK]S 9 ,PETROGRAD4 PETROL WORK]S 9 ,BAKU1 M9]S 9 ! ,DONBAS7 ',!RE WAS A COMMON FEATURE TO !SE /RUGGLES3 ! EMPLOY]S W]E PREP>$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS ?R\< 9CREAS$ WAGES BUT CATEGORICALLY REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ANY RI<TS TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE 0444 W]E PREP>$ TO FI<T TO ! BITT] 5D NOT SO MU* ON ! QUE/ION ( WAGE 9CREASES AS ON ! QUE/ION ( ! RECOGNITION ( !IR FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS04 ,ONE ( ! MA9 DEM&S WAS ! TRANSF] TO ! ,COMMITTEES ( ! RI<TS ( HIR+ & FIR+4 ,! 9ADEQUACIES ( ! 'LAW' ( ,APRIL #bc W]E BY N[ WIDELY REALIZ$4 ,DEM&S = ! ,SOVIETS TO TAKE ! P[] W]E BEG9N+ TO EVOKE AN E*O4 0,DUR+ ITS /RUGGLE = A 'FACTORY CON/ITUTION' ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BECOME AW>E ( ! NE$ ITSELF TO MANAGE PRODUCTION04 

,AUGU/ #bh 

,9 RESPONSE TO AN 9CREAS+ CAMPAIGN 9 ! B\RGEOIS J\RNALS AGA9/ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & 0WORK+ CLASS AN>*ISM0 ! ,M5%EVIK ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR ,SKOBELEV ISSU$ HIS FAM\S ',CIRCUL> ,NO4 #d#b#a' =BIDD+ MEET+S ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES DUR+ WORK+ H\RS 70BECAUSE ( ! NE$ TO DEVOTE EV]Y 5]GY & EV]Y SECOND TO 9T5SIVE WORK074 ,! CIRCUL> AU?ORIZ$ MANAGEM5T TO D$UCT FROM WAGES TIME LO/ BY WORK]S 9 ATT5D+ ,COMMITTEE MEET+S4 ,?IS WAS AT A TIME :5 ,KORNILOV WAS M>*+ ON ,PETROGRAD1 & 0:5 ! WORK]S W]E RIS+1 ?REAT5+1 TO ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION )\T CONSID]+ :E!R !Y W]E DO+ SO DUR+ WORK+ H\RS OR NOT04 

,SEPTEMB] 

,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY W9S MAJORITIES 9 BO? ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[ ,SOVIETS4 

,SEPTEMB] #a 

,?IRD ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 ANO!R CIRCUL> FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR HAD /AT$ ?AT ! RI<T ( HIR+ & FIR+ ( WORK]S BELONG$ TO ! [N]S ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 BY N[ V]Y AL>M$ AT ! GR[? ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 WAS /RIV+ DESP]ATELY TO CURTAIL !IR P[]4 

,! ,M5%EVIK ,KOLOKOLNIKOV ATT5D$ ! ,CONF]5CE AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR4 ,HE DEF5D$ ! ,CIRCUL>S4 ,HE 'EXPLA9$' ?AT ! CIRCUL>S DID NOT DEPRIVE ! WORK]S ( ! RI<T ( CONTROL OV] HIR+ & FIR+ 444 BUT ONLY ( ! RI<T TO HIRE & FIRE4 0,AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E !MSELVES TO DO LAT] ,KOLOKOLNIKOV DEF9$ CONTROL AS SUP]VISION OV] POLICY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! RI<T ( MAK+ POLICY40 

,AT ! CONF]5CE A WORK] CALL$ ,AF9OG5EV ASS]T$ ?AT 0ALL P>TIES1 NOT EXCLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 5TICE ! WORK]S ) ! PROMISE ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD ON E>? A HUNDR$ YE>S FROM N[444 ,WE DON'T NE$ IMPROVEM5T 9 A HUNDR$ YE>S TIME1 BUT N[1 IMM$IATELY40 ,! ,CONF]5CE1 :I* ONLY LA/$ TWO SESSIONS1 DECRE$ ?AT IT W\LD SEEK ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! CIRCUL>S 

,SEPTEMB] #ad 

,MEET+ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF]5CE4 ,EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! TASKS ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E 'ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T' FROM ?OSE ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS REQUE/$ #be SEATS = ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 7,! SAME NUMB] HAD BE5 ALLOCAT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T TO ! UNIONS47 

,SEPTEMB] #bf 

,L59 WRITES 0,! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T MU/ IMM$IATELY 9TRODUCE ?R\<\T ! /ATE WORK]S' CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION04 0,FAIL+ SU* CONTROL444 FAM9E & CATA/ROPHE ( UNPREC$5T$ DIM5SIONS ?REAT5 ! C\NTRY FROM WEEK TO WEEK04 

,= SEV]AL WEEKS ! EMPLOY]S HAD BE5 RESORT+ TO LOCK\TS ON AN 9CREAS+ SCALE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO BREAK ! P[] ( ! ,COMMITTEES4 ,BETWE5 ,M>* & ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g1 #ehf 5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ OV] #a1 WORK]S HAD BE5 CLOS$ D[N1 SOMETIMES BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( FUEL OR RAW MAT]IALS BUT (T5 AS A DELIB]ATE ATTEMPT BY ! EMPLOY]S TO EVADE ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! ,COMMITTEES4 ,ONE ( ! FUNCTIONS ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS SE5 AS PUTT+ AN 5D TO SU* PRACTICES4 

,OCTOB] #a 

,PUBLICATION ( ,L59'S ',CAN ! ,BOL%EVIKS RETA9 ,/ATE P[]8' ,?IS TEXT CONTA9S C]TA9 PASSAGES :I* HELP ONE UND]/& MANY SUBSEQU5T EV5TS4 0,:5 WE SAY WORK]S' CONTROL1 ALWAYS ASSOCIAT+ ?AT SLOGAN ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ALWAYS PUTT+ IT AFT] ! LATT]1 WE !REBY MAKE PLA9 :AT /ATE WE HAVE 9 M9D444 ,IF IT IS A PROLET>IAN /ATE WE >E REF]R+ TO 7I4E4 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT7 !N WORK]S' CONTROL CAN BECOME A NATIONAL1 ALL-EMBRAC+1 OMNIPRES5T1 EXTREMELY PRECISE & EXTREMELY SCRUPUL\S ACC\NT+ 7EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL7 ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS04 

,9 ! SAME PAMPHLET ,L59 DEF9ES ! TYPE ( 'SOCIALI/ APP>ATUS' 7OR FRAMEWORK7 )9 :I* ! FUNCTION ( ACC\NTANCY 7WORK]S' CONTROL7 WILL BE EX]CIS$4 0,)\T BIG BANKS SOCIALISM W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE ( REALIZATION4 ,! BIG BANKS >E A '/ABLE APP>ATUS' WE NE$ = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM & :I* WE %ALL TAKE FROM CAPITALISM READY MADE4 ,\R PROBLEM H]E IS ONLY TO LOP AWAY ?AT :I* CAPITALI/ICALLY DISFIGURES ?IS O!RWISE EXCELL5T APP>ATUS & TO MAKE IT /ILL BIGG]1 /ILL MORE DEMOCRATIC1 /ILL MORE COMPREH5SIVE4440 0,A S+LE HUGE /ATE BANK1 ) BRAN*ES 9 EV]Y RURAL DI/RICT & 9 EV]Y FACTORY - ?AT WILL ALREADY BE N9E-T5?S ( A SOCIALI/ APP>ATUS04 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L59 ?IS TYPE ( APP>ATUS W\LD ALL[ 0G5]AL /ATE BOOK-KEEP+1 G5]AL /ATE ACC\NT+ ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS01 & W\LD BE 0SOME?+ 9 ! NATURE1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! SKELETON ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY04 7,L59'S EMPHASIS ?R\<\T47 

,NO ONE DISPUTES ! IMPORTANCE ( KEEP+ RELIABLE RECORDS BUT ,L59'S 9D5TIFICATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 A 'WORK]S' /ATE'1 ) ! FUNCTION ( ACC\NTANCY 7I4E4 *ECK+ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( DECISIONS TAK5 BY O!RS7 IS EXTREMELY REVEAL+4 ,NO:]E 9 ,L59'S WRIT+S IS WORK]S' CONTROL EV] EQUAT$ ) FUNDAM5TAL DECISION-TAK+ 7I4E4 ) ! 9ITIATION ( DECISIONS7 RELAT+ TO PRODUCTION 7H[ MU* TO PRODUCE1 H[ TO PRODUCE IT1 AT :AT CO/1 AT :OSE CO/1 ETC474 

,O!R WRIT+S BY ,L59 9 ?IS P]IOD REIT]ATE ?AT ONE ( ! FUNCTIONS ( WORK]S' CONTROL IS TO PREV5T SABOTAGE BY ! HI<] BUREAUCRATS & FUNCTION>IES4 

0,AS = ! HI<] EMPLOYES444 WE %ALL HAVE TO TREAT !M AS WE TREAT ! CAPITALI/S - R\<LY4 ,!Y1 LIKE ! CAPITALI/S1 WILL (F] RESI/ANCE444 WE MAY SUCCE$ ) ! HELP ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 R5D]+ SU* RESI/ANCE IMPOSSIBLE04 

,L59'S NOTIONS ( WORK]S' CONTROL 7AS A MEANS ( PREV5T+ LOCK-\TS7 & HIS REPEAT$ DEM&S = ! 'OP5+ ( ! BOOKS' 7AS A MEANS ( PREV5T+ ECONOMIC SABOTAGE7 REF]R$ BO? TO ! IMM$IATE SITUATION1 & TO ! MON?S :I* W]E TO FOLL[ ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE 5VISAG$ A P]IOD DUR+ :I*1 9 A WORK]S' /ATE1 ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD /ILL RETA9 ! =MAL [N]%IP & EFFECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( MO/ ( ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS4 ,! NEW /ATE1 9 ,L59'S E/IMATION1 W\LD NOT BE ABLE IMM$IATELY TO TAKE OV] ! RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY4 ,!RE W\LD BE A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! CAPITALI/S W\LD BE CO]C$ 9TO COOP]ATION4 ',WORK]S' CONTROL' WAS SE5 AS ! 9/RUM5T ( ?IS CO]CION4 

,OCTOB] #a 

,F\R? ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ,PETROGRAD & ITS ,5VIRONS4 ,! MA9 BUS9ESS ON ! AG5DA WAS ! CONVOCATION ( ! FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 

,OCTOB] #ac 

,GOLOS ,TRUDA CALLS = 0TOTAL WORK]S' CONTROL1 EMBRAC+ ALL PLANT OP]ATIONS1 REAL & NOT FICTITI\S CONTROL1 CONTROL OV] WORK RULES1 HIR+ & FIR+1 H\RS & WAGES & ! PROC$URES ( MANUFACTURE04 

,SOVIETS & ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E APPE>+ EV]Y:]E AT A PH5OM5AL RATE4 ,!IR GR[? CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! EXTREMELY RADICAL NATURE ( ! TASKS CONFRONT+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,SOVIETS & ,COMMITTEES W]E F> MORE CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! REALITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE ?AN W]E ! UNIONS4 ,!Y !RE=E PROV$ F> MORE EFFECTIVE M\?PIECES ( FUNDAM5TAL POPUL> ASPIRATIONS4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 9T5SIVE PROPAG&A WAS CONDUCT$ = LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 0,NOT A S+LE NEWSPAP] WAS CLOS$1 NOT A S+LE LEAFLET1 PAMPHLET OR BOOK CONFISCAT$1 NOT A S+LE RALLY OR MASS MEET+ =BIDD5444 ,TRUE ! ,GOV]NM5T AT ?AT P]IOD WAS NOT AV]SE TO DEAL+ SEV]ELY ) BO? ,AN>*I/S & ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,K]5SKY ?REAT5$ MANY TIMES TO 'BURN !M \T ) R$ HOT IRONS' ,BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS P[]LESS1 BECAUSE ! ,REVOLUTION WAS 9 FULL SW+04 

,AS ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ?IS /AGE /ILL SUPPORT$ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,!Y SAW !M AS 0! BATT]+ RAM ?AT W\LD DEAL BL[S TO CAPITALISM1 ORGANS ( CLASS /RUGGLE CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS ON ITS [N GR\ND04 ,!Y ALSO SAW 9 ! SLOGAN ( 'WORK]S CONTROL' A MEANS ( UND]M9+ ,M5%EVIK 9FLU5CE 9 ! UNIONS4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E BE+ 0C>RI$ ALONG BY A MOVEM5T :I* WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS EMB>RASS+ TO !M BUT :I*1 AS A MA9 DRIV+ =CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 !Y C\LD NOT FAIL TO 5DORSE04 ,DUR+ ! MIDDLE ( #aiag ,BOL%EVIK SUPPORT = ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES WAS SU* ?AT ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E TO ACCUSE !M ( 'AB&ON+' ,M>XISM 9 FAVOR ( AN>*ISM4 0,ACTUALLY ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S REMA9$ FIRM UPHOLD]S ( ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,!IR IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT YET TO SET UP ! C5TRALIZ$ PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 BUT TO DEC5TRALIZE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,?IS WAS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD !RE=E1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE1 ! ORGAN ON ! SPOT1 RA!R ?AN ! TRADE UNION WAS ! MO/ POT5T & DEADLY 9/RUM5T ( UPHEAVAL4 ,?US ! TRADE UNIONS W]E RELEGAT$ TO ! BACKGR\ND4440 

,?IS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ EXPLICIT /ATEM5T ( :Y ! ,BOL%EVIKS AT ?IS /AGE SUPPORT$ WORK]S' CONTROL & ITS ORGANIZATIONAL VEHICLE1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,TODAY ONLY ! IGNORANT OR ?OSE WILL+ TO BE DECEIV$ CAN /ILL KID !MSELVES 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT PROLET>IAN P[]1 AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION WAS EV] A FUNDAM5TAL T5ET OR OBJECTIVE ( ,BOL%EVISM4 

,OCTOB] #a#g-#b#b 

,FIR/ ,ALL ,RUSSIAN ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 CONV5$ BY ,NOVY ,PUT 7,NEW ,PA?7 A PAP] 0/RONGLY COLOR$ ) A NEW K9D ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ?\< NO AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E ON ITS /AFF04 

,ACCORD+ TO LAT] ,BOL%EVIK S\RCES1 ( ! #acg DELEGATES ATT5D+ ! ,CONF]5CE !RE W]E #hf ,BOL%EVIKS1 #bb ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES1 #aa AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 #h ,M5%EVIKS1 #f 'MAXIMALI/S' & #d 'NONP>TY'4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ON ! V]GE ( SEIZ+ P[]1 & !IR ATTITUDE TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO *ANGE4 ,%MIDT1 FUTURE ,COMMISS> = ,LABOR 9 ,L59'S GOV]NM5T1 DESCRIB$ :AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 MANY >EAS4 0,AT ! MOM5T :5 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E =M$1 ! TRADE UNIONS ACTUALLY DID NOT YET EXI/4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES FILL$ ! VACUUM04 ,ANO!R ,BOL%EVIK SPEAK] /AT$ 0! GR[? ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES HAS NATURALLY OCCURR$ AT ! EXP5SE ( C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS SU* AS ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,?IS ( C\RSE IS A HI<LY ABNORMAL DEVELOPM5T :I* HAS 9 PRACTICE L$ TO V]Y UNDESIRABLE RESULTS04 

,A DIFF]5T VIEWPO9T WAS /RESS$ BY A DELEGATE FROM ,ODESSA4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT 0! ,CONTROL ,COMMISSIONS MU/ NOT BE M]E *ECK+ COMMISSIONS BUT MU/ BE ! CELLS ( ! FUTURE1 :I* EV5 N[ >E PREP>+ = ! TRANSF] ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S04 ,AN AN>*I/ SPEAK] >GU$ 0! TRADE UNIONS WI% TO DEV\R ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,!RE IS NO POPUL> DISCONT5T ) ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 BUT !RE IS DISCONT5T ) ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,TO ! WORK] ! TRADE UNION IS A =M ( ORGANIZATION IMPOS$ FROM )\T4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE IS CLOS] TO !M04 ,RETURN+ TO A !ME ?AT WAS TO RECUR REPEAT$LY HE ALSO EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E CELLS ( ! FUTURE444 ,!Y1 NOT ! ,/ATE1 %\LD N[ ADM9I/]04 

,L59 AT ?IS /AGE SAW ! TREM5D\S IMPORTANCE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES444 AS A MEANS ( HELP+ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY TO SEIZE P[]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ORDZHONIKIDZE HE ASS]T$ 0WE MU/ %IFT ! C5T] ( GRAVITY TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES MU/ BECOME ! ORGANS ( 9SURRECTION4 ,WE MU/ *ANGE \R SLOGAN & 9/EAD ( SAY+ ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS' WE MU/ SAY ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES'04 

,A RESOLUTION WAS PASS$ AT ! ,CONF]5CE PROCLAIM+ ?AT 0WORK]S' CONTROL - )9 ! LIMITS ASSIGN$ TO IT BY ! ,CONF]5CE - WAS ONLY POSSIBLE UND] ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RULE ( ! WORK+ CLASS04 ,IT W>N$ AGA9/ 'ISOLAT$' & 'DISORGANIZ$' ACTIVITIES & PO9T$ \T ?AT 0! SEIZURE ( FACTORIES BY ! WORK]S & !IR OP]ATION = P]SONAL PR(IT WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAT04 

,OCTOB] #be 

,OV]?R[ ( ,K]5SKY'S ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,PROCLAMATION ( ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S 7,SOVN>KOM7 DUR+ OP5+ SESSION ( ,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

,OCTOB] #bf 

,AT SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ,BOL%EVIK SPOKESM5 PROCLAIM$3 0,! ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 VICTORI\S4 ,ALL P[] HAS PASS$ TO ! ,SOVIETS444 ,NEW LAWS WILL HE PROCLAIM$ )9 A FEW DAYS DEAL+ ) WORK]S' PROBLEMS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT WILL DEAL ) WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & ) ! RETURN ( 9DU/RY TO NORMAL CONDITIONS4 ,/RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS >E H>MFUL 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,WE ASK Y\ TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL /RIKES ON ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ISSUES1 TO RESUME WORK & TO C>RY IT \T 9 A P]FECTLY ORD]LY MANN]444 ,EV]Y MAN TO HIS PLACE4 ,! BE/ WAY TO SUPPORT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T !SE DAYS IS TO C>RY ON ) ONE'S JOB04 ,)\T APP>5TLY BATT+ AN EYELID ,PANKRATOVA C\LD WRITE ?AT 0! FIR/ DAY ( WORK]S' P[] WAS U%]$ 9 BY ?IS CALL TO WORK & TO ! $IFICATION ( ! NEW K9D ( FACTORY04 

,PUBLICATION ( ',DECREE ON ! ,L&'4 ,L&S ( NOBILITY1 *UR* & CR[N TRANSF]R$ TO CU/ODY ( PEASANTS4 

,NOVEMB] #c 

,PUBLICATION 9 ,PRAVDA ( ,L59'S ',DRAFT ,DECREE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL'4 ,?IS PROVID$ = ! 09TRODUCTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTION1 W>EH\S+1 PUR*ASE & SALE ( ALL PRODUCTS & RAW MAT]IALS 9 ALL 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 BANK+1 AGRICULTURAL & O!R 5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ A TOTAL ( NOT LESS ?AN FIVE WORK]S & EMPLOYES - OR ) A TURNOV] ( NOT LESS ?AN #a1 RUBLES P] ANNUM04 

,WORK]S' CONTROL WAS TO BE 0C>RI$ \T BY ALL ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES 9 A GIV5 5T]PRISE1 EI!R DIRECTLY IF ! 5T]PRISE IS SMALL 5\< TO P]MIT IT1 OR ?R\< DELEGATES TO BE IMM$IATELY ELECT$ AT MASS MEET+S4 ,ELECT$ DELEGATES W]E TO 'HAVE ACCESS TO ALL BOOKS & DOCUM5TS & TO ALL W>EH\SES & /OCKS ( MAT]IAL1 9/RUM5TS & PRODUCTS1 )\T EXCEPTION04 

,!SE EXCELL5T1 & (T5 QUOT$1 PROVISIONS 9 FACT ONLY LI/$ & LEGALIZ$ :AT HAD ALREADY BE5 A*IEV$ & IMPLEM5T$ 9 MANY PLACES BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! PREVI\S MON?S4 ,!Y W]E TO BE FOLL[$ BY ?REE FUR!R PROVISIONS1 ( OM9\S IMPORT4 ,IT IS AMAZ+ ?AT !SE >E NOT BETT] KN[N4 ,9 PRACTICE !Y W]E SOON TO NULLIFY ! POSITIVE FEATURES ( ! PREVI\S PROVISIONS4 ,!Y /IPULAT$ 7PO9T #e7 ?AT 0! DECISIONS ( ! ELECT$ DELEGATES ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES W]E LEGALLY B9D+ UPON ! [N]S ( 5T]PRISES BUT ?AT !Y C\LD BE 0ANNULL$ BY TRADE UNIONS & CONGRESSES0 7\R EMPHASIS74 ,?IS WAS EXACTLY ! FATE ?AT WAS TO BEFALL ! DECISIONS ( ! ELECT$ DELEGATES ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES3 ! TRADE UNIONS PROV$ TO BE ! MA9 M$IUM ?R\< :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS S\<T TO BREAK ! AUTONOM\S P[] ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 

,! ,DRAFT ,DECREE ALSO /RESS$ 7PO9T #f7 ?AT 09 ALL 5T]PRISES ( /ATE IMPORTANCE0 ALL DELEGATES ELECT$ TO EX]CISE WORK]S' CONTROL W]E TO BE 0ANSW]ABLE TO ! ,/ATE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /RICTE/ ORD] & DISCIPL9E & = ! PROTECTION ( PROP]TY04 ,5T]PRISES 0( IMPORTANCE TO ! ,/ATE0 W]E DEF9$ 7PO9T #g7 - & ?IS HAS A FAMILI> TONE = ALL REVOLUTION>IES - AS 0ALL 5T]PRISES WORK+ = DEF5SE PURPOSES1 OR 9 ANY WAY CONNECT$ ) ! PRODUCTION ( >TICLES NECESS>Y = ! EXI/5CE ( ! MASSES ( ! POPULATION0 7\R EMPHASIS74 ,9 O!R WORDS PRACTICALLY ANY 5T]PRISE C\LD BE DECL>$ BY ! NEW ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE AS 0( IMPORTANCE TO ! ,/ATE04 ,! DELEGATES FROM SU* AN 5T]PRISE 7ELECT$ TO EX]CISE WORK]S' CONTROL7 W]E N[ MADE ANSW]ABLE TO A HI<] AU?ORITY4 ,MOREOV] IF ! TRADE UNIONS 7ALREADY FAIRLY BUREAUCRATIZ$7 C\LD 'ANNUL' ! DECISIONS ( RANK-&-FILE DELEGATES1 :AT REAL P[] 9 PRODUCTION HAD ! RANK-&-FILE8 ,! ,DECREE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL WAS SOON PROV$1 9 PRACTICE1 NOT TO BE WOR? ! PAP] IT WAS WRITT5 ON4 

,IT IS QUITE DI%ONE/ = ?OSE :O %\LD KN[ BETT] 7SEE >TICLE BY ,T4 ,CLIFF 9 ,LABOR ,WORK] ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#g7 TO TRUMPET !SE DECREES ON WORK]S' CONTROL AS SOME?+ !Y NEV] W]E - & W]E NEV] 9T5D$ TO BECOME4 

,NOVEMB] #i 

,DECREE DISSOLV+ SOVIET 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS4 

,! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAD SPREAD EV5 TO ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE4 ,A SOVIET ( ,EMPLOYES HAD TAK5 CONTROL ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS & ANO!R HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ! ,ADMIRALTY4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #i AN APPEAL WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> = ! ,M9I/RY 7SIC7 ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS :I* CONCLUD$ 0,I DECL>E ?AT NO SO-CALL$ 9ITIATORY GR\PS OR COMMITTEES = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! DEP>TM5T ( ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS CAN USURP ! FUNCTIONS BELONG+ TO ! C5TRAL P[] & TO ME AS ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>04 

,NOVEMB] #ad 

,L59 EXPECT$ HIS 'DRAFT /ATUTES ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL' TO BE RATIFI$1 ) ONLY M9OR MODIFICATIONS1 BY ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIETS 7,V4,TS4,I4,K47 & BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S 7,SOVN>KOM74 ,9 FACT HIS PROPOSALS W]E TO GIVE RISE TO HEAT$ DISCUSSION & TO BE CRITICIZ$ FROM BO? RI<T & LEFT4 ,LOZOVSKI1 A ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/1 WAS TO WRITE3 0,TO US1 IT SEEM$ ?AT ! BASIC CONTROL UNITS %\LD ONLY ACT )9 LIMITS RIGOR\SLY DET]M9$ BY HI<] ORGANS ( CONTROL4 ,BUT ! COMRADES :O W]E = ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( WORK]S CONTROL W]E PRESS+ = ! 9DEP5D5CE & AUTONOMY ( !SE L[] ORGANS1 BECAUSE !Y FELT ?AT ! MASSES !MSELVES W\LD 9C>NATE ! PR9CIPLE ( CONTROL04 ,LOZOVSKI BELIEV$ ?AT 0! L[] ORGANS ( CONTROL MU/ CONF9E !IR ACTIVITIES )9 ! LIMITS SET BY ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! PROPOS$ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S ,CONTROL4 ,WE MU/ SAY IT QUITE CLE>LY & CATEGORICALLY1 SO ?AT WORK]S 9 V>I\S 5T]PRISES DON'T GO AWAY ) ! IDEA ?AT ! FACTORIES BELONG TO !M04 

,DESPITE HEAT$ PROTE/S FROM ! RANK & FILE - & AFT] NE>LY TWO WEEKS ( CONTROV]SY - A 'COMPROMISE' WAS ADOPT$ 9 :I* ! TRADE UNION - N[ ! 0UNEXPECT$ *AMPIONS ( ORD]1 DISCIPL9E & C5TRALIZ$ DIRECTION ( PRODUCTION0 - HAD CLE>LY WON ! UPP] H&4 ,! NEW TEXT WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIETS 7,V4,TS4,I4,K47 ON ,NOVEMB] #ad 7BY #bd VOTES TO #a71 RATIFI$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S ON ,NOVEMB] #ae & RELEAS$ ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,MILYUT91 :O PRES5T$ ! REVIS$ DECREE TO ! ,V4 ,TS4 ,I4,K4 EXPLA9$ SOME:AT APOLOGETICALLY ?AT 0LIFE OV]TOOK US0 & ?AT IT HAD BECOME URG5TLY NECESS>Y TO 0UNITE 9TO ONE SOLID /ATE APP>ATUS ! WORK]S CONTROL :I* WAS BE+ OP]AT$ ON ! SPOT04 0,LEGISLATION ON WORK]S' CONTROL :I* %\LD LOGICALLY HAVE FITT$ 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( AN ECONOMIC PLAN HAD HAD TO PREC$E LEGISLATION ON ! PLAN ITSELF04 ,!RE C\LD BE NO CLE>] RECOGNITION ( ! TREM5D\S PRESSURES FROM BEL[ & ( ! DIFFICULTIES ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E EXP]I5C+ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO CANALIZE !M4 

,9 ! REVIS$ DECREE ,L59'S #h ORIG9AL PO9TS HAD N[ 9CREAS$ TO #a#d3 ,! NEW DECREE />T$ ) ! +5I\S /ATEM5T ?AT3 0,9 ! 9T]E/S ( A PLANN$ REGULATION ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY0 ! NEW ,GOV]NM5T 0RECOGNIZ$ ! AU?ORITY ( WORK]S' CONTROL ?R\<\T ! ECONOMY04 ,BUT !RE HAD TO BE A FIRM HI]>*Y ( CONTROL ORGANS4 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W\LD BE 0ALL[$0 TO REMA9 ! CONTROL ORGAN ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE4 ,BUT EA* ,COMMITTEE WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE TO A 0,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL01 SUBORD9AT$ 9 TURN TO AN 0,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL04 ,! COMPOSITION ( !SE HI<] ORGANS WAS DECID$ BY ! ,P>TY4 

,! TRADE UNIONS W]E MASSIVELY REPRES5T$ 9 ! MIDDLE & HI<] /RATA ( ?IS NEW PYRAMID ( 09/ITUTIONALIZ$ WORK]S' CONTROL04 ,= 9/ANCE ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL WAS TO CONSI/ ( #ba 'REPRES5TATIVES'3 #e FROM ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIETS1 #e FROM ! ,EXECUTIVE ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 #e FROM ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,5G9E]S & ,TE*NICIANS1 #b FROM ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AGRONOMI/S1 #b FROM ! ,PETROGRAD ,TRADE ,UNION ,C\NCIL1 #a FROM EA* ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION NUMB]+ FEW] ?AN #a1 MEMB]S 7#b = ,F$]ATIONS ( OV] ?IS NUMB]7444 & #e FROM ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES6 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES (T5 UND] AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE HAD BE5 WELL & TRULY 'CUT D[N TO SIZE'4 

,LONG GONE W]E ! DAYS :5 ,L59 HAD ASS]T$ 0! S\RCE ( P[] IS NOT A LAW PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ & PASS$ BY P>LIAM5T1 BUT ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES FROM BEL[1 9 !IR LOCALITIES - \TRI<T 'SEIZURE'1 TO USE A POPUL> EXPRESSION04 

,! V]Y M5TION H[EV] 9 ! DECREE ( AN ',ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES' MEANT ?AT SIDE BY SIDE ) ! '(FICIAL' /RUCTURE ( ORGANS ( 'WORK]S CONTROL' ANO!R /RUCTURE WAS /ILL PRES5T ALMO/ 9EVITABLY ANTAGONI/IC3 ! PYRAMID ( ORGANS REPRES5T+ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,IT ALSO %[S ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T WAS /ILL SEEK+ TO CO-ORD9ATE ITS ACTIVITIES ON A NATION-WIDE BASIS4 ,EV5 ?IS M9OR REPRES5TATION = ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES HAD BE5 A TACTICAL CONCESSION ON ,L59'S P>T & EV5TS W]E SOON TO %[ ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAD NO 9T5TION ( ACCEPT+ = LONG ?IS POT5TIAL ?REAT TO ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,P>TY & ( ITS SUPPORT]S )9 ! UNIONS4 ,! ,P>TY GOT TO WORK4 0,?OSE :O HAD PAID MO/ LIP S]VICE TO WORK]S' CONTROL & PURPORT$ TO 'EXP&' IT W]E 9 FACT 5GAG$ 9 A SKILLFUL ATTEMPT TO MAKE IT ORD]LY & 9NOCU\S BY TURN+ IT 9TO A L>GE SCALE1 C5TRALIZ$1 PUBLIC 9/ITUTION04 

,BOL%EVIK PROPAG&A1 9 LAT] YE>S1 WAS CON/ANTLY TO REIT]ATE ! !ME ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E NOT A SUITABLE 9/RUM5T = ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,DEUTS*] = 9/ANCE CLAIMS ?AT1 ALMO/ FROM !IR CREATION1 ! 0AN>*IC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,COMMITTEES MADE !MSELVES FELT3 EV]Y ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE ASPIR$ TO HAVE ! LA/ & F9AL SAY ON ALL MATT]S AFFECT+ ! FACTORY1 ITS \TPUT1 ITS /OCKS ( RAW MAT]IAL1 ITS CONDITIONS ( WORK1 ETC41 & PAID LITTLE OR NO ATT5TION TO ! NE$S ( 9DU/RY AS A :OLE04 ,YET 9 ! V]Y NEXT S5T5CE ,DEUTS*] PO9TS \T ?AT 0A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! UPHEAVAL 7! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION7 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ATTEMPT$ TO =M !IR [N NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS TO SECURE !IR VIRTUAL ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS N[ CALL$ UPON ! TRADE UNIONS TO R5D] A SPECIAL S]VICE TO ! NASC5T ,SOVIET ,/ATE & TO DISCIPL9E ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! UNIONS CAME \T FIRMLY AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TO =M A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N4 ,!Y PREV5T$ ! CONVOCATION ( A PLANN$ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & DEM&$ TOTAL SUBORD9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! ,COMMITTEES04 

,! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITION = ! ,COMMITTEES TO HAVE />T$ TACKL+ REGIONAL & NATIONAL TASKS WAS !IR F$]ATION ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL BASIS4 ,IT IS ! HEI<T ( HYPOCRISY = LATT]-DAY ,BOL%EVIKS TO BLAME ! ,COMMITTEES ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h = %[+ ONLY P>O*IAL PREOCCUPATIONS :5 ! ,P>TY ITSELF WAS TO DO ALL 9 ITS P[] TO PREV5T ! COMMITTEES FROM F$]AT+ FROM BEL[1 9 AN AUTONOM\S MANN]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK-SPONSOR$ ',C5TRAL ,SOVIET ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES' WAS W\ND UP1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 AS QUICKLY AS IT HAD BE5 SET UP4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C5T] ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 A BODY ( AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION :I* HAD BE5 GO+ = SEV]AL MON?S NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 SUPPLANT+ IT1 SO MANY W]E ! OB/ACLES PUT 9 ITS PA?4 

,SOME COMM5TS >E CALL$ = 9 RELATION TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! DISORGANIZATION CREAT$ BY ! W> & BY ! RESI/ANCE ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS 7MANIFE/$ AS SABOTAGE OR DES]TION ( !IR 5T]PRISES7 CLE>LY MADE IT IMP]ATIVE TO M9IMIZE & IF POSSIBLE ELIM9ATE UNNECESS>Y /RUGGLES1 BETWE5 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 SU* AS /RUGGLES = SCANTY FUEL OR RAW MAT]IALS4 ,!RE WAS CLE>LY A NE$ TO CO-ORD9ATE ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,COMMITTEES ON A VA/ SCALE1 A NE$ ( :I* MANY :O HAD BE5 MO/ ACTIVE 9 ! ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T W]E WELL AW>E4 ,! PO9T AT ISSUE IS NOT ?AT A FUNCTIONAL DIFF]5TIATION WAS F\ND NECESS>Y BETWE5 ! V>I\S ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[] 7,SOVIETS4 ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ETC47 OR ?AT A DEF9ITION WAS S\<T AS TO :AT W]E LOCAL TASKS & :AT W]E REGIONAL OR NATIONAL TASKS4 ,! MODALITIES ( SU* A DIFF]5TIATION C\LD HAVE BE5 - & PROBABLY W\LD HAVE BE5 - -DET]M9$ BY ! PROPOS$ ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT A HI]>*ICAL PATT]N ( DIFF]5TIATION WAS EXT]NALLY ELABORAT$ & IMPOS$1 BY AN AG5CY O!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 

,A ,BOL%EVIK SPOKESMAN DESCRIB$ ! SITUATION1 AS SE5 ?R\< ! EYES ( ?OSE N[ 9 P[]4 0,9/EAD ( A RAPID NORMALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 9/EAD ( MEASURES :I* W\LD HAVE L$ T[>DS A SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 WE F\ND A PRACTICE :I* RECALL$ ! AN>*I/ DREAMS ( AUTONOM\S PRODUCTIVE COMMUNES04 ,PANKRATOVA PUTS ! MATT] EV5 MORE BLUNTLY3 0,DUR+ ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ONE HAD TO ACCEPT ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 :I* WAS JU/ A ME?OD ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,BUT ONCE P[] HAD PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT 7I4E4 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,P>TY4 ,M4,B47 ! PRACTICE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ACT+ AS IF !Y [N$ ! FACTORIES BECAME ANTI-PROLET>IAN04 

,!SE SUBTLETIES W]E H[EV] ABOVE ! HEADS ( MO/ WORK]S4,!Y TOOK ,BOL%EVIK PROPAG&A AB\T WORK]S' CONTROL AT FACE VALUE4 ,!Y DIDN'T SEE IT AS 0SOME?+ TRANSITIONAL0 OR AS 0JU/ A /AGE T[>DS O!R ME?ODS ( NORMALIZATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE04 ,= !M IT WAS NOT JU/ A MEANS ( COMBAT+ ! ECONOMIC SABOTAGE ( ! RUL+ CLASS OR A CORRECT TACTICAL SLOGAN1 DECID$ 9 COMMITTEE AS 'APPROPRIATE' TO A GIV5 /AGE ( ! 'DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION'4 ,= ! MASSES 'WORK]S' CONTROL' WAS ! EXPRESSION ( !IR DEEPE/ ASPIRATIONS4 ,:O W\LD BE BOSS 9 ! FACTORY8 ,9/9CTIVELY !Y S5S$ ?AT :O MANAG$ PRODUCTION W\LD MANAGE ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! SUBTLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 'CONTROL' & 'MANAGEM5T' ( :I* MO/ ,BOL%EVIKS W]E DEEPLY AW>E "9 ELUD$ ! MASSES4 ,! MISUND]/&+ WAS TO HAVE BLOODY REP]CUSSIONS4 

,! ,NOVEMB] #aiag ,DECREE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL APPE>$ TO GIVE (FICIAL SANCTION TO ! DRIVE ( ! WORK+ CLASS T[>DS TOTAL DOM9ATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( ITS LIFE4 ,A METALWORK]S' PAP] WROTE ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS BY ITS NATURE444 %\LD OCCUPY ! C5TRAL PLACE BO? 9 PRODUCTION & ESPECIALLY 9 ITS ORGANIZATION444 ,ALL PRODUCTION 9 ! FUTURE WILL444 REPRES5T A REFLECTION ( ! PROLET>IAN WILL & M9D04 ,:]EAS BE=E ,OCTOB] WORK]S' CONTROL HAD USUALLY TAK5 A PASSIVE1 OBS]VATIONAL =M1 WORK]S' COMMITTEES N[ TOOK ON AN 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! OV]ALL MANAGEM5T ( V>I\S 5T]PRISES4 0,= SEV]AL MON?S FOLL[+ ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS 5JOY$ A DEGREE ( FRE$OM & A S5SE ( P[] PROBABLY UNIQUE 9 ITS HI/ORY04 

,!RE IS UN=TUNATELY LITTLE DETAIL$ 9=MATION AVAILABLE CONC]N+ ?IS MO/ 9T]E/+ P]IOD4 ,! DATA AVAILABLE USUALLY COME FROM S\RCES 7EI!R B\RGEOIS OR BUREAUCRATIC7 FUNDAM5TALLY HO/ILE TO ! V]Y IDEA ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & SOLELY CONC]N$ 9 PROV+ ITS '9EFFICI5CY' & 'IMPRACTICABILITY'4 ,AN 9T]E/+ ACC\NT ( :AT HAPP5$ AT ! ,NOBEL ,OIL REF9]Y HAS BE5 PUBLI%$4 ,?IS' ILLU/RATES ! FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CY ( ! WORK+ CLASS T[>DS SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! HO/ILITY IT 5C\NT]$ 9 ,P>TY CIRCLES4 ,O!R EXAMPLES WILL D\BTLESS COME TO LI<T4 

,UNLIKE SO MANY AN>*I/S ( TODAY1 MO/ AN>*I/S AT ! TIME W]E ALSO WELL AW>E ( ! DIFF]5CE4 ,VOL9E 7OP4 CIT41 P4 #g#g7 SAYS3 0! AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! VAGUE1 NEBUL\S SLOGAN ( 'CONTROL ( PRODUCTION'4 ,!Y ADVOCAT$ EXPROPRIATION - PROGRESSIVE BUT IMM$IATE - ( PRIVATE 9DU/RY BY ! ORGANIZATIONS ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION04 

,NOVEMB] #bh 

,MEET+ ( ! NEWLY DECRE$ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 

,! PREVI\S DISAGREEM5TS REAPPE>$4 ,L>91 REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK FRACTION 9 ! UNIONS1 DECL>$ ?AT 0! TRADE UNIONS REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS AS A :OLE :]EAS ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ONLY REPRES5T P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS40 ,ZHIVOTOV1 SPOKESMAN ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T1 DECL>$3 0,9 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES WE ELABORATE 9/RUCTIONS :I* COME FROM BEL[1 ) A VIEW TO SEE+ H[ !Y CAN BE APPLI$ TO 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,!SE >E ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! WORK %OP1 ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,!Y >E ! ONLY 9/RUCTIONS ?AT CAN HAVE REAL MEAN+4 ,!Y %[ :AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES >E CAPABLE (1 & %\LD !RE=E COME TO ! =EFRONT 9 DISCUSSIONS ( WORK]S' CONTROL04 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES FELT ?AT 0CONTROL WAS ! TASK ( ! COMMITTEE 9 EA* E/ABLI%M5T4 ,! COMMITTEES ( EA* T[N %\LD !N MEET444 & LAT] E/ABLI% CO-ORD9ATION ON A REGIONAL BASIS04 

,! SETT+ UP ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS CLE>LY AN ATTEMPT TO BY-PASS ! ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T4 ,! ATTEMPT PROV$ P>TLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES CONT9U$ !IR AGITATION4 ,BUT !IR VOICE1 SIL5C$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE MEANS1 ONLY EVOK$ A FEEBLE E*O )9 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ITSELF DOM9AT$ AS IT WAS BY ,P>TY NOM9EES4 0,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah ,RIAZANOV WAS TO DECL>E ?AT ! BODY HAD ONLY MET ONCE 7& 9 ,MAY #aiah ?AT IT HAD NEV] REALLY MET AT ALL74 ,ACCORD+ TO ANO!R S\RCE IT 'TRI$ TO MEET' BUT C\LDN'T GA!R A QUORUM40 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT IT NEV] REALLY FUNCTION$ AT ALL4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY :E!R ?IS WAS DUE TO SY/EMATIC ,BOL%EVIK BOYCOTT & OB/RUCTION1 TO LACK ( UND]/&+ ON ! P>T ( NON-,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION>IES AS TO :AT WAS ACTUALLY HAPP5+1 OR :E!R IT WAS DUE TO ! G5U9E WEAKNESS ( ! MOVEM5T1 UNABLE TO BUR/ ?R\< ! BUREAUCRATIC /RAITJACKET 9 :I* IT WAS BE+ PROGRESSIVELY 9C>C]AT$4 ,ALL ?REE FACTORS PROBABLY PLAY$ A P>T4 

,NOVEMB] #bh 

,DECREE DISSOLV+ ,SOVIET 9 ! ,ADMIRALTY4 

,DECEMB] #e 

,DECREE ISSU$ SETT+ UP A ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 7,VES5KA7 TO :I* W]E ASSIGN$ ! TASKS ( WORK+ \T 0A PLAN = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ! F9ANCIAL RES\RCES ( ! GOV]NM5T04 ,! ,VES5KA WAS TO 0DIRECT TO A UNI=M 5D0 ! ACTIVITIES ( ALL EXI/+ ECONOMIC AU?ORITIES1 C5TRAL & LOCAL1 9CLUD+ ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,! ,VES5KA WAS TO BE 0ATTA*$ TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S0 7ITSELF MADE UP 5TIRELY ( MEMB]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY74 

,! COMPOSITION ( ! ,VES5KA WAS 9/RUCTIVE4 ,IT COMPRIS$ A FEW MEMB]S ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 7A V]Y 9DIRECT SOP TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES71 MASSIVE REPRES5TATION FROM ALL ! NEW ,COMMISS>IATS & A NUMB] ( EXP]TS1 NOM9AT$ FROM ABOVE 9 A 'CONSULTATIVE CAPACITY'4 ,! ,VES5KA WAS TO HAVE A D\BLE /RUCTURE3 A7 ! 'C5T]S' 7,GLAVKI7 DESIGN$ TO DEAL ) DIFF]5T SECTORS ( 9DU/RY1 & B7 ! REGIONAL ORGANS3 ! 'LOCAL ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY' 7,SOVN>KHOZY74 

,AT FIR/ ! 'LEFT' ,BOL%EVIKS HELD A MAJORITY ( ! LEAD+ POSITIONS ON ! ,VES5KA4 ,! FIR/ ,*AIRMAN WAS ,OS9SKY & ! GOV]N+ BUREAU 9CLUD$ ,BUKH>91 ,L>91 ,SOKOLNIKOV1 ,MILYUT91 ,LOMOV & ,%MIDT4 ,DESPITE ITS 'LEFT' LEAD]%IP ! NEW BODY 'ABSORB$' ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL BE=E ! LATT] HAD EV5 GOT GO+4 ,?IS /EP WAS OP5LY ACKN[L$G$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS A MOVE T[>DS '/ATISATION' 7OGOSUD>/VL5IYE7 ( ECONOMIC AU?ORITY4 ,! NET EFFECT ( ! SETT+ UP ( ,VES5KA WAS TO SIL5CE /ILL FUR!R ! VOICE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,AS ,L59 PUT IT A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 0WE PASS$ FROM WORK]S' CONTROL TO ! CREATION ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY04 ,! FUNCTION ( ?IS ,C\NCIL WAS CLE>LY TO 0REPLACE1 ABSORB & SUP]S$E ! MA*9]Y ( WORK]S' CONTROL40 

,A PROCESS CAN N[ BE DISC]N$1 ( :I* ! RE/ ( ?IS PAMPHLET WILL SEEK TO UNRAVEL ! UNFOLD+4 ,IT IS A PROCESS :I* LEADS1 )9 A %ORT P]IOD ( #d YE>S1 FROM ! TREM5D\S UPSURGE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEE MOVEM5T 7A MOVEM5T :I* BO? IMPLICITLY & EXPLICITLY S\<T TO ALT] ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION7 TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( UNQUE/ION$ DOM9ATION BY A MONOLI?IC & BUREAUCRATIC AG5CY 7! ,P>TY7 OV] ALL ASPECTS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,?IS AG5CY NOT BE+ BAS$ ON PRODUCTION1 ITS RULE C\LD ONLY EPITOMIZE ! CONT9U$ LIMITATION ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! WORK]S 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,?IS NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ ! P]PETUATION ( HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS )9 PRODUCTION ITSELF1 & !RE=E ! P]PETUATION ( CLASS SOCIETY4 

,! FIR/ /AGE ( ?IS PROCESS WAS ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TO ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9 :I* ! UNIONS 7!MSELVES ALREADY /RONGLY UND] ,P>TY 9FLU5CE7 W]E HEAVILY REPRES5T$4 ,! SECOND PHASE - :I* ALMO/ IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ ! FIR/ - WAS ! 9CORPORATION ( ?IS ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 9TO ! ,VES5KA1 EV5 MORE HEAVILY WEI<T$ 9 FAVOR ( ! UNIONS1 BUT ALSO COMPRIS+ DIRECT NOM9EES ( ! ,/ATE 7I4E ( ! ,P>TY74 ,! ,VES5KA WAS MOM5T>ILY ALL[$ TO RETA9 A 'LEFT' COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP4 ,A LITTLE LAT] !SE 'LEFTS' W]E TO BE REMOV$4 ,A SU/A9$ CAMPAIGN WAS !N LAUN*$ TO CURB ! P[] ( ! UNIONS :I*1 ALBEIT 9 A V]Y 9DIRECT & DI/ORT$ WAY1 C\LD /ILL BE 9FLU5C$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO CURB SU* P[] AS ! UNIONS /ILL HELD 9 RELATION TO PRODUCTION - & TO REPLACE IT BY ! AU?ORITY ( DIRECT ,P>TY NOM9EES4 ,!SE MANAG]S & ADM9I/RATORS1 NE>LY ALL APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE1 GRADUALLY CAME TO =M ! BASIS ( ! NEW BUREAUCRACY4 

,EA* ( !SE /EPS WAS TO BE RESI/$1 BUT EA* FI<T WAS TO BE LO/4 ,EA* TIME ! ADV]S>Y APPE>$ 9 ! G>B ( ! NEW 'PROLET>IAN' P[]4 ,& EA* DEFEAT WAS TO MAKE IT MORE DIFFICULT = ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF DIRECTLY TO MANAGE PRODUCTION1 I4E4 FUNDAM5TALLY TO ALT] ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,UNTIL !SE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION HAD BE5 ALT]$ ! REVOLUTION C\LD NOT REALLY BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE A*IEV$ ITS SOCIALI/ OBJECTIVE1 :ATEV] ! PRON\NCEM5TS ( ITS LEAD]S4 ,?IS IS ! REAL LESSON ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! PROBLEM CAN BE 5VISAG$ 9 YET ANO!R WAY4 ,! SETT+ UP ( ! ,VES5KA REPRES5TS A P>TIAL FUSION - 9 A POSITION ( ECONOMIC AU?ORITY - ( TRADE UNION (FICIALS1 ,P>TY /ALW>TS & 'EXP]TS' NOM9AT$ BY ! 'WORK]S' /ATE'4 ,BUT !SE >E NOT ?REE SOCIAL CATEGORIES 'REPRES5T+ ! WORK]S'4 ,!Y W]E ?REE SOCIAL CATEGORIES :I* W]E ALREADY ASSUM+ MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS - I4E4 W]E ALREADY DOM9AT+ ! WORK]S 9 PRODUCTION4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR [N ANTEC$5T HI/ORY EA* ( !SE GR\PS WAS1 = DIFF]5T REASONS1 ALREADY SOME-:AT REMOTE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!IR FUSION WAS TO 5HANCE ?IS SEP>ATION4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT FROM #aiah ON1 ! NEW ,/ATE 7AL?\< (FICIALLY DESCRIB$ AS A 'WORK]S' /ATE' OR A 'SOVIET REPUBLIC' - & AL?\< BY & L>GE SUPPORT$ BY ! MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>7 WAS NOT 9 FACT AN 9/ITUTION MANAG$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,IF ONE CAN READ BETWE5 ! L9ES 7& NOT BE BL9D$ BY WORDS SU* AS 'WORK]S' /ATE' & 'SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE'1 :I* ONLY REFLECT ! FALSE CONSCI\SNESS SO PREVAL5T AT ! TIME7 ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT BY ,PANKRATOVA AS TO :AT WAS AT /AKE 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,VES5KA IS MO/ 9=MATIVE3 0,WE NE$$01 %E SAID 0A MORE EFFICI5T =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AN ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & A MORE FLEXIBLE TOOL ?AN WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,WE HAD TO L9K ! MANAGEM5T ( ! NEW FACTORIES TO ! PR9CIPLE ( A S+LE ECONOMIC PLAN & WE HAD TO DO IT 9 RELATION TO ! SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVES ( ! Y\NG WORK]S' /ATE444 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES LACK$ PRACTICE & TE*NICAL KN[-H[444 ,! 5ORM\S ECONOMIC TASKS ( ! TRANSITION P]IOD T[>DS SOCIALISM NECESSITAT$ ! CREATION ( A S+LE ORGANISM TO NORMALIZE ! NATIONAL ECONOMY ON A /ATE-WIDE BASIS4 ,! PROLET>IAT UND]/OOD ?IS4 7,?IS WAS WI%FUL ?9K+1 IF EV] !RE WAS4 ,M4,B47 ,FREE+ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( !IR M&ATES1 :I* NO LONG] CORRESPOND$ TO ! NEW ECONOMIC NE$S1 ! WORK]S DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY TO ! NEWLY CREAT$ ORGANS1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY04 ,%E CONCLUDES ) A TELL+ S5T5CE3 0,! ,PETROGRAD ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 :I* 9 ,MAY #aiag HAD PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = WORK]S' CONTROL1 UNANIM\SLY BURI$ ! IDEA AT ! TIME ( ! #f? ,CONF]5CE04 

,SUBSEQU5T EV5TS W]E TO %[ ?AT AL?\< !SE W]E ! AIMS & P]SPECTIVES ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP1 !Y W]E F> FROM BE+ ACCEPT$ BY ! ,P>TY RANK & FILE1 LET ALONE BY ! MASSES1 'ON :OSE BEHALF' ! ,P>TY WAS ALREADY ASSUM+ ! RI<T TO SPEAK4 

,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( C\NT]POS+1 AS V>I\S AN>*I/S DO '! MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES' TO 'DICTATOR%IP BY ! /ATE' BUT ( UND]/&+ ! SPECIFIC =M ( ! NEW AU?ORITY RELATIONS :I* >OSE AT ?AT P>TICUL> PO9T ( HI/ORY4 

,DECEMB] 7E>LY73 

,PUBLICATION ( ,L59'S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7:I* HAD BE5 WRITT5 A FEW MON?S E>LI]74 ,9 ?IS MAJOR !ORETICAL WORK !RE IS LITTLE DISCUSSION ( WORK]S' CONTROL & C]TA9LY NO ID5TIFICATION ( SOCIALISM ) 'WORK]S MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION'4 ,L59 SPEAKS 9 RA!R AB/RACT T]MS ( 0IMM$IATE *ANGE SU* ?AT ALL FULFILL ! FUNCTIONS ( CONTROL & SUP]VISION1 ?AT ALL BECOME 'BUREAUCRATS' = A TIME1 & ?AT NO-ONE !RE=E CAN BECOME A 'BUREAUCRAT'40 

,?IS WAS P>T ( ! LIB]T>IAN RHETORIC ( ! ,BOL%EVISM ( #a#i#a#g4 ,BUT ,L591 AS USUAL1 HAD HIS FEET FIRMLY ON ! GR\ND4 ,HE SPELL$ \T :AT ?IS W\LD MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM CREAT$ ! 0ECONOMIC PR]EQUISITES0 :I* MADE IT 0QUITE POSSIBLE1 IMM$IATELY1 OV]NI<T AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/S & ! BUREAUCRATS1 TO SUP]S$E !M 9 ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 9 ! WORK ( KEEP+ ACC\NT ( LABOR & ITS PRODUCTS BY ! >M$ WORK]S1 BY ! :OLE ( ! >M$ POPULATION04 0,! ACC\NTANCY & CONTROL NECESS>Y = ?IS HAVE BE5 SO UTT]LY SIMPLIFI$ BY CAPITALISM ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME ! EXTRAORD9>ILY SIMPLE OP]ATIONS ( *ECK+1 RECORD+ & ISSU+ RECEIPTS1 :I* ANYONE :O CAN READ & WRITE & :O KN[S ! FIR/ F\R RULES ( >I?METIC CAN P]=M04 ,!RE IS NO M5TION ( :O WILL 9ITIATE ! DECISIONS :I* ! MASSES WILL !N '*ECK' & 'RECORD'4 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 9CLUDES ! 9T]E/+ PHRASE3 0,WE WANT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ) HUMAN NATURE AS IT IS N[1 ) HUMAN NATURE ?AT CANNOT DISP5SE ) SUBORD9ATION1 CONTROL & MANAG]S04 

,! YE> #aiag C]TA9LY SAW A TREM5D\S SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,BUT IT WAS A UTOPIAN DREAM TO ASSUME ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION BO? UND]/&+ & WANT+ IT4 ,! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM 7UNLIKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* CAN SAFELY BE LEFT TO M>KET =CES7 CAN ONLY BE ! SELF-CONSCI\S & COLLECTIVE ACT ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY4 

,DECEMB] 

,PUBLICATION1 BY ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ! FAM\S ',PRACTICAL ,MANUAL = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL ( ,9DU/RY'4 ,TO ! 9T5SE ANNOYANCE ( ,P>TY MEMB]S ?IS WAS WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! SUBURBS ( ,PETROGRAD4 

,! MA9 VALUE ( ?IS PAMPHLET IS ?AT IT DEALS ) H[ 'WORK]S' CONTROL' C\LD RAPIDLY BE EXT5D$ 9TO 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T'4 ,NEI!R 9 ,L59'S VIEW - NOR 9 ?AT ( ! AU?ORS 7DESPITE ! TITLE7 - WAS !RE ANY CONFUSION BETWE5 'CONTROL' & 'MANAGEM5T'4 ,L59 WAS ADVOCAT+ 'WORK]S' CONTROL' & HIS :OLE PRACTICE1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 WAS TO D5\NCE ATTEMPTS AT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AS 'PREMATURE'1 'UTOPIAN'1 'AN>*I/'1 'H>MFUL'1 '9TOL]ABLE'1 ETC4 ,IT W\LD BE TRAGIC IF ! AHI/ORICISM & ANTI-!ORETICAL BIAS ( MU* ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T TODAY ALL[$ NEW MILITANTS TO FALL 9TO OLD TRAPS OR COMPELL$ !M AGA9 TO TAKE TURN+S ?AT AT BE/ LEAD NO:]E - OR AT WOR/ ONTO ! GR\NDS ( PREVI\S DEFEATS4 

,! ',MANUAL' MADE A NUMB] ( CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,EA* ,COMMITTEE %\LD SET UP F\R CONTROL COMMISSIONS1 05TITL$ TO 9VITE ! ATT5DANCE ( TE*NICIANS & O!RS 9 A CONSULTATIVE CAPACITY0 7SO MU* = ! WIDELY-P$DL$ LIE ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E NOT PREP>$ TO ASSOCIATE ! TE*NICIANS OR SPECIALI/S 9 !IR WORK74 

,! FUNCTIONS ( ! #d COMMISSIONS W]E TO BE3 A7 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION2 B7 ! RECONV]SION FROM W> PRODUCTION2 C7 ! SUPPLY ( RAW MAT]IALS2 & D7 ! SUPPLY ( FUEL4 ,! PROPOSALS >E DEVELOP$ 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL4 ,IT IS /RESS$ ?R\<\T ?AT 'WORK]S' CONTROL' IS NOT JU/ A QUE/ION ( TAK+ /OCK ( ! SUPPLIES ( RAW MAT]IALS & FUEL 7C4 F4 ,L59'S3 0,SOCIALISM IS /OCKTAK+2 EV]Y TIME Y\ TAKE /OCK ( IRON B>S OR ( PIECES ( CLO?1 ?AT IS SOCIALISM07 BUT ?AT IT IS 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO ! TRANS=MATION ( !SE RAW MAT]IALS )9 ! FACTORY - 9 O!R WORDS ) ! TOTALITY ( ! WORK PROCESSES CULM9AT+ 9 A F9I%$ PRODUCT4 

,! 'PRODUCTION COMMISSION' %\LD BE 5TRU/$ ) ! TASK ( E/ABLI%+ ! NECESS>Y L9KS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! FACTORY1 ( SUP]VIS+ ! /ATE ( ! MA*9]Y1 ( ADVIS+ ON & OV]COM+ V>I\S DEFICI5CIES 9 ! >RANGEM5T ( ! FACTORY OR PLANT1 ( DET]M9+ ! COEFFICI5TS ( EXPLOITATION 9 EA* SECTION1 ( DECID+ ON ! OPTIMUM NUMB] ( %OPS1 & ( WORK]S 9 EA* %OP1 ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! DEPRECIATION ( MA*9ES & ( BUILD+S1 ( DET]M9+ JOB ALLOCATIONS 7FROM ! PO/ ( ADM9I/RATOR D[N7 & ( TAK+ *>GE ( ! F9ANCIAL RELATIONS ( ! FACTORY4 

,! AU?ORS ( ! ',MANUAL' ANN\NCE ?AT !Y 9T5D TO GR\P ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9TO ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS & !SE 9 TURN 9TO AN ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION4 ,& TO BE SURE !RE WAS NO MISUND]/&+ !Y /RESS$ ?AT 0WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 AS A P>T ( WORK]S' CONTROL ( ! TOTALITY ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 MU/ NOT BE SE5 9 ! N>R[ S5SE ( A RE=M ( 9/ITUTIONS BUT 9 ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE S5SE3 ?AT ( MOV+ 9TO FIELDS PREVI\SLY DOM9AT$ BY O!RS4 ,CONTROL %\LD M]GE 9TO MANAGEM5T04 

,9 PRACTICE ! IMPLEM5TATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL TOOK ON A V>IETY ( =MS1 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,!SE W]E P>TLY DET]M9$ BY LOCAL CONDITIONS BUT PRIM>ILY BY ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE %[N BY DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS4 ,9 SOME PLACES ! EMPLOY]S W]E EXPROPRIAT$ =?)1 'FROM BEL['4 ,9 O!R 9/ANCES !Y W]E M]ELY SUBMITT$ TO A SUP]VISORY TYPE ( 'CONTROL'1 EX]CIS$ BY ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,!RE WAS NO PRE-DET]M9$ MODEL TO FOLL[4 ,! V>I\S PRACTICES & EXP]IM5TS W]E AT FIR/ ! SUBJECT ( HEAT$ DISCUSSIONS4 ,!SE W]E NOT A WA/E ( TIME1 AS WAS LAT] TO BE ALLEG$4 ,!Y %\LD BE SE5 AS ESS5TIAL BY ALL :O ACCEPT$ ?AT ! ADVANCE T[>DS SOCIALISM CAN ONLY COME AB\T ?R\< ! SELF-EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! DISCUSSIONS UN=TUNATELY W]E SOON TO BE DRAWN TO A CLOSE4 

,DECEMB] #ac 

,ISVE/IYA PUBLI%ES ! ',G5]AL ,9/RUCTIONS ON ,WORK]S ,CONTROL 9 ,CON=MITY ) ! ,DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d'4 ,!SE BECAME KN[N AS ! ',C\NT]-,MANUAL' & REPRES5T ! F9I%$ EXPRESSION ( ! L59I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 

,! FIR/ #d SECTIONS DEAL ) ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 ! FACTORIES & ) ! ELECTION ( CONTROL COMMISSIONS4 ,! NEXT #e SECTIONS DECREE ! DUTIES & RI<TS ( !SE COMMISSIONS1 /RESS+ :I* FUNCTIONS !Y %\LD UND]TAKE & :I* %\LD REMA9 ! PR]OGATIVE ( ! [N]-MANAG]S4 ,SECTION #e /RESSES ?AT 9S(> AS ! ,COMMISSIONS PLAY ANY REAL ROLE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES1 ?IS ROLE %\LD BE CONF9$ TO SUP]VIS+ ! C>RY+ \T ( DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY ?OSE ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T AG5CIES 0SPECIFICALLY 5TRU/$ ) ! REGULATION ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ON A NATIONAL SCALE40 ,SECTION #g /ATES ?AT 0! RI<T TO ISSUE ORD]S RELAT+ TO ! MANAGEM5T1 RUNN+ & FUNCTION+ ( 5T]PRISES REMA9S 9 ! H&S ( ! [N]4 ,! CONTROL COMMISSIONS MU/ NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES & HAVE NO RESPONSIBILITIES 9 RELATION TO !IR FUNCTION+4 ,?IS RESPONSIBILITY ALSO REMA9S VE/$ 9 ! H&S ( ! [N]04 

,SECTION #h SPECIFIES ?AT ! COMMISSIONS %\LD NOT CONC]N !MSELVES ) MATT]S RELAT+ TO F9ANCE1 ALL SU* MATT]S BE+ ! PR]OGATIVE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5TAL ,9/ITUTIONS4 ,SECTION #i SPECIFICALLY =BIDS ! COMMISSIONS FROM EXPROPRIAT+ & MANAG+ 5T]PRISES4 ,!Y >E H[EV] 5TITL$ TO 0RAISE ! QUE/ION ( TAK+ OV] 5T]PRISES ) ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! HI<] ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL04 ,SECTION #ad F9ALLY PUTS D[N ON PAP] :AT HAD BE5 9 ! M9DS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S = SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,EV5 AT A LOCAL LEVEL ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E TO BE MADE TO M]GE ) ! UNION APP>ATUS4 0,! CONTROL COMMISSIONS 9 EA* FACTORY W]E TO CON/ITUTE ! EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! 'CONTROL ( DI/RIBUTION SECTION' ( ! LOCAL TRADE UNION F$]ATION4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! CONTROL COMMISSIONS %\LD BE MADE TO CON=M ) ! DECISIONS ( ! LATT]04 

,! FACT ?AT !SE 'G5]AL 9/RUCTIONS' W]E ISSU$ )9 A =TNI<T ( ! SETT+ UP ( ! ,VES5KA CLE>LY %[S ! SY/EMATIC L9ES ALONG :I* ,L59 & HIS COLLABORATORS W]E ?9K+4 ,!Y MAY HAVE BE5 'RI<T' OR !Y MAY HAVE BE5 'WRONG'4 .<,?IS DEP5DS ON ONE'S IDEAS ( ! K9D ( SOCIETY !Y W]E TRY+ TO BR+ AB\T4.> ,BUT IT IS RIDICUL\S TO CLAIM - AS SO MANY DO TODAY - ?AT 9 #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS REALLY /OOD = ! FULL1 TOTAL & DIRECT CONTROL BY WORK+ PEOPLE ( ! FACTORIES1 M9ES1 BUILD+ SITES OR O!R 5T]PRISES 9 :I* !Y WORK$1 I4E4 ?AT !Y /OOD = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,BO? ! ',MANUAL' & ! ',C\NT]-,MANUAL' %\LD BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 ,AN IDEA ( !IR CONT5TS CAN BE OBTA9$ FROM ! 9T]E/+4 >TICLE BY ,D4,L4 ,LIMON 9 ! ,DECEMB] #aifg ISSUE ( ',AUTOGE/ION' AL?\< ! >TICLE DEG5]ATES 9 PLACES 9TO SOPHI/ICAT$ ,L59I/ APOLOGETICS4 

,DECEMB] #b 

,! (FICIAL TRADE UNION J\RNAL ',PR(ESSIONAL'NY ,VE/NIK' 7,TRADE ,UNION ,H]ALD7 PUBLI%$ A ',RESOLUTION CONC]N+ ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ! ,POLITICAL ,P>TIES'4 0,)\T TURN+ 9TO 9DEP5D5T ORGANS ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 9TO 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL P>TIES OR APP5DAGES TO !M1 ! TRADE UNIONS CANNOT REMA9 9DIFF]5T TO ! PROBLEMS ADVANC$ BY ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT04 ,AFT] !SE BANAL G5]ALITIES ! RESOLUTION CAME D[N TO E>?4 0,JO9+ !IR DE/9Y ORGANIZATIONALLY ) SOME POLITICAL P>TY1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 AS FI<T+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MU/ SUPPORT ! POLITICAL SLOGANS & TACTICS ( ?AT PROLET>IAN P>TY1 :I* AT ! GIV5 MOM5T APPROA*ES MORE CLOSELY ?AN O!RS ! SOLUTION ( ! HI/ORICAL TASKS1 ETC4 ETC4440 

,! SAME ISSUE ( ! PAP] C>RI$ AN >TICLE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,LOZOVSKY PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY ( SUPPRESS+ BY VIOL5CE WORK]S' /RIKES AGA9/ ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 0,! TASKS ( ! TRADE UNIONS & ( ! ,SOVIET P[] IS ! ISOLATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS :O LEAD /RIKES & SABOTAGE1 BUT ?IS ISOLATION %\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ M]ELY BY ME*ANICAL MEANS4 BY >RE/S1 BY %IPP+ TO ! FRONT OR BY DEPRIVATION ( BREAD C>DS04 0,PRELIM9>Y C5SOR%IP1 ! DE/RUCTION ( NEWSPAP]S1 ! ANNIHILATION ( FRE$OM ( AGITATION = ! SOCIALI/ & DEMOCRATIC P>TIES IS = US ABSOLUTELY 9ADMISSIBLE4 ,! CLOS+ ( ! NEWS PAP]S1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ /RIK]S1 ETC41 IRRITAT$ OP5 W\NDS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 TOO MU* ( ?IS TYPE ( 'ACTION' REC5TLY 9 ! MEMORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN TOIL+ MASSES & ?IS CAN LEAD TO AN ANALOGY DEADLY TO ! ,SOVIET P[]04 

,?AT A LEAD+ ,P>TY MEMB] %\LD HAVE TO SPEAK 9 ?IS MANN] IS A TELL+ 9DICTM5T ( H[ WIDESPREAD !SE PRACTICES MU/ HAVE BE54 ,?IS WAS 9CREAS+LY ! ME?OD BY :I* ! ,P>TY WAS SEEK+ TO SETTLE ITS DIFF]5CES NOT ONLY ) ITS B\RGEOIS OPPON5TS BUT ) ITS MORE >TICULATE OPPON5TS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,)DRAWAL ( BREAD C>DS DEPRIV$ ?OSE SUBJECT TO IT ( ! LEGAL RI<T TO RATIONS1 I4E4 ( ! RI<T TO EAT4 ,9DIVIDUALS DEPRIV$ ( !IR C>DS W\LD BE =C$ TO OBTA9 FOOD ON ! BLACK M>KET OR BY O!R ILLEGAL MEANS4 ,!IR 'CRIMES AGA9/ ! ,/ATE' W\LD !N BE US$ AS LEGAL MEANS ( 'NEUTRALIZ+' !M4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E CONC]N+ ,P>TY1 UNIONS & NON P>TY MASSES 7EUPHEMI/ICALLY DESCRIB$ AS 'B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS'7 ?AT ! BIG DEBATE ( ,JANU>Y #aiah WAS TO TAKE PLACE4 

,DECEMB] #bc 

,DECREE SETT+ UP A NETWORK ( ,REGIONAL ,C\NCILS ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY 7,SOVN>KHOZY7 UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! ,VES5KA4 

0,EA* REGIONAL ,SOVN>KHOZ WAS 7TO BE7 A REPLICA 9 M9IATURE ( ,VES5KA AT ! ,C5T]4 ,IT WAS TO BE DIVID$ 9TO #ad SECTIONS = DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION & WAS TO CONTA9 REPRES5TATIVES ( LOCAL 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS4440 ,EA* ,SOVN>KHOZ C\LD SET UP 0SMALL] UNITS 9CORPORAT+ ! CORRESPOND+ ORGANS ( WORK]S CONTROL :]E ! LATT] HAD COME 9TO BE+04 0,:AT HAD BE5 CREAT$ WAS A C5TRAL ECONOMIC DEP>TM5T ) LOCAL (FICES04 

#aiah 

,JANU>Y #f 

,DISSOLUTION ( ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! DETA*M5T :I* DISP]S$ ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS L$ BY AN AN>*I/ ,KRON/ADT SAILOR1 ,ZHELEZNYAKOV1 N[ COMM&ANT ( ! ,TAURIDE ,PALACE ,GU>D4 ,HE UNSEAT$ ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ,VICTOR ,*]NOV1 ) ! BLUNT ANN\NCEM5T3 0,! GU>D IS TIR$04 

,JANU>Y #g - #ad 

,FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS HELD 9 ,PETROGRAD4 

,TWO MA9 !MES W]E TO DOM9ATE ! ,CONGRESS4 ,:AT W]E TO BE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & ! UNIONS8 ,& :AT W]E TO BE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! NEW ,RUSSIAN /ATE8 ,FEW DELEGATES1 AT ?IS /AGE1 S5S$ ! CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 !SE TWO QUE/IONS4 ,/ILL FEW] P]CEIV$ H[ A SIMULTANE\S RESOLUTION ( ! FIR/ QUE/ION 9 FAVOR ( ! UNIONS & ( ! SECOND 9 FAVOR ( ! NEW 'WORK]S' /ATE' W\LD SOON EMASCULATE ! ,COMMITTEES & 9 FACT IRREVOCABLY UND]M9E ! PROLET>IAN NATURE ( ! REGIME4 

,! >GUM5TS AT ?IS ,CONGRESS REFLECT$ MATT]S ( DEEP SIGNIFICANCE & WILL BE REF]R$ TO 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,9 ! BALANCE LAY ! FUTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS = MANY DECADES TO COME4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,LOZOVSKY 7A ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/7 

0! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E SO MU* ! [N]S & MA/]S ?AT ?REE MON?S AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION !Y W]E TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE 9DEP5D5T ( ! G5]A CONTROLL+ ORGANS04 

,MAISKY1 !N /ILL A ,M5%EVIK1 SAID ?AT 9 HIS EXP]I5CE 0IT WAS NOT JU/ SOME ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT MO/ ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,PETROGRAD1 :O LOOK$ UPON WORK]S' CONTROL AS IF IT W]E ACTUALLY ! EM]G5CE ( ! K+DOM 7TS>/VO7 ( SOCIALISM04 

,HE LAM5T$ ?AT AMONG ! WORK]S 0! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM IS EMBODI$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL04 

,ANO!R ,M5%EVIK DELEGATE DEPLOR$ ! FACT ?AT 0AN AN>*I/ WAVE 9 ! %APE ( ,FACTORY ,COM MITTEES & WORK]S' CONTROL WAS SWEEP+ OV] \R ,RUSSIAN ,LABOR MOVEM5T0 

,D4 ,B4 ,RYAZANOV A REC5T CONNV]T TO ,BOLSLHEVISM1 AGRE$ ) ! ,M5%EVIKS ON ?IS PO9T & URG$ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 0TO COMMIT SUICIDE BY BECOM+ AN 9TEGRAL ELEM5T ( ! TRADE UNION /RUCTURE04 

,! FEW AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES TO ! ,CONGRESS 0F\<T A DESP]ATE BATTLE TO PRES]VE ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,COMMITTEES444 ,MAXIMOV CLAIM$ ?AT HE & HIS FELL[ AN>*O - SYNDICALI/S W]E ''BETT] ,M>XI/S'' ?AN EI!R ! ,M5%EVIKS OR ! ,BOL%EVIKS - A DECL>ATION :I* CAUS$ A GREAT /IR 9 ! HALL04 

,HE WAS ALLUD+ NO D\BT TO ,M>X'S /ATEM5T ?AT ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,MAXIMOV URG$ ! DELEGATES TO REMEMB] 0?AT ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 ORGANIZATIONS 9TRODUC$ DIRECTLY BY LIFE ITSELF 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 W]E ! CLOSE/ ( ALL TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 MU* CLOS] ?AN ! TRADE UNIONS04 

,! FUNCTION ( ! ,COMMITTEES WAS NO LONG] TO PROTECT & IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y HAD TO SEEK A PR$OM9ANT POSITION 9 9DU/RY & 9 ! ECONOMY4 

0,AS ! (FSPR+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,COMMITTEES W\LD CREATE A NEW PRODUCTION ON A NEW BASIS40 ,! UNIONS 0:I* CORRESPOND$ TO ! OLD ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( CZ>I/ TIMES HAD LIV$ \T !IR TIME & C\LDN'T TAKE ON ?IS TASK04 

,MAXIMOV ANTICIPAT$ 0A GREAT CONFLICT BETWE5 /ATE P[] 9 ! C5T] & ! ORGANIZATIONS COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( WORK]S :I* >E F\ND 9 ! LOCALITIES04 

0,! AIM ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS TO CO - ORD9ATE ALL 4 ACTIVITY1 ALL LOCAL 9T]E/1 TO CREATE A C5T] BUT NOT A C5T] ( DECREES & ORD9ANCES BUT A C5T] ( REGULATION4 ( GUIDANCE - & ONLY ?R\< SU* A C5T] TO ORGANIZE ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY0 

,SPEAK+ ON BEHALF ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES A RANK & FILE WORK] ,BELUSOV1 MADE A SCA?+ ATTACK ON ! ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,!Y CONT9UALLY CRITICIZ$ ! ,COMMITTEES 

0= NOT ACT+ ACCORD+ TO RULES & REGULATIONS0 BUT !N FAIL$ TO PRODUCE ANY COH]5T PLAN ( !IR [N4 ,!Y JU/ TALK$4 0,ALL ?IS WILL FREEZE LOCAL WORK4 ,>E WE TO /& /ILL LOCALLY1 WAIT & DO NO?+8 ,ONLY !N WILL WE MAKE NO MI/AKES4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O DO NO?+ MAKE NO MI/AKES04 ,REAL WORK]S' CONTROL WAS ! SOLUTION TO ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC DIS9TEGRATION4 0,! ONLY WAY \T REMA9+ TO ! WORK]S IS TO TAKE ! FACTORIES 9TO !IR [N H&S & MANAGE !M04 

,D4 ,B4 ,RYAZANOV A ,M>XI/ S*OL> BE/ KN[N AS ! HI/ORIOGRAPH] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL7 LAT] BECAME ! F\ND] ( ! ,M>X - ,5GELS ,9/ITUTE 9 ,MOSC[ & PUBLI%$ A BIOGRAPHY ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,GREGORI ,PETROVI* ,MAXIMOV BORN 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,GRADUAT$ AS AN AGRONOMI/ 9 ,PETROGRAD 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,JO9$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :ILE /ILL A /UD5T4 #aN #aiah JO9$ ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS US$ ! ,>MY = POLICE WORK & = DIS>M+ ! WORK]S HE REFUS$ TO OBEY ORD]S & WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,! SOLID>ITY ( ! /EELWORK]S' UNION SAV$ HIS LIFE 4 ,$IT$ AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ PAP]S ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 7,VOICE ( ,LABOR7 & ,NOVY ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 7,NEW ,VOICE ( ,LABOR74 ,>RE/$ ,M>* #h1 #aiba DUR+ ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+4 ,RELEAS$ LAT] ?AT YE> FOLL[+ A HUNG] /RIKE BUT ONLY AFT] ! 9T]V5TION ( ,EUROPEAN DELEGATES ATT5D+ ,CONGRESS ( ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,S\<T EXILE ABROAD4 

,9 ,B]L9 $IT$ ,RABOT*I ,PUT 7,LABOR'S ,PA?7 PAP] ( ,RUSSIAN SYNDICALI/S 9 EXILE4 ,LAT] W5T TO ,P>IS & F9ALLY SETTL$ 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,DI$ #a#i#e4 ,AU?OR ( V>I\S WORKS ON AN>*ISM & ON ! ,BOL%EVIK T]ROR 7,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK1 #a#i#d74 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT AS GREAT A ',M>XI/' AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS TO PROCLAIM AT ! F\ND+ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i7 ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS W]E DE/9$ TO DISAPPE> BE+ REPLAC$ BY ,C\NCILS ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,DEPUTIES & BY ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,B]I*T UB] DIE ,V]H&LUNG DES ,GRUNDUNGP>TEITAGES D] ,K,P,D 7#a#i#a#i71 PP4 #a#f1 #h74 

,EXCITEM5T 9 ! ,CONGRESS REA*$ A CLIMAX :5 ,BILL ,%ATOV "9 *>ACT]IZ$ ! TRADE UNIONS AS 0LIV+ CORPSES0 & URG$ ! WORK+ CLASS 0TO ORGANIZE 9 ! LOCALITIES & CREATE A FREE1 NEW ,RUSSIA1 )\T A ,GOD1 )\T A ,CZ>1 & )\T A BOSS 9 ! TRADE UNION04 ,:5 ,RYAZANOV PROTE/$ ,%ATOV'S VILIFICATION ( ! UNIONS1 ,MAXIMOV ROSE TO HIS COMRADE'S DEF5SE1 DISMISS+ ,RYAZANOV'S OBJECTIONS AS ?OSE ( A :ITEH&$ 9TELLECTUAL :O HAD NEV] WORK$1 NEV] SWEAT$1 NEV] FELT LIFE4 ,ANO!R AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ DELEGATE1 ,LAPTEV BY NAME1 REM9D$ ! GA!R+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 MADE 0NOT ONLY BY ! 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT BY '! MASSES'2 !RE=E IT WAS IMP]ATIVE = ,RUSSIA TO 0LI/5 TO ! VOICE ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 ! VOICE FROM BEL[04 

,! AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ RESOLUTION CALL+ = 0REAL WORK]S' CONTROL1 NOT /ATE WORK]S' CONTROL01 & URG+ 0?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 TRANSPORT & DI/RIBUTION BE IMM$IATELY TRANSF]R$ TO ! H&S ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE !MSELVES & NOT TO ! /ATE OR SOME CIVIL S]VICE MA*9E MADE UP ( ONE K9D OR O!R ( CLASS 5EMY0 WAS DEFEAT$4 .<,! MA9 /R5G? ( ! AN>*O - SYNDICALI/S WAS AMONG ! M9]S ( ! ,DEBALTZEV DI/RICT 9 ! ,DON ,BAS91 AMONG ! PORTWORK]S & CEM5T WORK]S ( ,EKAT]9OD> & ,NOVOROSSIYSK & AMONG ! ,MOSC[ RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS !Y HAD #be DELEGATES 7ON ! BASIS ( ONE DELEGATE P] #c1 - #c 1#e MEMB]S74 

,VLADIMIR ,%ATOV BORN 9 ,RUSSIA EMIGRAT$ TO ,CANADA & ,U,S,A4 ,9 #aiad SECRETLY REPR9T$ #a1 COPIES ( ,M>G>ET ,SANG]'S NOTORI\S BIR? - CONTROL PAMPHLET ,FAMILY LIMITATION4 ,WORK$ AS MA*9I/ LONG%OREMAN & PR9T]4 ,JO9$ ,I,W,W4 ,LAT] HELP$ PRODUCE ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 WEEKLY AN>*O - SYNDICALI/ ORGAN ( ! ,UNION ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA4 ,RETURN$ TO ,PETROGRAD 9 ,JULY #aiag & 'REPLANT$ ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL'4 ,LAT] BECAME MEMB] ( ,PETROGRAD ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE & AN (FIC] ( ! #a? ,R$ ,>MY4 ,9 #aiai HE PLAY$ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DEF5SE ( ,PETROGRAD AGA9/ ,YUD5I*4 ,9 #aib BECAME ,M9I/] ( ,TRANSPORT 9 ! ,F> ,EA/]N ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! #aicf - #* PURGES4 

,! NEW GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE NONE ( ALL ?IS TALK AB\T EXT5D+ ! P[] ( ! ,COMMITTEES4 ,IT CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! UNIONS A 'MORE /ABLE' & 'LESS AN>*IC' =CE 7I4E4 A =CE MORE AM5ABLE TO CONTROL FROM ABOVE7 9 :I* IT C\LD PROVISIONALLY VE/ ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS 9 9DU/RY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS !RE=E URG$ 

0! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 AS CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT CON/RUCT$ ACCORD+ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PR9CIPLE1 TO TAKE UPON !MSELVES ! MA9 TASK ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION & ( RE/OR+ ! WEAK5$ PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! C\NTRY04 7,AT A LAT] /AGE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TO FI<T TOO? & NAIL TO DIVE/ ! UNIONS ( !SE V]Y FUNCTIONS & PLACE !M FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( ,P>TY NOM9EES4 ,9 FACT ! ,P>TY DEM&S ( ,JANU>Y #aiah W]E AGA9 & AGA9 TO BE ?R[N BACK 9 ! FACE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S DUR+ ! NEXT #c YE>S4 ,?IS WILL BE DEALT ) FUR!R ON47 

,! ,CONGRESS1 ) ITS OV]:ELM+ ,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY1 VOT$ TO TRANS=M ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9TO UNION ORGANS4 ,! ,M5%EVIK & ,SOCIAL - ,REVOLUTION>Y DELEGATES VOT$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS = A RESOLUTION PROCLAIM+ ?AT 0! C5TRALIZATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS ! TASK ( ! TRADE UNIONS04 ',WORK]S' CONTROL' WAS DEF9$ AS 0! 9/RUM5T BY :I* ! UNIV]SAL ECONOMIC PLAN MU/ BE PUT 9TO EFFECT LOCALLY04 0,IT IMPLI$ ! DEF9ITE IDEA ( /&>DIZATION 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION04 ,IT WAS TOO BAD IF ! WORK]S READ MORE 9TO ! T]M ?AN ?IS4 0,JU/ BECAUSE ! WORK]S MISUND]/& & FALSELY 9T]PRET WORK]S' CONTROL IS NO REASON TO REPUDIATE IT04 ,:AT ! ,P>TY MEANT BY WORK]S' CONTROL WAS SPELT \T 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,IT MEANT1 9T] ALIA1 ?AT 0IT WAS NOT )9 ! COMPET5CE ( ! L[] ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL TO BE 5TRU/$ ) F9ANCIAL CONTROL FUNCTION 4 4 4 ?IS %\LD RE/ ) ! HI<E/ ORGANS ( CONTROL1 ) ! G5]AL APP>ATUS ( MANAGEM5T1 ) ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( F9ANCE EV]Y?+ MU/ BE LEFT TO ! HI<] ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL04 0,= WORK]S' CONTROL TO BE ( MAXIMUM USE TO ! PROLET>IAT IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO REFRA9 FROM ATOMIZ+ IT4 ,WORK]S ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES %\LD NOT BE LEFT ! RI<T TO MAKE F9AL DECISIONS ON QUE/IONS T\*+ UPON ! EXI/5CE ( ! 5T]PRISE04 ,A LOT ( RE - $UCATION WAS NE$$ & ?IS WAS TO BE 5TRU/$ TO ! 0ECONOMIC CONTROL COMMISSIONS0 ( ! UNIONS4 ,!Y W]E TO 9CULCATE 9TO ! RANKS ( ! WORK]S ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 

0,! TRADE UNIONS MU/ GO OV] EA* DECREE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9 ! SPH]E ( CONTROL1 EXPLA9 ?R\< !IR DELEGATES AT ! FACTORIES & %OPS ?AT CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION DOES NOT MEAN ! TRANSF] ( ! 5T] PRIZE 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE1 ?AT IT DOES NOT EQUAL ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE04 ,ONCE ! ,COMMITTEES HAD BE5 'DEV\R$' ! UNIONS W]E TO BE ! 9T]M$IATE AG5CY ?R\< :I* WORK]S' CONTROL WAS GRADUALLY TO BE CONV]T$ 9TO /ATE CONTROL4 

,!SE W]E NOT AB/RACT DISCUSSIONS4 ,UND]LY+ ! CONTROV]SIES1 :AT WAS AT /AKE WAS ! :OLE CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM3 WORK]S' P[] OR ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY ACT+ ON BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 0,IF WORK]S SUCCE$$ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR [N]%IP ( ! FACTORIES !Y HAD SEIZ$1 IF !Y RAN !SE FACTORIES = !MSELVES1 IF !Y CONSID]$ ! REVOLUTION TO BE AT AN 5D1 IF !Y CONSID]$ SOCIALISM TO HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ !N !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO NE$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS40 

,! BITT]NESS ) :I* ! ISSUE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES WAS DISCUSS$ HI<LI<TS ANO!R PO9T4 

0,AL?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9 A MAJORITY AT ! FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONF]5CE ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES - & AL?\< AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES !Y C\LD =CE RESOLUTIONS ?R\< ?IS ,CONF]5CE !Y C\LD NOT 5=CE RESOLUTIONS AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES !MSELVES444,! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ACCEPT$ ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ONLY SO LONG AS DIV]G5CE'S 9 GOALS W]E NOT BR\<T TO ! TE/04 

,! ,FIR/ ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS ALSO WITNESS$ A HEAT$ CONTROV]SY ON ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO ! /ATE4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS CLAIM+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY U%] 9 A B\RGEOIS - DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 9SI/$ ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! UNIONS 9 RELATION TO ! NEW ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,AS ,MAISKY PUT IT3 0,IF CAPITALISM REMA9S 9TACT1 ! TASKS ) :I* TRADE UNIONS >E CONFRONT$ UND] CAPITALISM REMA9 UNALT]$04 ,O!RS TOO FELT ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD REASS]T ITSELF & ?AT ! UNIONS %\LD DO NO?+ ?AT W\LD IMPAIR !IR P[]4 ,M>TOV PUT A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ VIEWPO9T3 0,9 ?IS HI/ORIC SITUATION0 HE SAID 0?IS GOV]NM5T CANNOT REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS ALONE ,IT CANNOT BUT BE A DE FACTO ADM9I/RATION CONNECT$ ) A HET]OG5E\S MASS ( TOIL+ PEOPLE1 ) PROLET>IAN & NON - PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS ALIKE4 ,IT CANNOT !RE=E CONDUCT ITS ECONOMIC POLICY ALONG ! L9ES ( CONSI/5TLY & CLE>LY EXPRESS$ WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S40 ,! TRADE UNIONS C\LD4 ,!RE=E ! TRADE UNIONS %\LD RETA9 A C]TA9 9DEP5D5CE 9 RELATION TO ! NEW /ATE4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT 9 HIS #aiba CONTROV]SY ) ,TROTSKY - :5 9CID5TALLY IT WAS F> TOO LATE - ,L59 WAS TO USE MU* ! SAME K9D ( >GUM5T4 ,HE WAS TO /RESS ! NE$ = ! WORK]S TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ '!IR [N' /ATE1 DEF9$ AS NOT JU/ A 'WORK]S' /ATE1 BUT A WORK]S & PEASANTS' /ATE' & MORE OV] ONE ) 'BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS'4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK VIEWPO9T1 SUPPORT$ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & VOIC$ BY ,Z9OVIEV1 WAS ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! GOV]NM5T1 AL?\< NOT ASSIMILAT$ ) IT4 ,TRADE UNION NEUTRALITY WAS (FICIALLY LABEL$ A 'B\RGEOIS' IDEA1 AN ANOMALY 9 A WORK]S' /ATE4 ,! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ !SE DOM9ANT IDEAS3 

0,! TRADE UNIONS \<T TO %\LD] ! MA9 BURD5 ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION & ( REHABILITAT+ ! C\NTRY'S %ATT]$ ECONOMIC =CES4 ,!IR MO/ URG5T TASKS CONSI/ 9 !IR 5]GETIC P>TICIPATION 9 ALL C5TRAL BODIES CALL$ UPON TO REGULATE \TPUT1 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 7SIC671 9 ! REGI/RATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! LABOR =CE1 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( EX*ANGE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRYSIDE 4 4 4 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ SABOTAGE & 9 5=C+ ! G5]AL OBLIGATION TO WORK4 4 40 

0,AS !Y DEVELOP ! TRADE UNIONS %\LD1 9 ! PROCESS ( ! PRES5T SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 BECOME ORGANS ( SOCIALI/ P[]1 & AS SU* !Y %\LD WORK 9 CO-ORD9ATION ) & SUBORD9ATION TO O!R BODIES 9 ORD] TO C>RY 9TO EFFECT ! NEW PR9CIPLES4 4 4 ,! ,CONGRESS IS CONV9C$ ?AT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! =E%AD[$ PROCESS1 ! TRADE UNIONS WILL 9EVITABLY BECOME TRANS=M$ 9TO ORGANS ( ! SOCIALI/ /ATE4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 ! TRADE UNIONS WILL = ALL PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 ANY 9DU/RY BE !IR DUTY VIS - A - VIS ! ,/ATE04 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT UNANIM\SLY ACCEPT ,L59'S VIEWS ON !SE QUE/IONS4 ,:ILE ,TOMSKY1 !IR MA9 SPOKESMAN ON TRADE UNION AFFAIRS1 PO9T$ \T ?AT 0SECTIONAL 9T]E/S ( GR\PS ( WORK]S HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE CLASS0 :I* LIKE SO MANY ,BOL%EVIKS HE WRONGLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY - ,RYAZANOV >GU$ ?AT 0AS LONG AS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BEGUN H]E HAS NOT M]G$ ) ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ,EUROPE & ( ! :OLE WORLD 4 4 4 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 4 4 4 MU/ BE ON ITS GU>D & MU/ NOT R5\NCE A S+LE ONE ( ITS WEAPONS444IT MU/ MA9TA9 ITS TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION04 

,ACCORD+ TO ,Z9OVIEV1 ! 09DEP5D5CE' ( ! TRADE UNIONS UND] A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T C\LD MEAN NO?+ EXCEPT ! RI<T TO SUPPORT 'SABOTEURS'04 ,DESPITE ?IS ,TSYP]OVI*1 A PROM95T ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/1 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,CONGRESS RATIFY ! RI<T ( UNIONS TO CONT9UE TO RESORT TO /RIKE ACTION 9 DEF5SE ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,A RESOLUTION TO ?IS EFFECT WAS H[EV] DEFEAT$4 

,AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ ! DOM9ANT ATTITUDE ( ! DOM9ANT ,P>TY 7BO? 9 RELATION TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & 9 RELATION TO ! UNIONS7 WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS4 ,IT WAS TO PROVE AS MU* AN 'OBJECTIVE FACT ( HI/ORY AS ! 'DEVA/ATION' & ! 'ATOMIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS' CAUS$ BY ! 7SUBSEQU5T7 ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,IT C\LD1 9 FACT1 BE >GU$ ?AT ,BOL%EVIK ATTITUDES TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 7& ! DA%+ ( ! GREAT HOPES ?AT !SE ,COMMITTEES REPRES5T$ = HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S7 W]E TO 5G5D] OR RE9=CE WORK+ CLASS APA?Y & CYNICISM1 & CONTRIBUTE TO ABS5TEEISM & TO ! SEEK+ ( PRIVATE SOLUTIONS TO :AT W]E SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 ALL ( :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E SO L\DLY TO DECRY4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL ESS5TIAL TO /RESS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY 9 RELATION TO ! ,COMMITTEES & TO ! UNIONS :I* WE HAVE DOCUM5T$ 9 SOME DETAIL WAS BE+ PUT =W>D TWELVE MON?S BE=E ! MURD] ( ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T & ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG - I4E4 BE=E ! IRREVOCABLE FAILURE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 AN EV5T USUALLY TAK5 AS 'JU/IFY+' MANY ( ! MEASURES TAK5 BY ! ,RUSSIAN RUL]S4 

,JANU>Y #ae - #ba 

,FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S HELD 9 ,MOSC[4 

,BOL%EVIKS 9 A MAJORITY4 ,! ,CONGRESS DECL>$ ?AT 0WORK]S' CONTROL IS ONLY A TRANSITIONAL /EP TO ! PLANN$ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION04 ,! UNION ADOPT$ NEW /ATUTES PROCLAIM+ ?AT 0! L[E/ CELL ( ! UNION IS ! ,FACTORY COMMITTEE :OSE OBLIGATION CONSI/S ( PUTT+ 9TO EFFECT4 9 A GIV5 5T]PRISE1 ALL ! DECREES ( ! UNION04 ,EV5 ! BIG /ICK WAS WAV$4 ,ADDRESS+ ! ,CONGRESS4 ,LOZOVSKY /AT$ ?AT 0IF ! LOCAL PATRIOTISM ( 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES CONFLICTS ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT1 WE UNCONDITIONALLY /ATE ?AT WE WILL NOT HESITATE BE=E ANY MEASURES 7MY EMPHASIS4 ,M4,B47 = ! SUPPRESSION ( T5D5CIES H>MFUL TO ! TOIL]S04 ,! ,P>TY1 9 O!R WORDS1 CAN IMPOSE ITS CONCEPT ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 AGA9/ ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,JANU>Y #bc - #ca 

,?IRD ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 

,FEBRU>Y 

,BOL%EVIK DECREE NATIONALIZ+ ! L&4 

,M>* #c 

,SIGNATURE ( ,BRE/ - ,LITOVSK ,PEACE ,TREATY4 

,DECREE ISSU$ BY ,VES5KA DEF9+ ! FUNCTIONS ( TE*NICAL MANAGEM5T 9 9DU/RY4 ,EA* ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] WAS TO APPO9T TO EV]Y 5T]PRISE UND] ITS C>E A COMMISSION] 7:O W\LD BE ! GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVE & SUP]VISOR7 & TWO DIRECTORS 7ONE TE*NICAL & ! O!R ADM9I/RATIVE74 ,! TE*NICAL DIRECTOR C\LD ONLY BE OV]RUL$ BY ! GOV]NM5T COMMISSION] OR BY ! ',C5TRAL ,DIRECTION' ( ! 9DU/RY4 7,9 O!R WORDS ONLY ! 'ADM9I/RATIVE DIRECTOR' WAS UND] SOME K9D ( CONTROL FROM BEL[74 

,! DECREE LAID D[N ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 09 NATIONALIZ$ 5T]PRISES WORK]S' CONTROL IS EX]CIS$ BY SUBMITT+ ALL DECL>ATIONS & DECISIONS ( ! ,FACTORY OR ,%OP ,COMMITTEE1 OR ( ! CONTROL COMMISSION1 TO ! ,ECONOMIC ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL = APPROVAL04 0,NOT MORE ?AN HALF ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,C\NCIL %\LD BE WORK]S OR EMPLOYES04 

,DUR+ ! E>LY MON?S ( #aiah ! ,VES5KA HAD BEGUN TO BUILD1 FROM ! TOP1 ITS 'UNIFI$ ADM9I/RATION' ( P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES4 ,! PATT]N WAS 9=MATIVE4 ,DUR+ #aiae & #aiaf ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T HAD SET UP C5TRAL BODIES 7SOMETIMES CALL$ 'COMMITTEES' & SOMETIMES 'C5T]S'7 GOV]N+ ! ACTIVITIES ( 9DU/RIES PRODUC+ COMMODITIES DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY NECESS>Y = ! W>4 ,BY #aiag !SE C5TRAL BODIES 7G5]ALLY COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9DU/RY CONC]N$ & EX]CIS+ REGULATORY FUNCTIONS ( A RA!R UNDEF9$ *>ACT]7 HAD SPREAD OV] ALMO/ ! :OLE FIELD ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( #aiah ,VES5KA GRADUALLY TOOK OV] !SE BODIES 7OR :AT WAS LEFT ( !M7 & CONV]T$ !M - UND] ! NAME ( GLAVKI 7*IEF COMMITTEES7 OR TS5TRY 7C5T]S7 9TO ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS SUBJECT TO ! DIRECTION & CONTROL ( ,VES5KA4 ,! '*IEF COMMITTEE' = ! LEA!R 9DU/RY 7,GLAVKOZH7 WAS SET UP 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS WAS QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY *IEF PAP] & SUG> COMMITTEES1 & BY SOAP & TEA 'C5T]S'4 ,!SE1 TOGE!R ) ,TS5TROTEK/IL W]E ALL 9 EXI/5CE BY ,M>* #a#i#a#h4 ,!Y 0C\LD SC>CELY HAVE COME 9TO BE+ EXCEPT ON F\NDATIONS ALREADY LAID BE=E ! REVOLUTION OR )\T ! COLLABORATION ( ! MANAG]IAL & TE*NICAL /AFFS4 4 4 ,A C]TA9 TACIT COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S C\LD BE DETECT$ BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! MORE S5SIBLE & MOD]ATE ( ! 9DU/RIALI/S 9 BR++ AB\T A RETURN TO SOME K9D ( ORD]LY PRODUCTION40 

,?IS RAIS$ A QUE/ION ( CONSID]ABLE !ORETICAL 9T]E/4 ,M>XI/S HAVE USUALLY >GU$ ?AT REVOLUTION>IES C\LD NOT SIMPLY SEIZE ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 7P>LIAM5T1 ETC47 & USE !M = DIFF]5T PURPOSES 7I4E4 = ! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM7 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS CLAIM$ ?AT NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 7SOVIETS7 W\LD HAVE TO BE CREAT$ TO EXPRESS ! REALITY ( WORK]S' P[]4 ,BUT !Y HAVE USUALLY REMA9$ DISCREETLY SIL5T ON ! QUE/ION ( :E!R REVOLUTION>IES C\LD 'CAPTURE' ! 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC P[] & USE !M TO !IR [N 5DS - OR :E!R !SE TOO W\LD HAVE FIR/ TO BE SMA%$1 & LAT] REPLAC$ ) A NEW K9D ( 9/ITUTION1 REPRES5T+ A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #aiah CLE>LY OPT$ = ! FIR/ C\RSE4 7SEE P #d#a47 ,EV5 )9 !IR [N RANKS ?IS *OICE WAS TO GIVE RISE TO =EBOD+ ?AT ALL 5]GIES W\LD N[ BE DIRECT$ TO ! 0RE9=CEM5T & DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY1 TO ORGANIC CON/RUCTION1 9VOLV+ A REFUSAL TO CONT9UE ! BREAK UP ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS & EV5 A P>TIAL RE/ORATION ( !M04 

,M>* #f - #h 

,SEV5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 

,HEAT$ DELIB]ATIONS DUR+ ?IS V]Y %ORT ,CONGRESS C5T]$ ON ! SIGN+ ( ! ,BRE/ - ,LITOVSK ,PEACE ,TREATY4 

,M>* #ad - #ah 

,F\R? ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

,M>* 

',LEFT' COMMUNI/S 7,OS9SKY1 ,BUKH>91 ,LOMOV1 ,SMIRNOV7 \/$ FROM LEAD+ POSITIONS 9 ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL - P>TLY BECAUSE ( !IR ATTITUDE TO ,BRE/ - ,LITOVSK - & REPLAC$ BY 'MOD]ATES' LIKE ,MILYUT9 & ,RYKOV4 

,IMM$IATE /EPS TAK5 TO %ORE - UP MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY1 RE/ORE LABOR DISCIPL9E & APPLY WAGE 9C5TIVES UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! :OLE EPISODE WAS A CLE> DEMON/RATION ?AT 'LEFTS' 9 TOP ADM9I/RATIVE POSITIONS >E NO SUB/ITUTE = RANK & FILE CONTROL AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 

,M>* #bf 

,ISVE/IYA ( ! ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE PUBLI%ES ,DECREE 7ISSU$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S7 ON ! 0C5TRALIZATION ( RAILWAY MANAGEM5T04 ,?IS DECREE1 :I* 5D$ WORK]S' CONTROL ON ! RAILWAYS WAS 0AN ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITE = ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! TRANSPORT SY/EM04 

,IT /RESS$ ! URG5CY ( 0IRON LABOR DISCIPL9E0 & 09DIVIDUAL MANAGEM5T0 ON ! RAILWAYS & GRANT$ 0DICTATORIAL0 P[]S TO ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,WAYS ( ,COMMUNICATION4 ,CLAUSE #f PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = SELECT$ 9DIVIDUALS TO ACT AS 0ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NICAL EXECUTIVES0 9 EV]Y LOCAL1 DI/RICT OR REGIONAL RAILWAY C5T]4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS W]E TO BE 0RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S ( ,WAYS ( ,COMMUNICATION04 ,!Y W]E TO BE 0! EMBODIM5T ( ! :OLE ( ! DICTATORIAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! GIV5 RAILWAY C5T]04 

,M>* #c 

,TROTSKY1 APPO9T$ ,COMMISS> ( ,MILIT>Y ,AFFAIRS AFT] ,BRE/ - ,LITOVSK1 HAD RAPIDLY BE5 REORGANIZ+ ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY = DISOB$I5CE UND] FIRE HAD BE5 RE/OR$4 ,SO1 MORE GRADUALLY1 HAD SALUT+4 SPECIAL =MS ( ADDRESS4 SEP>ATE LIV+ QU>T]S & O!R PRIVILEGES = (FIC]S4 "9 ,DEMOCRATIC =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 9CLUD+ ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S1 HAD BE5 QUICKLY DISP5S$ )4 0,! ELECTIVE BASIS01 ,TROTSKY WROTE1 0IS POLITICALLY PO9TLESS & TE*NICALLY 9 EXP$I5T & HAS ALREADY BE5 SET ASIDE BY DECREE04 

,N4 ,V4 ,KRYL5KO1 ONE ( ! CO - COMMISS>S ( ,MILIT>Y ,AFFAIRS APPO9T$ AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 HAD RESIGN$ 9 DISGU/ FROM ! ,DEF5SE ,E/ABLI%M5T AS A RESULT ( !SE MEASURES4 

,= YE>S ,TROTSKYI/ LIT]ATURE HAS D5\NC$ !SE REACTION>Y FACES ( ! ,R$ >MY AS EXAMPLES ( :AT HAPP5$ TO IT 'UND] ,/AL9ISM'4 ,!Y W]E 9 FACT FIR/ *ALL5G$ BY ,SMIRNOV AT ! ,EI<? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS4 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i4 

,APRIL #c 

,! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ISSU$ ITS FIR/ DETAIL$ PRON\NCEM5T ON ! FUNCTION ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 RELATION TO 'LABOR DISCIPL9E' & '9C5TIVES'4 

,! TRADE UNIONS %\LD 0APPLY ALL !IR EF=TS TO RAISE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & CONSI/5TLY TO CREATE 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ! 9DISP5SABLE F\NDATIONS ( LABOR DISCIPL9E04 

,EV]Y UNION %\LD E/ABLI% A COMMISSION 0TO FIX NORMS ( PRODUCTIVITY = EV]Y TRADE & CATEGORY ( WORK]S04 ,! USE ( PIECE RATES 0TO RAISE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR0 WAS CONC$$4 ,IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT 0BONUSES = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY ABOVE ! E/ABLI%$ NORM MAY )9 C]TA9 LIMITS BE A USEFUL MEASURE = RAIS+ PRODUCTIVITY )\T EXHAU/+ ! WORK]04 ,F9ALLY IF 09DIVIDUAL GR\PS ( WORK]S0 REFUS$ TO SUBMIT TO UNION DISCIPL9E1 !Y C\LD 9 ! LA/ RESORT BE EXPELL$ FROM ! UNION 0) ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT FL[ !RE FROM04 

,APRIL #aa - #ab 

,>M$ DETA*M5TS ( ,*EKA RAID #bf AN>*I/ C5T]S 9 ,MOSC[4 ,FI<T+ BREAKS \T BETWE5 ,*EKA AG5TS & ,BLACK ,GU>DSM5 9 ,DONSKOI ,MONA/]Y4 ,=TY AN>*I/S KILL$ OR W\ND$1 OV] #e TAK5 PRISON]4 

,APRIL #b 

,! ISSUE ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS N[ BE+ WIDELY DISCUSS$ )9 ! ,P>TY4 ,L5+RAD ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEE PUBLI%ES FIR/ ISSUE ( ,KOMMUNI/ 7A 'LEFT' COMMUNI/ !ORETICAL J\RNAL $IT$ BY ,BUKH>91 ,RADEK & ,OS9SKY1 LAT] TO BE JO9$ BY ,SMIRNOV74 ,?IS ISSUE CONTA9$ ! $ITORS' 0,!SES ON ! ,PRES5T ,SITUATION04 

,! PAP] D5\NC$ 0A LABOR POLICY DESIGN$ TO IMPLANT DISCIPL9E AMONG ! WORK]S UND] ! FLAG ( 'SELF - DISCIPL9E'1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( LABOR S]VICE = WORK]S1 PIECE RATES1 & ! L5G!N+ ( ! WORK+ DAY04 ,IT PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0! 9TRODUCTION ( LABOR DISCIPL9E 9 CONNECTION ) ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY CANNOT REALLY 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR04 ,IT W\LD 0DIM9I% ! CLASS 9ITIATIVE1 ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT ?REAT5S TO 5?RALL$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WILL >\SE DISCONT5T AMONG ! BACKW>D ELEM5TS AS WELL AS AMONG ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ?IS SY/EM 9 ! FACE ( ! HATR$ PREVAIL+ AT PRES5T AMONG ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! 'CAPITALI/ SABOTEURS' ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD HAVE TO RELY ON ! PETTY - B\RGEOISIE1 AS AGA9/ ! WORK]S04 ,IT W\LD 0RU9 ITSELF AS ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT04 

,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! NEW PAP] ALSO CONTA9$ A S]I\S W>N+ BY ,RADEK3 0,IF ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E OV]?R[N BY VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( ! B\RGEOIS C\NT] - REVOLUTION IT W\LD RISE AGA9 LIKE A PH5IX2 IF H[EV] IT LO/ ITS SOCIALI/ *>ACT] & !REBY DISAPPO9T$ ! WORK+ MASSES1 ! BL[ W\LD HAVE T5 TIMES MORE T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES = ! FUTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION04 

,! SAME ISSUE W>N$ ( 0BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 ! RULE ( V>I\S COMMISS>S1 ! LOSS ( 9DEP5D5CE = LOCAL SOVIETS & 9 PRACTICE ! REJECTION ( ! TYPE ( /ATE - COMMUNE ADM9I/]$ FROM BEL[04 

0,IT WAS ALL V]Y WELL01 ,BUKH>9 PO9T$ \T1 0TO SAY AS ,L59 HAD 79 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION7 ?AT EA* COOK %\LD LE>N TO MANAGE ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT :AT HAPP5$ :5 EA* COOK HAD A COMMISS> APPO9T$ TO ORD] HIM AB\T80 ,! SECOND ISSUE ( ! PAP] CONTA9$ SOME PROPHETIC COMM5TS BY ,OS9SKY3 0,WE /& = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIETY BY ! CLASS CREATIVITY ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 NOT BY ! UKASES ( ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 4 4 IF ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO CREATE ! NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES = ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR NO ONE CAN DO ?IS = IT & NO ONE CAN COMPEL IT TO DO ?IS4 ,! /ICK1 IF RAIS$ AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 WILL F9D ITSELF 9 ! H&S ( A SOCIAL =CE :I* IS EI!R UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANO!R SOCIAL CLASS OR IS 9 ! H&S ( ! SOVIET P[]2 BUT ! SOVIET P[] WILL !N BE =C$ TO SEEK SUPPORT AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT FROM ANO!R CLASS 7E4G4 ! PEASANTRY7 & BY ?IS IT WILL DE/ROY ITSELF AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SOCIALISM & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION WILL BE SET UP BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR !Y WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL - SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE SET UP - /ATE CAPITALISM04 

,L59 REACT$ V]Y %>PLY4 ,! USUAL VITUP]ATION FOLL[$4 ,! VIEWS ( ! 'LEFT' ,COMMUNI/S W]E 0A DISGRACE04 0A COMPLETE R5UNCIATION ( COMMUNISM 9 PRACTICE01 0A DES]TION TO ! CAMP ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE04 ,! LEFT W]E BE+ 0PROVOK$ BY ! ,ISUVS 7,M5%EVIKS7 & O!R ,JUDASES ( CAPITALISM04 ,A CAMPAIGN WAS :IPP$ UP 9 ,L5+RAD :I* COMPELL$ ,KOMMUNI/ TO TRANSF] PUBLICATION TO ,MOSC[1 :]E ! PAP] REAPPE>$ FIR/ UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,MOSC[ ,REGIONAL ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P>TY1 LAT] AS ! 'UN(FICIAL' M\? - PIECE ( A GR\P ( COMRADES4 ,AFT] ! APPE>ANCE ( ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! PAP] A HA/ILY CONV5$ ,L5+RAD ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE PRODUC$ A MAJORITY = ,L59 & 0DEM&$ ?AT ! ADH]5TS ( ,KOMMUNI/ CEASE !IR SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONAL EXI/5CE04 

,SO MU* = ALLEG$ FACTIONAL RI<TS1 9 #a#i#a#h6 7I4E4 LONG BE=E ! L? ,CONGRESS (FICIALLY PROHIBIT$ FACTIONS - 9 #a#i#b#a7 

,DUR+ ! FOLL[+ MON?S ! ,L59I/S SUCCE$$ 9 EXT5D+ !IR ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL 9TO >EAS :I* HAD ORIG9ALLY BACK$ ! 'LEFTS'4 ,BY ! 5D ( ,MAY ! PR$OM9ANTLY PROLET>IAN ,P>TY ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,URAL REGION1 L$ BY ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 & ! ,MOSC[ ,REGIONAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,P>TY HAD BE5 WON BACK BY ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,! F\R? & F9AL ISSUE ( ,KOMMUNI/ 7,MAY #a#i#a#h7 HAD TO BE PUBLI%$ AS A PRIVATE FACTIONAL PAP]4 ,! SETTLEM5T ( !SE IMPORTANT ISSUES1 PR(\NDLY AFFECT+ ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS1 HAD NOT BE5 0BY DISCUSSION1 P]SUASION OR COMPROMISE1 BUT BY A HI< PRESSURE CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATIONS1 BACK$ BY A B>RAGE ( VIOL5T 9VECTIVE 9 ! ,P>TY PRESS & 9 ! PRON\NCEM5TS ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,L59'S POLEMICS SET ! TONE & HIS ORGANIZATIONAL LIEUT5ANTS BR\<T ! MEMB]%IP 9TO L9E04 ,MANY 9 ! TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL BE ?OR\<LY FAMILI> ) !SE ME?ODS6 

,APRIL #bh 

,L59'S >TICLE ON 0,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T0 PUBLI%$ 9 ,ISVE/IYA ( ! ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 0,MEASURES & DECREES0 W]E CALL$ = 0TO RAISE LABOR DISCIPL9E0 :I* WAS 0! CONDITION ( ECONOMIC REVIVAL04 7,AMONG ! MEASURES SUGGE/$ W]E ! 9TRODUCTION ( A C>D SY/EM = REGI/]+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( EA* WORK]1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( FACTORY REGULATIONS 9 EV]Y 5T] PRIZE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( RATE ( \TPUT BUREAUX = ! PURPOSE ( FIX+ ! \TPUT ( EA* WORK] & PAYM5T ( BONUSES = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY47 

,IF1 ,L59 EV] S5S$ ! POT5TIALLY H>MFUL ASPECTS ( !SE PROPOSALS HE C]TA9LY NEV] M5TION$ IT4 ,NO GREAT IMAG9ATION WAS NE$$1 H[EV]1 TO SEE 9 ! P5 PU%]S 7RECORD+ ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( EA* WORK]07 & 9 ! CL]KS 7MANN+ ! 0RATE ( \TPUT BUREAUX07 ! AS YET AMORPH\S ELEM5TS ( A NEW BUREAUCRACY4 

,L59 W5T EV5 FUR!R4 ,HE WROTE3 0,WE MU/ RAISE ! QUE/ION ( PIECE - WORK & APPLY & TE/ IT 9 PRACTICE 4 4 4 WE MU/ RAISE ! QUE/ION ( APPLY+ MU* ( :AT IS SCI5TIFIC & PROGRESSIVE 9 ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM 4 4 4 ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC MU/ AT ALL CO/S ADOPT ALL ?AT IS VALUABLE 9 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY 9 ?IS FIELD 4 4 4 WE MU/ ORGANIZE 9 ,RUSSIA ! /UDY & TEA*+ ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM04 ,ONLY 0! CONSCI\S REPRES5TATIVES ( PETTY B\RGEOIS LAXITY0 C\LD SEE 9 ! REC5T DECREE ON ! MANAGEM5T ( ! RAILWAYS 0:I* GRANT$ 9DIVIDUAL LEAD]S DICTATORIAL P[]S0 SOME K9D ( 0DEP>TURE FROM ! COLLEGIUM PR9CIPLE1 FROM DEMOCRACY & FROM O!R PR9CIPLES ( SOVIET GOV]NM5T04 

0,! IRREFUTABLE EXP]I5CE ( HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS WAS V]Y (T5 ! VEHICLE1 ! *ANNEL ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASSES0 

0,L>GE - SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY :I* IS ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVE S\RCE & F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM - CALLS = ABSOLUTE & /RICT UNITY ( WILL 4 4 4 ,H[ CAN /RICT UNITY ( WILL BE 5SUR$8 ,BY ?\S&S SUBORD9AT+ !IR WILL TO ! WILL ( ONE04 

0UNQUE/ION+ SUBMISSION 7EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL7 TO A S+LE WILL IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( LABOR PROCESSES ?AT >E BAS$ ON L>GE - SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY 4444 TODAY ! ,REVOLUTION DEM&S1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM1 ?AT ! MASSES UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY ! S+LE WILL 7EMPHASIS 9 ORIG9AL7 ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS04 

,! DEM& = 'UNQUE/ION+' OB$I5CE HAS1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 BE5 VOIC$ BY C\NTLESS REACTION>IES1 :O HAVE S\<T MOREOV] TO IMPOSE SU* OB$I5CE ON ?OSE OV] :OM !Y EX]T$ AU?ORITY4 ,A HI<LY CRITICAL 7& SELF - CRITICAL7 ATTITUDE IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! HALLM>K ( ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y4 

,MAY 

,BUREVE/NIK1 ,AN>KHIA1 ,GOLOS ,TRUDA & O!R LEAD+ AN>*I/ P]IODICALS CLOS$ D[N4 

,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 WRIT+ 9 ,KOMMUNI/ W>NS 0,! ,P>TY WILL SOON HAVE TO DECIDE TO :AT DEGREE ! DICTATOR%IP ( 9DIVIDUALS WILL BE EXT5D$ FROM ! RAILROADS & O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY TO ! ,P>TY ITSELF04 

,MAY #e 

,PUBLICATION ( 0,LEFT W+ *ILDI%NESS & PETTY B\RGEOIS M5TALITY04 ,AFT] D5\NC+ KOMMUNI/'S VIEWS AS 0A RIOT ( PHRASE MONG]+01 0! FLAUNT+ ( HI< S\ND+ PHRASES01 ETC1 ETC1 ETC1 ,L59 ATTEMPT$ TO ANSW] SOME ( ! PO9TS MADE BY ! LEFT COMMUNI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L59 '/ATE CAPITALISM' WASN'T A DANG]4 ,IT WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SOME?+ TO BE AIM$ =4 0,IF WE 9TRODUC$ /ATE CAPITALISM 9 APPROXIMATELY #f MON?S' TIME WE W\LD A*IEVE A GREAT SUCCESS & A SURE GU>ANTEE ?AT )9 A YE> SOCIALISM WILL HAVE GA9$ A P]MAN5TLY FIRM HOLD & WILL HAVE BECOME 9V9CIBLE 9 \R C\NTRY04 0,ECONOMICALLY1 /ATE CAPITALISM IS IMMEASURABLY SUP]IOR TO ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ECONOMY 444! SOVIET P[] HAS NO?+ T]RIBLE TO FE> FROM IT1 = ! SOVIET ,/ATE IS A /ATE 9 :I* ! P[] ( ! WORK]S & ! POOR IS ASSUR$0 7BECAUSE A ',WORK]S' ,P>TY' HELD POLITICAL P[]7 

,! 0SUM TOTAL ( ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM0 W]E 0L>GE - SCALE CAPITALI/ TE*NIQUE BAS$ ON ! LA/ WORD ( MOD]N SCI5CE 4 4 4 9CONCEIVABLE )\T PLANN$ /ATE ORGANIZATION :I* SUBJECTS T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO ! /RICTE/ OBS]VANCE ( A S+LE /&>D 9 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION0 & 0PROLET>IAN /ATE P[]04 .<,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 PRODUCTION ISN'T M5TION$ AS ONE ( ! 'NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM'4.> ,L59 CONT9UES BY PO9T+ \T ?AT 9 #aiah ! 0TWO UNCONNECT$ HALVES ( SOCIALISM EXI/$ SIDE BY SIDE LIKE TWO FUTURE *ICK5S 9 A S+LE %ELL ( 9T]NATIONAL IMP]IALISM04 ,9 #aiah ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA W]E ! EMBODIM5TS1 RESPECTIVELY ( ! 0ECONOMIC1 PRODUCTIVE & SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM ON ! ONE H&1 & ( ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS ON ! O!R04 ,! TASK ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS 0TO /UDY ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,G]MANS1 TO SP>E NO EF=T AT COPY+ IT04 ,!Y %\LDN'T 0%R9K FROM ADOPT+ DICTATORIAL ME?ODS TO HA/5 ! COPY+ ( IT04 ,AS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ ,L59'S TEXT !N CONTA9$ ! 9T]E/+ PHRASE3 0,\R TASK IS TO HA/5 ?IS EV5 MORE ?AN ,PET] HA/5$ ! ADOPTION ( WE/]NISM BY B>B>IAN ,RUSSIA1 NOT %R9K+ FROM ! USE ( B>B>\S ME?ODS TO FI<T B>B>ISM04 ,?IS WAS P]HAPS ! ONLY ADMIR+ REF]5CE TO ANY ,CZ>1 9 ANY ( ,L59'S WRIT+S4 ,9 QUOT+ ?IS PASSAGE ?REE YE>S LAT] ,L59 OMITT$ ! REF]5CE TO ,PET] ! ,GREAT4 

0,ONE & ! SAME ROAD01 ,L59 CONT9U$1 0L$ FROM ! PETTY B\RGEOIS CAPITALISM ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiah TO L>GE - SCALE CAPITALISM & TO SOCIALISM1 ?R\< ONE & ! SAME 9T]M$I>Y /ATION CALL$ NATIONAL ACC\NT+ & CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION04 ,FI<T+ AGA9/ /ATE CAPITALISM1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 WAS 7ACCORD+ TO ,L597 0BEAT+ ! AIR04 

,! ALLEGATION ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC WAS ?REAT5$ ) 0EVOLUTION 9 ! DIRECTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM0 W\LD 0PROVOKE NO?+ BUT ,HOM]IC LAU<T]04 ,IF A M]*ANT TOLD HIM ?AT !RE HAD BE5 AN IMPROVEM5T ON SOME RAILWAYS 0SU* PRAISE SEEMS TO ME A ?\S& TIMES MORE VALUABLE ?AN TW5TY COMMUNI/ RESOLUTIONS04 

,:5 READ+ PASSAGES SU* AS ! ABOVE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO3 UND]/& H[ SOME COMRADES CAN SIMULTANE\SLY CLAIM TO BE 'L59I/S' & CLAIM ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY IS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM TO BE DEPLOR$4 ,SOME1 H[EV]1 MANAGE TO DO JU/ ?IS4 ,IT IS CRY/AL CLE> FROM ! ABOVE 7& FROM O!R PASSAGES WRITT5 AT ! TIME7 ?AT ! 'PROLET>IAN' NATURE ( ! REGIME WAS SE5 BY NE>LY ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S AS H++ ON ! PROLET>IAN NATURE ( ! ,P>TY ?AT HAD TAK5 /ATE P[]4 ,NONE ( !M SAW ! PROLET>IAN NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME AS PRIM>ILY & CRUCIALLY DEP5D5T ON ! EX]CISE ( WORK]S' P[] AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION 7I4E4 ON WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION74 

,IT %\LD HAVE BE5 OBVI\S TO !M1 AS ,M>XI/S1 ?AT IF ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT HOLD ECONOMIC P[]1 ITS 'POLITICAL' P[] W\LD AT BE/ BE 9SECURE & W\LD 9 FACT SOON DEG5]ATE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S SAW ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION AS SOME?+ :I*1 9 ITSELF1 WAS SOCIALLY NEUTRAL4 ,IT C\LD BE US$ 9DIFF]5TLY = BAD PURPOSES 7AS :5 ! B\RGEOISIE US$ IT ) ! AIM ( PRIVATE ACCUMULATION7 OR GOOD ONES 7AS :5 ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' US$ IT 0= ! B5EFIT ( ! MANY074 ,L59 PUT ?IS QUITE BLUNTLY4 0,SOCIALISM0 HE SAID1 0IS NO?+ BUT /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY MADE TO B5EFIT ! :OLE PEOPLE04 ,:AT WAS WRONG ) CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ,L59'S EYES1 WAS ?AT !Y HAD 9 ! PA/ S]V$ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y W]E N[ GO+ TO BE US$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE & W\LD !REBY BECOME 0ONE ( ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIALISM04 ,IT ALL DEP5D$ ON :O HELD /ATE P[]4 

,! >GUM5T ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS A WORK]S /ATE BECAUSE ( ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WAS ONLY PUT =W>D BY ,TROTSKY 9 #a#i#c#f6 ,HE WAS TRY+ TO RECONCILE HIS VIEW ?AT 2! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD TO BE DEF5D$' ) HIS VIEW ?AT 0! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS NO LONG] A WORK]S' P>TY04 

,MAY #bd - ,JUNE #d 

,FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,REGIONAL ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS HELD 9 ,MOSC[4 

,?IS 'ECONOMIC ,P>LIAM5T' WAS ATT5D$ BY RA!R MORE ?AN #a VOT+ DELEGATES 7& #ae NON - VOT+ DELEGATES7 DRAWN FROM ,VES5KA1 ITS 'GLAVKI' & C5T]S1 FROM REGIONAL & LOCAL ,SOVN>KHOZY & FROM ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ,CONGRESS WAS PRESID$ OV] BY ,RYKOV - A MAN ( 0UNIMPEA*ABLE RECORD & COLORLESS OP9IONS04 

,L59 OP5$ ! PROCE$+S ) A PLEA = 0LABOR DISCIPL9E0 & A LONG EXPLANATION = ! NE$ TO EMPLOY ! HI<LY PAID 'SPETSY' 7SPECIALI/S74 

,OS9SKY /OOD UNCOMPROMIS+LY = ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,HE L$ AN ATTACK ON 'PIECE RATES' & ',TAYLORISM'4 ,HE WAS SUPPORT$ BY ,SMIRNOV & A NUMB] ( PROV9CIAL DELEGATES4 ,! 'OPPOSITION' URG$ ! RECOGNITION & COMPLETION ( ! DE FACTO NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY :I* ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES W]E BR++ AB\T & CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN OV]ALL NATIONAL ECONOMIC AU?ORITY BAS$ ON & REPRES5T+ ! ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 

,!Y CALL$ = 0A WORK]S ADM9I/RATION 4 4 4 NOT ONLY FROM ABOVE BUT FROM BEL[0 AS ! 9DISP5SABLE ECONOMIC BASE = ! NEW REGIME4 ,LOMOV1 9 A PLEA = A MASSIVE EXT5SION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 W>N$ ?AT 0BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION 4 4 4 WAS /RANGL+ ! =CES ( ! C\NTRY ,! MASSES >E BE+ CUT (F FROM LIV+1 CREATIVE P[] 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( \R ECONOMY04 ,HE REM9D$ ! ,CONGRESS ?AT ,L59'S PHRASE AB\T 0LE>N+ FROM ! CAPITALI/S0 HAD BE5 CO9$ 9 ! EI<TE5 N9ETIES BY ! QUASI - ,M>XI/ 7& PRES5T B\RGEOIS7 ,/RUVE4 

,!RE !N TOOK PLACE ONE ( ?OSE EPISODES :I* CAN HI<LI<T A :OLE DISCUSSION & EPITOMIZE ! V>I\S VIEWPO9TS4 ,A SUB - COMMITTEE ( ! ,CONGRESS PASS$ A RESOLUTION ?AT TWO - ?IRDS ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ON ! MANAGEM5T BO>DS ( 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES %\LD BE ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,L59 WAS FURI\S AT ?IS 0/UPID DECISION04 ,UND] HIS GUIDANCE A ,PL5>Y ,SESSION ( ! ,CONGRESS 'CORRECT$' ! RESOLUTION & DECRE$ ?AT NO MORE ?AN ONE - ?IRD ( ! MANAG]IAL P]SONNEL ( 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES %\LD BE ELECT$4 ,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES W]E TO BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! PREVI\SLY \TL9$ COMPLEX HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE :I* VE/$ VETO RI<TS 9 ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 7,VES5KA7 SET UP 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#g4 ,! ,CONGRESS =MALLY 5DORS$ A RESOLUTION FROM ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ASS]T+ ! PR9CIPLE ( 0A DEF9ITE1 FIX$ RATE ( PRODUCTIVITY 9 RETURN = A GU>ANTE$ WAGE04 ,IT ACCEPT$ ! 9/ITUTION ( PIECE WORK & ( BONUSES4 ,A 0CLIMATE ( OP9ION RA!R ?AN A SETTL$ POLICY WAS 9 ! C\RSE ( =MATION04 

,MAY #be 

,CLA%ES BETWE5 GOV]NM5T =CES & TROOPS ( ! ,CZE* LEGION 9 ! ,URALS4 ,ANTI ,BOL%EVIK UPRIS+S ?R\<\T ,SIB]IA & ,S\? ,EA/]N ,RUSSIA4 ,BEG9N+ ( L>GE - SCALE CIVIL W> & BEG9N+ ( ,ALLI$ 9T]V5TION4 .<,?OSE :O WI% TO 9CRIM9ATE ! ,CIVIL ,W> = ANTI - PROLET>IAN ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICES CAN DO SO FROM N[ ON4.> 

,JUNE #bh 

,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES' ,COMMISS>S1 AFT] AN ALL - NI<T SITT+1 ISSUES ,DECREE ON ,G5]AL ,NATIONALIZATION 9VOLV+ ALL 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES ) A CAPITAL ( OV] ONE MILLION RUBLES4 ,! AIMS ( ! DECREE W]E 0A DECISIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ DISORGANIZATION 9 PRODUCTION & SUPPLY04 

,! SECTORS AFFECT$1 :OSE ASSETS W]E N[ DECL>$ ! PROP]TY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]AL ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 W]E ! M9+1 METALLURGICAL1 TEXTILE1 ELECTRICAL1 TIMB]1 TOBACCO1 RES91 GLASS & POTT]Y1 LEA!R & CEM5T 9DU/RIES1 ALL /EAM DRIV5 MILLS1 LOCAL UTILITIES & PRIVATE RAILWAYS1 TOGE!R ) A FEW O!R M9OR 9DU/RIES4 ,! TASK ( 0ORGANIZ+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( NATIONALIZ$ 5T]PRISES0 WAS 5TRU/$ 0AS A MATT] ( URG5CY0 TO ,VES5KA & ITS SECTIONS4 ,BUT UNTIL ,VES5KA ISSU$ SPECIFIC 9/RUCTIONS REG>D+ 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES COV]$ BY ! DECREE 0SU* 5T]PRISES W\LD BE REG>D$ AS LEAS$ R5T - FREE TO !IR =M] [N]S1 :O W\LD CONT9UE TO F9ANCE !M & TO DRAW REV5UE FROM !M04 

,! LEGAL TRANSF] ( 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES TO ! /ATE WAS EASILY TRANSACT$4 ,! ASSUMPTION ( MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS BY APPO9TEES WAS TO TAKE A LITTLE LONG] BUT ?IS PROCESS WAS ALSO TO BE COMPLET$ )9 A FEW MON?S4 ,BO? /EPS HAD BE5 ACCEL]AT$ UND] !1 ?REAT ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION4 ,! *ANGE 9 ! PROP]TY RELATIONS HAD BE5 DEEP - GO+4 ,9 ?IS S5SE A PR(\ND REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE4 0,AS ! ,REVOLUTION HAD UNLEA%$ ,CIVIL ,W>1 SO ,CIVIL ,W> WAS TO 9T5SIFY ! ,REVOLUTION04 

,BUT AS F> AS ANY FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W]E CONC]N$4 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ALREADY SP5T4 ,! P]IOD ( 'W> COMMUNISM' - N[ />T+ - WAS TO SEE ! WORK+ CLASS LOSE :AT LITTLE P[] IT HAD 5JOY$ 9 PRODUCTION1 DUR+ ! LA/ FEW WEEKS ( #aiag & ! FIR/ FEW1 WEEKS ( #a#i#a#h4 

,JULY #d - #a 

,FIF? ,ALL ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

,?R\<\T ! FIR/ HALF ( #aiah ! ISSUE ( 'NATIONALIZATION' HAD BE5 ! SUBJECT ( BITT] CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! 'LEFT' COMMUNI/S & ! ,L59I/S4 ,L59 HAD BE5 OPPOS$ TO ! TOTAL NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,OCTOB]4 ,?IS WAS NOT BECAUSE ( ANY WI% TO DO A POLITICAL DEAL ) ! B\RGEOISIE BUT BECAUSE ( HIS UND]E/IMATION ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE MATURITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A MATURITY ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 PUT TO AN IMM$IATE TE/ HAD ALL MAJOR 9DU/RY BE5 =MALLY NATIONALIZ$4 ,! RESULT HAD BE5 AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX SITUATION 9 :I* SOME 9DU/RIES HAD BE5 NATIONALIZ$ 'FROM ABOVE'1 7I4E4 BY DECREE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T71 O!RS 'FROM BEL[' 7I4E4 :]E WORK]S HAD TAK5 OV] 5T]PRISES AB&ON$ BY !IR =M] [N]S71 :ILE 9 YET O!R PLACES ! =M] [N]S W]E /ILL 9 *>GE ( !IR FACTORIES - AL?\< RE/RICT$ 9 !IR FRE$OM ( ACTION OR AU?ORITY BY ! 5CROA*M5T ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES4 ,KRITZMAN1 ONE ( ! ABLE/ !ORETICIANS ( 'LEFT' COMMUNISM HAD CRITICIZ$ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS FROM AN E>LY DATE4 ,HE HAD REF]R$ TO ! ',WORK]S ,CONTROL' DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #aiag AS 0HALF - MEASURES1 !RE=E UNREALIZABLE04 0,AS A SLOGAN WORK]S' CONTROL IMPLI$ ! GR[+ BUT AS YET 9SUFFICI5T P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS ! IMPLI$ EXPRESSION ( A WEAKNESS1 /ILL TO BE OV]COME1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,EMPLOY]S W\LD NOT BE 9CL9$ TO RUN !IR BUS9ESSES ) ! SOLE AIM ( TEA*+ ! WORK]S H[ TO MANAGE !M4 ,CONV]SELY ! WORK]S FELT ONLY HATR$ = ! CAPITALI/S & SAW NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD VOLUNT>ILY REMA9 EXPLOIT$04 

,OS9SKY1 ANO!R 'LEFT' COMMUNI/1 /RESS$ ANO!R ASPECT4 0,! FATE ( ! WORK]S' CONTROL SLOGAN01 HE WROTE 0IS MO/ 9T]E/+4 ,BORN ( ! WI% TO UNMASK ! OPPON5T1 IT FAIL$ :5 IT S\<T TO CONV]T ITSELF 9TO A SY/EM4 ,:]E1 DESPITE EV]Y?+ IT FULFILL$ ITSELF1 ITS CONT5T ALT]$ COMPLETELY FROM :AT WE HAD ORIG9ALLY 5VISAG$4 ,IT TOOK ! =M ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ DICTATOR%IP1 ( ! SUBORD9ATION ( CAPITALI/S1 TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY1 TO V>I\S WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ONE ANO!R 4 4 4 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 AIM$ AT SUBORD9AT+ ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 4 4 ,BUT ?IS COEXI/5CE SOON BECAME 9TOL]ABLE4 ,! /ATE ( DUAL P[] BETWE5 MANAG]S & WORK]S SOON L$ TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,OR IT RAPIDLY BECAME TRANS=M$ 9TO ! TOTAL P[] ( ! WORK]S4 )\T ! LEA/ AU?ORIZATION ( ! C5TRAL P[]S04 

,MU* 'LEFT' COMMUNI/ WRIT+ AT ?IS TIME /RESS$ ! !ME ?AT E>LY NATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W\LD HAVE AVOID$ MANY ( !SE AMBIGUITIES4 ,TOTAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S W\LD HAVE ALL[$ ONE TO PROCE$ IMM$IATELY FROM 'WORK]S' CONTROL TO 'WORK]S' MANAGEM5T' ?R\< ! M$IUM ( SOME C5TRAL ORGANISM REGULAT+ ! :OLE ( ! SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT ,LOZOVSKY4 AL?\< AT ! TIME /RONGLY OPPOS$ TO ! VIEWPO9T ( ! 'LEFT' COMMUNI/S 7BECAUSE HE FELT ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD ONLY BE5 A 'B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC' REVOLUTION7 WAS LAT] TO WRITE3 0,IT WAS SOON TO BE PROV$ ?AT 9 ! ]A ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y 9 EA* 5T]PRISE 7I4E4 ! PREVI\S BOSS1 BUT ONLY EX]CIS+ LIMIT$ P[]4 ,M4,B47 WAS IMPOSSIBLE & ?AT ! =M] [N] - H[EV] COMPLEX ! /RUCTURE ( A MOD]N 5T]PRISE - WAS A SUP]FLU\S COG04 

,A SPLIT OCCURR$ A LITTLE LAT] AMONG ! 'LEFT' COMMUNI/S4 ,RADEK REA*$ AN AGREEM5T ) ! ,L59I/S4 ,HE WAS PREP>$ TO ACCEPT 'ONE - MAN MANAGEM5T' 9 PR9CIPLE 7NOT TOO H>D A TASK = A NON - PROLET>IAN87 BECAUSE IT WAS N[ TO BE APPLI$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! EXT5SIVE NATIONALIZATION DECREES ( ,JUNE #a#i#a#h4 ,9 ,RADEK'S OP9ION !SE DECREES W\LD HELP 5SURE ! 'PROLET>IAN BASIS ( ! REGIME4' ,BUKH>9 TOO BROKE ) ,OS9SKY & REJO9$ ! FOLD4 ,OS9SKY & HIS SUPPORT]S H[EV] PROCE$$ TO =M A NEW OPPOSITIONAL T5D5CY3 ! 'DEMOCRATIC C5TRALI/S' 7SO - CALL$ BECAUSE ( !IR OPPOSITION TO ! 'BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM' ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP74 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO AGITATE = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,!IR IDEAS1 & ?OSE ( ! ORIG9AL GR\P ( 'LEFT' COMMUNI/S W]E TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T1 TWO YE>S LAT]1 ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION4 

,) ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ,W> ,COMMUNISM ! ISSUES APPE>$1 = A :ILE1 TO BECOME BLURR$4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE PRODUCTION = ANY ONE TO CONTROL4 0,! ISSUES ( #aiah H[EV] W]E ONLY PO/PON$4 ,!Y C\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?ANKS TO ! LEFT COMMUNI/S' WORK ( CRITICISM4 ,AS SOON AS ! MILIT>Y RESPITE P]MITT$1 LEFT W+ OPPOSITIONI/S W]E READY TO RAISE AGA9 ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ( ! SOCIAL NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET REGIME04 

,AUGU/ 

,HI< PO9T ( ,VOLGA (F5SIVE BY ! ,:ITES4 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> IMM5SELY ACCEL]AT$ ! PROCESS ( ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION4 ,AS A KN[L$GE ( PREVI\S ,BOL%EVIK PRACTICE MI<T HAVE L$ ONE TO EXPECT4 ?IS WAS TO PROVE AN EXTREMELY BUREAUCRATIC =M ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,! :OLE ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY WAS 'REORGANIZ$' ON A SEMI - MILIT>Y BASIS4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> T5D$ TO TRANS=M ALL MAJOR 9DU/RY 9TO A SUPPLY ORGANIZATION = ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,?IS MADE 9DU/RIAL POLICY A MATT] ( MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T1 AT ?IS /AGE1 ?AT WE D\BT IF !RE IS ANY 9TR9SIC M]IT 9 DEC5TRALIZATION4 AS SOME AN>*I/S MA9TA94 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 A ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 7OR A %OP /EW>DS' COMMITTEE OR /RIKE COMMITTEE TO TAKE MOD]N ANALOGIES7 >E ALL HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ YET FAIRLY DEMOCRATIC4 ,FEUDALISM ON ! O!R H& WAS BO? DEC5TRALIZ$ & HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC4 ,! KEY QUE/ION IS :E!R ! 'C5TRALIZ$' APP>ATUS IS CONTROLL$ FROM BEL[ 7BY ELECT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES7 OR :E!R IT SEP>ATES ITSELF FROM ?OSE ON :OSE BEHALF IT IS ALLEG$LY ACT+ 4 ,?IS P]IOD WITNESS$ A CONSID]ABLE FALL 9 PRODUCTION1 DUE TO A COMPLEX V>IETY ( FACTORS :I* HAVE BE5 WELL DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E4 

,! TR\BLE WAS (T5 BLAM$ BY ,P>TY SPOKESM5 ON ! 9FLU5CE ( H]ETICAL 'AN>*O - SYNDICALI/' IDEAS4 ,MI/AKES HAD C]TA9LY BE5 MADE BUT :AT HAD BE5 ! GR[+ PA9S ( A NEW MOVEM5T W]E N[ BE+ ATTRIBUT$ TO ! 9H]5T VICES ( ANY ATTEMPT BY ! WORK]S TO DOM9ATE PRODUCTION4 0,WORK]S CONTROL OV] 9DU/RY C>RI$ \T BY ! ,FACTORY & ,PLANT ,COMMITTEES0 WROTE ONE GOV]NM5T SPOKESMAN 0HAS %[N :AT CAN BE EXPECT$ IF ! PLANS ( ! AN>*I/S >E REALIZ$04 ,ATTEMPTS AT CONTROL FROM BEL[ W]E N[ BE+ SY/EMATICALLY SUPPRESS$4 ,PROLET>IAN P>TISANS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES TRI$ TO RESI/ BUT !IR RESI/ANCE WAS EASILY OV]COME4 

,BITT]NESS & DESPAIR DEVELOP$ AMONG SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 7& BY NO MEANS 'BACKW>D' SECTIONS74 ,SU* FACTORS MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT - BUT SELDOM >E - 9 DISCUSS+ ! FALL ( PRODUCTION1 & ! WIDESPREAD RESORT TO 'ANTISOCIAL ACTIVITIES' SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! YE>S ( 'W> COMMUNISM'4 

,AUGU/ #be - ,SEPTEMB] L 

,FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONF]5CE ( ,AN>*O - SYNDICALI/S MEETS 9 ,MOSC[4 

,! 9DU/RIAL RESOLUTION ACCUS$ ! GOV]NM5T ( 0BETRAY+ ! WORK+ CLASS ) ITS SUPPRESSION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 FAVOR ( SU* CAPITALI/ DEVICES AS ONE - MAN MANAGEM5T1 LABOR DISCIPL9E & ! EMPLOYM5T ( 'B\RGEOIS' 5G9E]S & TE*NICIANS4 ,BY =SAK+ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES - ! BELOV$ *ILD ( ! GREAT WORK]S' REVOLUTION - = ?OSE 'DEAD ORGANIZATIONS'1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 & BY SUB/ITUT+ DECREES & R$ TAPE = 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP WAS CREAT+ A MON/] ( '/ATE CAPITALISM'1 A BUREAUCRATIC ,BEHEMO?1 :I* IT LUDICR\SLY CALL$ SOCIALISM04 

,VOLNY ,COLOS ,TRUDA' 7,! ,FREE ,VOICE ( ,LABOR7 WAS E/ABLI%$ AS ! SUCCESSOR TO ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 7CLOS$ D[N 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#h74 ,! NEW PAP] WAS ITSELF CLOS$ D[N AFT] ITS F\R? ISSUE 7,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#a#h74 ,?IS HAD CONTA9$ AN 9T]E/+ >TICLE BY ',M4 ,S]GV5' 78,MAXIMOV7 CALL$ ,PA?S ( ,REVOLUTION4 ,! >TICLE MADE A REM>KABLE DEP>TURE FROM ! USUAL CONDEMNATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS ,BETRAY]S ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS4 ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S W]E NOT NECESS>ILY COLD - BLOOD$ CYNICS :O1 ) ,MA*IAVELLIAN CUNN+1 HAD MAPP$ \T ! NEW CLASS /RUCTURE 9 ADVANCE TO SATISFY !IR P]SONAL LU/ = P[]4 ,QUITE POSSIBLY !Y W]E MOTIVAT$ BY A G5U9E CONC]N = HUMAN SUFF]+ 4 4 ,BUT ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO ADM9I/RATORS & WORK]S FOLL[$ 9EXORABLY FROM ! C5TRALIZATION ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE4 ,ONCE ! FUNCTIONS ( MANAGEM5T & LABOR HAD BECOME SEP>AT$ 7! =M] ASSIGN$ TO A M9ORITY ( 0EXPORTS0 & ! LATT] TO ! UNTUTOR$ MASSES7 ALL POSSIBILITY ( DIGNITY OR EQUALITY W]E DE/ROY$4 

,9 ! SAME ISSUE ,MAXIMOV SLAMM$ ! ',MANILOVS' 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP AS 0ROMANTIC VISION>IES :O P9$ = PA/ORAL UTOPIAS1 OBLIVI\S ( ! COMPLEX =CES AT WORK 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,IT WAS TIME TO /OP DREAM+ ( ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE4 ,IT WAS TIME TO ORGANIZE & ACT04 ,= !SE PR9CIPL$ YET REALI/IC VIEWS ,MAXIMOV & ! AN>*O - SYNDICALI/S W]E TO BE VICI\SLY ATTACK$ AS AN>*O - BUREAUCRATIC ,JUDASES BY O!R T5D5CIES 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,AUGU/ #aiah 

,A GOV]NM5T DECREE FIXES ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,VES5KA TO #c MEMB]S NOM9AT$ BY ! ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 #b NOM9AT$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCILS ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY 7,SOVN>KHOZY7 & #a NOM9AT$ BY ! ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ( ! ,SOVIETS 7,V4,TS4,I4,K474 ,CURR5T ,VES5KA BUS9ESS WAS TO BE 5TRU/$ TO A ,PRESIDIUM ( #i O!R MEMB]S1 ( :OM ! ,PRESID5T & HIS ,DEPUTY W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S 7,SOVN>KOM7 & ! O!RS BY ! ,V4,TS4,I4,K4 ,! ,PRESIDIUM WAS (FICIALLY SUPPOS$ TO IMPLEM5T ! POLICIES DECID$ AT ! MON?LY MEET+S ( ALL #fi ( ! ,VES5KA'S MEMB]S4 ,BUT IT SOON CAME TO UND]TAKE MORE & MORE ( ! WORK4 ,AFT] ! AUTUMN ( #aiah FULL MEET+S ( ! ,VES5KA W]E NO LONG] HELD4 ,IT HAD BECOME A DEP>TM5T ( /ATE4 

,9 O!R WORDS )9 A YE> ( ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 7%AK5 = A :ILE AT ! HEI<T ( ! MASS MOVEM5T7 HAD REV]T$ TO ! CLASSICAL AU?ORIT>IAN PATT]N SE5 9 ALL CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,! WORK]S AS WORK]S HAD BE5 DIVE/$ ( ANY MEAN+FUL DECISIONAL AU?ORITY 9 ! MATT]S ?AT CONC]N$ !M MO/4 

,SEPTEMB] #bh 

,! ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNION LEAD] ,TOMSKY DECL>ES AT ! ,FIR/ ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,COMMUNI/ ,RAILWAYM5 ?AT 0IT WAS ! TASK ( ! ,COMMUNI/S FIR/LY TO CREATE WELL - KNIT TRADE UNIONS 9 !IR [N 9DU/RIES1 SECONDLY TO TAKE POSSESSION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS BY T5ACI\S WORK1 ?IRDLY TO /& AT ! HEAD ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 F\R?LY TO EXPEL ALL NON - PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS & FIF?LY TO TAKE ! UNION UND] \R [N COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE04 

,OCTOB] 

,GOV]NM5T ,DECREE REIT]ATES ! RUL+ ?AT NO BODY O!R ?AN ,VES5KA 09 ITS CAPACITY AS ! C5TRAL ORGAN REGULAT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! :OLE PRODUCTION ( ! ,REPUBLIC0 HAS ! RI<T TO SEQUE/] 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,! NE$ TO PUBLI% SU* A DECREE SUGGE/S ?AT LOCAL SOVIETS1 OR P]HAPS EV5 LOCAL ,SOVN>KHOZY W]E DO+ JU/ ?AT 

,NOVEMB] #f - #i 

,SIX? ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

,NOVEMB] #be - ,DECEMB] #a 

,SECOND ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONF]5CE ( ,AN>*O - SYNDICALI/S MEETS 9 ,MOSC[4 

,DECEMB] 

,A NEW DECREE ABOLI%$ ! REGIONAL ,SOVN>KHOZY & RECOGNIZ$ ! PROV9CIAL ,SOVN>KHOZY AS 0EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ,VES5KA04 ,! LOCAL ,SOVN>KHOZY W]E TO BECOME 'ECONOMIC SECTIONS' ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ( ! CORRESPOND+ LOCAL SOVIETS4 ,! 'GLAVKI' W]E TO HAVE !IR [N SUBORD9ATE ORGANS AT PROV9CIAL HEADQU>T]S4 ',?IS CLE>LY REPRES5T$ A FUR!R /EP T[>DS ! C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( EV]Y BRAN* ( 9DU/RY ALL OV] ! C\NTRY BY ITS GLAVK OR C5T] 9 ,MOSC[1 UND] ! SUPREME AU?ORITY ( ,VES5KA4 

,DECEMB] 

,SECOND ,ALL - ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,REGIONAL ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS4 

,MOLOTOV ANALYZ$ ! MEMB]%IP ( ! #b MO/ IMPORTANT 'GLAVKI' & 'C5T]S'4 ,( #d P]SONS CONC]N$1 OV] #a.0 W]E =M] EMPLOY]S OR EMPLOY]S' REPRES5TATIVES1 #i.0 TE*NICIANS1 #c#h.0 (FICIALS FROM V>I\S DEP>TM5TS 79CLUD+ ,VES5KA7 4 4 4 & ! REMA9+ #d#c.0 WORK]S OR REPRES5TATIVES ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ TRADE UNIONS4 ,! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION WAS PR$OM9ANTLY 9 ! H&S ( P]SONS 0HAV+ NO RELATION TO ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 9 9DU/RY04 ,! 'GLAVKI' HAD TO BE REG>D$ AS0ORGANS 9 NO WAY CORRESPOND+ TO ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP04 ,?OSE :O DIRECT$ POLICY W]E 0EMPLOY]S' REPRES5TATIVES1 TE*NICIANS & SPECIALI/S04 0,IT WAS 9DISPUTABLE ?AT ! SOVIET BUREAUCRAT ( !SE E>LY YE>S WAS AS A RULE A =M] MEMB] ( ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA OR (FICIAL CLASS1 & BR\<T ) HIM MANY ( ! TRADITIONS ( ! OLD ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY04 

#aiai 

,JANU>Y #a#f-#b#e 

,SECOND ,ALL ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS 

,?R\<\T #aiah ! TRADE UNIONS HAD PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS HAD VA/LY 9CREAS$ :5 ! GOV]NM5T1 AFRAID ?AT PRIVATELY-[N$ 9DU/RY W\LDN'T WORK = ! NE$S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 SPE$$ UP ! NATIONALIZATION PROGRAM1 0AT FIR/ AS A MATT] ( MILIT>Y RA!R ?AN ( ECONOMIC POLICY04 ,:AT ,L59 CALL$ ! 0/ATE FUNCTIONS0 ( ! UNIONS HAD 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY4 ,P>TY MEMB]S 9 ! TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP 7SU* AS ,TOMSKY1 ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS7 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE P[]4 

,! RELATION BETWE5 ! UNION LEAD]%IPS & ! RANK & FILE W]E F> FROM DEMOCRATIC H[EV]4 0,9 PRACTICE ! MORE ! TRADE UNIONS ASSUM$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ( A CONV5TIONAL MANAG]IAL BUREAUCRACY1 ! MORE BUREAUCRATIC !Y !MSELVES BECAME04 ,A ,CONGRESS DELEGATE1 ,*IRK91 CLAIM$ = 9/ANCE ?AT 0AL?\< 9 MO/ REGIONS !RE W]E 9/ITUTIONS REPRES5T+ ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E NOT ELECT$ OR RATIFI$ 9 ANY WAY2 :]E ELECTIONS HAD BE5 CONDUCT$ & 9DIVIDUALS ELECT$ :O W]E NOT SUITABLE TO ! NE$S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL OR LOCAL P[]S1 ! ELECTIONS HAD BE5 ANNULL$ V]Y FREELY & ! 9DIVIDUALS REPLAC$ BY O!RS MORE SUBS]VI5T TO ! ADM9I/RATION0 ,ANO!R DELEGATE1 ,P]K91 SPOKE \T AGA9/ NEW REGULATIONS :I* REQUIR$ ?AT REPRES5TATIVES S5T BY WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS TO ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,LABOR BE RATIFI$ BY ! ,COMMISS>IAT4 0,IF AT A UNION MEET+ WE ELECT A P]SON AS A COMMISS>-I4E4 IF ! WORK+ CLASS IS ALL[$ 9 A GIV5 CASE TO EXPRESS ITS WILL-ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT ?IS 9DIVIDUAL W\LD BE ALL[$ TO REPRES5T \R 9T]E/S 9 ! ,COMMISS>IAT1 W\LD BE \R COMMISS>4 ,BUT1 NO4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT WE HAVE EXPRESS$ \R WILL-! WILL ( ! WORK+ CLASS-IT IS /ILL NECESS>Y = ! COMMISS> WE HAVE ELECT$ TO BE CONFIRM$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 4 4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS ALL[$ ! RI<T TO MAKE A FOOL ( ITSELF4 ,IT IS ALL[$ TO ELECT REPRES5TATIVES BUT ! /ATE P[]1 ?R\< ITS RI<T TO RATIFY ! ELECTIONS OR NOT1 TREATS \R REPRES5TATIVES AS IT PLEASES04 

,! UNIONS-& ALL O!R BODIES = ?AT MATT]-W]E 9CREAS+LY COM+ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 ITSELF ALREADY 9 ! EXCLUSIVE H&S ( ! ,P>TY & ITS NOM9EES4 ,BUT AL?\< !RE HAD ALREADY BE5 A V]Y DEF9ITE %IFT ( P[] 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! EM]G+ BUREAUCRACY1 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION & CONSCI\SNESS W]E /ILL /RONG 5\< TO EXACT AT LEA/ V]BAL CONCESSIONS FROM ,P>TY & UNION LEAD]S4 ,! AUTONOM\S ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES HAD BY N[ BE5 COMPLETELY SMA%$ BUT ! WORK]S W]E /ILL FI<T+ A RE>GU>D ACTION 9 ! UNIONS !MSELVES4 ,!Y W]E SEEK+ TO PRES]VE A FEW RESIDUAL %R$S ( !IR ]/:ILE P[]4 

,! ,SECOND ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS 0SANCTION$ ! >RANGEM5TS UND] :I* ! UNIONS HAD BECOME AT ONCE MILIT>Y RECRUIT+ AG5TS1 SUPPLY S]VICES1 PUNITIVE ORGANS & SO ON04 ,TOMSKY = 9/ANCE PO9T$ \T 0?AT AT A TIME :5 ! TRADE UNIONS DET]M9$ WAGES & CONDITIONS ( WORK1 /RIKES C\LD NO LONG] BE TOL]AT$4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PUT DOTS ON ! I'S40 ,L59 SPOKE AB\T ! 09EVITABLE /RATIFICATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS04 7,! PILL WAS COAT$ ) TALK AB\T ! FUNCTION ( ! UNIONS BE+ TO $UCATE ! WORK]S 9 ! >T ( ADM9I/RATION & AB\T ! EV5TUAL 'WI!R+ AWAY' ( ! /ATE47 ,LOZOVSKY1 :O HAD LEFT ! ,P>TY SPOKE AS AN 9DEP5D5T 9T]NATIONALI/ AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK POLICY 9 ! UNIONS4 

,A RESOLUTION WAS PASS$ DEM&+ ?AT 0(FICIAL /ATUS BE GRANT$ TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE PR]OGATIVES ( ! UNIONS04 ,IT SPOKE ( 0/ATISATION0 7OGOSUD>/VL5IE7 ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 0AS !IR FUNCTION BROAD5$ & M]G$ ) ! GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION & CONTROL04 ,! ,COMMISS> = ,LABOR1 ,V4 ,V4 ,%MIDT1 ACCEPT$ ?AT 0EV5 ! ORGANS ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,LABOR %\LD BE BUILT \T ( ! TRADE UNION APP>ATUS04 7,AT ?IS /AGE ! MEMB]%IP ( ! UNIONS /OOD AT #c1#e14 ,IT HAD BE5 #b1#f1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 & #a1#e1 AT ! ,JULY ,CONF]5CE ( #a#i#a#g47 

,! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS F9ALLY SET UP AN ,EXECUTIVE VE/$ ) SUPREME AU?ORITY BETWE5 ,CONGRESSES4 ,! DECREES ( ?IS ,EXECUTIVE W]E DECL>$ 0COMPULSORY = ALL ! UNIONS )9 ITS JURISDICTION & = EA* MEMB] ( ?OSE ,UNIONS''444 '',! VIOLATION ( ! DECREES & 9SUBORD9ATION TO !M ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS WILL LEAD TO !IR EXPULSION FROM ! FAMILY ( PROLET>IAN UNIONS04 ,?IS W\LD ( C\RSE PLACE ! UNION \TSIDE ! ONLY LEGAL FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME W\LD P]MIT UNIONS TO EXI/ AT ALL4 

,M>* #b-#g 

,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,COM9T]N 7,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL74 

,M>* #a#h-#b#c 

,EI<? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS4 

,! ,UKRA9E & ,VOLGA REGIONS HAD N[ BE5 REOCCUPI$ BY ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,A %ORT P]IOD ( RELATIVE /ABILITY FOLL[$4 ,LAT] 9 ! YE>1 ! ADVANCES ( ,D5IK9 & ,YUD5I* W]E TO ?REAT5 ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD RESPECTIVELY4 

,A WAVE ( LEFT CRITICISM SURG$ UP AT ! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS AGA9/ ! ULTRA C5TRALI/ TR5DS4 ,A NEW ,P>TY PROGRAM WAS DISCUSS$ & ACCEPT$4 ,PO9T #e ( ! ',ECONOMIC ,SECTION' /AT$ ?AT 0! ORGANIZATIONAL APP>ATUS ( SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY MU/ BE BAS$ PRIM>ILY ON ! TRADE UNIONS4 4 4 ,P>TICIPAT+ ALREADY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LAWS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC & E/ABLI%$ PRACTICE 9 ALL LOCAL & C5TRAL ORGANS ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ PROCE$ TO ! ACTUAL CONC5TRATION 9 !IR [N H&S 7MY EMPHASIS7 ( ALL ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY1 AS A S+LE ECONOMIC UNIT4 4 4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T & !IR DRAW+ ! BROAD MASSES 9TO ?IS WORK CON/ITUTES ALSO ! *IEF ME?OD ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC APP>ATUS40 

,?IS FAM\S P>AGRAPH WAS TO GIVE RISE TO HEAT$ CONTROV]SIES 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,! CONS]VATIVES 9 ! ,P>TY FELT IT WAS GO+ TOO F>4 ,RYAZANOV W>N$ ! ,CONGRESS ?AT 0WE WILL NOT AVOID BUREAUCRATIZATION UNTIL ALL TRADE UNIONS 4 4 4 REL9QUI% EV]Y RI<T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION04 ,ON ! O!R H& ?OSE ,BOL%EVIKS :O HAD VOT$ = ! 9CORPORATION ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! UNIONS-& BELAT$LY SE5 ! ]ROR ( !IR WAYS-W]E TO HANG ON TO ?IS CLAUSE AS TO A LA/ BA/ION1 SEEK+ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ! ALL-P]VASIVE 5CROA*M5TS ( ! ,P>TY BUREAUCRACY4 ,DEUTS*] DESCRIBES ! FAM\S ',PO9T #e' AS A 0SYNDICALI/ SLIP COMMITT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP 9 A MOOD ( G5U9E GRATITUDE TO ! TRADE UNIONS = ! WORK P]=M$ BY !M 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>04 ,HE DESCRIBES H[ ,L59 & ! O!R ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S 0W\LD SOON HAVE TO DO A LOT ( EXPLA9+ AWAY 9 ORD] TO 9VALIDATE ?IS PROMISSORY NOTE :I* ! ,P>TY HAD SO SOLEMNITY & AU?ORITATIVELY H&$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 ,! 9T]PRETATION IS QUE/IONABLE1 ,L59 WAS NOT 9 ! HABIT ( MAK+ 'SLIPS' 7SYNDICALI/ OR O!RWISE7 OR ( BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY SU* CONSID]ATIONS AS 'GRATITUDE'4 ,IT IS MORE PROBABLE ?AT ! RELATION ( =CES1 REVEAL$ AT ! ,CONGRESS-ITSELF ONLY A PALE REFLECTION ( WORK+ CLASS ATTITUDES \TSIDE ! ,P>TY COMPELL$ ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP TO BEAT A V]BAL RETREAT4 ,! CLAUSE WAS ANYWAY SURR\ND$ BY A NUMB] ( O!RS1 P>TLY 9VALIDAT+ IT4 

,! PROGRAM PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0! SOCIALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION C\LD ONLY BE MADE SECURE ON ! BASIS ( ! COMRADELY DISCIPL9E ( ! WORK]S04 ,IT ASSIGN$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS 0! *IEF ROLE 9 CREAT+ ?IS NEW SOCIALI/ DISCIPL9E04 ,PO9T #h 0URG$ ! UNIONS TO IMPRESS UPON ! WORK]S ! NE$ TO WORK ) & LE>N FROM ! B\RGEOIS TE*NICIANS & SPECIALI/S-& TO OV]COME !IR 'ULTRA-RADICAL' DI/RU/ ( ! LATT] 4 4 4 ,! WORK]S C\LD NOT BUILD SOCIALISM )\T A P]IOD ( APPR5TICE%IP TO ! B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA 4 4 4 ,PAYM5T ( HI< SAL>IES & PREMIUMS TO B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S WAS !RE=E SANCTION$4 ,IT WAS ! RANSOM :I* ! Y\NG PROLET>IAN ,/ATE HAD TO PAY ! B\RGEOIS-BR$ TE*NICIANS & SCI5TI/S = S]VICES ) :I* IT C\LD NOT DISP5SE04 

,WE CANNOT H]E BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 A FULL DISCUSSION ON ! ROLE ( 'SPECIALI/S' AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT AN EXCLUSIVELY ,RUSSIAN ONE1 AL?\< ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIAN DEVELOPM5T D\BTLESS RESULT$ 9 A P>TICUL>LY M>K$ DIVORCE BETWE5 TE*NICIANS & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,SPECIALIZ$ KN[L$GE ( A TE*NICAL NATURE WILL CLE>LY BE REQUIR$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y ?OSE :O N[ POSSESS IT %\LD ALL F9D !MSELVES ON ! SIDE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS KN[L$GE DOES NOT ( ITSELF H[EV]1 5TITLE ANYONE EI!R TO IMPOSE DECISIONS OR TO 5JOY MAT]IAL B5EFITS4 

,!SE PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 EXHAU/IVELY DISCUSS$ 9 A NUMB] ( PUBLICATIONS-BUT NE>LY ALWAYS 9 T]MS ( EI!R CRUDE EXP$I5CY OR ( IMMUTABLE 'BASIC PR9CIPLES'4 ,! !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS HAVE ONLY REC5TLY BE5 EXPLOR$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LIMON MANAGEM5T IS P>TLY A TE*NICAL QUE/ION4 ,BUT ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS WILL BE COMPELL$ TO UND]TAKE IT WILL MAKE IT APPE> TO !M AS PRIM>ILY A POLITICAL & SOCIAL TASK4 ,AT ! EV]YDAY1 D[N-TO-E>? & HUMAN LEVEL ! WORK]S AT ! TIME ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WILL ALMO/ 9EVITABLY SEE ! TE*NICIANS & SPECIALI/S NOT AS HUMAN BE+S 7:O ALSO HAPP5 TO HAVE TE*NOLOGICAL KN[-H[7 BUT EXCLUSIVELY AS ! AG5TS ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,! CAPITALI/ WORLD IS ONE ( FETI%ISM1 :]E 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS T5D TO DISAPPE> BEH9D RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ?+S4 ,BUT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! MASSES REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !Y BREAK ?R\< ?IS SMOKE SCRE54 ,!Y SEE ?R\< ! TABOO ( '?+S' & COME TO GRIPS ) PEOPLE1 :OM !Y HAD 'RESPECT$' UNTIL !N 9 ! NAME ( ! ALL-HOLY FETI% KN[N AS PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON ! SPECIALI/1 MANAG] OR CAPITALI/1 :ATEV] HIS TE*NICAL OR P]SONAL RELATION%IP TO ! 5T]PRISE1 APPE>S TO ! WORK]S AS ! 9C>NATION ( EXPLOITATION1 AS ! 5EMY1 AS ! ONE ) :OM ! ONLY ?+ !Y WANT TO DO IS TO GET HIM \T ( !IR LIVES4 ,TO ASK ! WORK]S1 AT ?IS /AGE1 TO HAVE A MORE 'BALANC$' ATTITUDE1 TO RECOGNIZE 9 ! OLD BOSS ! NEW 'TE*NICAL DIRECTOR'1 ! 9DISP5SABLE SPECIALI/' IS TANTAM\NT TO ASK+ ! WORK]S1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 !Y >E BECOM+ AW>E ( !IR HI/ORICAL ROLE & ( !IR SOCIAL P[]1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 AT LA/ CONFID5T 9 !MSELVES !Y >E ASS]T+ !IR AUTONOMY-TO CONFESS !IR 9COMPET5CE1 !IR WEAKNESS1 !IR 9SUFFICI5CY-& ?IS 9 ! >EA :]E !Y >E MO/ S5SITIVE1 ! FIELD 5COMPASS+ !IR DAILY LIVES FROM *ILDHOOD ON-! FIELD ( PRODUCTION4 

,! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,P>TY ITSELF PROVOK$ PO9T$ COMM5TS AT ! ,CONGRESS4 ,OS9SKY DECL>$3 0,IT IS NECESS>Y TO 5ROLL WORK]S 9TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ON A BROAD SCALE2 IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE !RE A SUFFICI5T QUANTITY ( WORK]S 9 ORD] TO PROLET>IANIZE ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE04 .<,L59 WAS TO COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION 9 #a#i#b#c1 AT ! TIME ( ! SO-CALL$ ,L59 ,LEVY6.> ,OS9SKY PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE BE EXP&$ FROM #ae TO #ba MEMB]S4 ,IT WAS EXTREMELY NAIVE1 H[EV]1 TO EXPECT ?AT ?IS 9TRODUCTION ( PROLET>IANS 9TO ! HI<] E*ELONS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9E C\LD SOME:AT COMP5SATE = ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD BY N[ ALMO/ TOTALLY LO/ ! P[] IT HAD BRIEFLY HELD AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 

,! DECL9E 9 ! ,SOVIETS WAS ALSO DISCUSS$ AT ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! ,SOVIETS W]E NO LONG] PLAY+ ANY ACTIVE ROLE 9 RELATION TO PRODUCTION-& V]Y LITTLE ROLE 9 O!R MATT]S EI!R4 ,MORE & MORE ( ! DECISIONS W]E BE+ TAK5 BY ! ,P>TY MEMB]S S]V+ 9 ! ',SOVIET APP>ATUS'4 ,! ,SOVIETS HAD BECOME M]E ORGANS ( RATIFICATION 7RUBB] /AMPS74 ,! !SES ( ,SAPRONOV & ,OS9SKY-ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,P>TY %\LD NOT SEEK TO 0IMPOSE ITS WILL ON ! ,SOVIETS0 W]E DECISIVELY REJECT$4 

,! ,P>TY LEAD]S MADE M9OR CONCESSIONS ON ALL ( !SE ISSUES4 ,BUT ! PROCESS ( TI<T5+ UP CONTROL1 BO? 9 ! ,P>TY & 9 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 CONT9U$ AT AN UNREL5T+ PACE4 ,! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS E/ABLI%$ ! ,POLITBUREAU1 ! ,ORGBUREAU & ! ,SECRET>IAT1 TE*NICALLY ONLY SUB-COMMITTEES ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 BUT SOON TO ASSUME TREM5D\S P[]4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY HAD TAK5 A BIG /EP =W>D4 ',P>TY DISCIPL9E' WAS /R5G!N$4 ,! ,CONGRESS RUL$ ?AT EA* DECISION MU/ ABOVE ALL BE FULFILL$4 ,ONLY AFT] ?IS IS AN APPEAL TO ! CORRESPOND+ ,P>TY ORGAN P]MISSIBLE4 7"97 04 4 4 ,! :OLE MATT] ( PO/+ ( ,P>TY WORK]S IS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,ITS DECISIONS >E B9D+ = EV]YONE04 ,! ]A ( POLITICAL PO/+S-AS A MEANS ( SIL5C+ EMB>RASS+ CRITICISM-HAD BEGUN 9 E>NE/4 

,APRIL 

,HI< ,PO9T ( ,KOL*AK'S (F5SIVE 9 ,URALS4 

,JUNE 

,DECREE 9TRODUC+ 'LABOR BOOKS' = WORK]S 9 ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD4 

,OCTOB] 

,HI< PO9T ( ,D5IK9'S (F5SIVE 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA ,YUD5I*'S DRIVE ON ,PETROGRAD4 

,DECEMB] #b-#d 

,EI<? ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE4 

,! ,EI<? ,CONF]5CE WORK$ \T A /ATUTE :I* RIGIDLY DEF9$ ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( ,P>TY CELLS 7FRACTIONS OR FRAKTSYA7 & ELABORAT$ A S*EME CALCULAT$ TO SECURE = ! ,P>TY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 EV]Y ORGANIZATION4 0,! ,COMMUNI/ TRADE UNIONI/ WAS TO BE A ,COMMUNI/ FIR/ & ONLY !N A TRADE UNIONI/1 & BY HIS DISCIPL9$ BEHAVIOR HE 5ABL$ ! ,P>TY TO LEAD ! TRADE UNIONS40 ,AS ! ,P>TY DEG5]AT$ ?IS 'LEAD]%IP' WAS TO PLAY AN 9CREAS+LY P]NICI\S ROLE4 

,DECEMB] #e-#i 

,SEV5? ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 

7,!RE HAD BE5 TWO SU* ,CONGRESSES 9 #aiag & F\R 9 #a#i#a#h74 ,RESOLUTION PASS$ 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,AT ! CONGRESS1 ,SAPRONOV ATTACK$ ! UNPOPUL> 'GLAVKI'1 >GU+ ?AT !Y REPRES5T$ AN ATTEMPT TO SUB/ITUTE 0ORGANIZATION BY DEP>TM5TS = ORGANIZATION BY SOVIETS1 ! BUREAUCRATIC = ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM40 ,ANO!R SPEAK] DECL>$ ?AT IF PEOPLE W]E ASK$ 0:AT %\LD BE DE/ROY$ ON ! DAY AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ,D5IK9 & ,KOL*AK1 #i.0 W\LD REPLY3 ! GLAVKI & ! C5T]S04 

,DECEMB] #af 

,TROTSKY SUBMITS TO ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY HIS ',!SES ON ! TRANSITION FROM W> TO PEACE' 7DEAL+ 9 P>TICUL> ) ! 0MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR071 9T5D+ !M1 = ! TIME BE+1 TO GO NO FUR!R4 ,! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS1 AFFECT+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( MILLIONS ( ORD9>Y ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 HAD FIR/ TO BE DISCUSS$ & DECID$ BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS1 BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]S4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY1 ,PRAVDA1 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,BUKH>91 PUBLI%$ ,TROTSKY'S !SES 'BY MI/AKE' 79 REALITY AS P>T ( A CAMPAIGN TO DISCR$IT ,TROTSKY74 ,= ?OSE :O CAN SEE DEEP] ?AN ! SURFACE ( ?+S1 ! :OLE EPISODE WAS HI<LY SYMPTOMATIC ( ! T5SIONS )9 ! ,P>TY AT ! TIME4 

,AT ?IS /AGE ,L59 :OLE-HE>T$LY SUPPORT$ ,TROTSKY'S PROPOSALS4 7,A :OLE MY?OLOGY WAS LAT] TO BE BUILT UP BY ,TROTSKYI/S & O!RS TO ! EFFECT ?AT ',TROTSK MAY HAVE BE5 WRONG ON ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR' BUT ?AT ,L59 WAS ALWAYS OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,?IS IS UNTRUE4 ,L59 WAS ONLY TO OPPOSE ,TROTSKY ON ?IS QUE/ION TWELVE MON?S LAT]1 AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 AS WILL BE DESCRIB$ %ORTLY47 

,TROTSKY'S PROPOSALS LET LOOSE 0AN AVALAN*E ( PROTE/S04 ,HE WAS %\T$ D[N AT ,CONF]5CES ( ,P>TY MEMB]S1 ADM9I/RATORS & TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,A COMM5T IS P]HAPS CALL$ = AT ?IS /AGE CONC]N+ ! ATTITUDE ( REVOLUTION>IES T[>DS 'DRA/IC MEASURES' NE$$ = ! SALVATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?R\<\T HI/ORY ! MASSES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 PREP>$ TO MAKE 5ORM\S SACRIFICES :5EV] !Y FELT REALLY FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES W]E AT /AKE4 ,! REAL PROBLEM IS NOT1 H[EV]1 TO DISCUSS :E!R ?IS OR ?AT SUGGE/ION WAS 'TOO DRA/IC' OR NOT4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO KN[ FROM :OM ! DECISION EMANAT$4 ,WAS IT TAK5 BY 9/ITUTIONS CONTROLL$ FROM BEL[8 ,OR WAS IT TAK5 BY SOME SELF-APPO9T$ & SELF-P]PETUAT+ ORGANISM DIVORC$ FROM ! MASSES8 ,P>TY MEMB]S OPPOS+ ! MEASURES BE+ PROPOS$ AT ?IS /AGE W]E CAU<T 9 AN 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTION4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ! POLICIES ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]S )\T REALLY UND]/&+ ! EXT5T TO :I* !IR [N ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTIONS HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION ( #aiba 7TO A SLI<T DEGREE7 & ,MYASNIKOV'S ,WORK]S ,GR\P ( #aibb 7TO A GREAT] EXT5T7 BEGAN TO S5SE ! NEW REALITY4 

,DECEMB] #bg 

,) ,L59'S APPROVAL ! GOV]NM5T SETS UP ! ,COMMISSION ON ,LABOR ,DUTY1 ) ,TROTSKY 7/ILL ,COMMISS> = ,W>7 AS ITS ,PRESID5T4 

,A PA!TIC E*O1 NE>LY FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ',P]SPECTIVES = ,I4,S4'1 SUBMITT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aifh BY ! ,POLITICAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4 ,PO9T #d RAN 0,BRAN*ES MU/ ACCEPT DIRECTIVES FROM ! ,C5T]1 UNLESS !Y FUNDAM5TALLY DISAGREE ) !M1 9 :I* CASE !Y %\LD TRY TO ACCORD ) !M4 :ILE DEM&+ AN OP5 DEBATE ON ! MATT]04 

#aib 

,JANU>Y 

,COLLAPSE ( ,:ITES 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,BLOCKADE LIFT$ BY ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY4 

,DECREE ISSU$ BY ,SOVN>KOM LAID D[N G5]AL REGULATIONS = UNIV]SAL LABOR S]VICE 0TO SUPPLY 9DU/RY AGRICULTURE1 TRANSPORT & O!R BRAN*ES ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY ) LABOR P[] ON ! BASIS ( A G5]AL ECONOMIC PLAN04 ,ANYONE C\LD BE CALL$ UP ON A S+LE OCCASION OR P]IODICALLY = V>I\S =MS ( WORK 7AGRICULTURE1 BUILD+1 ROAD-MAK+1 FOOD OR FUEL SUPPLIES1 SN[ CLE>ANCE1 C>T+ & 0MEASURES TO DEAL ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( PUBLIC CALAMITIES074 ,9 AN AMAZ+ ASIDE ! DOCUM5T /AT$ ?AT !RE WAS EV5 CAUSE TO 0REGRET ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD POLICE APP>ATUS :I* HAD KN[N H[ TO REGI/] CITIZ5S1 NOT ONLY 9 T[NS BUT ALSO 9 ! C\NTRY04 

,JANU>Y #ab 

,MEET+ ( ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,AT ! GA!R+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK FRACTION ,L59 & ,TROTSKY TOGE!R URGE ACCEPTANCE ( ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR4 ,ONLY #b ( ! #f OR MORE ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNION LEAD]S SUPPORT !M4 0,NEV] BE=E HAD ,TROTSKY OR ,L59 MET ) SO /RIK+ A REBUFF04 

,JANU>Y #a - #ba 

,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS4 

,9 A SPEE* TO ! ,CONGRESS ,L59 DECL>ES 0! COLLEGIAL PR9CIPLE 7COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T7 4 4 4 REPRES5TS SOME?+ RUDIM5T>Y1 NECESS>Y = ! FIR/ /AGE1 :5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BUILD ANEW 4 4 4 ,! TRANSITION TO PRACTICAL WORK IS CONNECT$ ) 9DIVIDUAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS IS ! SY/EM :I* MORE ?AN ANY O!R ASSURES ! BE/ UTILIZATION ( HUMAN RES\RCES04 ,DESPITE ?IS EXHORTATION1 OPPOSITION TO ,L59 & ,TROTSKY'S VIEWS WAS /EADILY GA9+ GR\ND4 ,! ,CONGRESS ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 

,FEBRU>Y 

,REGIONAL ,P>TY ,CONF]5CES 9 ,MOSC[ & ,KH>KOV COME \T AGA9/ 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T04 ,SO DID ! ,BOL%EVIK FACTION ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS AT ITS MEET+S 9 ,JANU>Y & ,M>*4 ,TOMSKY1 A WELL-KN[N TRADE UNION LEAD] & A MEMB] ( ! ,>,C,C,T,U PRES5T$ ',!SES' 7',ON ! ,TASKS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS'7 :I* W]E ACCEPT$ DESPITE !IR IMPLICIT CRITICISM ( ,L59'S & ,TROTSKY'S VIEWS4 

,TOMSKY'S !SES CLAIM$ ?AT 0! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE GUID+ ! WORK ( V>I\S BODIES LEAD+ & ADM9I/]+ ! ECONOMY REMA9S ! PR9CIPLE N[ 9 EXI/5CE2 COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS MU/ BE APPLI$ FROM ! ,PRESIDIUM ( ! ,VES5KA RI<T D[N TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES4 ,COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ALONE CAN GU>ANTEE ! P>TICIPATION ( ! BROAD NONP>TY MASSES1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! UNIONS04 ,! MATT] WAS /ILL SE5 H[EV] AS ONE ( EXP$I5CY RA!R ?AN BASIC PR9CIPLE4 0,! TRADE UNIONS' ,TOMSKY CLAIM$ '>E ! MO/ COMPET5T & 9T]E/$ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! MATT] ( RE/OR+ ! C\NTRY'S PRODUCTION & ITS CORRECT FUNCTION+04 

,! ADOPTION ( ,TOMSKY'S !SES BY A SUB/ANTIAL MAJORITY M>K$ ! HI< PO9T ( OPPOSITION1 )9 ! ,P>TY1 TO ,L59'S VIEWS4 ,RESOLUTIONS H[EV] W]E UNLIKELY TO RESOLVE ! DIFF]5CES4 ,BO? SIDES REALIZ$ ?IS4 ,A MORE S]I\S ?REAT TO ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP CAME FROM ! EF=TS ( ,P>TY DISSID5TS 9 9DU/RY TO E/ABLI% AN 9DEP5D5T C5T]1 FROM :I* TO CONTROL ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,FRICTION HAD DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & TRADE UNION AU?ORITIES OV] ASSIGNM5TS ( ,P>TY MEMB]S TO TRADE UNION WORK4 ,! ,P>TY FRACTION 9 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 DOM9AT$ BY 'LEFTS'1 0WAS CLAIM+ DIRECT AU?ORITY OV] ! ,P>TY MEMB]S 9 ! V>I\S 9DU/RIAL UNIONS4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! #i? ,CONGRESS ! ,P>TY FRACTION 9 ! ,>,C,C,T,U PASS$ A RESOLUTION :I* W\LD CONFIRM ?IS CLAIM1 BY MAK+ ALL ,P>TY FRACTIONS 9 ! UNIONS DIRECTLY SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,P>TY FRACTION 9 ! ,>,C,C,T,U1 RA!R ?AN TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,P>TY4 ,?IS LIT]ALLY W\LD HAVE CREAT$ A ,P>TY )9 ! ,P>TY1 A SEMIAUTONOM\S BODY EMBRAC+ A SUB/ANTIAL PROPORTION ( ! ,P>TY'S MEMB]%IP4 4 4 ,! M]E EXI/5CE ( SU* AN 9N] SUB-P>TY W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO C5TRALI/ PR9CIPLES1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! PROSPECT ( ITS DOM9ATION BY LEFTI/ OPPON5TS ( ,L59'S LEAD]%IP 4 4 4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! UNIONI/S' DEM& = AUTONOMY )9 ! ,P>TY W\LD BE REJECT$ & :5 ! RESOLUTION WAS SUBMITT$ TO ! ,ORGBUREAU ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT HAPP5$04 

,! :OLE EPISODE HAD 9T]E/+ REP]CUSSIONS4 ,CONFRONT$ ) A CONFLICT BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & C5TRALISM1 ! 'DEMOCRATIC C5TRALI/S' PROV$ ?AT ON ?IS ISSUE - AS ON SO MANY O!RS - C5TRALI/ CONSID]ATIONS W]E P>AM\NT4 ,!Y PROPOS$ A RESOLUTION1 PASS$ BY ! ,MOSC[ ORGANIZATION ( ! ,P>TY1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0,P>TY DISCIPL9E 9 EV]Y CASE TAKES PREC$5CE OV] TRADE UNION DISCIPL9E04 ,ON ! O!R H& ! ,S\!RN ,BUREAU ( ! ,>,C,C,T,U PASS$ A RESOLUTION ON AUTONOMY = ,P>TY TRADE UNIONI/S SIMIL> TO ?AT DRAWN UP BY ! P>5T ORGANIZATION & GOT IT PASS$ BY ! #d? ,UKRA9IAN ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE4 

,M>* 

,SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FOOD ,9DU/RY ,WORK]S 

7UND] SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE7 MEETS 9 ,MOSC[4 ,C5SURES ,BOL%EVIK REGIME = 9AUGURAT+ 0UNLIMIT$ & UNCONTROLL$ DOM9ION OV] ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY1 FRI<TFUL C5TRALISM C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY 4 4 4 DE/ROY+ 9 ! C\NTRY ALL ?AT IS ALIVE1 SPONTANE\S & FREE''4 '',! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS 9 REALITY ! DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT BY ! ,P>TY & EV5 BY 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS04 

,M>* #b#i-,APRIL #d 

,N9? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS4 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> HAD BY N[ ALMO/ BE5 WON4 ,! PEOPLE W]E YE>N+ TO TA/E1 AT LA/1 ! FRUITS ( !IR REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! ,CONGRESS =E%AD[$ ! CONT9UATION & EXT5SION 9TO PEACE TIME ( SOME ( ! ME?ODS ( W> COMMUNISM 7CONSCRIPTION ( MANP[]1 COMPULSORY DIRECTION ( LABOR1 /RICT RATION+ ( CONSUM] GOODS1 PAYM5T ( WAGES 9 K9D1 REQUISITION ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE FROM ! PEASANTS - 9 ! PLACE ( TAXATION74 ,! MO/ CONTROV]SIAL ISSUES DISCUSS$ W]E ! 'MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR' & 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T' ( 9DU/RY4 ,! PROPOSALS PUT TO ! ,CONGRESS MAY BE TAK5 AS REPRES5T+ ! VIEWS ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY CONC]N+ ! P]IOD ( 9DU/RIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,ON ! QUE/ION ( DIRECTION ( LABOR1 ,TROTSKY'S VIEWS W]E HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY HIS EXP]I5CES AS ,COMMISS> = ,W>4 ,BATTALIONS AWAIT+ DEMOBILIZATION HAD BE5 US$ ON A WIDE SCALE = =E/RY & O!R WORK4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DEUTS*] 0IT WAS ONLY A /EP FROM ! EMPLOYM5T ( >M$ =CES AS LABOR BATTALIONS TO ! ORGANIZATION ( CIVILIAN LABOR 9TO MILIT>Y UNITS04 0,! WORK+ CLASS0 ,TROTSKY ANN\NC$ TO ! ,CONGRESS 0CANNOT BE LEFT W&]+ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y MU/ BE ?R[N H]E & !RE1 APPO9T$1 COMM&$1 JU/ LIKE SOLDI]S04 0,COMPULSION ( LABOR WILL REA* ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( 9T5SITY DUR+ ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM04 0,DES]T]S FROM LABOR \<T TO BE =M$ 9TO PUNITIVE BATTALIONS OR PUT 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS04 ,HE ADVOCAT$ 09C5TIVE WAGES = EFFICI5T WORK]S0 0SOCIALI/ EMULATION0 & SPOKE ( ! 0NE$ TO ADOPT ! PROGRESSIVE ESS5CE ( ,TAYLORISM04 ,9 RELATION TO 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T ,L59 & ,TROTSKY'S MA9 PREOCCUPATION'S W]E ) 'ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY'4 ,LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE 7BO? BE=E & AFT] !M7 !Y ID5TIFI$ 'EFFICI5CY' ) 9DIVIDUAL MANAGEM5T1 ,!Y REALIZ$ H[EV] ?AT ?IS W\LD BE A BITT] PILL = ! WORK]S TO SWALL[4 ,!Y HAD TO TREAD C>EFULLY4 

0,9DIVIDUAL MANAGEM5T0 ! (FICIAL RESOLUTION DELICATELY PROCLAIM$ 0DOES NOT 9 ANY DEGREE LIMIT OR 9FR+E UPON ! RI<TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR ! ''RI<TS'' ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 BECAUSE ! CLASS CAN EX]CISE ITS RULE 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 AS TE*NICAL EXP$I5CY MAY DICTATE4 ,IT IS ! RUL+ CLASS AT L>GE 7AGA9 ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,P>TY - ,M,B47 :I* 9 EV]Y CASE ''APPO9TS'' P]SONS = MANAG]IAL & ADM9I/RATIVE JOBS04 ,!IR CAUTION WAS JU/IFI$4 ,! WORK]S HAD NOT =GOTT5 H[ AT ! ,FIR/ ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS 7,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h7 A RESOLUTION HAD PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0IT WAS ! TASK ( WORK]S' CONTROL TO PUT AN 5D TO AUTOCRACY 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD JU/ AS AN 5D HAD BE5 PUT TO IT 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD04 

,V>I\S PATT]NS ( 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T W]E SOON \TL9$4 ,9 DRAW+ !SE UP IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R ,L59 & ,TROTSKY W]E 5CUMB]$ BY ANY DOCTR9AL CONSID]ATIONS SU* AS ?OSE ( ,KRITZMAN1 ! !ORETICIAN ( 'LEFT' COMMUNISM1 :O HAD DEF9$ COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T AS 0! SPECIFIC1 DI/9CTIVE M>K ( ! PROLET>IAT 4 4 4 DI/+UI%+ IT FROM ALL O!R SOCIAL CLASSES 4 4 4 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION04 ,9S(> AS HE HAD ANY PR9CIPL$ VIEW ON ! MATT] ,TROTSKY WAS TO DECL>E ?AT COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T WAS A 0,M5%EVIK IDEA04 

,AT ! #i? ,CONGRESS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY W]E OPPOS$ MO/ VEHEM5TLY BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/S 7,OS9SKY1 ,SAPRONOV1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY74 ,SMIRNOV1 OBVI\SLY AHEAD ( HIS TIME1 9QUIR$ :Y IF ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T WAS SU* A GOOD IDEA IT WASN'T BE+ PRACTIC$ 9 ! ,SOVN>KOM 7,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S74 ,LUTOV9OV1 ! METALWORK]S' LEAD]1 :O WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION LAT] ?AT YE>1 ASS]T$ ?AT 0! RESPONSIBLE HEAD ( EA* BRAN* ( 9DU/RY CAN ONLY BE ! PRODUCTION UNION4 ,& ( 9DU/RY AS A :OLE IT CAN ONLY BE ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS - IT CANNOT BE O!RWISE04 ,%LYAPNIKOV CALL$ EXPLICITLY = A ?REE-WAY 0SEP>ATION ( P[]S0 BETWE5 ,P>TY1 SOVIETS & ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,SPEAK+ = ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,C5TRALI/S1 ,OS9SKY 5DORS$ ,%LYAPNIKOV'S IDEA4 ,HE OBS]V$ A 0CLA% ( SEV]AL CULTURES0 7! 0MILIT>Y-SOVIET0 CULTURE1 ! 0CIVIL SOVIET0 CULTURE & ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T :I* HAD 0CREAT$ ITS [N SPH]E ( CULTURE074 ,IT WAS IMPROP] TO APPLY TO ALL ( ! CULTURES C]TA9 P>TICUL> ME?ODS 7SU* AS MILIT>IZATION7 :I* W]E APPROPRIATE TO ONLY ONE ( !M4 ,?IS WAS A CLE> CASE ( BE+ CAU<T 9 A TRAP ( ONE'S [N MAK+4 

,ON ! QUE/ION ( 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T' ! ,DEMOCRATIC-,C5TRALI/S ALSO HAD A POSITION :I* WAS BESIDE ! REAL PO9T4 ,A RESOLUTION1 :I* !Y HAD VOT$ ?R\< ! E>LI] ,MOSC[ ,PROV9CIAL ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE M9IMIZ$ ! MATT]4 0,! QUE/ION ( ! COLLEGIAL ,SY/EM 7COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T7 & 9DIVIDUAL AU?ORITY IS NOT A QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE1 BUT A PRACTICAL ONE4 ,IT MU/ BE DECID$ 9 EA* CASE ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES04 ,:ILE CORRECTLY GRASP+ ?AT COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T HAD ( ITSELF NO IMPLICIT VIRTUES !Y FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! REAL PROBLEM WAS ?AT ( ! RELATION BETWE5 MANAGEM5T 79DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE7 & ?OSE IT MANAG$4 ,! REAL PROBLEM WAS FROM :OM ! 'ONE' OR ! 'SEV]AL' MANAG]S W\LD D]IVE !IR AU?ORITY4 

,L59 WAS NOT PREP>$ = ANY CONCESSIONS ON ! MATT] ( TRADE UNION AUTONOMY4 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CAN 9 NO CASE AGREE ?AT POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ALONE %\LD BELONG TO ! ,P>TY & ECONOMIC LEAD]%IP TO ! TRADE UNIONS04 ,KRE/9SKY HAD D5\NC$ ,LUTOV9OV'S IDEAS AS 0SYNDICALI/ CONTRAB&04 ,AT ,L59'S 9/IGATION ! ,CONGRESS CALL$ ON ! UNIONS 0TO EXPLA9 TO ! BROAD CIRCLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT 9DU/RIAL RECON/RUCTION CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY A TRANSITION TO ! MAXIMUM CURTAILM5T ( COLLECTIVE ADM9I/RATION & BY ! GRADUAL 9TRODUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL MANAGEM5T 9 UNITS DIRECTLY 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION04 ,ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T WAS TO APPLY TO ALL 9/ITUTIONS FROM ,/ATE ,TRU/S TO 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES4 0,! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE MU/ N[ BE REPLAC$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( SELECTION04 ,COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T WAS 0UTOPIAN''1 ''IMPRACTICAL'' & ''9JURI\S04 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO CALL$ = A /RUGGLE 0AGA9/ ! IGNORANT CONCEIT ( 4 4 4 DEMAGOGIC ELEM5TS 4 4 4:O ?9K ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CAN SOLVE ITS PROBLEMS )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S 9 ! MO/ RESPONSIBLE PO/S04 0,!RE C\LD BE NO PLACE 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM = ?OSE DEMAGOGIC ELEM5TS :I* PLAY UPON ?IS SORT ( PREJUDICE AMONG ! BACKW>D SECTIONS ( ! WORK]S04 

,! ,N9? ,CONGRESS SPECIFICALLY DECRE$ ?AT 0NO TRADE UNION GR\P %\LD DIRECTLY 9T]V5E 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T0 & ?AT 0,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES %\LD DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! QUE/IONS ( LABOR DISCIPL9E1 ( PROPAG&A & ( $UCATION ( ! WORK]S04 ,TO AVOID ANY RECURR5CE ( '9DEP5D5T' T5D5CIES AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ! TRADE UNIONS ?OSE WELL-KN[N PROLET>IANS ,BUKH>9 & ,RADEK W]E MOV$ ONTO ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS TO REPRES5T ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & KEEP A WAT*FUL EYE ON ! ,>,C,C,T,U'S PROCE$+S4 

,ALL ?IS ( C\RSE WAS 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION ) ! SPIRIT ( ! DECISIONS TAK5 A YE> E>LI]4 AT ! ,EI<? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS4 & 9 P>TICUL> TO ! FAM\S ,PO9T #e ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,SECTION ( ! #aiai ,P>TY ,PROGRAM4 ,IT ILLU/RATES QUITE CLE>LY H[ VULN]ABLE ! WORK+ CLASS WAS TO BECOME1 ONCE IT HAD BE5 =C$ TO REL9QUI% ITS REAL P[]1 ! P[] IT HAD ONCE HELD 9 PRODUCTION1 9 EX*ANGE = A %AD[Y SUB/ITUTE - POLITICAL P[] REPRES5T$ BY ! P[] ( 'ITS' ,P>TY4 ,! POLICY ADVOCAT$ BY ,L59 WAS VIGOR\SLY TO BE FOLL[$4 ,9 LATE #a#i#b1 ( #bea IMPORTANT 5T]PRISES = :I* DATA W]E AVAILABLE1 #a<c W]E ALREADY UND] 'ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T'4 

,! ,N9? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ALSO SAW *ANGES RELAT+ TO ! 9T]NAL ,P>TY REGIME4 ,! CONGRESS HAD OP5$ TO A /ORM ( PROTE/S CONC]N+ ?IS MATT]4 ,LOCAL ,P>TY ,COMMITTEES 7AT LEA/ DEMOCRATIC 9 =M7 W]E BE+ MADE SUBS]VI5T TO BUREAUCRATICALLY CON/ITUT$ LOCAL 'POLITICAL DEP>TM5TS'4 0,) ! 9/ITUTION ( SU* BODIES ALL POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9 ! PLANT1 9DU/RY1 ORGANIZATION OR LOCALITY UND] !IR JURISDICTION WAS PLAC$ UND] RIGID CONTROL FROM ABOVE4 4 4 ,?IS 9NOVATION 4 4 4 TAK5 FROM ! ,>MY 4 4 4 WAS DESIGN$ TO TRANSMIT PROPAG&A D[NW>D RA!R ?AN OP9ION UPW>D04 ,V]BAL CONCESSIONS W]E AGA9 MADE - AMID REPEAT$ PLEAS = UNITY4 ,BO? AT ! ,CONGRESS & LAT] 9 ! YE> 0! DISSID5TS MADE ! MI/AKE ( CONC5TRAT+ ON ATTEMPTS TO RE>RANGE TOP POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TO RE%UFFLE ! =MS ( POLITICAL CONTROL OR TO 9TRODUCE NEW BLOOD 9TO ! LEAD]%IP - :ILE LEAV+ ! REAL S\RCES ( P[] RELATIVELY UNAFFECT$ 4 4 4 ,ORGANIZATION1 !Y NAIVELY BELIEV$1 WAS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WEAPON AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY04 

,! ,N9? ,CONGRESS F9ALLY GAVE ! ,ORGBUREAU 7SET UP A YE> E>LI] & COMPOS$ ( #e MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE7 ! RI<T TO C>RY \T TRANSF]S & PO/+S ( ,P>TY MEMB]S )\T REF]5CE TO ! ,POLITBUREAU4 ,AS HAD HAPP5$ BE=E - & WAS TO HAPP5 AGA9 REPEAT$LY - RETROGRESSIVE *ANGES 9 9DU/RIAL POLICY W5T H& 9 H& ) RETROGRESSIVE *ANGES 9 9T]NAL ,P>TY /RUCTURE4 

,APRIL 

,TROTSKY GIV5 ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,TRANSPORT AS WELL AS HIS ,DEF5SE PO/4 0,! ,POLITBUREAU (F]$ TO BACK HIM TO ! HILT 9 ANY ACTION HE MI<T TAKE1 NO MATT] H[ SEV]E04 ,?OSE :O P$DLE ! MY? ( AN ALLEG$ L59I/ OPPOSITION TO ,TROTSKY'S ME?ODS AT ?IS /AGE1 PLEASE NOTE4 

,APRIL #f - #ae 

,?IRD ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS (,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,TROTSKY DECL>$ ?AT 0! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR 4 4 4 IS2 ! 9DISP5SABLE BASIC ME?OD = ! ORGANIZATION ( \R LABOR =CES0 4 4 4 0,IS IT TRUE ?AT COMPULSORY LABOR IS ALWAYS UNPRODUCTIVE8 4 4 4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ WRET*$ & MIS]ABLE LIB]AL PREJUDICE3 *ATTEL SLAV]Y TOO WAS PRODUCTIVE04 4 4 0,COMPULSORY SLAVE LABOR 4 4 4 WAS 9 ITS1 TIME A PROGRESSIVE PH5OM5ON04 0,LABOR 4 4 4 OBLIGATORY = ! :OLE C\NTRY1 COMPULSORY = EV]Y WORK]1 IS ! BASIS ( SOCIALISM04 0,WAGES 4 4 4 MU/ NOT BE VIEW$ FROM ! ANGLE ( SECUR+ ! P]SONAL EXI/5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]0 BUT %\LD 0MEASURE ! CONSCI5TI\SNESS1 & EFFICI5CY ( ! WORK ( EV]Y LABOR]04 ,TROTSKY /RESS$ ?AT CO]CION1 REGIM5TATION & MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR W]E NO M]E EM]G5CY MEASURES4 ,! WORK]S' /ATE NORMALLY HAD ! RI<T TO CO]CE ANY CITIZ5 TO P]=M ANY WORK1 AT ANY LIME ( ITS *OOS+4 ,) A V5GEANCE1 ,TROTSKY'S PHILOSOPHY ( LABOR CAME TO UND]L9E ,/AL9'S PRACTICAL LABOR POLICY 9 ! ?IRTIES4 

,AT ?IS ,CONGRESS ,L59 PUBLICLY BOA/$ ?AT HE HAD /OOD = ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT 9 #aiah HE 0PO9T$ \T ! NECESSITY ( RECOGNIZ+ ! DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ( S+LE 9DIVIDUALS = ! PURPOSE ( C>RY+ \T ! ,SOVIET IDEA0 & CLAIM$ ?AT AT ?AT /AGE 0!RE W]E NO DISPUTES 9 CONNECTION ) ! QUE/ION 7( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T740 ,?IS LA/ ASS]TION IS OBVI\SLY UNTRUE - EV5 IF ONE'S T]MS ( REF]5CE >E RE/RICT$ TO ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! FILES ( ,KOMMUNI/ >E !RE TO PROVE ! PO9T6 

,JUNE-,JULY 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( #aib !RE HAD BE5 LITTLE IF ANY *ANGE 9 ! H>% REALITY ( ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS LIFE4 ,YE>S ( W>1 ( CIVIL W> & ( W>S ( 9T]V5TION1 C\PL$ ) DEVA/ATION1 SABOTAGE1 DR\<T1 FAM9E & ! L[ 9ITIAL LEVEL ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 MADE MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5T DIFFICULT4 ,BUT EV5 ! VISION HAD N[ BECOME BLURR$4 ,9 ! ',SOVIET' ,RUSSIA ( #aib ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S W]E 0SUBJECT$ AGA9 TO MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY1 LABOR DISCIPL9E1 WAGE 9C5TIVES1 SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T - TO ! FAMILI> =MS ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ) ! SAME B\RGEOIS MANAG]S1 QUALIFI$ ONLY BY ! ,/ATE'S HOLD+ ! TITLE TO ! PROP]TY04 

,A ':ITE' PR(ESSOR :O REA*$ ,OMSK 9 ! AUTUMN ( #aiai FROM ,MOSC[ REPORT$ ?AT 0AT ! HEAD ( MANY ( ! C5T]S & GLAVKI SIT =M] EMPLOY]S & RESPONSIBLE (FICIALS & MANAG]S ( BUS9ESS4 ,! UNPREP>$ VISITOR TO ! C5T]S :O IS P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ ) ! =M] COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL WORLD W\LD BE SURPRIS$ TO SEE ! =M] [N]S ( BIG LEA!R FACTORIES SITT+ 9 ,GLAVKOZH1 BIG MANUFACTUR]S 9 ! ,C5TRAL TEXTILE ORGANIZATIONS1 ETC40 

,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! SPURI\S UNITY A*IEV$ AT ! ,N9? ,CONGRESS A FEW MON?S E>LI] DID NOT LA/4 ,?R\<\T ! SUMM] & AUTUMN DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION ON SU* ISSUES AS BUREAUCRACY )9 ! ,P>TY1 ! RELATIONS ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO ! ,/ATE & EV5 ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF W]E TO TAKE ON A V]Y %>P =M4 ,OPPOSITION GR\PS APPE>$ AT ALMO/ EV]Y LEVEL4 ,9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! YE> 7AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,RUSSO-,POLI% W>7 REPRESS$ DISCONT5T BROKE 9TO ! OP54 ,9 ! AUTUMN ,L59'S AU?ORITY WAS TO BE *ALL5G$ MORE S]I\SLY ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE ! 'LEFT' COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ( E>LY #a#i#a#h4 

,JULY 

,PUBLICATION ( ,TROTSKY'S CLASSIC ',T]RORISM & ,COMMUNISM 7JU/ BE=E ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL74 ,?IS WORK GIVES ,TROTSKY'S VIEWS ON ! 'SOCIALI/' ORGANIZATION ( LABOR 9 !IR MO/ F9I%$1 LUCID & UNAMBIGU\S =M4 0,! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR IS 9 ITS ESS5CE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY3 EV]Y HI/ORICAL =M ( SOCIETY IS 9 ITS F\NDATION A =M ( ORGANIZATION ( LABOR04 

0,! CREATION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MEANS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S ON NEW F\NDATIONS1 !IR ADAPTATION TO ?OSE F\NDATIONS & !IR LABOR RE$UCATION1 ) ! ONE UN*ANG+ 5D ( ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR04 0,WAGES1 9 ! =M ( BO? MONEY & GOODS1 MU/ BE BR\<T 9TO ! CLOSE/ POSSIBLE T\* ) ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! SY/EM ( PIECEWORK & ( GRAD+1 ! APPLICATION ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM1 ETC41 HAVE AS !IR OBJECT TO 9CREASE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S BY ! SQUEEZ+ \T ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,UND] SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 PIECEWORK1 BONUSES1 ETC41 HAVE AS !IR PROBLEM TO 9CREASE ! VOLUME ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 4 4 4 ?OSE WORK]S :O DO MORE = ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AN O!RS RECEIVE ! RI<T TO A GREAT] QUANTITY ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT ?AN ! LAZY1 ! C>ELESS & ! DISORGANIZ]S04 0,! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( COMPULSORY LABOR IS = ! ,COMMUNI/ QUITE UNQUE/IONABLE 44 4 ! ONLY SOLUTION TO ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES ?AT IS CORRECT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW BO? ( PR9CIPLE & ( PRACTICE IS TO TREAT ! POPULATION ( ! :OLE C\NTRY AS ! RES]VOIR ( ! NECESS>Y LABOR P[] - AN ALMO/ 9EXHAU/IBLE RES]VOIR - & TO 9TRODUCE /RICT ORD] 9TO ! WORK ( ITS REGI/RATION1 MOBILIZATION & UTILIZATION04 0,! 9TRODUCTION ( COMPULSORY LABOR S]VICE IS UN?9KABLE )\T ! APPLICATION1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 ( ! ME?ODS ( MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR04 0,! UNIONS %\LD DISCIPL9E ! WORK]S & TEA* !M TO PLACE ! 9T]E/S ( PRODUCTION ABOVE !IR [N NE$S & DEM&S04 0,! Y\NG ,WORK]S' ,/ATE REQUIRES TRADE UNIONS NOT = A /RUGGLE = BETT] CONDITIONS ( LABOR - ?AT IS ! TASK ( ! SOCIAL & /ATE ORGANIZATIONS AS A :OLE - BUT TO ORGANIZE ! WORK+ CLASS = ! 5DS ( PRODUCTION04 0,IT W\LD BE A MO/ CRY+ ]ROR TO CONFUSE ! QUE/ION AS TO ! SUPREMACY ( ! PROLET>IAT ) ! QUE/ION ( BO>DS ( WORK]S AT ! HEAD ( FACTORIES4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 ! SUPREMACY OV] ! :OLE SOVIET ME*ANISM ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! WORK]S 7A EUPHEMISM = ! ,P>TY - ,M4,B47 & NOT AT ALL 9 ! =M 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES >E ADM9I/]$04 0,I CONSID] ?AT IF ! CIVIL W> HAD NOT PLUND]$ \R ECONOMIC ORGANS ( ALL ?AT WAS /RONGE/1 MO/ 9DEP5D5T4 MO/ 5D[$ ) 9ITIATIVE1 WE %\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE 5T]$ ! PA? ( ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION MU* SOON] & MU* LESS PA9FULLY04 

,AUGU/ 

,DUE TO ! ,CIVIL ,W> - & TO O!R FACTORS LESS (T5 M5TION$ SU* AS ! ATTITUDE ( ! RAILWAY WORK]S TO ! 'NEW' REGIME ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAYS HAD VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO FUNCTION4 ,TROTSKY1 ,COMMISS> = ,TRANSPORT1 WAS GRANT$ WIDE EM]G5CY P[]S TO TRY \T HIS !ORIES ( 'MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR'4 ,HE />T$ BY PLAC+ ! RAILWAYM5 & ! P]SONNEL ( ! REPAIR WORK%OPS UND] M>TIAL LAW4 ,:5 ! RAILWAYM5'S TRADE UNION OBJECT$1 HE SUMM>ILY \/$ ITS LEAD]S &1 ) ! FULL SUPPORT & 5DORSEM5T ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP4 0APPO9T$ O!RS WILL+ TO DO HIS BIDD+4 ,HE REPEAT$ ! PROC$URE 9 O!R UNIONS ( TRANSPORT WORK]S04 

,E>LY ,SEPTEMB] 

,SETT+ UP ( ,TSEKTRAN 7,C5TRAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,BODY ( ,RAILWAYS74 ,V]Y MU* ,TROTSKY'S BRA9*ILD1 IT WAS BR\<T 9TO BE+ AS A RESULT ( A COMPULSORY FUSION ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,TRANSPORT1 ( ! ,RAILWAY UNIONS & ( ! ,P>TY ORGANS 7'POLITICAL DEP>TM5TS'7 9 ?IS FIELD4 ,! 5TIRE RAILROAD & WAT] TRANSPORT SY/EMS W]E TO FALL )9 ,TSEKTRAN'S COMPASS4 ,TROTSKY WAS APPO9T$ ITS HEAD4 ,HE RUL$ ! ,TSEKTRAN ALONG /RICTLY MILIT>Y & BUREAUCRATIC L9ES4 0,! ,POLITBUREAU BACK$ HIM TO ! HILT1 AS IT HAD PROMIS$04 ,! RAILWAYS W]E GOT GO+ AGA94 ,BUT ! CO/ TO ! IMAGE ( ! ,P>TY WAS 9CALCULABLE4 ,?OSE :O WOND] :Y1 AT A LAT] /AGE1 ,TROTSKY WAS UNABLE TO MOBILIZE MASS SUPPORT = HIS /RUGGLE1 )9 ! APP>ATUS1 AGA9/ ! ',/AL9I/' BUREAUCRACY %\LD M$ITATE ON SU* FACTS4 

,SEPTEMB] #bb #be 

,N9? ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE4 

,Z9OVIEV GAVE ! (FICIAL REPORT ON BEHALF ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,SAPRONOV PRES5T$ A M9ORITY REPORT ON BEHALF ( ! ',DEMOCRATIC-,C5TRALI/S' :O W]E WELL REPRES5T$4 ,LUTOV9OV SPOKE = ! REC5TLY CON/ITUT$ ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION4 ,HE CALL$ = ! IMM$IATE 9/ITUTION ( ! WIDE/ MEASURES ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY1 ! TOTAL REJECTION ( ! SY/EM :]EBY APPO9TM5TS FROM ABOVE W]E MADE TO NOM9ALLY ELECT$ POSITION1 & ! PURG+ ( ! ,P>TY ( C>E]I/ ELEM5TS :O W]E N[ JO9+ 9 DROVES4 ,HE ALSO ASK$ ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE REFRA9 FROM ITS CON/ANT & EXAGG]AT$ 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! LIFE ( ! TRADE UNIONS & ( ! SOVIETS4 

,! LEAD]%IP HAD TO RETREAT4 ,Z9OVIEV EVAD$ ANSW]+ ! MA9 COMPLA9TS4 ,A RESOLUTION WAS PASS$ /RESS+ ! NE$ = 0FULL EQUALITY )9 ! ,P>TY0 & D5\NC+ 0! DOM9ATION ( RANK & FILE MEMB]S BY PRIVILEG$ BUREAUCRATS04 ,! RESOLUTION 9/RUCT$ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO PROCE$ BY MEANS ( 0RECOMM5DATIONS0 RA!R ?AN BY APPO9TM5TS FROM ABOVE & TO AB/A9 FROM 0DISCIPL9>Y TRANSF]S ON POLITICAL GR\NDS04 

,DESPITE !SE V]BAL CONCESSIONS ! LEAD]%IP1 ?R\< 1 !IR SPOKESMAN ,Z9OVIEV1 SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ! ,SEPTEMB] ,CONF]5CE TO ACCEPT ! SETT+ UP ( ,C5TRAL & ,REGIONAL ,CONTROL ,COMMISSIONS4 ,!SE W]E PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! FUR!R BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,P>TY - :5 ! E>LY 9CUMB5TS 7,DZ]ZH9SK6 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ,MURANOV7 HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ,/AL9'S H5*M54 

,OCTOB] 

,SIGNATURE ( ,PEACE ,TREATY ) ,POL&4 

,NOVEMB] #b-#f 

,FIF? ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONF]5CE4 

,TROTSKY PO9TS \T ?AT ! P>ALLELISM BETWE5 UNIONS & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS1 RESPONSIBLE = ! PREVAIL+ CONFUSION1 HAD TO BE ELIM9AT$4 ,?IS C\LD ONLY BE DONE BY ! CONV]SION ( TRADE 7PR(ESSIONALNY7 UNIONS 9TO PRODUCTION 7PROIZVOD/V5NY7 UNIONS4 ,IF ! LEAD] %IP ( ! UNIONS OBJECT$ !Y W\LD HAVE TO BE 0%AK5 UP0 AS ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RAILWAYS UNIONS HAD BE54 ,! 'W+$ WORD' 7,L597 HAD BE5 UTT]$6 

,NOVEMB] #ad 

,G5]AL ,WRANGEL EVACUATES ! ,CRIMEA4 ,5D ( ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,NOVEMB] 

,MOSC[ ,PROV9CIAL ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE 

,OPPOSITION GR\PS )9 ,P>TY %[N TO BE GR[+ RAPIDLY4 ,! REC5TLY =M$ ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC-,C5TRALI/S & ! ,IGNATOV GR\P 7A LOCAL ,MOSC[ FACTION CLOSELY ALLI$ TO ! ,WORK]'S ,OPPOSITION & LAT] TO M]GE ) IT7 HAD SECUR$ #abd DELEGATES TO ?IS ,CONF]5CE AGA9/ #a$ = SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,NOVEMB] #h-#i 

,MEET+ ( ,PL5UM ( ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,TROTSKY SUBMITS A 'PRELIM9>Y DRAFT ( !SES' 5TITL$ ',! TRADE UNIONS & !IR FUTURE ROLE'4 LAT] PUBLI%$ ON ,DECEMB] #be - 9 SLI<TLY ALT]$ =M - AS A PAMPHLET4 ',! ROLE & TASKS ( ! TRADE UNIONS'4 0,IT WAS NECESS>Y IMM$IATELY TO PROCE$ TO REORGANIZE ! TRADE UNIONS I4E4 TO SELECT ! LEAD+ P]SONNEL0 7,!SIS #e74 ,DIZZY ) SUCCESS1 ,TROTSKY AGA9 ?REAT5$ TO 0%AKE UP0 V>I\S TRADE UNIONS AS HE HAD 0%AK5 UP ?OSE ( ! TRANSPORT WORK]S04  ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS 0TO REPLACE IRRESPONSIBLE AGITATORS 7SIC 6 7 BY PRODUCTION - M9D$ TRADE UNIONI/S04 ,TROTSKY'S !SES W]E PUT TO ! VOTE & DEFEAT$ BY ! N>R[ M>G9 ( #h VOTES TO #g4 ,L59 !N 0BLUNTLY DISSOCIAT$ HIMSELF FROM ,TROTSKY & P]SUAD$ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO DO LIKEWISE04 ,AN ALT]NATIVE RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,L59 WAS !N PASS$ BY #a VOTES TO #d4 ,IT CALL$ = 0RE=M ( ! ,TSEKTRAN01 ADVOCAT$ 0S\ND =MS ( ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR0 & PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0! ,P>TY \<T TO $UCATE & SUPPORT 4 4 4 A NEW TYPE ( TRADE UNIONI/1 ! 5]GETIC & IMAG9ATIVE ECONOMIC ORGANIZ] :O WILL APPROA* ECONOMIC ISSUES NOT FROM ! ANGLE ( DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION BUT FROM ?AT ( EXP&+ PRODUCTION04 ,! LATT] WAS CLE>LY ! DOM9ANT VIEWPO9T4 ,TROTSKY'S ']ROR' HAD BE5 ?AT HE HAD C>RI$ IT \T TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,BUT ! ,P>TY NE$$ A SACRIFICIAL GOAT4 ,! ,PL5UM WAS 0TO =BID ,TROTSKY TO SPEAK 9 PUBLIC ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! ,/ATE04 

,DECEMB] #b 

,TROTSKY1 9 A SPEE* TO ! 5L>G$ ,PL5UM ( ,TSEKTRAN DECL>$ ?AT 0A COMPET5T1 HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ CIVIL S]VICE HAD ITS M]ITS4 ,RUSSIA SUFF]$ NOT FROM ! EXCESS BUT FROM ! LACK ( AN EFFICI5T BUREAUCRACY04 0,! MILIT>IZATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS & ! MILIT>IZATION ( TRANSPORT REQUIR$ AN 9T]NAL1 IDEOLOGICAL MILIT>IZATION04 ,/AL9 WAS LAT] TO DESCRIBE ,TROTSKY AS 0! PATRI>* ( ! BUREAUCRATS04 ,:5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE AGA9 REBUFF$ HIM 0,TROTSKY FRETFULLY REM9D$ ,L59 & ! O!R MEMB]S ( H[ (T5 !Y HAD PRIVATELY URG$ HIM 4 4 4 TO ACT RU?LESSLY & DISREG>D CONSID]ATIONS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS DISLOYAL ( !M 4 4 4 TO PRET5D 9 PUBLIC ?AT !Y DEF5D$ ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE AGA9/ HIM04 

,DECEMB] #g 

,AT A ,PL5UM ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ,BUKH>9 HAD PRODUC$ A RESOLUTION ON 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY04 ,! T]MS W]E TO 9FURIATE ,L594 ,!Y W]E 0A V]BAL TWI/01 0A TRICKY PHRASE01 0CONFUS+01 0A SQUIB04 0,9DU/RY IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y4 ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT ALWAYS NECESS>Y4 ,! T]M ''9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY'' GIVES RISE TO A NUMB] ( UTT]LY FALSE IDEAS04 0,IT MI<T BE UND]/OOD TO REPUDIATE DICTATOR%IP & 9DIVIDUAL MANAGEM5T04  0,)\T BONUSES 9 K9D & DISCIPL9>Y C\RTS IT WAS JU/ EMPTY TALK04 

,! /RONGE/ OPPOSITION TO ,TROTSKY'S S*EMES = ! 'MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR' CAME FROM ?AT SECTION ( ! ,P>TY ) ! DEEPE/ ROOTS 9 ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,SOME ( !SE ,P>TY MEMB]S HAD NOT ONLY DOM9AT$ ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,C\NCIL UP TO ?IS TIME BUT 0W]E ALSO ! DIRECT B5EFICI>IES ( ! DOCTR9E ( AUTONOM\S TRADE UNION RESPONSIBILITY04 ,9 O!R WORDS !Y W]E ALREADY1 9 P>T1 TRADE UNION BUREAUCRATS4 ,IT WAS P>TLY FROM !SE ELEM5TS ?AT ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION WAS TO DEVELOP4 

,BY N[1 H[EV]4 ! LEAD+ POLITICO-ECONOMIC APP>ATUS WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE WE SAW EM]G+ 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,9 JU/ OV] #b YE>S ! ,P>TY APP>ATUS HAD GA9$ UNDISPUT$ POLITICAL CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE 7?R\< ! BUREAUCRATIZ$ SOVIETS74 ,IT HAD ALSO GA9$ ALMO/ COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMIC APP>ATUS 7?R\< TRADE UNION (FICIALS & APPO9T$ 9DU/RIAL MANAG]S74 ,! V>I\S GR\PS HAD ACQUIR$ ! COMPET5CE & EXP]I5CE NECESS>Y TO BECOME A SOCIAL CATEGORY ) A SPECIFIC FUNCTION4 TO MANAGE ,RUSSIA4 ,!IR FUSION WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,DECEMB] #bb - #bi 

,! ,EI<? ,ALL-,RUSSIAN CONGRESS ( SOVIETS WAS HELD 9 ,MOSC[4 ,IT PROVID$ AN OPPORTUNITY = A PUBLIC AIR+ ( ! DIV]G+ VIEWPO9TS ON ! TRADE UNION QUE/ION :I* HAD DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,P>TY & :I* C\LD N[ NO LONG] BE CONTA9$ )9 ITS RANKS4 ,! DEGREE ( OPPOSITION :I* HAD DEVELOP$ TO (FICIAL ,P>TY POLICY CAN BE GAUG$ BY ! CONT5TS ( ,Z9OVIEV'S SPEE*3 0,WE WILL E/ABLI% MORE 9TIMATE CONTACTS ) ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,WE WILL HOLD MEET+S 9 ! B>RACKS4 9 ! CAMPS & 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,! WORK+ MASSES WILL !N 4 4 4 UND]/& ?AT IT IS NO JOKE :5 WE PROCLAIM ?AT A NEW ]A IS AB\T TO />T1 ?AT AS SOON AS WE CAN BREA! FREELY AGA9 WE WILL TRANSF] \R POLITICAL MEET+S 9TO ! FACTORIES 4 4 4 ,WE >E ASK$ :AT WE MEAN BY WORK]S' & PEASANTS DEMOCRACY4 ,I ANSW]3 NO?+ MORE & NO?+ LESS ?AN :AT WE MEANT BY IT 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,WE MU/ REE/ABLI% ! PR9CIPLE ( ELECTION 9 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS DEMOCRACY4 4 4 ,IF WE HAVE DEPRIV$ \RSELVES ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEMOCRATIC RI<TS = WORK]S & PEASANTS1 IT IS TIME WE PUT AN 5D TO ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS04 

,Z9OVIEV'S CONC]N = DEMOCRACY DID NOT C>RY MU* WEI<T1 BE+ FACTIONALLY MOTIVAT$ 7IT WAS P>T ( A CAMPAIGN TO DISCR$IT ,TROTSKY74 ,AT ?AT TIME PUBLIC ORATORS 9 SE>* ( LAU<S C\LD USUALLY GET !M BY C>EFULLY *OS5 QUOTATIONS FROM ,Z9OVIEV ON ! SUBJECT ( DEMOCRATIC RI<TS4 

,DECEMB] #c 

,JO9T MEET+ ( ! ,P>TY FRACTION TO ! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ( ,P>TY MEMB]S ON ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 & ( ,P>TY MEMB]S 9 V>I\S O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 HELD 9 ! ,BOL%OI ,!AT]1 ,MOSC[1 TO DISCUSS ! 'TRADE UNION QUE/ION'4 ,ALL ! MA9 PROTAGONI/S W]E ON H& TO /ATE !IR RESPECTIVE CASES4 ,! V>I\S VIEWPO9TS1 AS /AT$ AT ! MEET+ 7OR \TL9$ 9 >TICLES WRITT5 AT ! TIME OR )9 ! NEXT FEW WEEKS7 CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3 

,TROTSKY & P>TICUL>LY ,BUKH>9 LAT] AM5D$ !IR ORIG9AL PROPOSALS 9 ORD] TO CON/ITUTE A BLOC AT ! ,CONGRESS4 

,= ,L59 ! TRADE UNIONS W]E 0RES]VOIRS ( /ATE P[]0 ,!Y W]E TO PROVIDE A BROAD SOCIAL BASIS 0= ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP EX]CIS$ BY ! ,P>TY01 A BASE ?AT WAS BADLY NE$$ 9 VIEW ( ! PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT NATURE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! UNIONS W]E TO BE ! 0L9K0 OR 0TRANSMISSION BELT0 BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! MASS ( NONP>TY WORK]S4 ,! UNIONS C\LD NOT BE AUTONOM\S4 ,!Y C\LD NOT PLAY AN 9DEP5D5T ROLE EI!R 9 ! 9ITIATION OR 9 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( POLICY4 ,!Y HAD TO BE /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,P>TY ?9K+ & W\LD UND]TAKE ! POLITICAL $UCATION ( ! MASSES ALONG L9ES DET]M9$ BY ! ,P>TY4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y W\LD BECOME 0S*OOLS ( COMMUNISM0 = !IR #g MILLION MEMB]S4 7"97 ,! ,P>TY WAS TO BE ! TEA*]4 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 ! P]SON ( ITS ,C5TRAL & ,REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 UNCONDITIONALLY GUIDES AS BE=E ! :OLE IDEOLOGICAL SIDE ( ! WORK ( ! TRADE UNIONS04 

,L59 /RESS$ ?AT ! UNIONS C\LD NOT BE 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TROTSKY'S ASSUMPTION ?AT ! UNIONS NE$ NO LONG] DEF5D ! WORK]S BECAUSE ! ,/ATE WAS N[ A WORK]S' /ATE WAS WRONG4 0,\R /ATE IS SU* ?AT ! 5TIRE ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT MU/ DEF5D ITSELF3 WE 7SIC7 MU/ USE !SE WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS = ! DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S FROM !IR /ATE & = ! DEF5SE ( \R /ATE BY ! WORK]S04 7,! WORDS 9 BOLD >E (T5 OMITT$ :5 ?IS FAM\S PASSAGE IS QUOT$47 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 MILIT>IZATION WAS NOT TO BE REG>D$ AS A P]MAN5T FEATURE ( SOCIALI/ LABOR POLICY4 ,P]SUASION HAD TO BE US$ AS WELL AS CO]CION4 ,:ILE IT WAS NORMAL 7SIC67 = ! /ATE TO APPO9T (FICIALS FROM ABOVE 7A LONG1 LONG WAY HAD BE5 TRAVEL$ S9CE ! /ATEM5TS RECORD$ UND] ! HEAD+ ( ,MAY #b1 #aiag - ,M4,B47 IT W\LD BE 9 EXP$I5T = ! TRADE UNIONS TO DO ! SAME4 ,! UNIONS C\LD MAKE RECOMM5DATIONS = ADM9I/RATIVE-ECONOMIC JOBS & %\LD CO-OP]ATE 9 PLANN+4 ,!Y %\LD 9SPECT1 ?R\< SPECIALIZ$ DEP>TM5TS1 ! WORK ( ! ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 

,WAGE-RATE FIX+ WAS TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,ALL ,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,9 RELATION TO WAGES ! EXTREME EGALIT>IANISM ( ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION HAD TO BE F\<T4 ,WAGES POLICY WAS TO BE DESIGN$ SO AS TO 0DISCIPL9E LABOR & 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTIVITY04 ,P>TY MEMB]S HAD 0*ATT]$ 5\< AB\T PR9CIPLES 9 ! ,SMOLNY4 ,N[1 AFT] #c YE>S1 !Y HAD DECREES ON ALL PO9TS ( ! PRODUCTION PROBLEM04 0,! DECISIONS ON ! MILIT>IZATION ( LABOR1 ETC41 W]E 9CONTROV]TIBLE & !RE IS NO NE$ :ATSOEV] TO )DRAW MY WORDS ( RIDICULE CONC]N+ REF]5CES TO DEMOCRACY MADE BY ?OSE :O *ALL5G$ !SE DECISIONS 4 4 4 WE %ALL EXT5D DEMOCRACY 9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS BUT NOT MAKE A FETI% ( IT 4 4 4 0 

,TROTSKY REIT]AT$ HIS BELIEF ?AT 0! TRANS=MATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9TO PRODUCTION UNIONS 4 4 4 =M$ ! GREATE/ TASK ( \R EPO*04 0,! UNIONS \<T P]MAN5TLY TO ASSESS !IR MEMB]%IP FROM ! ANGLE ( PRODUCTION & %\LD ALWAYS POSSESS A FULL & PRECISE *>ACT]IZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE VALUE ( ANY WORK]04 ,! LEAD+ BODIES ( ! TRADE UNIONS & ( ! ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION %\LD HAVE BETWE5 ONE ?IRD & ONE HALF ( !IR MEMB]S 9 COMMON 9 ORD] TO PUT AN 5D TO ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M4 ,B\RGEOIS TE*NICIANS & ADM9I/RATORS :O HAD BECOME FULL MEMB]S ( A UNION W]E TO BE 5TITL$ TO HOLD MANAG]IAL PO/S1 )\T SUP]VISION BY COMMISS>S4 ,AFT] A REAL M9IMUM WAGE HAD BE5 SECUR$ = ALL WORK]S !RE %\LD BE '%OCK COMPETITION' 7UD>NI*E/VO7 BETWE5 WORK]S 9 PRODUCTION4 

,BUKH>9'S VIEWS HAD BE5 EVOLV+ RAPIDLY4 ,:AT HE N[ ADVOCAT$ WAS AN ATTEMPT TO BUILD A BRIDGE BETWE5 ! (FICIAL VIEWS ( ! ,P>TY & ?OSE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION4 ,!RE HAD TO BE 0WORK]S' DEMOCRACY 9 PRODUCTION04 ,! 0GOV]NM5TALIZ+ ( ! UNIONS0 HAD TO GO H& 9 H& ) ! 0UNIONIZ+ ( ! /ATE04 0,! LOGICAL & HI/ORICAL T]M9ATION0 7( ?IS PROCESS7 0WILL NOT BE ! 5GULFM5T ( ! UNIONS BY ! PROLET>IAN /ATE1 BUT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( BO? CATEGORIES - ( ! UNIONS AS WELL AS ( ! /ATE - & ! CREATION ( A ?IRD3 ! COMMUNI/ICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY04 

,L59 WAS TO SEIZE UPON ,BUKH>9'S PLAT=M AS 0A FULL BREAK ) COMMUNISM & A TRANSITION TO A POSITION ( SYNDICALISM04 0,IT DE/ROY$ ! NE$ = ! ,P>TY4 ,IF ! TRADE UNIONS1 N9E-T5?S ( :OSE MEMB]S >E NON-,P>TY WORK]S1 APPO9T ! MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY1 :AT IS ! USE ( ! ,P>TY804 0,SO WE HAVE ''GR[N UP''01 HE ADD$ OM9\SLY1 0FROM SMALL DIFF]5CES TO SYNDICALISM1 SIGNIFY+ A COMPLETE BREAK ) COMMUNISM & AN UNAVOIDABLE SPLIT 9 ! ,P>TY04 

,O!R ATTACKS BY ,L59 ON ,BUKH>9'S VIEWS >E TO BE F\ND 9 HIS FAM\S >TICLE C5SUR+ ,TROTSKY4  ,! VIEWS ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION W]E PUT TO ! ,MOSC[ MEET+ BY ,%LYAPNIKOV1 A METAL WORK] 7& W]E LAT] TO BE DEVELOP$ MORE FULLY BY ,KOLLONTAI & O!RS74 ,EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY !SE VIEWS PO/ULAT$ ! DOM9ATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS OV] ! /ATE4 0,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION REF]R$ ( C\RSE TO ',PO9T #e' ( ! #aiai ,PROGRAM & *>G$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY ) VIOLAT+ ITS PL$GES T[>DS ! TRADE UNIONS 4 4 4 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ( ,GOV]NM5T BODIES HAD 9 ! LA/ #b YE>S SY/EMATICALLY N>R[$ ! SCOPE ( TRADE UNION WORK & R$UC$ ALMO/ TO NIL ! 9FLU5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 4 4 4 ,! ,P>TY & ! ECONOMIC AU?ORITIES1 HAV+ BE5 SWAMP$ BY B\RGEOIS TE*NICIANS & O!R NON-PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS DISPLAY$ \TW>D HO/ILITY TO ! UNIONS4 4 4 ,! REM$Y WAS ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNIONS04 ,! TRANSITION %\LD TAKE PLACE FROM BEL[ UP4 0,AT ! FACTORY LEVEL1 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES %\LD REGA9 !IR ]/:ILE DOM9ANT POSITION04 7,! ,BOL%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/S HAD TAK5 A LONG TIME TO COME R\ND TO ?IS VIEWPO9T 6 - ,M4,B47 ,! ,OPPOSITION PROPOS$ MORE TRADE UNION REPRES5TATION 9 V>I\S CONTROLL+ BODIES4 0,NOT A S+LE P]SON WAS TO BE APPO9T$ TO ANY ADM9I/RATIVE - ECONOMIC PO/ )\T ! AGREEM5T ( ! TRADE UNIONS0 

4 4 4 ,(FICIALS RECOMM5D$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS W]E TO REMA9 ACC\NTABLE = !IR CONDUCT TO ! UNIONS1 :O %\LD ALSO HAVE ! RI<T TO RECALL !M FROM !IR PO/S AT ANY TIME4 ,! PROGRAM CULM9AT$ 9 ! DEM& ?AT AN ',ALL-,RUSSIAN ,PRODUC]S' ,CONGRESS' BE CONV5$ TO ELECT ! C5TRAL MANAGEM5T ( ! 5TIRE NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESSES ( SEP>ATE UNIONS W]E SIMIL>LY TO ELECT MANAGEM5T'S = ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 ,LOCAL & REGIONAL MANAGEM5T'S %\LD BE =M$ BY LOCAL TRADE UNION CONF]5CES1 :ILE ! MANAGEM5T ( S+LE FACTORIES WAS TO BELONG TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E TO REMA9 P>T ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION4 4 4 0,9 ?IS WAY0 ,%LYAPNIKOV ASS]T$1 0!RE IS CREAT$ ! UNITY ( WILL :I* IS ESS5TIAL 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 & ALSO A REAL POSSIBILITY = ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES ON ! ORGANIZATION & DEVELOPM5T ( \R ECONOMY04 ,LA/ BUT NOT LEA/ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION PROPOS$ A RADICAL REVISION ( ! WAGES POLICY 9 AN EXTREMELY EGALIT>IAN SPIRIT3 MONEY WAGES W]E TO BE PROGRESSIVELY REPLAC$ BY REW>DS 9 K9D4 ,)9 ! ,P>TY1 IT WAS CLE>LY ON ! %\LD]S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION ?AT1 AT ?IS LATE /AGE1 FELL ! TASK ( 5DEAVOR+ TO MA9TA9 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS ( ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ) RESPECT TO ! AUTONOM\S & DEMOCRATIC 9VOLVEM5T ( ! MASSES 9 ! FUNCTIONS ( ECONOMIC DECISION TAK+4 "9 ,ACCORD+ TO FIGURES GIV5 BY ,Z9OVIEV AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS UNION MEMB]%IP WAS #a4#e MILLION 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#g1 #b4#f MILLION 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 #c4#e MILLION 9 #a#i#a#i4 #d4#c MILLION 9 #aib & #g MILLION 9 #a#i#b#a4 

#aiba 

,JANU>Y ',(FICIAL' CAMPAIGN1 PREP>ATORY TO ,T5? ,CONGRESS1 LAUN*$ BY ! /RONGLY ,L59I/ ,PETROGRAD ,P>TY ,COMMITTEE 79 ,Z9OVIEV'S H&S74 ,EV5 BE=E ! ,CONGRESS1 MANY ADM9I/RATIVE MEASURES W]E TAK5 TO 5SURE ! DEFEAT ( ! ,OPPOSITION4 ,SO IRREGUL> W]E SOME ( !SE ?AT ! ,MOSC[ ,P>TY ,COMMITTEE AT ONE /AGE VOT$ A RESOLUTION PUBLICLY C5SUR+ ! ,PETROGRAD ORGANIZATION 0= NOT OBS]V+ ! RULES ( PROP] CONTROV]SY04 

,JANU>Y #ac 

,MOSC[ ,P>TY ,COMMITTEE D5\NC$ 0T5D5CY ( ! ,PETROGRAD ORGANIZATION TO MAKE ITSELF A SPECIAL C5T] = ! PREP>ATION ( ,P>TY ,CONGRESSES04 ,! ,L59I/S W]E US+ ! ,PETROGRAD ORGANIZATION AS A BASE FROM :I* TO APPLY PRESSURE TO ! RE/ ( ! ,P>TY4 ,MOSC[ ,COMMITTEE URG$ ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 0TO 5SURE ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( MAT]IALS & SPEAK]S 4 4 4 SO ?AT ALL PO9TS ( VIEW %\LD BE REPRES5T$04 ,?IS RECOMM5DATION WAS TO BE FLAGRANTLY VIOLAT$4 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ,KOLLONTAI /AT$ ?AT ! CIRCULATION ( H] PAMPHLET HAD BE5 DELIB]ATELY IMP$$4 

,JANU>Y #ad 

,PUBLICATION ( ! ',PLAT=M ( ! #a' 7,>TEM1 ,KAL991 ,KAM5EV1 ,L591 ,LOZOVSKY1 ,PETROVSKY4 ,RUDZUTAK1 ,/AL91 ,TOMSKY & ,Z9OVIEV74 ,?IS DOCUM5T GAVE A MORE F9I%$ =M TO ,L59'S !SES = ! ,CONGRESS4 

,JANU>Y #af 

,PRAVDA PUBLI%ES ! ,BUKH>9 PLAT=M1 DESCRIB$ BY ,L59 AS ! 0ACME ( IDEOLOGICAL DIS9TEGRATION04 

,JANU>Y #ba 

,9 AN >TICLE 9 ,PRAVDA ON ! ,P>TY CRISIS1 ,L59 WRITES3 

0,N[ WE ADD TO \R PLAT=M ! FOLL[+3 WE MU/ COMBAT ! IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION ( ?OSE UNS\ND ELEM5TS ( ! OPPOSITION :O GO TO ! L5G?S ( REPUDIAT+ ALL 'MILIT>IZATION ( ECONOMY'1 ( REPUDIAT+ NOT ONLY ! 'ME?OD ( APPO9T+' :I* HAS BE5 ! PREVAIL+ ME?OD UP TO N[1 BUT ALL APPO9TM5TS4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS ?IS MEANS REPUDIAT+ ! LEAD+ ROLE ( ! ,P>TY 9 RELATION TO ! NON-,P>TY MASSES4 ,WE MU/ COMBAT ! SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION :I* WILL KILL ! ,P>TY IF IT IS NOT COMPLETELY CUR$ ( IT04 

,A LITTLE LAT] ,L59 WAS TO WRITE ?AT 0! SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION LEADS TO ! FALL ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT04 ,9 O!R WORDS WORK+ CLASS P[] 7'! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'7 IS IMPOSSIBLE IF !RE >E MILITANTS 9 ! ,P>TY :O ?9K ! WORK+ CLASS %\LD EX]T MORE P[] 9 PRODUCTION 7'! SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION'74 

,L59 H]E POSES QUITE CLE>LY ! QUE/ION 'P[] ( ! ,P>TY' OR ' P[] ( ! CLASS'4 ,HE UNAMBIGU\SLY OPTS = ! =M] - NO D\BT RATIONALIZ+ HIS *OICE BY EQUAT+ ! TWO4 ,BUT HE GOES EV5 FUR!R4 ,HE NOT ONLY EQUATES 'WORK]S P[]' ) ! RULE ( ! ,P>TY4 ,HE EQUATES IT ) ACCEPTANCE ( ! IDEAS ( ! ,P>TY LEAD]S6 

,JANU>Y #bd 

,MEET+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,FRACTION DUR+ ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,M9]S' ,UNION4 ,KISELEV4 A M9]1 PUT ! CASE = ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION :I* GOT #fb VOTES - AS AGA9/ #acg = ! ,L59I/ PLAT=M & #h = ,TROTSKY'S4 

,JANU>Y #be 

,PRAVDA PUBLI%ES ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION'S ',!SES ON ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS'4 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI PUBLI%ES ',! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' :I* DEVELOPS ! SAME IDEAS AT A MORE !ORETICAL LEVEL4 

,= ALL ! POLITICAL /ORM UNLEA%$ BY ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION !RE IS LITTLE RELIABLE DOCUM5TATION AB\T ?IS T5D5CY4 ,:AT 9=MATION !RE IS COMES MA9LY FROM ,L59I/ S\RCES4 ,! VIRUL5CE ( ! ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION SUGGE/S IT 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT AMONG RANK & FILE ( FACTORY WORK]S & ?AT ?IS CAUS$ ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP S]I\S AL>M4 ,%LYAPNIKOV1 7! FIR/ ,COMMISS> ( ,LABOR71 ,LUTOV9OV & ,M$V$EV1 ! LEAD]S ( ! METALWORK]S W]E ITS MO/ PROM95T SPOKESM54 

0,GEOGRAPHICALLY IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,S\? ,EA/]N P>TS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA3 ! ,DONETS ,BAS94 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN REGIONS & ! ,SAM>A PROV9CE ON ! ,VOLGA4 ,9 ,SAM>A ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION WAS ACTUALLY 9 CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATION 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,BE=E ! ,P>TY %AKEUP 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 9 LATE #a#i#b1 ! OPPOSITIONI/S HAD WON A SYMPA!TIC MAJORITY 9 ! REPUBLIC AS A :OLE4 ,O!R PO9TS ( /R5G? W]E 9 ! ,MOSC[ PROV9CE1 :]E ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION POLL$ AB\T A QU>T] ( ! ,P>TY VOTES & 9 ! ,METAL WORK]S UNION ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY04 ,:5 ,TOMSKY WAS TO AB&ON ! TRADE UNIONI/S & REJO9 ,L59'S CAMP LAT] 9 #a#i#b#a1 HE WAS TO 'EXPLA9' ! APPEAL ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION 9 T]MS ( ! METALWORK]S' IDEOLOGY ( 9DU/RIALISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT !SE SAME METALWORK]S HAD =M$ ! BACKBONE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,FEBRU>Y 

,DUR+ ! PRE-,CONGRESS DISCUSSION ! ,L59I/ FACTION MADE FULL USE ( ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,CONTROL ,COMMISSION4 ,!Y 5SUR$ ! RESIGNATION ( BO? ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ,DZ]ZH9SKY 7JUDG$ UNDULY 'S(T' 9 RELATION TO ! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION & TO ! ,TROTSKYI/S RESPECTIVELY7 & !IR REPLACEM5T BY H>D5$ APP>AT*IKS SU* AS ,SOLTS :O PROCE$$ TO B]ATE ! DIVID$ ,P>TY LEAD]%IP = ITS WEAKNESS 9 CURTAIL+ ! 'ULTRA LEFT'4 ,! ,L59I/S :IPP$ UP A NOISY CAMPAIGNS & PLAY$ REL5TLESSLY ON ! !MES ( UNITY & ( ! 9T]NAL DANG]S CONFRONT+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 !Y TOOK REFUGE 9 ! CULT ( ,L59'S P]SONALITY4 ,ALL O!R T5D5CIES W]E LABEL$ 'OBJECTIVELY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y'4 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY MA*9E1 EV5 9 >EAS ) A LONG TRADITION ( SUPPORT = ! ,OPPOSITION4 

,SO 'SUCCESSFUL' W]E SOME ( !SE 'VICTORIES' ?AT !RE IS S]I\S D\BT AS TO :E!R !Y W]E NOT A*IEV$ BY FRAUD4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #ai = 9/ANCE A ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,BALTIC ,FLEET IS SAID TO HAVE GIV5 A #i.0 VOTE TO ! ,L59I/S4 ,YET )9 TWO OR ?REE WEEKS A /RONG ,FLEET ,OPPOSITION WAS TO DEVELOP & WIDELY DI/RIBUTE LEAFLETS PROCLAIM+3 0,! ,POLITICAL ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,BALTIC ,FLEET HAS LO/ ALL CONTACT NOT ONLY ) ! MASSES BUT ) ! ACTIVE POLITICAL WORK]S TOO4 ,IT HAS BECOME A BUREAUCRATIC ORGAN )\T AU?ORITY4 4 4 ,IT HAS ANNIHILAT$ ALL LOCAL 9ITIATIVE & R$UC$ ALL POLITICAL WORK TO ! LEVEL ( SECRET>IAL CORRESPOND5CE04 ,\TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 EV5 H>%] ?+S W]E BE+ SAID4 

,M>* #ag 

,! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELLION4 

,?IS KEY EV5T :I* HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON ! ,CONGRESS :I* OP5$ A FEW DAYS LAT] HAS BE5 ANALYZ$ 9 DETAIL ELSE:]E4 

,M>* #h-#a#f 

,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS 

,?IS WAS TO PROVE ONE ( ! MO/ DRAMATIC ASSEMBLIES 9 ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,BUT 9 A S5SE ! >GUM5TS US$ & ! BATTLES F\<T \T !RE W]E ONLY A DI/ORT$ REFLECTION ( ! MU* DEEP] CRISIS 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE4 ,/RIKES HAD BROK5 \T 9 ! ,PETROGRAD >EA T[>DS ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y & ,KRON/ADT WAS UP 9 >MS4 ,BO? W]E BUT ! VISIBLE PORTIONS ( A MU* L>G] ICEB]G ( SUBM]G$ DISCONT5T & DISAFFECTION4 

,FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D ! APP>ATUS WAS 9 FULL CONTROL ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,AN ATMOSPH]E ( NE> HY/]IA1 SU* AS HAD NOT BE5 SE5 BE=E AT ,BOL%EVIK GA!R+S P]VAD$ ! PROCE$+S4 ,IT WAS N[ ESS5TIAL = ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP TO SUPPRESS ! ,OPPOSITION :I* :E!R IT KNEW IT OR NOT - & :E!R IT WANT$ TO DO SO OR NOT - WAS MAK+ ITSELF ! M\?PIECE ( ALL !SE FRU/RAT$ ASPIRATIONS4 ,IT WAS ABOVE ALL NECESS>Y TO EXPUNGE ! IMAGE ( ,KRON/ADT AS A MOVEM5T :I* DEF5D$ ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S - ! IDEA ( ! '?IRD REVOLUTION' - :I* WAS EXACTLY :AT ! ,KRON/ADT]S W]E PROCLAIM+4 0,WE FI<T0 ! REBELS PROCLAIM$ 0= ! G5U9E P[] ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE :ILE ! BLOODY ,TROTSKY & ! GLUTT$ ,Z9OVIEV & !IR B& ( ADH]5TS FI<T = ! P[] ( ! ,P>TY4 4 4 0  0,KRON/ADT HAS RAIS$ = ! FIR/ TIME ! BANN] ( ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION ( ! TOIL]S4 4 4 ,! AUTOCRACY HAS FALL54 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAS BE5 DISPAT*$ TO ! REGION ( ! DAMN$4 ,N[ ! COMMISS>IOCRACY IS CRUMBL+4 4 4 0 

,AT ! ,CONGRESS ,TROTSKY R\ND$ ON ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION4 0,!Y HAVE COME \T ) DANG]\S SLOGANS4 ,!Y HAVE MADE A FETI% ( DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ ! WORK]S' RI<T TO ELECT REPRES5TATIVES ABOVE ! ,P>TY4 ,AS IF ! ,P>TY W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ITS DICTATOR%IP EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR%IP TEMPOR>ILY CLA%$ ) ! PASS+ MOODS ( ! WORK]S' DEMOCRACY 60 ,TROTSKY SPOKE ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORICAL BIR?RI<T ( ! ,P>TY''4 '',! ,P>TY IS OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 ITS DICTATOR%IP 4 4 4 REG>DLESS ( TEMPOR>Y VACILLATIONS EV5 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 4 4 ,! DICTATOR%IP DOES NOT BASE ITSELF AT EV]Y GIV5 MOM5T ON ! =MAL PR9CIPLE ( A WORK]S' DEMOCRACY4 4 4 0 

,! PHYSICAL ATTACK ON ,KRON/ADT - 9 :I* OV] #b DELEGATES TO ! ,CONGRESS P>TICIPAT$ - WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A MASSIVE V]BAL ONSLAU<T AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION & SIMIL> T5D5CIES4 ,AL?\< LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,OPPOSITION W]E TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,KRON/ADT]S 7BECAUSE !Y /ILL RETA9$ ILLUSIONS AB\T '! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! ,P>TY' & BECAUSE !Y W]E /ILL TRAPP$ 9 OLD ORGANIZATIONAL LOYALTIES71 ,L59 & ! ,P>TY LEAD]S W]E FULLY AW>E ( ! DEEP AFF9ITIES BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS4 0,BO? ATTACK$ HIS LEAD]%IP = HAV+ VIOLAT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION1 = HAV+ SACRIFIC$ DEMOCRATIC & EGALIT>IAN IDEALS ON ! ALT> ( EXP$I5CY & = 9CL9+ TO BUREAUCRATIC CONC]N ) P[] = ITS [N SAKE04 

,9 RELATION TO REAL ISSUES !IR DEM&S ALSO OV]LAPP$ 9 A NUMB] ( >EAS4 ,! ,KRON/ADT]S - AMONG :OM W]E MANY DISSID5T ,P>TY MEMB]S - HAD PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0! ,SOVIET ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC CAN ONLY BE /RONG :5 ITS ADM9I/RATION BELONGS TO ! TOIL+ CLASSES1 REPRES5T$ BY R5OVAT$ TRADE UNIONS 4 4 ,?ANKS TO ! POLICY ( ! RUL+ P>TY ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE HAD ABSOLUTELY NO OPPORTUNITY TO BE PURELY CLASS ORGANIZATIONS04 ,D[N TO ! FETI%ISM ( ! UNIONS1 ! LANGUAGE WAS ! SAME4 

,! ,CONGRESS OP5$ ) A VIRUL5T SPEE* BY ,L59 APPEAL+ = LOYALTY TO ! ,P>TY & D5\NC+ ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION AS A ?REAT TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,OPPOSITION WAS A 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS''1 ''SYNDICALI/''1 ''AN>*I/0 /R& 0CAUS$ 9 P>T BY ! 5TRY 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY ( ELEM5TS :I* HAD /ILL NOT COMPLETELY ADOPT$ ! COMMUNI/ WORLD VIEW04 7,9 FACT ! ,OPPOSITION WAS ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 ,IT WAS ! REACTION ( ! PROLET>IAN BASE ( ! ,P>TY TO ! 5TRY ( HORDES ( SU* ELEM5TS47 ,! BASIC >GUM5TS ( ! ,OPPOSITION W]E NOT DEALT ) 9 ANY DEP?4 ,:AT >GUM5T - AS DI/9CT FROM 9VECTIVE - !RE WAS1 WAS (T5 CONFUS$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AP>T FROM BE+ 7A7 0G5U9ELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y01 & 7B7 0OBJECTIVELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION WAS ALSO 0TOO REVOLUTION>Y04 ,!IR DEM&S W]E 0TOO ADVANC$0 & ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T /ILL HAD TO CONC5TRATE ON OV]COM+ ! MASSES' CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SMILGA ! EXTREME DEM&S 7( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION7 DISRUPT$ ! ,P>TY'S EF=TS & RAIS$ HOPES AMONG ! WORK]S :I* C\LD ONLY BE DISAPPO9T$4 ,BUT1 MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! DEM&S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION W]E REVOLUTION>Y 9 A WRONG 7AN>*O-SYNDICALI/7 WAY4 ,?IS WAS ! ULTIMATE ANA!MA4 0,IF WE P]I%0 ,L59 SAID PRIVATELY1 0IT IS ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT TO PRES]VE \R IDEOLOGICAL L9E & GIVE A LESSON TO \R CONT9UATORS4 ,?IS %\LD NEV] BE =GOTT51 EV5 9 HOPELESS CIRCUM/ANCES04 

,GONE W]E ! BRIEF DAYS ( ! #aiag HONEYMOON4 ,GONE WAS ! RHETORIC ( ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'4 ,\T CAME ! SKELETONS ( ! SPLIT 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! C>D9AL CRIME ( ! ,OPPOSITION WAS ?AT ELEM5TS AMONG IT 7& MORE P>TICUL>LY AMONG ITS FR+ES1 SU* AS ,MYASNIKOV & ,BOGDANOV7 W]E BEG9N+ TO RAISE REALLY AWKW>D QUE/IONS4 ,9 A CLUMSY & /ILL FUMBL+ MANN] SOME W]E BEG9N+ TO QUE/ION ! PRIMACY ( ! ,P>TY O!RS ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE4 ,AS LONG AS CRITICISMS DEALT ) ! 'BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS OR DI/ORTIONS' ( ?IS OR ?AT 9/ITUTION - OR EV5 9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF - ! ,P>TY C\LD COPE IT HAD 79 FACT BECOME QUITE PRACTIC$ 9 ! MATT]67 ,BUT TO RAISE D\BTS AB\T !SE O!R ABSOLUTELY BASIC MATT]S C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$4 

,! ?REAT WAS S]I\S1 EV5 IF AT ! MOM5T ONLY IMPLICIT 9 ! ,OPPOSITION'S ?9K+4 ,IGNATOV'S !SES HAD W>N$ ( ! LIKELY EFFECTS ( 0! MASS 5TRY 9TO ! RANKS ( \R ,P>TY ( PEOPLE FROM B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS /RATA0 COMB9$ ) 0! HEAVY LOSSES SU/A9$ BY ! PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>04 ,RUT ONE ?+ L$ TO ANO!R4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,CONGRESS ,BOGDANOV & ! ',WORK]S' ,TRU?' ,GR\P W]E TO CLAIM ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD 5D$ 9 A 0COMPLETE DEFEAT = ! WORK+ CLASS04 ,!Y W]E TO *>GE ?AT 0! BUREAUCRACY1 ALONG ) ! ,N,E,P M5 HAD BECOME A NEW B\RGEOISIE1 DEP5D+ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S & TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( !IR DISORGANIZATION 4 ,) ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! H&S ( ! BUREAUCRACY ! WORK]S W]E MORE HELPLESS ?AN EV]04 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 4 4 4 AFT] BECOM+ ! RUL+ ,P>TY1 ! P>TY ( ! ORGANIZ]S & LEAD]S ( ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS & ( ! CAPITALI/-BAS$ ECONOMIC LIFE 4 4 4 HAD IRREVOCABLY LO/ ITS TIE & COMMUNITY ) ! PROLET>IAT04 ,?IS K9D ( ?9K+ ?REAT5$ ! V]Y BASIS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME & HAD RU?LESSLY TO BE EXPUNG$ FROM ! M9DS ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 

0,M>XISM TEA*ES US0 ,L59 SAID 0?AT ONLY ! POLITICAL P>TY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 I4E4 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 IS 9 A POSITION TO UNITE1 $UCATE1 ORGANIZE 4 4 4 & DIRECT ALL SIDES ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T & H5CE ALL ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,)\T ?IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS MEAN+LESS04 ',M>XISM' ( C\RSE TAU<T O!R ?+S TOO4 ,IT EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF0 & ?AT 0! COMMUNI/S DO NOT =M A SEP>ATE ,P>TY1 OPPOS$ TO O!R WORK+ CLASS P>TIES04 ,:AT ,L59 WAS N[ PREA*+ WAS NOT 9 FACT ',M>XISM' BUT ! CRUDE ,L59ISM ( ',:AT IS TO BE DONE8' 7WRITT5 9 #a#i#b71 ! ,L59ISM :I* HAD ASS]T$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES C\LD ONLY DEVELOP A TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS & W\LD HAVE TO HAVE POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS 9JECT$ 9TO IT FROM ! \TSIDE1 BY ?OSE 'VEHICLES ( SCI5CE' ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,9 ! M9DS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! ,P>TY EMBODI$ ! HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS :E!R ! CLASS UND]/OOD IT OR NOT - & :E!R ! CLASS WANT$ IT OR NOT4 ,GIV5 !SE PREMISES1 ANY *ALL5GE TO ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,P>TY - :E!R 9 ACTION OR ONLY 9 ?\<T - WAS TANTAM\NT TO 'TREASON' TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 TO A RAPE ( ,HI/ORY4 

',UNITY' WAS ! ALL-P]VASIVE !ME ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,GIV5 ! ?REAT FROM )\T & ! '?REAT' FROM )9 IT DIDN'T PROVE V]Y H>D = ! LEAD]%IP TO GET DRACONIAN MEASURES ACCEPT$4 ,!SE W]E /ILL FUR!R TO RE/RICT ! RI<TS ( ,P>TY MEMB]S4 ,FACTIONAL RI<TS W]E ABOLI%$4 0,! ,CONGRESS PRESCRIBES ! RAPID DISP]SAL ( ALL GR\PS )\T EXCEPTION :I* HAVE =M$ !MSELVES ON ONE PLAT=M OR ANO!R 4 4 4 FAILURE TO EXECUTE ?IS DECISION ( ! ,CONGRESS WILL LEAD TO IMM$IATE & UNCONDITIONAL EXPULSION FROM ! ,P>TY04 ,A SECRET PROVISION GAVE ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE UNLIMIT$ DISCIPL9>Y RI<TS1 9CLUD+ EXPULSION FROM ! ,P>TY & EV5 FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ITSELF 7= :I* A MAJORITY ( TWO-?IRDS W\LD BE REQUIR$47 

,!SE MEASURES1 AN ORGANIZATIONAL TURN+ PO9T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,BOL%EVISM1 W]E OV]:ELM+LY 5DORS$4 ,BUT NOT )\T C]TA9 MISGIV+S4 ,K>L ,RADEK /AT$3 0,I HAD A FEEL+ ?AT A RULE WAS BE+ E/ABLI%$ :I* LEFT US UNC]TA9 AS TO :OM IT MI<T BE APPLI$ AGA9/4 ,:5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS *OS51 ! COMRADES FROM ! MAJORITY COMPOS$ A LI/ :I* GAVE !M CONTROL4 ,EV]Y COMRADE KNEW ?AT ?IS WAS DONE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! DISS5SION 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ 4 4 4 :AT COMPLICATIONS MAY >ISE4 ,! COMRADES :O PROPOSE ?IS RULE ?9K IT IS A SWORD AIM$ AGA9/ DIFF]5TLY ?9K+ COMRADES4 ,AL?\< ,I AM VOT+ = ?IS RESOLUTION ,I FEEL ?AT IT MAY EV5 BE TURN$ AGA9/ US04 ,/RESS+ ! DANG]\S SITUATION CONFRONT+ BO? ,P>TY & ,/ATE1 ,RADEK CONCLUD$ 0LET ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE AT ! MOM5T ( DANG] TAKE ! /]NE/ MEASURES AGA9/ ! BE/ COMRADES1 IF IT F9DS ?IS NECESS>Y04 ,?IS ATTITUDE1 OR RA!R ?IS M5TALITY .<! ,P>TY CAN'T BE WRONG 9 RELATION TO ! CLASS4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE CAN'T BE WRONG 9 RELATION TO ! ,P>TY.> WAS TO EXPLA9 MANY SUBSEQU5T EV5TS4 ,IT WAS LIT]ALLY TO PROVE A NOOSE >\ND ! NECKS ( ?\S&S ( HONE/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,IT HELPS ONE UND]/& BO? ,TROTSKY'S PUBLIC D5IALS ( #aibg ?AT ,L59 HAD EV] LEFT A POLITICAL TE/AM5T1 & ! 'CONFESSIONS' ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,OLD ,GU>D DUR+ ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#h4 ,! ,P>TY1 AS AN 9/ITUTION1 HAD BECOME REIFI$4 ,IT N[ EPITOMIZ$ MAN'S ALI5ATION 9 RELATION TO REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 

,9 RELATION TO !SE POLITICAL %IFTS - OR RA!R TO ?IS EM]G5CE ( :AT HAD ALWAYS BE5 SOME ( ! UND]LY+ /R&S ( ,BOL%EVISM - ! ACTUAL 'DISCUSSIONS' ( ! ,CONF]5CE W]E ( LESS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!Y HAVE !RE=E DELIB]ATELY BE5 LEFT TO ! 5D4 ,/ILL OP]AT+ )9 ! IDEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ( '! ,P>TY' ,P]EPE*KO1 A MEMB] ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION1 ID5TIFI$ BUREAUCRATISM 79 ! ,P>TY7 AS ! S\RCE ( ! CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,SOVIETS & ! SOVIET APP>ATUS AS A :OLE & ! BROAD WORK+ MASSES4 ,M$V$EV *>G$ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ) 0DEVIATIONS 9 ! DIRECTION ( DI/RU/ ( ! CREATIVE P[]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & CONCESSIONS TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE & TO ! B\RGEOIS (FICIAL CA/ES04 ,TO (FSET ?IS T5D5CY & PRES]VE ! PROLET>IAN SPIRIT 9 ! ,P>TY1 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION PROPOS$ ?AT 0EV]Y ,P>TY MEMB] BE REQUIR$ TO LIVE & WORK = #c MON?S \T ( EV]Y YE> AS AN ORD9>Y PROLET>IAN OR PEASANT1 5GAG$ 9 PHYSICAL LABOR04 ,IGNATOV'S !SES CALL$ = A M9IMUM ( TWO ?IRDS ( EA* BODY TO BE COMPOS$ ( WORK]S4 ,CRITICISM ( ! LEAD]%IP WAS MORE BITT] ?AN IT HAD BE5 = YE>S4 ,A DELEGATE RAIS$ A /ORM BY CALL+ ,L59 0! GREATE/ *9OVNIK0 7HI]>* ( ! CZ>I/ BUREAUCRACY74 ,! LEAD]%IP PLAY$ ITS USUAL GAME4 ,A LONG RESOLUTION ON ! TRADE UNIONS1 DRAWN UP BY ,Z9OVIEV WAS PASS$ BY #ccf TO #e 7= ,TROTSKY'S POSITION7 & #ah 7= ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION74 0,Z9OVIEV TOOK PA9S 9 ?IS DOCUM5T TO CLAIM ABSOLUTE CONT9UITY ) ! TRADE UNION DOCTR9E 4 4 4 /AT$ BY ! ,FIR/ ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS & 9 ! ,P>TY PROGRAM ( #a#i#a#i4 ,?IS WAS ! FAMILI> DEVICE ( G5]AT+ A SMOKE SCRE5 ( OR?ODOXY TO COV] A *ANGE ( C\RSE04  ,! DOCUM5T :I* SPOKE A LOT AB\T 'WORK]S' DEMOCRACY' W5T ON TO /RESS 9 UNEQUIVOCAL T]MS ?AT ! ,P>TY W\LD GUIDE ALL TRADE UNION WORK4 

,ON ! P5ULTIMATE DAY ( ! ,CONGRESS1 AT ! 5D ( A SESSION1 )\T ANY PREVI\S DISCUSSION 9 ! ,P>TY & AFT] A NUMB] ( DELEGATES HAD ALREADY LEFT1 ,L59 MADE HIS FAM\S PROPOSALS CONC]N+ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4 ,HE PROPOS$ ! SUB/ITUTION ( A 0TAX 9 K9D0 = ! =C$ REQUISITION+ ( GRA9 FROM ! PEASANTS1 ONE ( ! MO/ HAT$ FEATURES ( 'W> COMMUNISM'4 ,!RE W\LD BE AN 5D TO ,GOV]NM5T CONTROL ( ! GRA9 SUPPLY &1 BY IMPLICATION1 A FREE TRADE 9 GRA94 ,?IS MOM5T\S PROPOSAL WAS FOLL[$ BY F\R T5 M9UTE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! FLOOR4 ,! (FICIAL REPORT ( ! ,T5? ,CONGRESS RUNS TO #cc PAGES1 ( :I* A B>E #b >E DEVOT$ TO ! ,N,E,P6 ,! MA9 PREOCCUPATION'S ( ! ,CONGRESS HAD CLE>LY BE5 ELSE:]E6 

,9T]NAL TI<T5+ UP N[ PROCE$$ ) A V5GEANCE4 ,A RESOLUTION WAS VOT$ TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0! MO/ IMM$IATE TASK ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ! /R+5T EFFECTUATION ( UNI=MITY 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ,P>TY COMMITTEES04 ,! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS RAIS$ FROM #ai TO #be - ( :OM #e W]E TO DEVOTE !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO ,P>TY WORK 7ESPECIALLY VISIT+ PROV9CIAL COMMITTEES & ATT5D+ PROV9CIAL ,P>TY ,CONF]5CES74 ,! NEW ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE IMM$IATELY IMPOS$ A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,SECRET>IAT4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S 7,KRE/9SKY1 ,PREOBRAZH5SKY & ,S]EBRIAKOV71 JUDG$ LUKEW>M 9 !IR SUPPORT ( ! ,L59I/ L9E1 W]E DROPP$ FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ALTOGE!R4 ,RADICAL *ANGES W]E ALSO BR\<T AB\T 9 ! ,ORGBUREAU & 9 ! COMPOSITION ( A NUMB] ( REGIONAL ,P>TY ORGANIZATIONS4 

',DISCIPL9$'1 'SAFE' M$IOCRITY'S W]E BE+ 9/ALL$ AT ALL LEVELS4 0,! ORGANIZATIONAL %IFTS ( #aiba W]E A DECISIVE VICTORY = ,L591 ! ,L59I/S & ! ,L59I/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,P>TY LIFE04 ,! ,P>TY HAV+ WILL$ ! 5D WAS N[ WILL+ ! MEANS4 

,BUT EV5 !Y W]E MAT]IAL ( DUBI\S VALUE4 ,! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN $ITION ( ',:AT IS TO BE DONE' HAD C>RI$ ON ITS FRONTISPIECE ,LASALLE'S FAM\S APHORISM3 0! ,P>TY /R5G!NS ITSELF BY PURG+ ITSELF04 

,EPILOGUE 

,MAY #aiba 

,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,METALWORK]S' ,UNION4 

,?IS UNION HAD PROV$ ! BACKBONE ( ! #aie EV5TS4 ,IT HAD BE5 WON OV] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#c4 ,IT HAD ANIMAT$ ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & PROVID$ MANY DETA*M5TS ( ,R$ ,GU>DS4 ,IT WAS N[ DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEA ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION4 ,ITS LEAD]4 ,M$V$EV1 WAS AN ACTIVE MEMB] ( ! ,OPPOSITION4 ,HIS GRIP ON ! UNION HAD TO BE BROK54 

,AT ! ,METALWORK]S' ,CONGRESS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY H&$ D[N TO ! ,P>TY FRACTION 9 ! UNION A LI/ ( RECOMM5D$ C&IDATES = UNION 7SIC 67 LEAD]%IP4 ,! METALWORK]S' DELEGATES VOT$ D[N ?IS LI/1 AS DID ! ,P>TY FRACTION 9 ! UNION 7BY #ab VOTES TO #d74 ,EV]Y CONCEIVABLE PRESSURE WAS !N BR\<T TO BE> AGA9/ !M4 ,! ,OPPOSITION HAD TO BE SMA%$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY DISREG>D$ EV]Y ONE ( ! VOTES & APPO9T$ A ,METALWORK]S' ,COMMITTEE ( ITS [N4 ,SO MU* = 'ELECT$ & REVOCABLE DELEGATES'4 ,ELECT$ BY ! UNION RANK & FILE & REVOCABLE BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]%IP6 

,MAY #a#g-#b#e 

,F\R? ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,?IS WAS TO DISCUSS ! ROLE ( TRADE UNIONS 9 ! NEW1 PRIVATELY [N$1 SECTOR SANCTION$ BY ! ,N,E,P4 ,TOMSKY AS PRESID5T ( ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 WAS 5TRU/$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY ) ! PREP>ATION ( ! APPROPRIATE '!SES' & ) GETT+ !M ACCEPT$ FIR/ BY ! ,P>TY FRACTION & LAT] BY ! ,CONGRESS AS A :OLE4 ,ALL W5T SMOO?LY UNTIL BY #a1#e VOTES TO #c ! ,CONGRESS ALSO ACCEPT$ AN 9(F5SIVE-LOOK+ MOTION PROPOS$ BY ,RIAZANOV ON BEHALF ( ! ,P>TY FRACTION1 :I* WAS TO PRECIPITATE A MAJOR SC&AL4 ,! KEY SECTION ( ! RESOLUTION /AT$3 0! LEAD+ P]SONNEL ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T MU/ BE *OS5 UND] ! G5]AL GUIDANCE ( ! ,P>TY1 BUT ! ,P>TY MU/ MAKE A SPECIAL EF=T TO ALL[ NORMAL ME?ODS ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 :]E ! *OICE ( LEAD]S %\LD BE LEFT TO ! TRADE UNIONI/S !MSELVES04 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS FURI\S4 ,IT CAME D[N ON ! ,CONGRESS LIKE A TON ( BRICKS4 ,TOMSKY1 :O HAD NOT EV5 SUPPORT$ ! MAV]ICK RESOLUTION1 HAD HIS CR$5TIALS AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,CONGRESS IMM$IATELY )DRAWN4 ,HE WAS REPLAC$ 9 ?IS POSITION BY SU* NOT$ TRADE UNIONI/S AS ,L591 ,/AL9 & ,BUKH>9 - :OSE TASK IT WAS TO CURB ! FRACTI\S FRACTION4 ,RYAZANOV WAS B>R$ FROM EV] 5GAG+ 9 TRADE UNION WORK AGA94 

,A SPECIAL COMMISSION1 HEAD$ BY ,/AL91 WAS SET UP TO 09VE/IGATE ,TOMSKY'S BEHAVIOR04 ,ITS 9VE/IGATION COMPLET$1 IT DECID$ TO REPRIM& HIM SEV]ELY = HIS 0CRIM9AL NEGLIG5CE0 79 ALL[+ ! ,CONGRESS TO EXPRESS ITS [N WI%ES74 ,TOMSKY WAS RELIEV$ ( ALL HIS FUNCTIONS ON ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,AS = ! ,P>TY FRACTION1 IT WAS 'TALK$ 9TO' REV]S+ ITS DECISION ( ! DAY BE=E4 ,!RE IS NO RECORD ( H[ ! HUNDR$S ( O!RS F>$ :O HAD SUPPORT$ ! RESOLUTION4 ,BUT :O C>$8 ,9 #aiag IT HAD BE5 PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0EV]Y COOK %\LD LE>N TO GOV]N ! ,/ATE04 ,BY #aiba ! ,/ATE WAS CLE>LY P[]FUL 5\< TO GOV]N EV]Y COOK 6 

,CONCLUSION 

,! EV5TS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS PAMPHLET %[ ?AT 9 RELATION TO 9DU/RIAL POLICY !RE IS A CLE>-CUT & 9CONTROV]TIBLE L9K BETWE5 :AT HAPP5$ UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY & ! LAT] PRACTICES ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,WE KN[ ?AT MANY ON ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WILL F9D ?IS /ATEM5T H>D TO SWALL[4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ H[EV] ?AT ANY HONE/ READ+ ( ! FACTS CANNOT BUT LEAD TO ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,! MORE ONE UNE>?S AB\T ?IS P]IOD ! MORE DIFFICULT IT BECOMES TO DEF9E - OR EV5 TO SEE - ! 'GULF' ALLEG$LY SEP>AT+ :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,L59'S TIME FROM :AT HAPP5$ LAT]4 ,REAL KN[L$GE ( ! FACTS ALSO MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT - AS ,DEUTS*] DOES - ?AT ! :OLE C\RSE ( EV5TS WAS 'HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE' & 'OBJECTIVELY DET]M9$'4 ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE W]E !MSELVES IMPORTANT & SOMETIMES DECISIVE FACTORS 9 ! EQUATION1 AT EV]Y CRITICAL /AGE ( ?IS CRITICAL P]IOD4 ,N[ ?AT MORE FACTS >E AVAILABLE SELF-MY/IFICATION ON !SE ISSUES %\LD NO LONG] BE POSSIBLE4 ,%\LD ANY :O HAVE READ !SE PAGES REMA9 'CONFUS$' IT WILL BE BECAUSE !Y WANT TO REMA9 9 ?AT /ATE - OR BECAUSE 7AS ! FUTURE B5EFICI>IES ( A SOCIETY SIMIL> TO ! ,RUSSIAN ONE7 IT IS !IR 9T]E/ TO REMA9 SO4 

,! FACT ?AT SO MANY :O HAVE SP5T A LIFETIME 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T KN[ SO LITTLE AB\T ?IS P]IOD IS NOT REALLY SURPRIS+4 ,9 ! FIR/ FLU% ( 5?USIASM = ! 'VICTORI\S SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION' ( #aiag IT WAS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE ?AT ! VIEWPO9T ( ! VICTORS %\LD ALONE HAVE A*IEV$ A HE>+4 ,= MANY YE>S ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE APPE>$ TO BE ! HYPOCRITICAL LAM5TS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY OR ! SN>LS ( OP5 C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! VOICE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y-LIB]T>IAN OPPOSITION TO ,BOL%EVISM HAD BE5 WELL & TRULY SMO!R$4 

0,VAE VICTIS0 SAID ,BR5NUS ! ,GAUL 9 #c#i,B,C AS HE ?REW HIS HEAVY SWORD ONTO ! SCALES ?AT W]E WEI<+ ! RANSOM1 TO LIFT ! SIEGE ( ,ROME4 0,WOE TO ! VANQUI%$0 HAS 9DE$ BE5 ! IMM$IATE JUDGM5T ( HI/ORY ?R\<\T ! AGES4 ,?IS IS :Y SO LITTLE WAS HE>D AB\T ?OSE REVOLUTION>IES :O DIDN'T WAIT TILL #aibc BUT :O AS E>LY AS #aiah SAW ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY WAS MOV+ & PROCLAIM$ !IR OPPOSITION1 (T5 AT ! CO/ ( !IR LIVES4 ,!Y1 & !IR V]Y MEMORY1 W]E TO BE OBLIT]AT$ 9 ! GREAT BUREAUCRATIC UPSURGE ( ! 5SU+ DECADES1 EUPHEMI/ICALLY DESCRIB$ AS ! 'BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM'4 

,IT IS ONLY 9 REC5T YE>S1 :5 ! FRUITS ( ! 'VICTORI\S' REVOLUTION BEGAN TO BE REAP$ 79 ,HUNG>Y1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ELSE:]E7 ?AT WIDESPREAD D\BTS HAVE EM]G$ & REAL QUE/IONS AT LA/ BE5 ASK$4 ,IT IS ONLY N[ ?AT S]I\S WORK IS BE+ DEVOT$ TO ! REAL NATURE ( ! ROT 7! ,BOL%EVIK ATTITUDE TO ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION7 & ATT5TION R$IRECT$ TO ! PROPHETIC W>N+S ( ! 'VANQUI%$'4 ,AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( VALUABLE MAT]IAL RELAT+ TO ?OSE =MATIVE YE>S /ILL REMA9S TO BE RE/OR$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 TO :OM IT RI<TLY BELONGS4 

,FIFTY YE>S AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WE CAN SEE 9 %>P] FOCUS SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT W]E BE+ SO HEAT$LY DISCUSS$ BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#a4 ,! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES ( #aiag W5T AS F> AS !Y C\LD4 ,BUT TODAY WE CAN SPEAK FROM REAL EXP]I5CE4 ,HUNG>Y #aief & ,FRANCE #aifh HAVE HI<LI<T$ ! PROBLEMS ( MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES & %[N ! NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITIONS !Y 5G5D]1 9 BO? ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N CONTEXTS4 ,! IRRELEVANT & ! CONT+5T HAVE BE5 SWEPT ASIDE4 ,! KEY QUE/IONS ( \R EPO* >E N[ 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS MAN'S S DOM9ATION OV] HIS 5VIRONM5T & OV] ! 9/ITUTIONS HE CREATES TO SOLVE ! TASKS ?AT FACE HIM4 ,WILL MAN REMA9 9 CONTROL ( HIS CREATIONS OR WILL !Y DOM9ATE HIM8 ,9 !SE QUE/IONS >E EMB$D$ ! EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TAL ONES ( MAN'S [N 'FALSE-CONSCI\SNESS'1 ( HIS DEMY/IFICATION 9 RELATION TO ! 'COMPLEXITIES' ( MANAGEM5T1 ( RE/OR+ TO HIM HIS [N SELF-CONFID5CE1 ( HIS ABILITY TO 5SURE CONTROL OV] DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY1 & ( HIS RE-APPROPRIATION ( EV]Y?+ ?AT CAPITALISM HAS TAK5 FROM HIM ,ALSO IMPLICIT 9 ?IS QUE/ION IS H[ TO RELEASE ! TREM5D\S CREATIVE POT5TIAL )9 EV]Y ONE ( US & H>NESS IT TO 5DS :I* WE \RSELVES HAVE *OS54 

,9 ! /RUGGLE = !SE OBJECTIVES ,BOL%EVISM WILL EV5TUALLY BE SE5 TO HAVE BE5 A MON/R\S AB]RATION1 ! LA/ G>B DONN$ BY A B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY AS IT WAS BE+ SUBV]T$ AT ! ROOTS4 ,BOL%EVISM'S EMPHASIS ON ! 9CAPACITY ( ! MASSES TO A*IEVE A SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS ?R\< !IR [N EXP]I5CE ( LIFE UND] CAPITALISM1 ITS PRESCRIPTION ( A HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ 'VANGU>D P>TY' & ( 'C5TRALIZATION TO FI<T ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE'1 ITS PROCLAMATION ( ! 'HI/ORICAL BIR?RI<T' ( ?OSE :O HAVE ACCEPT$ A P>TICUL> VISION ( SOCIETY 7& ( ITS FUTURE7 & ! DECRE$ RI<T TO DICTATE ?IS VISION TO O!RS - IF NECESS>Y AT ! PO9T ( A GUN - ALL !SE WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ = :AT !Y >E3 ! LA/ ATTEMPT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO REASS]T ITS ORDA9$ DIVISION 9TO LEAD]S & L$1 & TO MA9TA9 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ALL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE4 

,TO BE MEAN+FUL ! REVOLUTION TO COME WILL HAVE TO BE PR(\NDLY LIB]T>IAN ,IT WILL BE BAS$ ON A REAL ASSIMILATION ( ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE4 ,IT WILL REFUSE TO EX*ANGE ONE SET ( RUL]S = ANO!R4 ONE BUN* ( EXPLOIT]S = ANO!R1 ONE LOT ( PRIE/S = ANO!R ONE AU?ORIT>IANISM = ANO!R1 OR ONE CON/RICT+ OR?ODOXY = ANO!R4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO ROOT \T ALL SU* FALSE SOLUTIONS :I* >E BUT SO MANY RESIDUAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( MAN'S CONT9U$ ALI5ATION4 ,A REAL UND]/&+ ( ,BOL%EVISM WILL HAVE TO BE AN ESS5TIAL +R$I5T 9 ANY REVOLUTION :I* AIMS AT TRANSC5D+ ALL =MS ( ALI5ATION & ( SELF-MY/IFICATION4 ,AS ! OLD SOCIETY CRUMBLES BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ! BUREAUCRACY WILL HAVE TO BE BURI$ UND] ITS RU9S4 ,! REAL ROOTS FROM :I* !Y GREW WILL HAVE TO BE UND]/OOD4 ,9 ?IS GIGANTIC TASK ! REVOLUTION TO COME WILL F9D ITS /R5G? & ITS 9SPIRATION 9 ! REAL EXP]I5CE ( MILLIONS1 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/4 ,IF IT IS EV5 M>G9ALLY ASSI/$ BY ?IS LITTLE BOOK \R EF=TS WILL HAVE BE5 WELL WOR?:ILE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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