,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #h3 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ! ,L& 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  
  

,9 \R 9TRODUCTION WE QUOT$ ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S CONCLUSION ?AT3 

,9 ! WORK ( CREATION1 TRANSPORTATION & SOCIALIZATION1 ! PEASANTS DEMON/RAT$ A DEGREE ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS MU* SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! CITY WORK]4  
  

,9 ?IS *APT] ,JOSE ,PEIRATS TELLS H[ ! L& WAS EXPROPRIAT$ & TRANS=M$ 9TO COLLECTIVES2 H[ ! COLLECTIVES W]E OP]AT$2 H[ ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( ! COLLECTIVES 7WORK-TEAMS1 DI/RIBUTION1 SOCIAL S]VICES1 MA9T5ANCE1 H\S+1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES2 RELATIONS ) O!R COLLECTIVES1 ETC47 W]E *OS5 BY & W]E AT ALL TIMES RESPONSIBLE TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVES4 

,P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT IS ! FACT ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION WAS NOT 7AS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION OR ,CUBA7 IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE BY DECREE1 BUT A*IEV$ FROM BEL[ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,NOR DID ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES1 LIKE ,/AL91 ADOPT DISA/R\S MEASURES TO =CE POOR PEASANT PROPRIETORS TO SURR5D] !IR L& & JO9 ! COLLECTIVES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! COLLECTIVES RESPECT$ ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROPRIETORS :O WORK$ !IR L& !MSELVES & DID NOT EMPLOY WAGE LABOR3 RELY+ ON P]SUASION & EXAMPLE TO CONV9CE 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT [N]S TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES4 ,BY & L>GE ?IS POLICY WAS REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE4 ,UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS SEEK+ TO COLLECTIVIZE ! L& C\LD LE>N A GREAT DEAL FROM ! SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES ( ! ,SPANI% AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 0,A LIB]T>IAN PO/] READS1 ',EV]Y P]SON IS BORN ) ! CAPACITY = DIGNIFI$ WORK & A HUMAN EXI/5CE4'0  
,! ,REVOLUTION ON ! ,L&.<#f#g.>  

 BY ,JOSE ,PEIRATS 

  

,ON ! #a#i? ( ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 9 ! VILLAGES & T[NS1 ! SYNDICATES AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 TOGE!R ) ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 ORGANIZ$ A COALITION ( REVOLUTION>Y OR ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITTEES4 ,!SE COMMITTEES W]E ! FIR/ TO EXPROPRIATE ! L& & O!R PROP]TY ( L&LORDS & FASCI/S :O FL$4 ,AT FIR/ ! COMMITTEES REPLAC$ ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,MU* LAT] ! COMMITTEES TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO T[N C\NCILS1 ) PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION = ALL ! AFFILIAT$ UNITS4 ,! MAJORITY SYNDICATE OR P>TY W\LD DESIGNATE ONE ( ITS MEMB]S AS MAYOR OR PRESID5T ( ! NEWLY ORGANIZ$ C\NCIL4 

,! EXPROPRIAT$ L&S W]E TURN$ OV] TO ! PEASANT SYNDICATES1 & IT WAS !SE SYNDICATES ?AT ORGANIZ$ ! FIR/ COLLECTIVES4 ,G5]ALLY ! HOLD+S ( SMALL PROP]TY [N]S W]E RESPECT$1 ALWAYS ON ! CONDITION ?AT ONLY !Y OR !IR FAMILIES W\LD WORK ! L&1 )\T EMPLOY+ WAGE LABOR4 ,9 >EAS LIKE ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! TRADITION ( PETTY PEASANT [N]%IP PREVAIL$1 ! L& HOLD+S W]E SCATT]$4 ,!RE W]E NO GREAT E/ATES4 ,MANY ( !SE PEASANTS1 TOGE!R ) ! ,C,N,T1 ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES1 POOL+ !IR L&1 ANIMALS1 TOOLS1 *ICK5S1 GRA91 F]TILIZ]1 & EV5 !IR H>VE/$ CROPS4 

,PRIVATELY [N$ F>MS LOCAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( COLLECTIVES 9T]F]$ ) EFFICI5T CULTIVATION BY SPLITT+ UP ! COLLECTIVES 9TO DISCONNECT$ P>CELS4 ,TO 9DUCE [N]S TO MOVE1 !Y W]E GIV5 MORE OR EV5 BETT] L& LOCAT$ ON ! P]IMET] ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

,! COLLECTIVI/ :O HAD NO?+ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! COLLECTIVE WAS ADMITT$ ) ! SAME RI<TS & ! SAME DUTIES AS ! O!RS4 ,9 SOME COLLECTIVES1 ?OSE JO9+ HAD TO CONTRIBUTE !IR MONEY 7,GIRONDELLA 9 ,CATALONIA1 ,LAGUN>ROTTA 9 ,>AGON1 & ,C]V]A DEL ,MAE/RA 9 ,VAL5CIA74 

,SMALL L&LORDS MORE OR LESS OPPOS$ TO COLLECTIVIZATION1 :O W]E CALL$ 09DIVIDUALI/S10 F\ND ! GO+ T\<1 ESPECIALLY >\ND H>VE/ TIME1 BECAUSE !Y C\LD NOT HIRE WAGE LABOR]S1 & BECAUSE !IR HOLD+S W]E TOO SMALL TO USE MA*9]Y 7:I* !Y C\LDN'T AF=D ANYH[74 ,9 SOME T[NS OR VILLAGES ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 W\LD COOP]ATE BY HELP+ EA* O!R ) ! WORK1 BUT ! CROPS W]E SMALL & ( POOR QUALITY4 ,MO/ ( ! COLLECTIVI/S TREAT$ ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 WELL4 ,9 ,MONZON ! COLLECTIVE LOAN$ !M MA*9]Y & C]TA9 NECESS>Y SUPPLIES4 ,SOME 09DIVIDUALI/S0 DI/RIBUT$ !IR PRODUCE ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE'S COOP]ATIVES4 ,& SOME F9ALLY JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE 7,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS74 

,9 SOME PLACES ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES EXPROPRIAT$ ! L&$ E/ATES ( ! BIG L&LORDS4 ,AT AN ASSEMBLY ( F>M LABOR]S1 9 :I* ALL ! PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$1 ! L& WAS P>CEL$ \T TO ! COLLECTIVI/S & TO ! 09DIVIDUALI/S40 ,! COLLECTIVI/S DREW UP A G5]AL PLAN TO GUIDE ! COLLECTIVE4 ,IF ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T C\LD NOT AGREE ON H[ ! COLLECTIVE %\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 TWO SEP>ATE COLLECTIVES W]E E/ABLI%$ 7(T5 SIDE BY SIDE7444 

,! >EA ( ! COLLECTIVE V>I$ ACCORD+ TO POPULATION & ! POLITICAL ORI5TATION ( ! COLLECTIVI/S444 ,9 SOME >EAS ! SIZE ( ! COLLECTIVES WAS R$UC$ BECAUSE ( ! MIS=TUNES ( W>1 ! REACTION>Y POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! MILIT>Y ASSAULTS ( COMMUNI/ TROOPS4 ,9 ,P5ALBA 7,>AGON7 ! COLLECTIVE EMBRAC$ ! :OLE T[N444 ,MANY ( ! SMALL PROPRIETORS1 PROTECT$ BY ! COMMUNI/ BAYONETS1 DEM&$ & RECEIV$ L& BELONG+ TO ! COLLECTIVES4 ,9 ,BRIHUEGA1 AFT] ! DISA/R\S DEFEAT ( ! ,ITALIAN FASCI/S 7,M>*1 #a#i#c#g71 MANY SMALL PROPRIETORS AB&ON$ !IR L& & FL$ ) ! RETREAT+ TROOPS4 ,?IS IS H[ ALMO/ ALL ( ,ALC>IA WAS COLLECTIVIZ$4 

,! WORK ( ! COLLECTIVES WAS CONDUCT$ BY TEAMS ( WORK]S1 HEAD$ BY A DELEGATE *OS5 BY EA* TEAM4 ,! L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO CULTIVAT$ ZONES4 ,TEAM DELEGATES WORK$ LIKE ! O!RS4 ,!RE W]E NO SPECIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,AFT] ! DAY'S WORK1 DELEGATES FROM ALL ! WORK TEAMS MET ON ! JOB & MADE NECESS>Y TE*NICAL >RANGEM5TS = ! NEXT DAY'S WORK ,ALL ! WORK TEAM DELEGATES AS WELL AS ! MEMB]S ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION ( ! COLLECTIVE W]E ELECT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! WORK]S4 ,! ASSEMBLY MADE F9AL DECISIONS ON ALL IMPORTANT QUE/IONS & ISSU$ 9/RUCTIONS TO BO? ! TEAM DELEGATES & ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION4 

,WORK AGE V>I$ BETWE5 A M9IMUM ( #ad YE>S & A MAXIMUM ( #f YE>S4 ,Y\NG S+LE M5 USUALLY WORK$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE'S WORK%OPS OR 9 ! DI/RIBUTION COOP]ATIVES 7/ORES74 ,H\SEWIVES W]E NOT OBLIG$ TO WORK \TSIDE ! HOME EXCEPT :5 ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 ,PREGNANT WOM5 W]E TREAT$ ) SPECIAL CONSID]ATION4 ,EV]YONE WORK$ ACCORD+ TO !IR PHYSICAL CAPACITY4 ,DAYS LO/ BECAUSE ( ILLNESS W]E C\NT$ AS DAYS WORK$4 ,9 ,CU5CA1 M5 #f YE>S OR OV] C\LD RETIRE1 BUT 9 ,GRAUS !Y *OSE TO DO USEFUL WORK444 

,SURPLUS COMMODITIES W]E SOLD OR EX*ANG$ DIRECTLY OR ?R\< F$]AT$ AG5CIES CREAT$ = ?AT PURPOSE444 ,9 SOME ,CATALONIAN T[NS ! OLD /YLE B\RGEOIS AGRICULTURAL SYNDICATES SUPPLI$ NE$$ COMMODITIES TO PEASANT L&LORDS & SMALL BUS9ESSES4 ,! ,MONTBLANC SYNDICATE DI/RIBUT$ ! COLLECTIVE'S SURPLUS W9E & OIL4 ,USUALLY ! B\RGEOIS-ORI5T$ ASSOCIATIONS ORGANIZ$ !IR [N COOP]ATIVES4 ,= EXAMPLE3 9 ,B>CELONA ! PEASANTS' ASSOCIATIONS OP5$ !IR [N /ORES 9 DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! CITY1 BUT ! C5TRAL FRUIT & VEGETABLE M>KET 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SUBURB ( ,B>CELONA REMA9$ COLLECTIVIZ$444 ,9 ,>AGON1 COMMODITIES W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES 7ORGANIZ$ ,FEB41 #a#i#c#g74 

,! COLLECTIVES W]E PROVISION$ ?R\< !IR RESPECTIVE COOP]ATIVES FROM GREAT /OREH\SES FREQU5TLY LOCAT$ 9 *UR*ES ?AT HAD OPPOS$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,PAYM5T = GOODS V>I$4 ,9 ,L]IDA1 PEASANT FAMILIES W]E SUPPLI$ ) A ,CONSUM] ,ACC\NT ,BOOKLET 9 :I* ! QUANTITY ( >TICLES )DRAWN FROM ! COLLECTIVE'S /OREH\SE WAS M>K$4 ,EV]Y WEEK ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! AM\NT E>N$ & ! AM\NT SP5T WAS ALSO RECORD$4 ,9 ,MONTBLANC 7POP4 #f171 PUR*ASES W]E MADE 9 LOCAL CURR5CY ISSU$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 ,9 SOME PLACES DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! ,REVOLUTION A SY/EM ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS 9/ITUT$3 0,TAKE :AT Y\ NE$60 ,9 O!R PLACES1 NON-NEGOTIABLE V\*]S W]E US$4 ,9 ,LLOMBAY 7,CA/ELLON71 DI/RIBUTION WAS BAS$ ON A FIX$ AM\NT = EA* FAMILY4 ,PRICES W]E FIX$ BY AN ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCIL4 ,9 ALL CASES SC>CE >TICLES W]E RATION$1 ) PRIORITY = *ILDR51 9VALIDS1 ! AG$1 & PREGNANT WOM54 ,NON-ESS5TIAL RATION$ >TICLES W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ROTATION444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 !RE W]E ABUNDANT QUANTITIES ( PROVISIONS 7LIKE FRUITS & VEGETABLES7 !SE ITEMS W]E DI/RIBUT$ FREE1 )\T RE/RICTIONS ( ANY K9D4 

,9 DI/RIBUTION ! COLLECTIVE'S COOP]ATIVES ELIM9AT$ MIDDLEM51 SMALL M]*ANTS1 :OLESAL]S1 & PR(ITE]S1 ?US GREATLY R$UC+ CONSUM] PRICES4 ,! COLLECTIVES ELIM9AT$ MO/ ( ! P>ASITIC ELEM5TS FROM RURAL LIFE1 & W\LD HAVE WIP$ !M \T ALTOGE!R IF !Y W]E NOT PROTECT$ BY CORRUPT (FICIALS & BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,NON-COLLECTIVIZ$ >EAS B5EFIT$ 9DIRECTLY FROM ! L[] PRICES AS WELL AS FROM FREE S]VICES (T5 R5D]$ BY ! COLLECTIVES 7LAUNDRIES1 C9EMAS1 S*OOLS1 B>B] & BEAUTY P>LORS1 ETC474 

,TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 COLLECTIVES W]E CONDUCT$ )\T MONEY4 .<#f#h.> ,! ,CAL&A COLLECTIVE1 US+ ! B>T] SY/EM1 TRAD$ OIL = ,B>CELONA CLO?4 ,ADAMUZ 7,VAL5CIA7 US$ BO? B>T] & MONEY EX*ANGE4 ,AT FIR/ ! CITY M]*ANTS REJECT$ 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS4 ,BUT AS ! PROLONG$ W> PRODUC$ SC>CITY ( NECESS>Y GOODS & EV5 PROVISIONS1 & 9FLATION SET 91 !Y GLADLY ACCEPT$ ! 9T]*ANGE 7B>T] SY/EM74 

,! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES EXP&$ !IR OP]ATIONS BY DEVELOP+ SUPPLEM5T>Y 9DU/RIES3 BAK]Y1 C>P5TRY & CAB9ET MAK+1 BLACKSMI? & IRON WORKS4 ,ANO!R >EA ( EXPANSION WAS F>M 9/ALLATIONS & ANIMAL HUSB&RY4 ,?US ,VILABOI 7POP4 #e7 9/ALL$ AN IMM5SE B>N CO/+ #c1 PESETAS :I* H\S$ #b MILK C[S1 #b S[S1 #bg CALVES1 & A NUMB] ( *ICK5 H\SES4 ,AMPO/A'S 9/ALLATIONS W]E VALU$ AT #b1 PESETAS1 & ,GRAUS WAS FAM\S = ITS MOD]N FACILITIES 7D\*ES = ! ANIMALS & SCI5TIFIC TREATM5T ( ANIMAL DISEASES7444 

,! COLLECTIVES W]E WELL /OCK$ ) F>M ANIMALS & NECESS>Y TOOLS4 ,FEW LACK$ AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT ACQUIR$ MA*9]Y WOR? #a#h1 PESETAS1 9CLUD+ NEW TRUCKS4 ,AMPO/A 7POP4 #a17 HAD #ad TRACTORS1 #ae ?RE%]S1 & #g TEAMS ( WORK HORSES4 ,ALCANIZ HAD #i OIL PRESSES1 ?REE FL\R MILLS1 & AN ELECTRIC P[] PLANT4 ,CAL&A MADE GOOD USE ( SE$]S1 ?RE%]S & TRACTORS4 ,ON ,M>* #b#g?1 #a#i#c#h1 ! ,S]OS COLLECTIVE WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! 5EMY4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! COLLECTIVE HAD V]Y LITTLE MONEY1 BUT POSSESS$ #a1#b HEAD ( %EEP1 #a S[S1 #c C[S1 #cf HORSES & MULES1 A WELL-/OCK$ *ICK5 H\SE1 & A ?RE%+ MA*9E4 ,BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB]1 #aicf & ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#g1 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT TOOK 9 MORE ?AN #e MILLION PESETAS4 ,= ?IS SAME P]IOD ! EXP5SES W]E #d1#b1 PESETAS4 ,! ,SUECA COLLECTIVE1 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#c#h1 ANN\NC$ ASSETS ( #h#e1#e#e#i KILOGRAMS ( RICE1 #a#d1 PESETAS WOR? ( M]*&ISE 9 ITS COOP]ATIVE1 & #c1#c #b#e-P\ND C>TONS ( ORANGES4 

,H[ DID ! COLLECTIVES BUDGET !IR 9COME8 ,CU5CA3 #b#e.0 = $UCATION1 #b#e.0 = MA*9]Y & TOOLS1 & ! REMA9+ #e.0 TO BE EXP5D$ AS ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY DECIDES4 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT BUDGET$ #g1 PESETAS WEEKLY TO IMPROVE ! FLOOD CONTROL 9/ALLATIONS ( ! ,LLOBREGAT RIV]4 ,AMPO/A BUILT #ad NEW S*OOLS1 A SANATORIUM1 A HOSPITAL1 & PURIFI$ ! SUPPLY ( DR9K+ WAT]4 ,9 ,MONTBLANC ! COLLECTIVE DUG UP ! OLD USELESS V9ES & PLANT$ NEW V9EY>DS4 ,! L&1 IMPROV$ BY MOD]N CULTIVATION ) TRACTORS1 YIELD$ MU* BIGG] & BETT] CROPS444 ,MANY ,>AGON COLLECTIVES BUILT NEW ROADS & REPAIR$ OLD ONES1 9/ALL$ MOD]N FL\R MILLS1 & PROCESS$ AGRICULTURAL & ANIMAL WA/E 9TO USEFUL 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS4 ,MANY ( !SE IMPROVEM5TS W]E FIR/ 9ITIAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 ,SOME VILLAGES1 LIKE ,CAL&A1 BUILT P>KS & BA?S4 ,ALMO/ ALL COLLECTIVES E/ABLI%$ LIBR>IES1 S*OOLS1 & CULTURAL C5T]S4 ,SOME ( ! C5T]S W]E H\S$ 9 LUXURI\S =M] B\RGEOIS VILLAS1 & R5AM$ 0,VILLA ,KROPOTK910 0,VILLA ,MONTS5Y10 0,VILLA ,BAKUN910 ETC4 

,PREOCCUPATION ) CULTURAL & P$AGOGICAL 9NOVATIONS WAS AN EV5T )\T PREC$5T 9 RURAL ,SPA94 ,! ,AMPO/A COLLECTIVI/S ORGANIZ$ CLASSES = SEMI-LIT]ATES1 K9D]G>T5S1 & EV5 A S*OOL ( >TS & PR(ESSIONS4 ,! ,S]OS S*OOLS W]E FREE TO ALL NEI<BORS1 COLLECTIVI/S OR NOT4 ,GRAUS 9/ALL$ A S*OOL NAM$ AFT] ITS MO/ ILLU/RI\S CITIZ51 ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A4.<#f#i.> ,! ,CAL&A COLLECTIVE 7POP4 ONLY #d1#e7 S*OOL$ #a1#b#c#c *ILDR54 ,! BE/ /UD5TS W]E S5T TO ! ,LYCEUM 9 ,CASPE1 ) ALL EXP5SES PAID BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! ,ALCORIZA 7POP4 #d17 S*OOL WAS ATT5D$ BY #f *ILDR54 ,MANY ( ! S*OOLS W]E 9/ALL$ 9 AB&ON$ CONV5TS4 ,9 ,GRANADELLA 7POP4 #b171 CLASSES W]E CONDUCT$ 9 ! AB&ON$ B>RACKS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,GRAUS ORGANIZ$ A PR9T LIBR>Y & A S*OOL ( >TS & PR(ESSIONS1 ATT5D$ BY #f PUPILS4 ,! SAME BUILD+ H\S$ A S*OOL ( F9E >TS & A HI< GRADE MUSEUM4 ,9 SOME VILLAGES A C9EMA WAS 9/ALL$ = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,! ,P5ALBA C9EMA WAS 9/ALL$ 9 A *UR*4 ,VILADECANA BUILT AN EXP]IM5TAL AGRICULTURAL LABORATORY444 

,SOME COLLECTIVES W]E NOT SOLELY MANN$ BY ,C,N,T MEMB]S OR SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,EXCEPT = ,CATALONIA1 MANY RANK & FILE ,U,G,T MEMB]S W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! LIB]T>IAN EXP]IM5TS4 ,! ,CATALONIAN ,U,G,T WAS COLONIZ$ BY ! COMMUNI/S TO CONTE/ ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T W]E ON GOOD T]MS1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S1 BE=E !Y W]E BRA9WA%$ BY ! SKILLFUL ,COMMUNI/ P>TY PROPAG&A MA*9E4.<#g.> 

,EI!R ALONE OR 9 COOP]ATION ) REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 ! ,C,N,T C>RI$ ?R\< ITS EXPROPRIATIONS4 ,! L& EXPROPRIAT$ 9 ?IS MANN] WAS GIV5 TO ! AFFILIAT$ PEASANT SECTIONS ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,!SE SECTIONS1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES4 ,! ,C,N,T FE>$ ?AT ! COLLECTIVES1 :I* BY VIRTUE ( !IR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE POLITICAL 9FLU5CE1 W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME TOTALLY IMM]S$ 9 PETTY LOCAL POLITICS1 LOSE !IR REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 & GRADUALLY DEG5]ATE 9TO PUPPETS ( ! /ATE & ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,TO PREV5T ?IS1 ! ,C,N,T SAFEGU>D$ ITS CONTROL BY BUILD+ A NEXUS ( ECONOMIC CONNECTIONS1 RELATIONS1 & SYNDICATES1 P>ALLEL+ ! F$]ATIONS ( COLLECTIVES AT EV]Y LEVEL--LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL4 ,?US ! DI/RICT & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS TOOK ON A TW(OLD *>ACT]--ECONOMIC & SYNDICAL4 

,9 SOME PLACES ! EXPROPRIAT$ L& BECAME PUBLIC 7MUNICIPAL7 PROP]TY4 ,! MUNICIPALITY ALL[$ BO? ! COLLECTIVES & ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 TO USE ! L& 7AS 9 ,AMPO/A74 ,9 O!R >EAS 7,ALCANIZ1 ,MONTBLANC7 ONLY URBAN PROP]TY WAS MUNICIPALIZ$444 

,WAGES V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! SEASON & O!R CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AFT] ! H>VE/ 9 ,VILABOI 444 ! COLLECTIVES 9CREAS$ !IR WEEKLY WAGES TO #he PESETAS4 ,AT ! CLOSE ( #a#i#c#h1 ON ACC\NT ( 9FLATION1 WEEKLY WAGES ROSE TO #ac PESETAS444 ,SOME ( ! COLLECTIVES ADOPT$ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ OR MIX$ SY/EM1.<#g#a.> &1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 HAD NO WAGE SY/EM4 ,EV]YONE HAD ONLY TO WORK ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & PHYSICAL CONDITION TO USE AS MU* AS WAS AVAILABLE4 ,! COMMUNAL D9+ HALLS W]E G5]ALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! CITIES4 ,BUT ! DESIRE = MORE PRIVACY1 A MORE 9TIMATE WAY ( LIFE1 WAS MET BY SWIT*+ TO ! 0FAMILY WAGE40 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 RAIS$ ! PROBLEM ( :AT IS TO BE DONE AB\T S+LE PEOPLE ) NO HOMES4 ,9 ,L]IDA1 A S+LE P]SON WAS ALL[$ #e PESETAS WEEKLY = HIMSELF & ! O!R #be PESETAS = ! COLLECTIVE D9+ HALL4 ,A M>RI$ MAN )\T *ILDR5 WAS ALL[$ #f PESETAS & #g IF HE HAD *ILDR54 ,9 ,PLA DE ,CABRA1 #e PESETAS P] DAY & #b PESETAS MORE = EA* ADDITIONAL FAMILY MEMB] WAS ALL[$4 ,ORIOLS *ANG$ FROM ! 0COMMUNAL B90 7TAKE :AT Y\ NE$7 TO ! FAMILY WAGE3 HUSB&1 #e PESETAS2 WIFE1 #c PESETAS2 S+LE M5 OV] #ae YE>S ( AGE1 #c PESETAS4 ,9 ,MONZON1 ! >RANGEM5T WAS3 M>RI$ M51 #i PESETAS PLUS #c #a_/#b PESETAS = EA* ADDITIONAL M9OR *ILD4 ,9 ALL COLLECTIVES FULL WAGES W]E PAID DUR+ P]IODS ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 DISABILITY1 ACCID5TS1 ETC4 

,9 ,S]OS S+LE M5 LIV+ ALONE TOOK !IR MEALS 9 ! COLLECTIVE'S D9+ HALL1 & ALSO US$ ITS LAUNDRY S]VICE4 ,HOMES ( NEWLY M>RI$ C\PLES W]E PAID = BY ! COLLECTIVE444 ,9 ,P5ALBA1 NEWLY M>RI$S' HOMES W]E COMPLETELY \TFITT$3 FURNITURE1 L95S1 COOK+ UT5SILS--EV]Y?+ FREE ( *>GE4 ,9 ,SAN ,MATEO1 COOK+ & CLEAN+ S]VICES = S+LE PEOPLE LIV+ ALONE W]E 9 C]TA9 CASES PROVID$ BY ! COLLECTIVES4 

,MANY COLLECTIVES ISSU$ !IR [N CURR5CY4 ,O!RS1 = A C]TA9 TIME1 US$ NO MONEY4 ,MANY SUB/ITUT$ C]TIFICATES & V\*]S = (FICIAL CURR5CY4 ,9 ,P5ALBA1 DRA/IC MEASURES W]E TAK5 TO PREV5T HO>D+ ( MONEY4 ,A SY/EM WAS WORK$ \T :I* OBLIG$ ! COLLECTIVI/ TO SP5D HIS MONEY IMM$IATELY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 BECAUSE ( 9FLATION1 ! VALUE ( MONEY DEPRECIAT$ TO ! PO9T :]E ALL CONFID5CE 9 ! /ABILITY ( ! PESETA EVAPORAT$4 

,9 CONDUCT+ !IR 9T]NAL AFFAIRS1 DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES W]E SCRUPUL\SLY & ZEAL\SLY OBS]V$ 9 ALL ! COLLECTIVES4 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT HELD REGUL> G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+S EV]Y ?REE MON?S TO REVIEW PRODUCTION & ATT5D TO NEW BUS9ESS4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCIL1 & ALL O!R COMMITTEES1 SUBMITT$ FULL REPORTS ON ALL MATT]S4 ,! MEET+ APPROV$1 DISAPPROV$1 MADE CORRECTIONS1 ISSU$ 9/RUCTIONS1 ETC4.<#g#b.> 

,9 ALL COLLECTIVES1 ADMISSION & EXPULSION ( COLLECTIVI/S WAS DECID$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,IF A MEMB] VIOLAT$ ! RULES ( ! COLLECTIVE = ! FIR/ TIME HE WAS REPRIM&$4 ,IF ! (F5SE WAS REPEAT$ HIS CASE WAS REF]R$ TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,ONLY ! ASSEMBLY1 AFT] WEI<+ ALL ! EVID5CE1 C\LD EXPEL A MEMB]4 ,9 ,CU5CA1 DELEGATES ( WORK GR\PS C\LD NOT APPLY SANCTIONS = VIOLATIONS ( WORK RULES4 ,SU* CASES W]E REF]R$ TO ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION1 :I* 9 TURN BR\<T ! CASE BE=E ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY = F9AL DECISION4 ,WORK DELEGATES OR C\NCIL MEMB]S :O EXCE$$ !IR AU?ORITY OR FAIL$ TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! MEMB]S W]E SUSP5D$ OR REMOV$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY444 

,! COLLECTIVES PAID SPECIAL ATT5TION TO HEAL?1 M$ICAL C>E1 & SANITATION--ALL PROVID$ FREE ( *>GE4 ,! ,MASROIG COLLECTIVE PAID ! DOCTOR A YE>LY SAL>Y TO TAKE C>E ( ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,9 ,P5ALBA1 ! DOCTOR1 HIS UNLIC5S$ ASSI/ANT1 & ! VET]9>IAN BELONG$ TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,ALL TREATM5T ( ,>AGON COLLECTIVI/S 9 ! ,G5]AL ,HOSPITAL WAS PAID = BY ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES4 ,GRANADELLA MADE ! SAME >RANGEM5TS ) ! ,B>CELONA ,PEOPLE'S ,HOSPITAL4 

,AS ! W> NE>$ ITS DISA/R\S CONCLUSION1 REFUGEES FROM ! FASCI/ OCCUPI$ >EAS W]E EVACUAT$ TO ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE 9 ! RE>4 ,MANY ?\S&S ( !SE REFUGEES W]E WELCOM$ 9 FULL SOLID>ITY4 ,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE ( ! ,B>CELONA >EA WELCOM$ #f REFUGEES2 ,VILABOI1 #a FAMILIES2 ,AMPO/A 9 ,>AGON H>BOR$ #afb FAMILIES2 ,GRAUS1 #e FAMILIES2 & ,UTIEL %ELT]$ #f FAMILIES EVACUAT$ FROM ! ,C5TRAL 7,MADRID7 FRONT4 

,! COLLECTIVES VOLUNT>ILY CONTRIBUT$ 5ORM\S /OCKS ( PROVISIONS & O!R SUPPLIES TO ! FI<T+ TROOPS4 ,UTIEL S5T #a1#d#i LIT]S ( OIL & #c BU%ELS ( POTATOES TO ! ,MADRID FRONT 79 ADDITION TO HUGE /OCKS ( BEANS1 RICE1 BUCK:EAT1 ETC474 ,PORALES DE ,TUJANA S5T GREAT QUANTITIES ( BREAD1 OIL1 FL\R1 & POTATOES TO ! FRONT1 & EGGS1 MEAT1 & MILK TO ! MILIT>Y HOSPITAL4 

,! EF=TS ( ! COLLECTIVES TAKE ON ADD$ SIGNIFICANCE :5 WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT !IR Y\NGE/ & MO/ VIGOR\S WORK]S W]E FI<T+ 9 ! TR5*ES4 #b MEMB]S ( ! LITTLE COLLECTIVE ( ,VILABOI W]E AT ! FRONT2 FROM ,VIL$ECANS1 #f2 ,AMPO/A1 #c2 & ,CAL&A1 #e4 @>0,WORK]S ON A COLLECTIVIZ$ F>M BR+ 9 ! GRA9 H>VE/40  

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