,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #a3 ,! ,RURAL ,COLLECTIVES 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,ALL P>TICIPANTS & OBS]V]S AGREE ?AT ! EXT5T & NATURE ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES W]E MORE WIDESPREAD & ?OR\< ?AN W]E ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES4 ,(T5 SEP>AT$ FROM ! SEATS ( ,/ATE P[] & ) !IR LONG TRADITION ( RURAL COMMUNISM & MILITANT AGITATION1 ! RURAL COLLECTIVES W]E ABLE TO ?RIVE = A P]IOD ( TIME4 

,! EXT5T TO :I* !ORIES >E VALID CAN BE DET]M9$ ONLY BY ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y >E PRACTICAL4 ,!ORIES ?AT DO NOT CORRESPOND TO ! ACID TE/ ( REAL LIFE >E WORSE ?AN USELESS AS A GUIDE TO ACTION4 ,= ?IS REASON ?IS *APT] CONSI/S ( EYEWITNESS REPORTS FROM A NUMB] ( TYPICAL RURAL COLLECTIVES1 FROM DIRECT CONTACT ) ! L&WORK]S :O MADE ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION A SUCCESS4 ,!SE EXP]I5CES R5EW FAI? 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE1 CREATIVE CAPACITIES ( 0ORD9>Y0 PEOPLE1 TO MAKE & SU/A9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & SUCCESSFULLY TACKLE !IR EV]YDAY PROBLEMS4 ,SPONTANEITY1 SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID 5RI*$ & BROAD5$ !IR LIVES 7IF ONLY = A FEW YE>S & UND] ! CON/ANT ?REAT ( ATTACK74 ,NOR MU/ WE =GET ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION L$ TO MOD]NIZATION ( FACILITIES & ME?ODS1 & CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES = ALL4 ,ALL ?IS1 & MORE1 A*IEV$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES6 

,A ,J\RNEY ,?R\< ,>AGON.<#g#i.>  

 BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

  

,CAL&A 

,! LIB]T>IAN Y\? IS ! MOV+ SPIRIT ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,CAL&A4 ,! ,REVOLUTION RADICALLY ALT]$ ! LIFE/YLE ( ?IS VILLAGE1 & TO ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? BELONGS ALL ! CR$IT = ! 9NOVATIONS 9TRODUC$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i?4 

,AS WE APPROA* ! VILLAGE SQU>E1 WE HE> ! REFRA9 FROM ! !ME SONG ( ! ,REVOLUTION3 0,TO ! ,B>RICADES6 ,TO ! ,B>RICADES6 ,ALL = ! VICTORY ( ! ,CONF$]ATION60 7,C,N,T-,F,A,I IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 0\R ,CONF$]ATION407 ,! Y\? PLAY RECORD+S ( ! OLD AN>*I/ HYMN1 0,HIJOS DEL ,PUEBLO0 70,SONS ( ! ,PEOPLE071 RECALL+ ! H]OIC /RUGGLES ( PA/ C5TURIES4 

,ON ! VILLAGE SQU>E1 FAC+ ! *UR*1 /&S A NEW GRANITE F\NTA94 ,ON ITS BASE1 5GRAV$ 9 BOLD LETT]S1 IS ! 9SCRIPTION3 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,J,J,L,L0 7,J,J,L,L IS ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? ORGANIZATION74 ,! F\NTA9 IS ! PRIDE ( ! VILLAGE1 ]ECT$ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE BY ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S AS SKET*$ \T BY ! Y\NG AN>*I/S4 

,( ! #d1#e 9HABITANTS1 #c1#e BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION >E ORGANIZ$ ON LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,AL?\< !RE W]E NO SU* ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,CAL&A BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 #a#i#c#f1 ! AN>*I/S PRACTIC$ TOL]ANCE & WELCOM$ ! REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ GR\PS4 

,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVI/S & ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 7SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS7 >E CORDIAL4 ,!RE >E TWO CAFES3 ! COLLECTIVE'S CAFE S]VES FREE C(FEE & 9 ! O!R CAFE ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 HAVE TO PAY = !IR C(FEE4 ,! COLLECTIVE OP]ATES A B>B] %OP1 GIV+ FREE HAIRCUTS & 7IF DESIR$7 FREE %AVES TWICE WEEKLY4 

,MONEY IS ABOLI%$ & HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY V\*]S4 ,FOOD1 MEAT1 & ALL O!R PROVISIONS >E DI/RIBUT$ 9 QUANTITY :5 PL5TIFUL OR EQUITABLY RATION$ :5 9 %ORT SUPPLY4 ,! COLLECTIVE ALL[S #e LIT]S ( W9E P] P]SON WEEKLY4 ,M$ICAL C>E & M$IC9ES >E FREE4 ,EV5 PO/AGE /AMPS >E FREE4 ,!RE IS NO R5T4 ,H\S+1 BUILD+ REPAIRS1 WAT]1 GAS1 ELECTRICITY--ALL >E SUPPLI$ GRATIS1 NOT ONLY TO ! COLLECTIVI/S BUT ALSO TO ! 09DIVIDUALI/S40 ,! VILLAGE G5]ATES ITS [N P[] FROM A WAT]FALL4 ,!RE IS NO SC>CITY ( CLO?+4 ,BY >RANGEM5T ) A ,B>CELONA TEXTILE PLANT1 OIL IS EX*ANG$ = CLO?1 DRESSES1 ETC4 ,G>M5TS >E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ROTATION TO #d P]SONS DAILY4 

,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL CONSI/S ( #f MEMB]S1 #c FROM ! ,C,N,T & #c FROM ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,! Y\? >E V]Y ACTIVE4 ,!Y HAVE BUILT PUBLIC BA?S1 A LIBR>Y1 CONDUCT$ CULTURAL EV5TS1 ETC4 ,C9EMA IS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,EXCEPT = SOME SMALL %OPS ?AT PREF] TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T1 EV]Y?+ IS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,! L& IS WORK$ BY TEAMS ( T51 EA* TEAM CULTIVAT+ A ZONE4 ,EV]Y TEAM *OOSES ITS [N DELEGATES4 ,! WORK TEAMS >E FREELY =M$ BY 0AFF9ITY40.<#h.> ,! BANK WAS CLOS$ D[N1 & ! ASSETS ( #g1 PESETAS CONFISCAT$ BY ! MUNICIPALITY TO PUR*ASE SUPPLIES4 

,! %[PLACE ( ! COLLECTIVE IS ! NEWLY ORGANIZ$ ,F]R] 7LIB]T>IAN PROGRESSIVE7 ,S*OOL1 H\S$ 9 AN OLD CONV5T4 ,! COLLECTIVE REQUE/$ ! S]VICES ( #a MORE TEA*]S FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,S*OOL SUPPLIES1 DESKS1 /OOLS1 & O!R EQUIPM5T >E DONAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! S*OOL IS EQUIPP$ ) A HAT*]Y & GRE5H\SES4 ,FROM A COMP>ATIVE H&FUL ( PRIVILEG$ *ILDR51 ! S*OOL N[ ACCOMMODATES #a1#b#c#c PUPILS4 ,GIFT$ *ILDR5 >E S5T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! COLLECTIVE TO ! HI< S*OOL 9 ,CASPE4 ,! ,CAL&A MILITIAM5 VOLUNT>ILY S5D !IR SAV+S NOT TO RELATIVES BUT TO !IR COMMUNAL FAMILY1 ! COLLECTIVE4 

,MUNIESA 

,! #a1#g 9HABITANTS ( ,MUNIESA FELT NO GREAT URGE TO COLLECTIVIZE BE=E ,JULY #a#i?4 ,!RE W]E NO ,FASCI/ ?REATS 9 ! >EA & !RE HAD BE5 NO FI<T+4 ,!RE HAD BE5 NO BIG L&LORDS 7& CONSEQU5TLY NO EXPROPRIATIONS74 ,!RE W]E ONLY POOR PEASANTS /RUGGL+ H>D TO EKE \T A LIV+ FROM !IR SMALL PROP]TIES4 

,BUT AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 A NEW SPIRIT %OOK ,MUNIESA \T ( ITS LE?>GY4 ,! MOV+ SPIRIT ( ! NEW ORD] WAS ,JOAQU9 ,VALI5TE4 ,HE HAD LIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA = #ag YE>S & !RE CAME TO KN[ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,MUNIESA A CONV9C$ AN>*I/ & FI]Y EXPON5T ( ! 0NEW0 IDEOLOGY4 ,HIS PROPOSAL TO COLLECTIVIZE FELL ON FRUITFUL GR\ND4 ,?+S HAD NOT BE5 GO+ WELL = ! PEASANTS & !Y HAD BECOME RECEPTIVE TO *ANGE--!Y DECID$ TO COLLECTIVIZE4 ,JOAQU9 ,VALI5TE 444 WAS ELECT$ MAYOR4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ COMMUNE WAS ORGANIZ$ AT A G5]AL MEET+ ( ! VILLAG]S4 ,VALI5TE PRESID$4 ,ON ! TABLE LAY AN OP5 COPY ( ,KROPOTK9'S CLASSIC1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4 ,ONE ( ! MEMB]S READ AL\D EXTRACTS FROM ! BOOK4 0,H]E IS ! NEW GOSPEL6 ,H]E1 9 BLACK & :ITE1 IS WRITT5 H[ TO 9/ITUTE WELL-BE+ = ALL60 

,BREAD1 MEAT1 OIL1 W9E1 & C]TA9 O!R PRODUCTS W]E DI/RIBUT$ GRATIS FROM ! COMMUNITY C5T] :]E ! PEASANTS DEPOSIT$ !IR PRODUCTS4 ,BUT MANY COMMODITIES HAD TO BE PUR*AS$ ELSE:]E4 ,! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL DID ! %OPP+ = EV]YONE1 BUY+ 9 QUANTITY4 ,IT WAS DECID$ ?AT !SE SUPPLEM5T>Y SUPPLIES 7ASIDE FROM GOODS IT WAS DECID$ %\LD BE FREE7 %\LD BE PAID = BY ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSUM]S4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 ! ,C\NCIL PR9T$ #a1 PESETAS 9 LOCAL CURR5CY 7NOT NEGOTIABLE ANY:]E ELSE74 ,TO BUY :ATEV] SUPPLEM5T>Y COMMODITIES !Y WANT$ FROM ! COMMUNE1 EV]Y ADULT MAN & WOMAN WAS ALLOTT$ ONE PESETA1 & *ILDR5 #e C5TIMES1 P] DAY4 

0,>E Y\ NOT AFRAID10 ,I ASK$1 0?AT UNLIMIT$ QUANTITIES ( FREE W9E WILL LEAD TO EXCESSIVE DR9K+80 

0,BY NO MEANS4 ,NO ONE GETS DRUNK H]E4 ,WE HAVE BE5 LIV+ UND] ?IS SY/EM = A YE>1 & EV]YONE IS SATISFI$4440 

,( ! #a1 PESETAS 9 LOCAL MONEY1 ONLY #a#a1 >E CIRCULAT$4 ,! REMA9+ #h#i1 PESETAS >E HELD 9 RES]VE BY ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS LOCAL CURR5CY IS ONLY A TOK5 ( EX*ANGE & C>RIES NO 9T]E/4 ,EV]YONE IS 7AS NOT$ ABOVE7 ALLOTT$ AN EQUAL SUM4 ,NO ONE DREAMS ( HO>D+ BECAUSE NO ONE CAN ACCUMULATE CAPITAL4 

,! GREATE/ PROBLEM ( ! VILLAGE ELD]S IS ! $UCATION ( ! *ILDR54 ,!RE >E NO TEA*]S NOR SUFFICI5T $UCATIONAL SUPPLIES4 ,! COMMUNE IS WILL+ TO DO ANY?+ TO ATTRACT TEA*]S4 ,! TEA*]S' UNION 9 ,B>CELONA PROMIS$ TO S5D TEA*]S4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 TWO VILLAG]S >E1 AT LEA/1 TEA*+ ! OLD] *ILDR5 TO READ & WRITE4 

,E>LY 9 ! EV5+1 AS ,I & MY TRAVEL+ COMPANION RECL9$ 9 \R IMPROVIS$ LODG+ 7WE LEFT NEXT MORN+71 ,I REM>K$3  
  

,E>LY 9 ?IS C5TURY1 SOME SOCIOLOGI/S & ECONOMI/S ?\<T ?AT SOCIALISM WAS REALIZABLE2 O!RS ?AT IT WAS ONLY A UTOPIAN DREAM4 ,:5 WE SEE ) :AT CONFID5CE1 D$ICATION1 & PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE ! PEASANTS ( ?IS VILLAGE1 ?R\< !IR COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 >E1 )\T COMPULSION1 CREAT+ A NEW & BETT] LIFE 9 A FREE COMMUNE !SE ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS SEEM S+UL>LY AB/RACT & UNREALI/IC3 ,! PEASANTS KN[ NO?+ AB\T !ORY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !IR HEAL?Y COMMON S5SE1 CONFIRM$ BY !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 TELLS ?AT MORE CAN BE A*IEV$ BY WORK+ TOGE!R ?AN ALONE4 ,& ?IS SAME ?+ IS TAK+ PLACE 9 HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES ALL OV] ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9444  
  

,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA 

,! ,>AGON VILLAGE ( ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA IS LOCAT$ NOT F> FROM ! ,CATALONIAN BORD]4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ,MUNIESA1 ! PEASANTS KN[ V]Y LITTLE AB\T POLITICS OR SOCIALI/ !ORIES4 ,BUT1 AS 9 SO MANY O!R PLACES1 ! L&LESS AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & ! SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS R\T$ ! LOCAL FASCI/S & ORGANIZ$ !IR COLLECTIVE4 ,?+S W]E >RANG$ TOO HA/ILY & MI/AKES W]E MADE1 BUT AFT] A YE> UND] ! NEW SY/EM CONDITIONS IMPROV$ GREATLY4 0,?+S >E BETT] N[10 SAID AN OLD PEASANT4 0,BE=E WE W]E ALWAYS ON ! BR9K ( />VATION2 N[ WE HAVE PL5TY TO EAT & O!R ?+S GRATIS4440 

,BY #g A4M41 ! VILLAGE IS AT WORK4 ,A WOMAN SUFF]+ FROM RHEUMATISM COMES TO ! COMMUNITY C5T]4 ,%E WANTS TRAVEL EXP5SES TO ,L]IDA TO CONSULT A SPECIALI/4 ,AL?\< MONEY WAS ABOLI%$ )9 ! VILLAGE1 ! COMMUNE RES]VES CA% = NECESS>Y \TSIDE S]VICES4 ,! VILLAGE CL]K ASKS H]1 0,HAVE Y\ A DOCTOR'S C]TIFICATE80 0,NO40 0,!N ,I CANNOT GIVE Y\ MONEY = TRANSPORTATION4 ,! G5]AL MEET+ RUL$ ?AT TRAVEL FUNDS WILL BE PROVID$ ONLY :5 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! VILLAGE PHYSICIAN40 ,! WOMAN LEAVES TO GET AU?ORIZATION FROM ! VILLAGE DOCTOR4 ,! CL]K EXPLA9S 0,BE=E1 H>DLY ANYONE W5T TO ! CITY 7,L]IDA71 BUT N[ ?AT IT CO/S' !M NO?+1 EV]YBODY SUDD5LY F9DS REASONS TO GO40 ,P]HAPS ! CL]K IS TOO /RICT4 ,ANYH[1 ! DOCTOR WILL DECIDE4 

,DOCTOR ,JOSE ,M>IA ,PUEYO1 A MIDDLE-AG$ MAN FROM ,S>AGOSSA N[ LIVES 9 ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA4 ,HE HAS BE5 TREAT+ ! VILLAG]S = #ab YE>S1 & UND]/&S !IR PHYSICAL CONDITION & HEAL? NE$S4 ,DR4 ,PUEYO IS A LIB]AL1 BUT BELONGS TO NO P>TY4 ,HE IS WELL LIK$4 ,H]E 9 ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA1 AS 9 MANY O!R ,SPANI% VILLAGES1 HEAL? C>E WAS CU/OM>ILY PROVID$ BY PAY+ ! DOCTOR A /IPULAT$ YE>LY SUM444 ,AFT] COLLECTIVIZATION1 ! SITUATION WAS RADICALLY ALT]$4 ,S9CE MONEY WAS ABOLI%$1 WE ASK$ ,DR4 ,PUEYO3 

0,H[ >E Y\ PAID80 

0,! COLLECTIVE TAKES C>E ( ME40 

0,SURELY Y\ HAVE O!R NE$S ?AN EAT+1 DR9K+1 & BE+ CLO!D4 ,Y\ NE$ M$ICAL 9/RUM5TS1 BOOKS1 & MANY O!R ?+S40 

0,! COLLECTIVE TAKES C>E ( ALL ?IS1 JU/ AS 9 CITY HOSPITALS :]E ! MANAGEM5T PROVIDES ! DOCTOR ) ALL SUPPLIES & S]VICES4440 

,DR4 ,PUEYO %[S US SOME NEW M$ICAL BOOKS4 ,HE HAD SP5T A FEW DAYS 9 ,B>CELONA :]E HE B\<T EV]Y?+ HE NE$$ AT ! COLLECTIVE'S EXP5SE4 ,S9CE !RE IS NO PH>MACY 9 ! VILLAGE1 ! DOCTOR FILLS HIS [N PRESCRIPTIONS & SUPPLIES PATI5TS ) O!R M$ICAL NECESSITIES4 

0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 DOCTOR80 

0,COLLECTIVIZATION1 9 MY OP9ION1 IS MORALLY SUP]IOR TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT ASSURES ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,! NEW SY/EM IS NOT YET P]FECT$444 ,! PR9CIPAL %ORTCOM+S SPR+ FROM ! UNEV5 RATE ( DEVELOPM5T444 ,:ILE ! CITIES RETA9$ ! MONEY SY/EM1 MO/ ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVES ABOLI%$ MONEY4 ,MANY VILLAGES ISSU$ !IR [N CURR5CY3 ,?IS IS V]Y IMPRACTICAL4 ,IF MONEY IS TO BE ABOLI%$1 IT %\LD BE ABOLI%$ EV]Y:]E1 ALL OV] ,SPA94 ,IF MONEY IS RETA9$ !RE MU/ BE A FIX$1 UNI=M CURR5CY1 NEGOTIABLE EV]Y:]E4 ,ISSU+ LOCAL MONEY = DIFF]5T LOCALITIES IS NOT PRACTICAL4 ,I REPEAT3 FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 MONEY %\LD BE ABOLI%$1 & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR TO CAPITALISM4440 

,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 :ILE ON \R WAY TO VISIT ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,B>BA/RO1 WE TALK$ AB\T A COLLECTIVIZ$ ECONOMY & ,I REF]R$ TO \R CONV]SATION ) ,DR4 ,PUEYO3  
  

0,DR4 ,PUEYO'S CRITICISM ( COLLECTIVISM IS WELL GR\ND$ ONLY 9S(> AS IT CONC]NS ! NE$ = A UNI=M CURR5CY ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,BUT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNI=M ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DE/ROYS FRE$OM & LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ECONOMIC TOTALIT>IANISM444 ,ECONOMIC V>IETY1 = EXAMPLE COEXI/5CE ( COLLECTIVE & PRIVATELY CONDUCT$ 5T]PRISES.<#h#a.>1 WILL NOT ADV]SELY AFFECT ! ECONOMY1 BUT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRUE MANIFE/ATION & ! 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITE = A FREE SOCIETY4 ,BUT REGIM5TATION1 ! IMPOSITION ( A UNI=M ECONOMIC SY/EM BY & = ! B5EFIT ( ! /ATE1 LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SLAV]Y4440  

,! ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,GRAUS.<#h#b.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL & ,AL>DO ,PRATS 

  

,GRAUS IS A DI/RICT SITUAT$ 9 ! M\NTA9\S NOR!RN P>T ( ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 A REGION LESS SUITABLE = SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE ?AN >E ! VILLAGES ( S\!RN ,>AGON ?AT ,I HAVE SE54 ,9 ?IS ISOLAT$ NOR!RN REGION1 PROGRESS IS SL[ 9 COM+4 ,NEW IDEAS HAVE H>DLY P5ETRAT$ !SE LONELY HILLS1 M\NTA9S1 & VALLEYS ( ,>AGON444 ,! DI/RICT CONSI/S ( =TY-?REE VILLAGES & YET V]Y FEW >E DISPOS$ TO ACCEPT L>GE-SCALE COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,ONLY ONE1 ,SECA/IGLIA1 IS FULLY COLLECTIVIZ$444 ,T5 O!RS >E ONLY HALF SOCIALIZ$4 

,! PLACE ?AT ,I HAD TIME TO /UDY BE/ IS ! VILLAGE ( ,GRAUS1 ! CAPITAL ( ! DI/RICT1 :I* ,I VISIT$ 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#g4 ,AL?\< ITS POPULATION IS ONLY #b1#f1 ,GRAUS IS MORE LIKE A CITY ?AN A VILLAGE3 ,IT IS SITUAT$ AT ! 9T]SECTION ( MANY ROADS & IS A RELATIVELY IMPORTANT COMM]CIAL C5T]1 ) MANY SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS S]V+ ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,= LACK ( GOOD L&1 AGRICULTURE IS ( RELATIVELY LITTLE IMPORTANCE4 ,AS ( ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 #d.0 ( ! WORK+ POPULATION WAS 5GAG$ 9 COMM]CE4 ,! RE/ W]E 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE4 ,TW5TY P]C5T ( ! L& IS IRRIGAT$4 ,! MA9 CROPS >E C]EALS1 GRAPES = W9E1 OLIVES & OLIVE OIL1 ALMONDS1 & VEGETABLES4 ,AB\T ONE-F\R? ( ! Y\NG WORK]S LEFT TO WORK 9 ,CATALONIA OR 9 ,FRANCE & ALMO/ AS MANY Y\NG GIRLS WORK$ AS DOME/ICS 9 ! CITIES OR ABROAD4 ,! LIV+ /&>DS ( V>I\S WORK+ LAY]S ( ! POPULATION V>I$ GREATLY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A ME*ANIC WAS PAID MORE ?AN TWICE AS MU* AS AN AGRICULTURAL LABOR]4 

,GUID$ BY \R COMRADES1 ! ANTI-FASCI/S BOLDLY 9TRODUC$ RADICAL SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,! FAMILY WAGE WAS 9/ITUT$ IMM$IATELY1 ASSUR+ EQUAL PAY & EQUAL RI<TS = ALL4 ,A M>RI$ C\PLE RECEIV$ #b PESETAS P] DAY1 PLUS ONE PESETA P] DAY = EA* ADDITIONAL FAMILY MEMB]4 ,A MON? LAT]1 C\PONS DIVID$ 9TO UNITS ( V>I\S D5OM9ATIONS BECAME ! PREVAIL+ M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,MU* LAT]1 ! RELATIVE COMM]CIAL IMPORTANCE ( ,GRAUS AS A TRAD+ C5T] MADE NECESS>Y ! RE/ORATION ( ! PESETA1 ! (FICIAL CURR5CY ( ,SPA91 AS ! MEASUREM5T ( ALL \TSIDE TRANSACTIONS4 ,BUT ! COLLECTIVE CONT9U$ TO ISSUE ITS [N CURR5CY VALID 9 /RICTLY LOCAL TRANSACTIONS4 

,P>TIALLY CONTROLL$ E/ABLI%M5TS W]E SOON FULLY SOCIALIZ$4 ,COOP]ATIVE COMMUNAL M>KETS REPLAC$ PRIVATELY-[N$ RETAIL %OPS4 ,A TEXTILE1 HAB]DA%]Y1 & CLO?+ C5T] REPLAC$ #bc \T ( ! #be SMALL %OPS4 ,TW5TY-FIVE OR #c PRIVATELY-[N$ RETAIL FOOD %OPS W]E CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO ONE FOOD M>KET4 ,TWO ( ! #c %OE %OPS W]E COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,TWO H>DW>E /ORES W]E CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO ONE4 ,F\R BAK]IES & BREAD DEPOTS W]E M]G$ 9TO #b1 & 9/EAD ( #c BAK]Y OV5S1 #a WAS SUFFICI5T = ALL NE$S4 

,AS 9 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 SIMIL> PROC$URES W]E APPLI$ TO AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ,GRAUS1 AS 9 MANY O!R PLACES 9 ,>AGON1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D SOCIALIZATION WAS ORGANIZATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE FIR/ TACKL$ ! MO/ URG5T PROBLEMS3 H>VE/+1 PLANT+1 OV]COM+ ! %ORTAGE ( Y\NG WORK]S 7MANY W]E AWAY FI<T+ ON ! ,>AGON FRONT71 & /ILL GETT+ MAXIMUM YIELDS FROM ! L&4 ,?ANKS TO ! /R5U\S EF=T & 9ITIATIVE ( ! COMRADES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T1 BETT] PL[S & /RONG] HORSES W]E PROCUR$1 & O!R IMPROVEM5TS W]E MADE4 ,! L& WAS CLE>$ & FIELDS S[N ) CORN4 ,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE WAS E/ABLI%$ ON ,OCTOB] #a#f?1 #a#i#c#f1 #c MON?S AFT] ! FASCI/ ASSAULT WAS REPULS$4 ,ON ! SAME DAY1 TRANSPORTATION WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ & O!R NEW COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E S*$UL$ BY ! TWO UNIONS1 ! ,C,N,T 7LIB]T>IAN7 & ,U,G,T 7SOCIALI/74 ,PR9T%OPS W]E SOCIALIZ$ ON ,NOV4 #b#d?1 FOLL[$ #b DAYS LAT] BY %OE /ORES & BAK]IES4 ,COMM]CE1 M$IC9E1 PH>MACIES1 HORSE%O]S' & BLACKSMI?S' E/ABLI%M5TS1 W]E ALL COLLECTIVIZ$ ,DECEMB] #a/1 & CAB9ET MAK]S & C>P5T]S ON ,DECEMB] #a#a?4 ,?US ALL SOCIAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES W]E GRADUALLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]444 

,!RE WAS NO =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVES WAS 5TIRELY VOLUNT>Y1 & GR\PS C\LD SEC$E FROM ! COLLECTIVE IF !Y SO DESIR$4 ,BUT EV5 IF ISOLATION W]E POSSIBLE1 ! OBVI\S B5EFITS ( ! COLLECTIVE W]E SO GREAT ?AT ! RI<T TO SEC$E WAS SELDOM1 IF EV]1 9VOK$4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE :I* 9ITIAT$ COLLECTIVIZATION BECAME ! COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE AFT] ! COLLECTIVE WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,) ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 AS REQUIR$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,COMMITTEE WAS DISSOLV$ 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL WAS COMPOS$ ( #d C\NCILM5 FROM ! ,C,N,T & #d FROM ! ,U,G,T4 ,A REPUBLICAN WORK] :O ACT$ AS MAYOR WAS ELECT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T W]E CORDIAL ) NO FRICTION4 ,?US FAVORITISM WAS AVOID$ & H>MONY ASSUR$4 ,! MAYOR'S PO/ WAS MO/LY C]EMONIAL4 ,HE HAD NO REAL P[] & C\LD ONLY C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! TWO UNIONS ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,C\NCIL4 ,! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL REPRES5T$ ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T2 IT MOBILIZ$ SOLDI]S = ! W>1 FURNI%$ ID5TIFICATION PAP]S = ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 ETC4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE WAS 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T & ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL DID NOT 9T]F]E ) ANY ( ITS FUNCTIONS4 ,?IS WAS TRUE 9 ALMO/ ALL COLLECTIVES4.<#h#c.> 

,N9ETY P]C5T ( ALL PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ EX*ANGE & DI/RIBUTION1 WAS COLLECTIVELY [N$4 7,! REMA9+ #a.0 WAS PRODUC$ BY PETTY PEASANT L& HOLD]S47 ,! COLLECTIVE'S COORD9AT+ FUNCTIONS W]E CONDUCT$ BY AN #h MEMB] ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION4 ,?IS WAS DIVID$ 9TO #h DEP>TM5TS1 EA* HEAD$ BY A HI<LY QUALIFI$ SECRET>Y1 DELEGAT$ = NO SET T]M ( (FICE BY ! RANK & FILE MEMB]%IP ( ! TWO UNIONS4 ,BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T W]E EQUALLY REPRES5T$ ON ! ,COMMISSION--#d = EA* UNION4 ,ALL DELEGATES W]E SUBJECT TO 9/ANT RECALL BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! DEP>TM5TS W]E3 ,CULTURE & ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?1 ,/ATI/ICS & ,LABOR1 ,9DU/RY1 ,TRANSPORTATION & ,COMMUNICATIONS444 

,9 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 EA* FACTORY & WORK%OP SELECT$ A DELEGATE :O MA9TA9$ P]MAN5T RELATIONS ) ! ,LABOR SECRET>IAT1 REPORT+ BACK TO & ACT+ ON ! 9/RUCTIONS ( HIS CON/ITU5TS4.<#h#d.> 

,ACC\NTS & /ATI/ICS = EA* TRADE & 5T]PRISE W]E COMPIL$ BY ! /ATI/ICAL & G5]AL ACC\NT+ DEP>TM5T1 ?US GIV+ AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( ! OP]ATIONS ( EA* ORGANIZATION & ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,! LI/ ?AT ,I SAW 9CLUD$3 DR9K+ WAT]1 BOTTLE MAK+1 C>P5TRY1 MATTRESS MAK+1 :EELWRI<TS1 PHOTOGRAPHY1 SILK MILLS1 C&Y1 PORK BUT*]%OPS1 DI/ILL]IES1 ELECTRICITY1 OIL1 BAK]IES1 HAIRDRESS]S & BEAUTY P>LORS1 SOAP MAK]S1 H\SE PA9T+1 T9W>E1 SEW+ MA*9ES1 %OPS & REPAIRS1 PR9T+1 BUILD+ SUPPLIES1 H>DW>E1 TILE %OPS1 DAIRIES1 BICYCLE REPAIRS1 ETC4 

,EV]Y?+ WAS COORD9AT$ BO? 9 PRODUCTION & 9 DI/RIBUTION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! T9Y PRIVATELY-[N$ LIQUOR & S(T DR9K BOTTL+ 5T]PRISES HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ & 9/ALL$ 9 A S+LE UP-TO-DATE BUILD+4 ,!RE !Y BOTTL$ W9E1 LEMONADE1 SODA WAT]1 BE]1 & LIQUORS UND] ! MO/ SANIT>Y CONDITIONS1 AT LESS CO/ & BETT] QUALITY ?AN BE=E COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,ONE MAY HAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! K9D ( IDYLLIC REGIME DEVELOP$ 9 ,GRAUS WAS TOO IMPRACTICAL & WAS B\ND TO COLLAPSE4 ,BUT ?IS WAY ( LIFE WAS BAS$ NOT UPON FANTASY BUT ON A SOLID ORGANIZATION1 P]FECTLY BALANC$ COORD9AT$ & 9 H>MONY ) PRACTICAL NE$S1 RES\RCES1 & POT5TIALITIES444 ,EV]Y?+ WAS SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,EXACT /ATI/IC W]E COMPIL$ ON ! H\RLY1 DAILY1 & YE>LY CONDITION & POSSIBILITIES ( EA* BRAN* ( 9DU/RY1 ?US 9SUR+ ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( COORD9ATION4 

,! COLLECTIVE MOD]NIZ$ 9DU/RY1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION1 TURN$ \T BETT] PRODUCTS1 & IMPROV$ PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! COLLECTIVE 9/ALL$ UP-TO-DATE MA*9]Y = ! EXTRACTION ( OLIVE OIL & CONV]SION ( ! RESIDUE 9TO SOAP4 ,IT PUR*AS$ TWO BIG ELECTRIC WA%+ MA*9ES1 ONE = ! HOSPITAL & ! O!R = ! COLLECTIVIZ$ HOTEL444 ,?R\< MORE EFFICI5T CULTIVATION & ! USE ( BETT] F]TILIZ]S1 PRODUCTION ( POTATOES 9CREAS$ #e.0 7?REE-QU>T]S ( ! CROP WAS SOLD TO ,CATALONIA 9 EX*ANGE = O!R COMMODITIES444 7 & ! PRODUCTION ( SUG> BEETS & FE$ = LIVE/OCK D\BL$4 ,PREVI\SLY UNCULTIVAT$ SMALL] PLOTS ( GR\ND W]E US$ TO PLANT #d FRUIT TREES1 444 & !RE W]E A HO/ ( O!R 9T]E/+ 9NOVATIONS4 ,?R\< ?IS USE ( BETT] MA*9]Y & *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S &1 BY NO MEANS LEA/1 ?R\< ! 9TRODUCTION ( VOLUNT>Y COLLECTIVE LABOR1 ! YIELD P] HECT>E WAS #e.0 GREAT] ON COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ?AN ON 9DIVIDUALLY WORK$ L&4 ,!SE EXAMPLES F9ALLY 9DUC$ MANY MORE 9DIVIDUALI/S TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE4 

,I SAW MANY O!R REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES4 ,9 ! CONV]T$ CORSET FACTORY GIRLS S[$ %IRTS & UND]WE> = ! MILITIAM5 :ILE S++ REVOLUTION>Y HYMNS 9 HONOR ( ,DURRUTI1 KILL$ ON ! ,MADRID FRONT444 ,!SE GIRLS W]E NOT OBLIG$ TO WORK--!Y W]E COV]$ BY ! FAMILY WAGE--BUT NEV]!LESS DONAT$ !IR LABOR = ! COMMON CAUSE444,) 9CREAS$ \TPUT ! FAMILY WAGE HAD ALSO BE5 9CREAS$ BY #a#e.04 ,! 9CREASE WAS ALL ! MORE MEAN+FUL :5 WE CONSID] ?AT H\S+ WAS FREE1 GAS & ELECTRIC RATES HAD BE5 CUT #e.01 & M$ICAL TREATM5T & M$IC9ES HAD BE5 FREE S9CE !SE S]VICES HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 ,M5 OV] #f W]E EXEMPT FROM WORK ) FULL PAY BUT !Y REFUS$ TO /AY PUT & 9SI/$ ON DONAT+ !IR LABOR :]E MO/ NE$$4 ,FULL WAGES W]E PAID TO ! UNEMPLOY$1 #eb WEEKS A YE>4 ,AS ONE ORGANIZ] 9 ,GRAUS TOLD ME1 0,WORK OR NO WORK1 PEOPLE MU/ EAT4440 

,BE=E ! ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 FASCI/ ATTACK1 ANIMAL HUSB&RY 9 ,GRAUS WAS NEGLECT$ 9 FAVOR ( COMM]CE4 ,BUT ) ! LESS5+ ( TRAFFIC BECAUSE ( 9T]RUPT$ COMMUNICATIONS ) ! RE/ ( ,>AGON1 ! COLLECTIVE TURN$ TO ! 9T5SIVE RAIS+ ( LIVE/OCK4.<#h#e.> 

,9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! T[N1 FIR/ CLASS PIGG]IES HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ CONTA9+ AB\T #b1 ANIMALS4 ,9 ,>AGON AS WELL AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ,SPA9 ! PIG IS ONE ( ! BASIC FAMILY /APLES4 ,PIG KILL+ IS AN 9/ITUTION ( SOME /&+4.<#h#f.> ,9 ! W9T] EA* FAMILY IS GIV5 A PIG4 ,FE$+ ( ! ANIMALS IS CONDUCT$ ON /RICT SCI5TIFIC L9ES4 ,I ASK$ ! COMRADES 9 *>GE ( PIG & CATTLE RAIS+ :AT ME?ODS !Y US$ & !Y TOLD ME ?AT AFT] V>I\S EXP]IM5TS !Y DECID$ TO ADOPT ! SY/EM US$ 9 ,*ICAGO4 

,9 O!R DI/RICTS \TSIDE ! CITY O!R BRE$+ E/ABLI%M5TS HAVE SET UP *ICK5 F>MS ) RESE>* LABORATORIES4 ,! MA9 C5T] OCCUPIES ! SITE ( AN OLD CAMP4 ,! MO/ V>I$ K9D ( F[L >E TO BE F\ND 9 ?IS E/ABLI%M5T4 ,AB\T #a1 ANIMALS WILL BE BR$ BY NEXT FALL4 

,ALL SY/EMS >E COMPLETELY NEW4 ,! HEAD ( ?IS E/ABLI%M5T 9V5T$ A NEW TYPE ( 9CUBATOR ) 5ORM\S YIELD+ P[]S4 ,?\S&S ( BABY *ICKS JUMP >\ND 9 SPECIALLY HEAT$ ROOMS1 AS WELL AS DUCKL+S & GEESE4 ,OBS]V]S FROM ALL P>TS ( ,>AGON VISIT ?IS UNIQUE LABORATORY TO LE>N ! NEW ME?ODS4 

,:5 A COLLECTIVI/ WANTS TO M>RY1 HE IS GIV5 A WEEK'S HOLIDAY ) FULL PAY4 ,! COLLECTIVE'S COOP]ATIVE PROVIDES A H\SE COMPLETELY EQUIPP$ & FURNI%$4 ,ALL ! S]VICES ( ! COLLECTIVE >E AVAILABLE TO ! COLLECTIVI/4 ,FROM BIR? TO DEA? HE IS PROTECT$4 ,HIS RI<TS >E RESPECT$ & HIS OBLIGATIONS >E VOLUNT>ILY ASSUM$4 ,ALL DECISIONS AFFECT+ HIM & HIS FELL[ WORK]S >E DEMOCRATICALLY MADE 9 ! FULL & OP5 ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! COLLECTIVI/S444 ,*ILDR5 >E GIV5 SPECIAL ATT5TION4 ,!Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO WORK UNTIL !Y REA* ! M9IMUM AGE ( #a#d444 ,PREGNANT WOM5 >E ACCORD$ ! MO/ T5D] PRE-NATAL C>E444 

,EV]Y FAMILY IS ALLOTT$ A PIECE ( L& = ITS [N USE1 BE IT TO RAISE SOME *ICK5S1 RABBITS1 OR :ATEV]4 ,SE$ & F]TILIZ] >E ALSO PROVID$ TO GR[ VEGETABLES4 ,!RE IS NO LONG] ANY NE$ TO EMPLOY HIR$ LABOR NOR IS IT ANY LONG] NECESS>Y = Y\NG GIRLS TO SEEK EMPLOYM5T AS S]VANTS 9 ,CATALONIA OR 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! COLLECTIVE HAS MADE TRULY REM>KABLE PROGRESS 9 RAIS+ ! /&>D ( LIV+ BY #e.0 TO #a.0 9 A FEW MON?S4 ,& ?IS IS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE 9 ?AT ?IS WAS A*IEV$ UND] ! /RESS ( W> & 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! Y\NGE/ & MO/ ACTIVE WORK]S1 N[ 9 ! >M$ =CES4 ,?IS MIRACLE IS DUE NOT ONLY TO COLLECTIVE 5?USIASM BUT ALSO TO A BETT] & MORE ECONOMICAL USE ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR & RES\RCES444 ,BE> 9 M9D ?AT #d.0 ( ! WORK =CE1 =M]LY 5GAG$ 9 SOCIALLY USELESS ACTIVITY1 IS N[ DIRECT$ TO USEFUL PROJECTS = ! B5EFIT ( ALL444 

,& ! SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY IS NOT CONF9$ TO EA* LITTLE SECTION ( ! COLLECTIVE1 BUT EMBRACES ALL ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY SO ?AT ! UNAVOIDABLE DEFICIT ( ONE BRAN* IS BALANC$ BY ! SURPLUS ( ANO!R BRAN*4 ,= EXAMPLE3 DEFICITS ( HAIRDRESS] & BEAUTY %OPS >E MADE GOOD BY ! MORE PR(ITABLE TRUCK+ 9DU/RY OR ! 5T]PRISES DI/ILL+ ALCOHOL = M$IC9AL & 9DU/RIAL PURPOSES4 

,YET O!R EXAMPLES ( MUTUAL AID3 H>BOR+ #bbd REFUGEES FROM VILLAGES SEIZ$ BY ! FASCI/S 7ONLY #b >E ABLE TO WORK & #ade >E AT ! FI<T+ FRONT74 ,TW5TY-FIVE FAMILIES :OSE BREADW9N]S >E SICK OR P]MAN5TLY DISABL$ RECEIVE ! REGUL> FAMILY WAGE4 ,DESPITE !SE EXTRA EXP5SES1 ! COLLECTIVE HAS BE5 ABLE TO C>RY ?R\< CONSID]ABLE PUBLIC IMPROVEM5TS 7PAV+ ROADS1 5L>G+ & DEEP5+ IRRIGAT+ CANALS1 PROVID+ WAT] P[]1 ETC47444 

,ONE ( ! MO/ POPUL> MEASURES ( ! COLLECTIVE WAS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! HOLD+S ( A L&LORD :O SEAL$ (F1 EV5 TO HIS [N LABOR]S1 ALL ACCESS TO A MAGNIFIC5T /REAM ( CLE> WAT] RUNN+ ?R\< HIS PROP]TY4 ,= ! 5JOYM5T ( ! PUBLIC IT WAS DECID$ TO CON/RUCT A BEAUTIFUL SC5IC ROADWAY SLOP+ G5TLY T[>D ! WAT]WAY 7EV5 ! DEPOS$ L&LORD & HIS =M] EMPLOYES HELP$674 ,:5 ! PROJECT WAS COMPLET$ ) ?AT LOVE = WAT] SO *>ACT]I/IC ( SEMI->ID ,SPA9 7& 9 SO MANY O!R L&S671 ,I READ1 ET*$ 9 GOLD ON ! M>BLE BASE ( A GRACEFUL F\NTA9 SPURT+ CRY/AL CLE> WAT]1 ?IS TRIBUTE TO ! ,REVOLUTION3 ,F\NTA9 ( ,LIB]TY1 ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 

,AS 9 ! O!R COLLECTIVES1 ,GRAUS PAID SPECIAL ATT5TION TO $UCATION4 ,! ,S*OOL ( ,F9E ,>TS WAS ATT5D$ 9 ! AFT]NOON BY ELEM5T>Y S*OOL PUPILS & 9 ! EV5+S BY Y\NG PEOPLE :O WORK$ DUR+ ! DAY4 ,IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! /RIK+ CREATION ( A D$ICAT$ MAN1 AN APO/LE ( CULTURE4 ,! EV5+ SESSION TAU<T *ORAL S++ 7ALWAYS POPUL> 9 ,SPA971 DESIGN1 PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 ETC4 

,:5 ,I VISIT$ ! S*OOL1 #h LITTLE REFUGEES FROM ! ,FRANCO ZONE W]E H\S$ 9 A BEAUTIFUL E/ATE EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE SITUAT$ SOME KILOMET]S FROM ! VILLAGE4 ,TWO MALE TEA*]S & ONE FEMALE TEA*] CONDUCT$ CLASSES1 %AD$ BY ! GREAT TREES4 ,9 ! MA9 DORMITORY ! *ILDR5 SLEPT ON PLA9 BUT CLEAN & COM=TABLE B$S DONAT$ BY ! VILLAG]S4 ,TWO WOM5 PREP>$ DELICI\S MEALS 9 ! VA/ KIT*5S :I* ! WEAL?Y =M] [N]S US$ ONLY A FEW WEEKS A YE>4 ,FOOD1 FURNI%+S1 L951 WAGES ( P]SONNEL1 EV]Y?+ WAS SUPPLI$ GRATIS4 ,! *ILDR5 W]E VISIBLY DELI<T$ ) ?IS PLACE1 ) ITS SPL5DID WOODS FRONT+ ! RIV]1 ITS P>K1 ITS SWIMM+ POOL1 ITS F>MY>D1 & ITS BUILD+S4 ,D\BTLESSLY !Y HAD NEV] KN[N SO BEAUTIFUL A LIFE4 ,IF ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAD BE5 FAVORABLE1 \R COMRADES ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T W\LD HAVE CONV]T$ ?IS VA/ E/ATE 7TILL N[ SO O/5TATI\S1 G>I%1 & HUMANLY /]ILE7 9TO A P]MAN5T COLONY 9 :I* ALL ! *ILDR5 ( ,GRAUS W\LD TAKE TURNS LIV+1 LE>N+1 & 5JOY+ ! :OLESOME AIR & ! SUN%9E444 0,WOMAN ON A COLLECTIVIZ$ F>M40 0,F>M]S ) A NEW ME*ANIZ$ TRACTOR ON A COLLECTIVIZ$ F>M40 0,! GRA9 H>VE/ ) HORSE DRAWN REAP]40  
,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 9 ,ALCORA.<#h#g.>  

 BY ,H4 ,E4 ,KAM9SKI 

  

,! VILLAGE ( ,ALCORA HAS E/ABLI%$ 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM40 ,ONE MU/ NOT ?9K ?AT ?IS SY/EM CORRESPONDS TO SCI5TIFIC !ORIES4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ,ALCORA IS ! WORK ( ! PEASANTS :O COMPLETELY IGNORE ALL ECONOMIC LAWS4 ,! =M :I* !Y HAVE GIV5 TO !IR COMMUNITY CORRESPONDS MORE 9 REALITY TO ! IDEAS ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS ?AN TO ?OSE ( \R 9DU/RIAL EPO*4 ,! PEASANTS WANT TO HAVE 0EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON0 & !Y ?9K ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO A*IEVE EQUALITY = ALL IS TO ABOLI% MONEY4 ,9 FACT MONEY DOES NOT CIRCULATE AMONG !M ANY LONG]4 ,EV]YBODY RECEIVES :AT HE NE$S4 ,FROM :OM8 ,FROM ! ,COMMITTEE1 ( C\RSE4 

,IT IS H[EV] IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVIDE = FIVE ?\S& PEOPLE ?R\< A S+LE C5T] ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,%OPS /ILL EXI/ 9 ,ALCORA :]E IT IS POSSIBLE TO GET :AT IS NECESS>Y AS BE=E4 ,BUT ?OSE %OPS >E ONLY DI/RIBUTION C5T]S4 ,!Y >E ! PROP]TY ( ! :OLE VILLAGE & ! EX-[N]S DO NOT MAKE PR(ITS 9/EAD4 ,! B>B] %AVES ONLY 9 EX*ANGE = A C\PON4 ,! C\PONS >E DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,! PR9CIPLE ACCORD+ TO :I* ! NE$S ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS WILL BE SATISFI$ IS NOT P]FECTLY PUT 9 PRACTICE AS ! C\PONS >E DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! IDEA ?AT EV]YBODY HAS ! SAME NE$S4 ,!RE IS NO 9DIVIDUAL DISCRIM9ATION3 ! FAMILY ALONE IS RECOGNIZ$ AS A UNIT4 ,ONLY UNM>RI$ PEOPLE >E CONSID]$ AS 9DIVIDUALS4 

,EA* FAMILY & P]SON LIV+ ALONE HAS RECEIV$ A C>D4 ,IT IS PUN*$ EA* DAY AT ! PLACE ( WORK1 :I* NOBODY CAN !RE=E LEAVE4 ,! C\PONS >E DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! C>D4 ,& H]E LIES ! GREAT WEAKNESS ( ! SY/EM3 = ! LACK HI!RTO ( ANY O!R /&>D !Y HAVE HAD TO RESORT TO MONEY TO MEASURE ! WORK DONE4 ,EV]YBODY1 WORK]S1 %OPKEEP]S1 DOCTORS1 RECEIVE = EA* DAY'S WORK C\PONS TO ! VALUE ( FIVE PESETAS4 ,ON ONE SIDE ( ! C\PON ! WORD BREAD IS WRITT53 EA* C\PON IS WOR? ONE KILOGRAM4 ,BUT ! O!R SIDE ( ! C\PON REPRES5TS EXPLICITLY A C\NT]-VALUE 9 MONEY4 ,NEV]!LESS !SE C\PONS CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS BANKNOTES4 ,!Y CAN ONLY BE EX*ANG$ AGA9/ GOODS = CONSUMPTION & 9 ONLY A LIMIT$ QUANTITY4 ,EV5 IF ! AM\NT ( C\PONS WAS GREAT] IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO BUY MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SO BECOME A CAPITALI/1 EV5 ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,ONLY CONSUM] GOODS >E ON SALE4 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,! COMMUNITY IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE1 H]E CALL$ ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,IT HAS 9 ITS H&S ALL ! MONEY ( ,ALCORA1 AB\T #a1 PESETAS4 ,! ,COMMITTEE EX*ANGES ! VILLAGE PRODUCTS AGA9/ PRODUCTS :I* IT DOES NOT POSSESS1 & :5 IT CANNOT OBTA9 !M BY EX*ANGE IT BUYS !M4 ,BUT MONEY IS CONSID]$ AN UNAVOIDABLE EVIL1 ONLY TO BE US$ AS LONG AS ! RE/ ( ! WORLD WILL NOT FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ,ALCORA4 

,! ,COMMITTEE IS ! PAT] FAMILIAS4 ,IT POSSESSES EV]Y?+1 IT DIRECTS EV]Y?+1 IT DEALS ) EV]Y?+4 ,EA* SPECIAL DESIRE %\LD BE SUBMITT$ TO IT4 ,IT IS1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 ! ONLY JUDGE4 ,ONE MAY OBJECT ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE RUN ! RISK ( BECOM+ BUREAUCRATS OR EV5 DICTATORS4 ,! PEASANTS HAVE ?\<T AB\T ?AT TOO4 ,!Y HAVE DECID$ ?AT ! ,COMMITTEE %\LD BE *ANG$ AT FREQU5T 9T]VALS SO ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( ! VILLAGE %\LD BE A MEMB] = A C]TA9 P]IOD4 

,!RE IS SOME?+ MOV+ AB\T ! +5UITY ( ALL ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SEE 9 IT ANY?+ MORE ?AN A PEASANT ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & UNFAIR TO CRITICIZE IT TOO S]I\SLY4 ,ONE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & EV5 ! %OPKEEP]S ( ! VILLAGE HAVE LIV$ V]Y POORLY UP TILL N[4 ,!IR NE$S >E H>DLY DIFF]5TIAT$4 ,BE=E ! REVOLUTION A PIECE ( MEAT WAS A LUXURY = !M3 ONLY A FEW 9TELLECTUALS LIV+ AMONG !M WI% = ?+S BEYOND IMM$IATE NECESSITIES4 ,! AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ( ,ALCORA HAS TAK5 ITS NATURE FROM ! ACTUAL /ATE ( ?+S4 ,AS A PRO(1 ONE MU/ OBS]VE ?AT ! FAMILY C>D PUTS ! MO/ OPPRESS$ HUMAN BE+S 9 ,SPA91 ! WOM51 UND] ! CONTROL ( M54 

0,:AT HAPP5S10 ,I ASK1 0IF SOMEBODY WANTS TO GO TO ! CITY = EXAMPLE80 

0,IT IS V]Y SIMPLE10 SOMEONE REPLIES4 0,HE GOES TO ! ,COMMITTEE & EX*ANGES HIS C\PONS = MONEY40 

0,!N ONE CAN EX*ANGE AS MANY C\PONS AS ONE WANTS = MONEY80 

0,( C\RSE NOT40 

,!SE GOOD PEOPLE >E RA!R SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I UND]/& SO SL[LY4 

0,BUT :5 CAN ONE HAVE MONEY !N80 

0,AS (T5 AS Y\ NE$4 ,Y\ HAVE ONLY TO TELL ! ,COMMITTEE40 

0,! ,COMMITTEE EXAM9ES ! REASONS !N80 

0,( C\RSE40 

,I AM A LITTLE T]RIFI$4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION SEEMS TO ME TO LEAVE V]Y LITTLE LIB]TY 9 A 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/0 REGIME4 ,I TRY TO F9D REASONS = TRAVEL+ ?AT ! ,ALCORA ,COMMITTEE W\LD ACCEPT4 ,I DO NOT F9D V]Y MU* BUT ,I CONT9UE MY QUE/ION+4 

0,IF SOMEBODY HAS A FIANCEE \TSIDE ! VILLAGE WILL HE GET ! MONEY TO GO & SEE H]80 

,! PEASANT REASSURES ME3 HE WILL GET IT4 

0,AS (T5 AS HE WANTS80 

0,?ANK ,GOD1 HE CAN /ILL GO FROM ,ALCORA TO SEE HIS FIANCEE EV]Y EV5+ IF HE WANTS TO40 

0,BUT IF SOMEBODY WANTS TO GO TO ! CITY TO GO TO ! C9EMA4 ,IS HE GIV5 MONEY80 

0,YES40 

0,AS (T5 AS HE WANTS TO80 

,! PEASANT BEG9S TO HAVE D\BTS AB\T MY REASON4 

0,ON HOLIDAYS1 ( C\RSE4 ,!RE IS NO MONEY = VISE40 

,I TALK TO A Y\NG1 9TELLIG5T LOOK+ PEASANT1 & HAV+ MADE FRI5DS ) HIM ,I TAKE HIM TO ONE SIDE & ASK HIM3 

0,IF ,I PROPOS$ TO GIVE Y\ SOME BREAD C\PONS W\LD Y\ EX*ANGE !M = MONEY80 

,MY NEW FRI5D ?9KS = A FEW MOM5TS & !N SAYS3 0,BUT Y\ NE$ BREAD TOO80 

0,I DON'T LIKE BREAD1 ,I ONLY LIKE SWEETS4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EX*ANGE ALL ,I E>N = SWEETS40 

,! PEASANT UND]/&S ! HYPO!SIS V]Y WELL1 BUT HE DOES NOT NE$ TO ?9K V]Y LONG4 ,HE />TS LAU<+4 0,IT IS QUITE SIMPLE6 ,IF Y\ WANT SWEETS Y\ %\LD TELL ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,WE HAVE 5\< SWEETS H]E4 ,! ,COMMITTEE WILL GIVE Y\ A P]MIT & Y\ WILL GO TO ! *EMI/ & GET !M4 ,9 \R VILLAGE EV]YBODY RECEIVES :AT HE NE$S40 

,AFT] ?IS ANSW] ,I HAD TO GIVE UP4 ,!SE PEASANTS NO LONG] LIVE 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 NEI!R FROM A MORAL NOR A S5TIM5TAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,BUT DID !Y EV] LIVE 9 IT8 

,! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,B9EF>.<#h#h.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 ! VILLAGE ( ,B9EF> WAS BEYOND D\BT ! *IEF C5T] ( COLLECTIVIZATION444 ,! DI/RICT EMBRAC$ #cb VILLAGES1 #bh ( !M :OLLY OR P>TIALLY COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,9 ,B9EF> ITSELF1 #g ( ! #h FAMILIES BELONG$ TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,!RE HAD LONG BE5 A SIZABLE SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ,B9EF>1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! SMALL LOCAL 9DU/RIES 7MILLS1 FACTORIES1 CLO?+ & %OEMAK+ %OPS1 F\NDRIES1 ETC47 EMPLOY$ ONLY A T5? ( ! #e1 9HABITANTS4 ,9 ! LOCAL ,C,N,T SYNDICATE MO/ ( ! MEMB]S 7#f MEMB]S 9 #a#i#c#a7 W]E PEASANTS444 ,! SYNDICATE1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 HAD EXP]I5C$ ! TYPICAL UPS & D[NS--TIMES ( RELATIVE QUIET1 !N P]SECUTION1 SUPPRESSION & IMPRISONM5T ( MILITANTS4 ,:5 ! FASCI/ ?REAT APPE>$ 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 \R =CES1 ?\< DISORGANIZ$ FROM ! LA/ P]SECUTION1 ROSE TO MEET ! DANG] & TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 =M+ A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ON ,JULY #a#h? 7TWO POPUL> FRONT REPRES5TATIVES S]V$ ON ! COMMITTEE74 ,)9 TWO DAYS1 ! B>RACKS :]E ! FASCI/ ,CIVIL ,GU>D RETREAT$ 9 ! FIR/ FI<T+ W]E TAK5 BY ASSAULT1 & \R VICTORI\S COMRADES DEP>T$ TO HELP LIB]ATE O!R VILLAGES4 

,! FIELDS ( ! BIG L&[N]S1 :O FL$ AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( ANTI-FASCI/ VICTORY1 HAD NOT YET BE5 H>VE/$4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE TOOK POSSESSION ( ! REAP]S & M[]S & SUMMON$ ! PEASANTS :O HAD PREVI\SLY WORK$ ON !SE L&S AS LABOR]S4 ,! PEASANTS DECID$ ?AT !Y W\LD WORK ! L& 9 COMMON 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE VILLAGE4 ,TO ORGANIZE ! WORK !Y =M$ GR\PS & ELECT$ DELEGATES444 

,AFT] ! H>VE/1 9DU/RY & EV5TUALLY COMM]CE W]E SOCIALIZ$3 ,! FOLL[+ >E ! RULES ?AT ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS APPROV$3  

,WORK %ALL BE C>RI$ ON 9 GR\PS ( T54 ,EA* GR\P %ALL ELECT ITS [N DELEGATE444 ,! DELEGATES %ALL PLAN ! WORK1 PRES]VE H>MONY AMONG ! PRODUC]S1 & IF NECESS>Y APPLY ! SANCTIONS VOT$ BY ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY4 7,AT FIR/ ! DELEGATES MET EV]Y NI<T AFT] WORK & :5 WORK WAS NORMALIZ$1 ONCE A WEEK47  

,! DELEGATES %ALL FURNI% ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,COMMISSION A DAILY REPORT ( ! WORK DONE4  

,A C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 CONSI/+ ( ONE DELEGATE FROM EA* BRAN* ( PRODUCTION1 %ALL BE NAM$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,COMMUNITY4 ,! COMMITTEE %ALL REPORT MON?LY ON CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION1 & SUPPLY NEWS AB\T O!R COLLECTIVES & EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 & ABROAD444  

.<,PO9T #d IS OMITT$ 9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT--!AN>*I/LIBR>Y CONTRIBUTOR.>  

,DIRECTORS ( LABOR = ! COLLECTIVE %ALL BE ELECT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! COLLECTIVI/S4  

,EA* MEMB] %ALL BE GIV5 A RECEIPT = ! GOODS HE BR+S TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4  

,EA* MEMB] %ALL HAVE ! SAME RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,MEMB]S %ALL NOT BE COMPELL$ TO JO9 EI!R UNION 7! ,C,N,T OR ! ,U,G,T74 ,ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS ?AT MEMB]S ACCEPT ! DECISIONS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4  

,! CAPITAL ( ! ,COLLECTIVE BELONGS TO ! ,COLLECTIVE & CANNOT BE DIVID$ UP4 ,FOOD %ALL BE RATION$1 P>T ( IT TO BE /OR$ AWAY AGA9/ A BAD YE> 7H>VE/74  

,:5 NE$$1 AS = URG5T AGRICULTURAL WORK 7! H>VE/71 WOM5 MAY BE REQUIR$ TO WORK1 & DO ! WORK ASSIGN$ TO !M4 ,RIGOR\S CONTROL %ALL BE APPLI$ TO 9SURE ?AT !Y CONTRIBUTE !IR PRODUCTIVE EF=TS TO ! ,COMMUNITY4  

,NO ONE %ALL WORK BE=E ! AGE ( #a#e1 OR DO HEAVY WORK BE=E ! AGE ( #a#f4  

,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY %ALL DET]M9E ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 & >RANGE P]IODIC ELECTIONS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION4  
  

,9 ,B9EF>1 ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS ALL-EMBRAC+4 ,DESPITE ITS PA/ 9FLU5CE & IMPORTANCE1 ! SYNDICATE HAD ALMO/ NO ROLE 444 NOR WAS IT1 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! WORD1 /RICTLY A MUNICIPALITY444 ,JU/ AS ! ,SOVIET WAS ! TYPICAL TYPE ( ORGANIZATION EM]G+ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS ! TYPICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,B9EF> SPONTANE\SLY & NATURALLY FOLL[$ NORMS G5]ALLY & TACITLY ACCEPT$ )\T =MAL DISCUSSION4 

,IT WAS NO LONG] A MATT] ( FI<T+ ! EMPLOY]S BUT ( ASSUR+ PRODUCTION1 & ?IS MEANT PLANN+ & DIRECTION & CALCULATION ( LOCAL NE$S & EX*ANGE NE$S444 ,EV]Y?+ WAS L9K$ LIKE ! GE>S ( A MA*9E4 ,!RE WAS A JO9T TREASURY = BO? AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,!RE WAS NO JURISDICTIONAL RIVALRY BETWE5 ! V>I\S UNITS ( ! ECONOMY1 & !RE W]E EQUAL WAGES = ALL444 ,AN ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION1 COMPOS$ ( A PRESID5T1 A TREASUR]1 A SECRET>Y1 & TWO C\NCILORS1 COORD9AT$ ACTIVITIES & KEPT DAILY RECORDS444 

,9 CASE ( NE$ ! PEASANTS' SECTION C\LD CALL UPON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 9CLUD+ TE*NICIANS1 TO WORK 9 ! FIELDS4 ,9 ! ,JULY1 #aicg H>VE/ 7:5 LABOR WAS %ORT BECAUSE ( W> MOBILIZATION71 :5 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SAVE ! :EAT CROP1 ! CLO?+ WORK]S HELP$ ) ! H>VE/+444 ,Y\NG WOM51 & H\SEWIVES :O DID NOT HAVE TO LOOK AFT] Y\NG *ILDR5 OR OLD PEOPLE1 W]E SUMMON$ TO WORK BY AN ANN\NCEM5T ( ! T[N CRI] ON ! PREC$+ EV5+444 ,ATT5DANCE RECORDS ( REGUL> WORK]S W]E KEPT BY ! DELEGATES 444 & VIOLATIONS C\LD NOT BE REPEAT$ )\T CALL+ D[N OP5 PUBLIC DISAPPROVAL1 OR1 FAIL+ ?AT1 ! NECESS>Y DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES444 

,FOOD & O!R GOODS W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 MUNICIPAL /ORES4 ,!RE W]E W9E1 BREAD1 & OIL COOP]ATIVES1 ONE = DRY GOODS1 ?REE DAIRY /ORES1 ?REE BUT*] %OPS1 A H>DW>E /ORE1 & A FURNITURE /ORE4 ,BREAD1 OLIVE OIL1 FL\R1 POTATOES1 MEAT1 VEGETABLES1 GRE5S1 & W9E W]E FREE :5 PL5TIFUL & :5 SC>CE1 RATION$4 ,EA* P]SON HAD A PIECE ( L& TO RAISE :ATEV] HE WANT$3 ,ELECTRICITY & TELEPHONES W]E 9/ALL$ ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,COMMODITIES NOT DI/RIBUT$ FREE ( *>GE W]E PAID = 9 LOCAL CURR5CY4 ,9 ,B9EF>1 AS 9 MANY O!R COMMUNES1 ! WAGE SCALE V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( P]SONS 9 EA* FAMILY 7! 0FAMILY WAGE07444 

,AS ! CAPITAL ( ITS DI/RICT1 ,B9EF> COORD9AT$ TRADE AMONG ITS #cb VILLAGES4 ,EA* VILLAGE 9=M$ ! (FICE ( ! SURPLUS FOOD IT HAD4 ,FROM ,OCTOB] TO ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 #e11 PESETAS WOR? ( GOODS W]E EX*ANG$ ) O!R COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON & ,CATALONIA1 9CLUD+ #h1 PESETAS WOR? ( SUG> & #g1 PESETAS WOR? ( OLIVE OIL444 ,AB&ON$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ! MILITIAM5 7ON ! ,>AGON FRONT7 LACK$ FOOD4 ,B9EF> GAVE EV]Y?+ IT C\LD1 S5D+ FROM #c TO #d TONS ( FOOD EV]Y WEEK4 ,ON ONE OCCASION1 9 ADDITION TO ! REGUL> CONTRIBUTIONS ,B9EF> GAVE ,MADRID #cd EXTRA TONS ( FOOD4 ,9 A S+LE DAY1 #c#f1 PESETAS WOR? ( OLIVE OIL WAS S5T TO ! ,ORTIZ1 ,DURRUTI1 & ,ASCASO COLUMNS 7AN>*I/ COLUMNS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT7444 ,! G5]OSITY & ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,COLLECTIVE DID NOT FLAG4 #e MILITIAM5 P]MAN5TLY QU>T]$ 9 ,B9EF> W]E PROVISION$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVE444.<#h#i.> 

,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#g1 ,I ATT5D$ A DI/RICT CONGRESS :]E A GRAVE PROBLEM HAD COME UP4 ,! H>VE/ WAS AT H&4 ,SACKS1 WIRE1 GAS1 & MA*9]Y W]E NE$$ TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! VILLAGES1 & !Y W\LD CO/ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PESETAS ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES DID NOT HAVE4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO GET MONEY WAS TO SELL ! FOOD/UFFS NORMALLY DONAT$ TO ! SOLDI]S4 ,?IS SEEM$ TO BE ! *OICE3 EI!R LOSE A GOOD P>T ( ! CROP1 OR ELSE NOT S5D ! FREE FOOD4 ,! ASSEMBLY *OSE UNAM9\SLY TO TRY TO F9D ANO!R SOLUTION4 ,!Y S5T A DELEGATION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,!IR EF=T WAS =$OOM$3 ! AB&ONM5T ( ! COMBATANTS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT WAS A CALCULAT$ PLAN ( ! CAB9ET MAJORITY 7,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS 9 P[] AT ! TIME74 ,!Y HOP$ ?AT1 9 DESP]ATION1 ! MILITIAM5 W\LD SACK ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

,! MA*9ATIONS ( ! REACTION>IES FELL ?R\<4 ,9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A 7ORGAN ( ! ,C,N,T7 ( ,B>CELONA1 ,I PUBLI%$ AN APPEAL TO ! MILITIAM51 ADVIS+ !M ( ! SITUATION & ASK+ !M TO S5D P>T ( !IR PAY TO HELP ! PEASANTS4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PESETAS W]E S5T TO ! COLLECTIVES & ! H>VE/ WAS SAV$444 

,I DO NOT SAY ?AT !RE W]E NO EXCEPTIONS TO ! G5]\S SPIRIT ( ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,I REMEMB] A DISPUTE BETWE5 A WOMAN ( #e & A COMRADE ASSIGN$ TO CONTROL LABOR & H\S+4 ,%E LIV$ ) H] HUSB&1 !IR SON1 DAU<T]-9-LAW1 & GR&*ILDR54 0,MY DAU<T]-9-LAW & ,I CAN'T GET ALONG4 ,I WANT TO LIVE SEP>ATELY60 ,?IS COMRADE HAD ! S\L ( A *ILD1 A VOICE ( ?UND]1 & ! HE>T ( A LION4 ,HE >GU$ HIS BE/ TO P]SUADE H] TO GIVE UP H] DEM&4 ,F9ALLY %E LEFT4 ,I ASK$ ! DELEGATE :Y HE HAD REFUS$4 ,HE TOLD ME ?AT1 S9CE ! RATE ( PAY DIM9I%$ AS ! NUMB] 9 ! FAMILY 9CREAS$1 SOME FAMILIES 9 :I* MAT]IAL 9T]E/S PR$OM9AT$ AGRE$ ON A FEIGN$ SEP>ATION 9 ORD] TO GET MORE 9COME4 ,! CASE HAD ALREADY BE5 LOOK$ 9TO4 ,UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! %ORTAGES ( H\SES MADE IT \T ( ! QUE/ION4 

,! 9CID5T WAS M9OR BUT !RE W]E O!RS LIKE IT4 ,! DIRECTORS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD TO FACE UP TO ALL !SE TR\BLES1 TO T\*-&-GO FOOD PROBLEMS1 & TO ! ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ M9ORITY 7,U,G,T1 ,COMMUNI/S1 ETC47 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO ADMIRE !SE M5 :O GAVE !MSELVES TO ! CAUSE ) ABNEGATION1 & KNEW H[ TO GET SO MU* DONE 9 A %ORT TIME & 9 ! BE/ WAY4 

,9 ,B9EF> AS 9 ! O!R ,>AGON COLLECTIVES ALL ! 9T]LOCK+ UNITS ( ! ECONOMY 7FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 SY/EMS ( DI/RIBUTION1 ETC47 FUNCTION$ H>MONI\SLY )\T A HIT*4 ,I (T5 MADE TRIPS FROM ,B>CELONA TO ,TAM>ITE & ,B9EF>4 ,?IS TIME ACCOMPANI$ BY A FRI5D1 A DOCTOR FROM ,B>CELONA1 ,I PO9T$ \T ) PRIDE ! NEWLY PLANT$ FIELDS ( :EAT1 ! V9EY>DS1 & ! OLIVE GROVES1 :]E FL\RI%+ KIT*5 G>D5S & OR*>DS ALT]NAT$ ) FIELDS ( GOLD FLAX4 0,!SE MILES ( CULTIVAT$ PLANTATIONS10 ,I EXCLAIM$1 0:]E EV]Y?+ IS C>EFULLY & LOV+LY T5D$3 & NO?+ IS NEGLECT$1 BELONG TO ! ,COLLECTIVE660 ,TWO DAYS LAT] WE VISIT$ ,ESPLUS1 :]E WE BEHELD VA/ FIELDS ( POTATOES & MORE V9EY>DS4 ,AS WE TRAVEL$1 WE M>VEL$ AT ?IS REVOLUTION1 ?IS DREAM1 AT LA/ COME TRUE4 ,) NE> RELIGI\S F]VOR1 ,I EXCLAIM$ AGA9 & AGA91 0444 ,! ,COLLECTIVE6 ! ,COLLECTIVE6 CREAT$ ?IS MIRACLE60 

,MIRALCAMPO & ,AZUQUECA.<#i.> FROM ,CAHI]S DE ,I',HUMANISME ,LIB]TAIRE 

  

,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& PROP]TIES ( ,C\NT ,ROMANONES 9 ,MIRALCAMPO & ,AZUQUECA BY ! ,CA/ILIAN ,REGIONAL ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION M]ITS SPECIAL ATT5TION4 ,! PEASANTS ALT]$ ! TOPOGRAPHY ( ! DI/RICT BY DIV]T+ ! C\RSE ( ! RIV] TO IRRIGATE NEW L&1 ?US TREM5D\SLY 9CREAS+ CULTIVAT$ >EAS4 ,!Y CON/RUCT$ A MILL1 S*OOLS1 COLLECTIVE D9+ HALLS1 & NEW H\S+ = ! COLLECTIVI/S4 

,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,C\NT ,ROMANONES RECLAIM$ HIS DOMA9S1 EXPECT+ ! WOR/1 C]TA9 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y V&ALS HAD TOTALLY RU9$ HIS PROP]TY4 ,HE WAS AMAZ$ TO BEHOLD ! WOND]FUL IMPROVEM5TS MADE BY ! DEP>T$ PEASANT COLLECTIVI/S4 ,:5 ASK$ !IR NAMES1 ! ,C\NT WAS TOLD ?AT ! WORK WAS P]=M$ BY ! PEASANTS 9 L9E ) PLANS DRAWN UP BY A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T ,BUILD+ ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 ,GOMEZ ,ABRIL1 AN EXCELL5T ORGANIZ] *OS5 BY ! ,REGIONAL ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION4 ,AS SOON AS ,ABRIL F9I%$ HIS WORK HE LEFT & ! PEASANTS CONT9U$ TO MANAGE ! COLLECTIVE4 

,LE>N+ ?AT ,GOMEZ ,ABRIL WAS JAIL$ 9 ,GUADALAJ>A & ?AT HE WAS 9 A V]Y PREC>I\S SITUATION1 ! ,C\NT SUCCE$$ 9 SECUR+ HIS RELEASE FROM JAIL & (F]$ TO APPO9T HIM MANAG] ( ALL HIS PROP]TIES4 ,GOMEZ DECL9$1 EXPLA9+ ?AT A PAGE ( HI/ORY HAD BE5 WRITT5 & HIS WORK F9I%$4.<#i#a.> 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,C>CAG5TE.<#i#b.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,C>CAG5TE IS SITUAT$ 9 ! S\!RN P>T ( ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA4 ,! CLIMATE ( ! REGION IS P>TICUL>LY SUIT$ = ! CULTIVATION ( ORANGES4 ,C>CAG5TE IS COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ BY ORANGE GROVES4 ,! ORANGE TREES1 ) !IR ABUNDANCE ( GOLD5 FRUIT1 PRES5T A TRULY MAGNIFIC5T PICTURE4 

,9 ,C>CAG5TE1 AS 9 SO MANY O!R ,VAL5CIAN T[NS & VILLAGES1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY & ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE ( A H&FUL ( MILITANT & DET]M9$ WORK]S1 :O LABOR$ 9CESSANTLY 9 SPITE ( ALL ! P]SECUTIONS TO PREP>E = ! REVOLUTION1 >E N[ BE>+ FRUIT4 ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION WAS DEEPLY ROOT$1 & ?IS FACT1 TOGE!R ) ! PRE/IGE ( ITS MILITANTS1 9DUC$ ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 ONCE ! REVOLUTION WAS 9ITIAT$1 TO JO9 OR SUPPORT \R MOVEM5T4 

,ON VISIT+ ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,SYNDICATES \R ATT5TION WAS DRAWN TO A %[CASE1 ONCE US$ TO PROTECT ! IMAGE ( ,*RI/1 BUT N[ H>BOR+ A MAGNIFIC5T PHOTOGRAPH ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]--A MO/ AGREEABLE SUB/ITUTION6 7,F]R] WAS A LIB]T>IAN $UCATIONAL PIONE]1 MURD]$ 9 #aii BY ! ,/ATE 9 COLLUSION ) ! ,*UR*74 

,A HI< P]C5TAGE ( ! WORK =CE 7! TOTAL POPULATION IS #b17 >E MEMB]S ( \R SYNDICATES 7! ,C,N,T74 ,H]E >E A FEW /ATI/ICS3  
 ,PEASANT UNION   #b1#g MEMB]S   ,ORANGE PACK]S 7MO/LY WOM57   #c1#d MEMB]S   ,CON/RUCTION   #cd MEMB]S   ,C>P5T]S 7PACK+ CASES7   #abe MEMB]S   ,WOOD-WORK]S   #bc MEMB]S   ,RAILWAY WORK]S   #ae MEMB]S   ,MISCELLANE\S   #de MEMB]S   

,MO/ ( ! L& CONSI/$ ( L>GE E/ATES4 ,! POV]TY /RICK5 PEASANTS W]E =C$ TO WORK ON ! E/ATES ( ! RI* L&LORDS OR DO ODD JOBS TO SUPPLEM5T !IR 9COMES4 ,! SYNDICALI/S IMM$IATELY BROKE UP ! MONOPOLY1 & N[ SEE TO IT ?AT NEW =MS ( PRIVILEGE >E NOT CREAT$4 

,! SMALL PROPRIETORS >E TREAT$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,!IR RI<TS >E RESPECT$ & !Y >E NOT =C$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,BUT ! SYNDICALI/S GRADUALLY 9TRODUCE SOCIALIZATION BY CONSOLIDAT+ SMALL P>CELS ( L& 9TO L>G] >EAS 9 ORD] TO R5D] ! L& SUITABLE = COLLECTIVE CULTIVATION4 ,AT FIR/ ONLY ! PROP]TY ( PEASANTS :O WILL+LY JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,LAT]1 HESITANT PEASANTS :O BECAME CONV9C$ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( ! NEW SY/EM ALSO JO9$ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,A FAVORITE TACTIC IS TO (F] BETT] L& TO RECALCITRANT PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 JU/ TO CONV9CE !M ?AT !Y WILL /ILL BE BETT] (F IF !Y BECOME MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE444 

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ?OSE SMALL PROPRIETORS :O /ILL PREF] TO CULTIVATE !IR [N L& >E LEFT TO DO AS !Y PLEASE4 ,! LOCAL ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COMMISSION IS ON ! AL]T = POSSIBLE SABOTAGE & SEES TO IT ?AT BO? PRIVATE & SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE 7:]E IT IS EV5 MORE NECESS>Y7 MAKE PROP] USE ( ! L&4 

,& ! COLLECTIVE IS REALLY MAK+ GOOD USE ( ! L&4 ,WE HAVE LOOK$ OV] V]Y L>GE CULTIVAT$ >EAS1 AMONG !M ONE SO VA/ ?AT IT FALLS )9 ! RADIUS ( #g MUNICIPALITIES4 ,ALL ( ! SOCIALIZ$ L&1 )\T EXCEPTION1 IS CULTIVAT$ ) 9F9ITE C>E4 ,! OR*>DS >E ?OR\<LY WE$$4 ,TO ASSURE ?AT ! TREES WILL GET ALL ! N\RI%M5T NE$$1 ! PEASANTS >E 9CESSANTLY CLEAN+ ! SOIL4 0,BE=E10 !Y TOLD ME ) PRIDE1 0ALL ?IS BELONG$ TO ! RI* & WAS WORK$ BY MIS]ABLY PAID LABOR]S4 ,! L& WAS NEGLECT$ & ! [N]S HAD TO BUY IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 AL?\< !Y C\LD HAVE GOTT5 MU* BETT] YIELDS BY CLEAN+ ! SOIL4440 ,) PRIDE1 !Y %[$ ME TREES ?AT HAD BE5 GRAFT$ TO PRODUCE BETT] FRUIT4 

,9 MANY PLACES ,I OBS]V$ PLANTS GR[+ 9 ! %ADE ( ! ORANGE TREES4 0,:AT IS ?IS810 ,I ASK$4 ,I LE>N$ ?AT ! ,LEVANT PEASANTS 7FAM\S = !IR +5UITY7 HAVE ABUNDANTLY PLANT$ POTATOES AMONG ! ORANGE GROVES4 ,! PEASANTS DEMON/RATE MORE 9TELLIG5CE ?AN ALL ! BUREAUCRATS 9 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,AGRICULTURE COMB9$4 ,!Y DO MORE ?AN JU/ PLANT POTATOES4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE REGION ( ! ,LEVANT1 :]EV] ! SOIL IS SUITABLE1 !Y GR[ CROPS4 ,!Y TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! F\R MON? 9T]VAL BETWE5 ! H>VE/ & ! NEXT PLANT+ TO GR[ E>LY :EAT 9 ! RICE FIELDS4 ,HAD ! ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( !SE PEASANTS ?R\<\T ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE1 ! BREAD %ORTAGE PROBLEM W\LD HAVE BE5 OV]COME 9 A FEW MON?S4 

,! WORK ( ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVE IS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3 ! G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+ ( ALL ! PEASANTS 7EV5 9CLUD+ ! FEW PEASANT L&HOLD]S7 ELECTS ! ,TE*NICAL ,COMMITTEE ( SIX COMRADES TO TAKE C>E ( TE*NICAL MATT]S1 & ! FIVE MEMB] ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE1 TO LOOK AFT] ! EXPROPRIAT$ BIG E/ATES1 PAYM5T ( WAGES1 SALE ( PRODUCE1 BOOKKEEP+1 ETC4 ,!RE IS ALSO A COMMITTEE CONC]N$ ) EXPORT ( ORANGES & O!R PRODUCTS4 

,9DU/RIAL SOCIALIZATION BEGAN 9 ,C>CAG5TE NOT BE=E1 BUT AFT] AGR>IAN SOCIALIZATION4 ,9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 FROM ! V]Y \TSET1 9SPIR$ CONFID5CE4 ,BUILD+ WAS TAK5 C>E ( BY ! ,BUILD+ ,WORK]S ' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION1 & METAL WORK BY ! ,METAL ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,! ,WOOD ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION 9CLUD$ CAB9ET MAK]S1 JO9]S1 C>P5T]S1 ETC4 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE HELD TRUE 9 ALL ! O!R TRADES4 ,! >TISANS & SMALL WORK%OPS CONSOLIDAT$ !IR 5T]PRISES 9TO VA/ WORK%OPS :]E EA* RECEIV$ A COMMONLY AGRE$ UPON PAYM5T1 & :]E NO ONE W\LD EV] AGA9 HAVE TO WAIT = A CU/OM] & WORRY AB\T BE+ PAID4 ,O!R LESS IMPORTANT TRADES ALSO UNIT$ 9TO ONE UNION 7LIKE HAIRDRESS+ SALONS OR LAMP MAK]S74 ,SMALL1 UNSATISFACTORY1 \TDAT$ FACILITIES W]E REPLAC$ BY SUNNY1 COM=TABLE1 WELL-CONDUCT$ COLLECTIVES4 ,YE/]DAY'S COMPETITORS BECAME TODAY'S COOP]AT+ FELL[ WORK]S4 

,DWELL+S BELONG+ TO ! RI* & TO ! LOCAL FASCI/S W]E ALLOCAT$ TO ?OSE MO/ 9 NE$ ( BETT] H\S+4 ,! MO/ NUM]\S GR\PS ( M5 W]E ! WORK]S 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ ORANGE 9DU/RY 5GAG$ 9 PACK+ & PROCESS+ FRUIT = EXPORT4 ,MANY PLANTS W]E US$ = ?IS WORK4 ,EA* PLANT WAS MANAG$ BY A COMMITTEE *OS5 BY ! WORK]S1 CONSI/+ ( A COMM]CIAL EXP]T & ( A DELEGATE = EA* DEP>TM5TAL FUNCTION 7BOX-MAK+1 PACK+1 SORT+1 /ORAGE1 %IPP+1 ETC474 ,FRUIT HAD TO BE %IPP$ TO ,5GL&1 ,SW$51 ,HOLL&1 ,FRANCE1 & O!R C\NTRIES4 0,WE WANT PEOPLE ABROAD TO TELL10 SAID ! WORK]S1 0FROM ! QUALITY & PACKAG+ ( ! FRUIT1 ?AT WE WORK BETT] 9 SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY ?AN WE DID BE=E4440 

,SL[LY RIS+ PRICES1 DUE 9 P>T TO ! P]SI/5CE ( LITTLE RETAIL %OPS COMPET+ TO MAKE A LIV+ \T ( !IR MEAG] TRADE 7AGA9/ :I* ,I W>N$71 LAGG$ F> BEH9D & ?REAT5$ TO P>TLY (FSET ! GA9S MADE BY SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION4 ,CLE>LY ! TIME HAD COME TO SOCIALIZE DI/RIBUTION & EX*ANGE TO ! SAME DEGREE AS PRODUCTION444 ,MY FRI5D ,GRAM5 7LAT] %OT BY ! FASCI/S7 PROPOS$ ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIALIZ$ DI/RIBUTION C5T]S 9 DIFF]5T >EAS1 :I* W\LD MAKE ! PEOPLE !MSELVES ! TRUE MA/]S ( PRICES & DI/RIBUTION4 ,?IS POLICY SOON BR\<T RESULTS4 ,A MON? & A HALF LAT]1 HALF ! COMMUNE ( ,C>CAG5TE WAS ALREADY FULLY SOCIALIZ$ & ,GRAM5 HAD GOOD REASON TO EXPECT ?AT SOCIALIZATION ( ! O!R HALF W\LD ALSO BE %ORTLY A*IEV$4 

,ON ! EV5+ ( MY FIR/ VISIT1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 AT ! REQUE/ ( MY COMRADES ,I DELIV]$ A LECTURE4 ,I RESOLV$ TO SPEAK CON/RUCTIVELY4 ,I !N LE>N$ H[ LITTLE ,I REALLY HAD TO SAY4 ,& :5 ,I SPOKE TO !SE M5 & SAW H[ F]V5TLY !Y AWAIT$ MY WORDS1 ,I FRANKLY & HUMBLY CONFESS$ ?AT IT WAS ,I :O HAD TO LE>N FROM !M1 NOT !Y FROM ME1 & ,I SAID ?IS S9C]ELY4 

,AN ADD$ T\* TO ?IS TABLEAU3 MY COMRADES1 9 ! V]Y F9E/ TRADITION ( ,SPANI% HOSPITALITY1 9VIT$ ME TO D9E ) !M 9 ! G>D5 ( ! MO/ LUXURI\S & BEAUTIFUL EXPROPRIAT$ PAVILION1 LOCAT$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE NE> ,C>CAG5TE4 ,MY FRI5DS W]E 5*ANT$ BY ! BEAUTY ( ! SITE1 ! HEAL?Y CLIMATE1 ! RE/FUL SURR\ND+S4 ,IT IMM$IATELY OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT ?IS W\LD MAKE AN IDEAL PLACE TO ]ECT A RE/ & CONVALESC5T HOME4 ,BUT ONCE AGA9 !Y W]E WAY AHEAD ( ME4 ,!Y DID NOT NE$ MY ADVICE4 ,AFT] CONSULT+ ! ,C>CAG5TE DOCTORS1 IT WAS DECID$ TO CONV]T ?IS BEAUTIFUL E/ATE 9TO A FIR/-CLASS SANATORIUM4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS.<#i#c.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,IT US$ TO BE ,SANTA ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS1 BUT ! REVOLUTION DROPP$ ! 0SA9T40 ,A LITTLE VILLAGE 7POPULATION #a1#d71 IT S]VES AS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 MANY O!R VILLAGES 9 ! ,LEVANT 7! REGION ON ! EA/ COA/ ( ,SPA9 EMBRAC+ #e PROV9CES1 9CLUD+ ! METROPOLIS ,VAL5CIA74 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! FEW REVOLUTION>IES LIV+ 9 ! VILLAGE BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,\R COMRADES TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! OCCASION ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> TO SPE>HEAD ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! 9HABITANTS W]E PETTY PEASANT L&HOLD]S [N+ #f1#b#e#d HECT>ES \T ( ! TOTAL ( #f1#f#e#d HECT>ES4 ,! RE/ WAS [N$ BY F\R OR FIVE BIG L&LORDS4 ,?\< SMALL 9 >EA1 ?IS L& HAS ! BE/ IRRIGATION1 WAS SUITABLE = 9T5SE CULTIVATION1 & WAS AT LEA/ T5 TIMES MORE PRODUCTIVE4 

,\R COMRADES1 :O KNEW NO?+ AB\T ! 9TRICACIES ( A MONEY ECONOMY1 SIMPLY RESOLV$ TO 9TRODUCE LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AT ONCE4 ,9 ?IS LITTLE VILLAGE ?IS WAS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS TACT 7:I* \R COMRADES POSSESS$ 9 ABUNDANCE74 ,AFT] CLE>+ \T ! FASCI/S1 !Y PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE ! COLLECTIVES4 ,!Y ASK$ ?OSE :O WANT$ TO JO9 TO SIGN UP4 ,ALL ! RESID5TS 79CLUD+ SOME :O HAD MISGIV+S7 BECAME MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,EXCEPT = P]SONAL BELONG+S1 EV]Y?+ WAS TURN$ OV] TO ! COLLECTIVE3 L&1 MONEY1 LIVE/OCK1 TOOLS1 & O!R PROP]TY4 ,& ! PEOPLE BEGAN ! NEW WAY ( LIFE4 

,WE REPEAT H]E :AT WE HAVE SAID ON O!R OCCASIONS2 ! COMMUNE 7SYNONYM = COLLECTIVE7 PREVAIL$4 ,! SYNDICATE WAS ONLY ONE ( ITS CON/ITU5T ORGANS4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! SYNDICATES WAS LIMIT$ /RICTLY TO ! TE*NICAL ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! MEMB]S CONTROLL$ EV]Y?+4 ,:5 ! FASCI/ 9VASION BEGAN1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE IMM$IATELY BEGAN TO 9TRODUCE F>-REA*+ *ANGES AFFECT+ ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! VILLAGE 7H\S+1 HEAL?1 FOOD SUPPLIES1 $UCATION1 PUBLIC S]VICES74 ,IT TOOK C>E ( EX*ANGE & SET ! 9COME ( EA* FAMILY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,COMMITTEE BECAME ! ADM9I/RATOR ( LOCAL LIFE4.<#i#d.> 

,TO ASSURE ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( COMMODITIES1 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO FIX ! 9COME TO :I* EA* FAMILY WAS 5TITL$4 ,! QUANTITY ( GOODS WAS MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( ! PESETA1 ! /&>D NATIONAL CURR5CY4 ,NO MONEY /&>D WAS SET = OIL OR FIREWOOD1 :I* W]E FREE 9 ANY QUANTITIES4 ,! SAME HELD TRUE = W9E1 BUT S9CE \R COMRADES WANT$ TO PROMOTE SOBRIETY1 QUANTITIES W]E LIMIT$444 

,?+S W]E >RANG$ V]Y SIMPLY4 ,! REMA9+ COMMODITIES W]E DI/RIBUT$ AS FOLL[S3 EA* FAMILY WAS GIV5 A C>D /AT+ ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY & ! NAME & AGE ( EA* MEMB]4 ,EV]Y ADULT WAS 5TITL$ TO A 0RATION0 ( #a PESETA1 #e C5TIMES = M51 #a PESETA1 #a C5TIMES = WOM51 & = *ILDR5 OV] SIX1 A GRADUAT$ AM\NT ACCORD+ TO AGE444 ,A NOTEBOOK KEPT TRACK ( ! VALUE 9 PESETAS ( ! RATION CONSUM$ EA* QU>T] ( ! YE>4 ,UNUS$ RATIONS W]E CR$IT$ TO ! NEXT QU>T]4 ,= EXAMPLE3 IF A FAMILY 5TITL$ TO CONSUME ! EQUIVAL5T ( #ae PESETAS 9 ONE QU>T] ACTUALLY EXP5D$ #a PESETAS1 ! DIFF]5CE ( #e PESETAS WAS C>RI$ OV] TO ! NEXT QU>T]4 

,NO ONE PAID R5T4 ,H\S+ WAS FREE & COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$1 AS WAS M$ICAL C>E4 ,!RE W]E TWO DOCTORS4 ,BO? SPONTANE\SLY WELCOM$ ! NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,BUT ONE DOCTOR MOV$ TO ,CA/ELLON1 ! PROV9CIAL CAPITAL4 ,! O!R DOCTOR REMA9$1 RECEIV+ ! SAME RATIONS AS ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! PH>MACI/ ALSO JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE4 ,M$IC9ES1 SUPPLIES1 TRANSF] TO HOSPITALS 9 ,B>CELONA OR ,CA/ELLON1 SURG]Y1 S]VICES ( SPECIALI/S--ALL WAS PAID = BY ! COLLECTIVE4 

,! COLLECTIVE OBTA9$ MONEY BY SELL+ PRODUCTS \TSIDE ! VILLAGE1 :I* W]E PAID = 9 PESETAS4 ,! RETAIL M]*ANTS CLOS$ !IR %OPS & VOLUNT>ILY JO9$ ! COMMUNE4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO A COOP]ATIVE1 :]E EV]YONE C\LD PUR*ASE ALL AVAILABLE COMMODITIES4 ,! COOP]ATIVE WAS 9/ALL$ 9 A =M] *APEL BIG 5\< TO MEET ALL NE$S4 ,SOME ( ! M]*ANTS WORK$ 9 ! NEW COOP]ATIVE4 ,! HAIRDRESS]S ALSO GOT TOGE!R & OP5$ ONE SPACI\S1 WELL-EQUIPP$ SALON4 ,! DRESSMAK]S & TAILORS1 H\S$ 9 A S+LE L>GE WORK%OP1 (F]$ BETT] CLO!S & S]VICES4 ,! C>P5T]S ALSO 9/ALL$ !IR COLLECTIVE444 

,AS = ! ORGANIZATION ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT \T ( #bfe M5 ABLE & AVAILABLE = WORK1 #fe VOLUNT>ILY LEFT TO FI<T ! FASCI/S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! AM\NT ( :EAT & POTATOES PLANT$ 9CREAS$ ?REEFOLD444 & ?IS 9CREASE WAS A*IEV$ NOT BY CULTIVAT+ MORE L&1 BUT PRIM>ILY BECAUSE MANY PEASANTS 7OH1 MIRACLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY67 NEV] HAD HAD 5\< MONEY TO BUY 5\< SE$ & F]TILIZ]1 & C\LD ONLY WORK P>T ( !IR L&4 

,F>M+ WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! FOLL[+ FA%ION3 ,! CULTIVATABLE L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO #ac SECTIONS1 ) #ae M5 & EQUIPM5T = EA* SECTION4 ,EA* SECTION WAS REPRES5T$ BY A DELEGATE4 ,AS 9 ALMO/ ALL O!R COLLECTIVES1 ! DELEGATES MET WEEKLY4 ,EQUIPM5T WAS DISPAT*$ FROM ONE SECTION TO ANO!R AS NE$$4 ,WORK ANIMALS & F>M TOOLS W]E 9TELLIG5TLY US$ SO AS TO GET ! BE/ RESULTS4 

,WE ASK$ = 9=MATION ON M>RIAGES4 ,AL?\< ! COMRADES NATURALLY FAVOR$ FREE LOVE1 ! PEOPLE 5JOY$ LAWFUL M>RIAGE BECAUSE A M>RIAGE C]EMONY 9 !SE PEACEFUL VILLAGES IS A FE/IVE OCCASION1 CELEBRAT$ ) GREAT GU/O BY ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 LEGAL M>RIAGE DOES VIOLATE LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,\R COMRADES MET ?IS PROBLEM BY GO+ ?R\< ALL ! LEGAL PROC$URES & !N R5D]+ ! M>RIAGE LEGALLY MEAN+LESS BY DE/ROY+ ! DOCUM5T>Y PRO( ( M>RIAGE1 AS IF NO M>RIAGE HAD TAK5 PLACE4 7,S9CE ! REVOLUTION1 F\R C\PLES HAVE M>RI$74 ,! C\PLE1 ACCOMPANI$ BY RELATIVES & FRI5DS1 WAS M>RI$ 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMITTEE AS A WITNESS4 ,AFT] REGI/]+ !IR FULL NAMES & AGES1 & REAFFIRM+ !IR DESIRE TO M>RY1 ! LEGAL REQUIREM5TS W]E FULFILL$4 ,BUT :ILE ! C\PLE WAS DESC5D+ ! /AIRWAY ! SECRET>Y HURRI$LY %R$D$ PAP] :I* 9CLUD$ ! PAGE ON :I* ! M>RIAGE WAS REGI/]$ 9TO CONFETTI & %[]$ IT OV] ! C\PLE AS !Y REA*$ ! /REET4 ,?US EV]YBODY WAS SATISFI$ & ! FE/IVAL BEGAN4 

,I EXPLA9$ ?AT 9DISP5SABLE SOCIAL /UDIES & PLANN+ >E IMPOSSIBLE )\T VITAL /ATI/ICAL 9=MATION & ?AT RECORDS ( M>RIAGES1 BIR?S1 DEA?S1 & O!R SU* 9=MATION MU/ BE KEPT & READILY AVAILABLE4 ,! COMRADES UND]/OOD & PROMIS$ TO RECON/ITUTE ! MISS+ RECORDS4 

,:ILE PROM5AD+ LEISURELY D[N ! /REETS TO ! VILLAGE SQU>E1 WE WAT*$ Y\NG PEOPLE PLAY+ ! ,BASQUE GAME1 0,PELOTE10 :ILE ! ELD]S WAT*$ & MADE OCCASIONAL COMM5TS4 ,?+S MOV$ UNHURRI$LY4 ,LIFE FL[$ S]5ELY ?R\< ?IS VILLAGE1 AS IT HAD 9 BYGONE DAYS1 BUT N[ ) A NEW FEEL+ ( CONFID5CE & SECURITY NEV] KN[N BE=E4 ,& WE W\LD HAVE DE>LY LOV$ TO L+] 9 !SE ANTIQUAT$ H\SES 7:I* ! COMMUNE WILL D\BTLESS SOON REPLACE7 BUT TRANQUILLY1 )\T DESPAIR )\T ! UNEAS9ESS AB\T ! BLEAK PROSPECTS = TOMORR[ ?AT HAD = SO MANY C5TURIES PLAGU$ ! GOOD PEOPLE ( ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS4 0,REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS DECORATE ! COLLECTIVIZ$ RAILROADS40 0,SLOGAN READS1 ',! L& IS Y\RS1 WORK]S6'0 0,REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS DECORATE ! COLLECTIVIZ$ RAILROADS40 0,WORK+ TOGE!R1 PEOPLE PA9T SLOGANS ON A TRA940 0,$UCATION WAS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,S*OOLS ?R\<\T REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 CAME UND] POPUL> CONTROL & MANY NEW ONES W]E />T$40 0,Y\NG *ILDR5 5T] A LIB]T>IAN S*OOL40 0,$UCATION WAS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,S*OOLS ?R\<\T REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 CAME UND] POPUL> CONTROL & MANY NEW ONES W]E />T$40 0,! POPUL> UNIV]SITY 9 ,B>CELONA ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ORGANIZATION40  
,! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS.<#i#e.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,ON MY LA/ VISIT 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#g1 ALMO/ ALL ! VILLAGES 9 ! DI/RICT W]E 5TIRELY SOCIALIZ$4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ?IS VILLAGE DATES FROM ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & PREC$ES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C,N,T UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! FIR/ SYNDICATES W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #h? ( ! SAME YE>1 AN 9SURRECTION :I* 5VELOP$ ALL ( ,>AGON & P>T ( ,CATALONIA PROCLAIM$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS SUPPRESS$4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS \TLAW$1 & WAS RECON/ITUT$ ONLY AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#c#f4 

,9 MID-,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 TWO MON?S AFT] ! LOCAL FASCI/S W]E DRIV5 \T1 \R COMRADES PROPOS$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,AT A G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+ ( ! AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS1 ! PROPOSAL WAS UNANIM\SLY ADOPT$4 ,SMALL L&HOLD]S :O REFUS$ TO JO9 =M$ !IR [N ORGANIZATION4 ,\T ( A TOTAL ( #f FAMILIES1 #ee JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! REMA9+ #e FAMILIES1 MEMB]S ( ! ,U,G,T1 W]E 9/RUCT$ BY !IR LEAD]S NOT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! COLLECTIVE DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) !IR RI<TS TO CONT9UE PRIVATE [N]%IP AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT 9FR+E ON ! RI<TS ( ! COLLECTIVE4 

,! EXT5T & *>ACT] ( SOCIALIZATION V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! DECISION ( EA* VILLAGE COLLECTIVE4 ,ALL ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ! 5TIRE DI/RICT FUNCTION )\T WRITT5 RULES OR CON/ITUTIONS4 ,ALL BUS9ESS IS SIMPLY CONDUCT$ AT MON?LY MEMB]%IP MEET+S ( EA* COLLECTIVE4 ,! MEET+ USUALLY ELECTS A COMMITTEE ( FIVE TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! MEMB]%IP ON H[ TO H&LE CURR5T PROBLEMS4 

,DEP5D+ ON ! CONDITION ( ! L& & V>I\S O!R FACTORS1 ! WORK ( ! COLLECTIVE IS C>RI$ ON BY #cb TEAMS ( WORK]S4 ,EA* GR\P CULTIVATES A PORTION ( DRY AS WELL AS IRRIGAT$ L&4 ,& EA* GR\P1 9 ROTATION1 P]=MS ITS %>E ( MORE AGREEABLE WORK AS WELL AS ESPECIALLY UNPLEASANT WORK4 ,9 ALL ! COLLECTIVES ( ! DI/RICT1 WORK GR\PS SELECT !IR [N DELEGATES TO ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,! DELEGATES MEET ONCE A WEEK TO PLAN ! NEXT WEEK'S WORK4 ,! COLLECTIVES CON/ITUTE A CONT9U\SLY COORD9AT$ WORK ORGANIZATION4 

,9 LIVE/OCK RAIS+1 ! NUMB] ( %EEP HAS 9CREAS$ #b#e.02 S[S = BRE$+1 FROM #c TO #f2 MILK C[S1 FROM #ah TO #bd 7! L& IS NOT SUITABLE = ! PA/URAGE ( C[S74 ,UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! COLLECTIVE CON/RUCTS ITS [N PIGG]IES1 IT HAS PUR*AS$ A GREAT NUMB] ( Y\NG PIGLETS :I* >E TO BE RAIS$ BY ! FAMILIES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,= MEAT EA* FAMILY RAISES ONE OR TWO PORK]S1 :I* >E SALT$ & /OR$ AT ! COMMUNAL SLAU<T] H\SE4 

,BUT PRODUCTION IS NOT LIMIT$ SOLELY TO AGRICULTURE OR /OCK BRE$+4 ,SMALL 9DU/RIES 7BUILD+1 LEA!R GOODS1 %OES & SLIPP]S1 G>M5TS & UND]WE> ETC47 HAVE BE5 SET UP 9 ! L>G] C5T]S & 9 ! MORE IMPORTANT COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,AS 9 ,GRAUS & O!R >EAS1 EA* 5T]PRISE CON/ITUTES A SECTION ( AN OV]ALL ORGANIZATION ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 0! G5]AL COLLECTIVE40 ,H]E IS AN EXAMPLE TO ILLU/RATE ! ME*ANISM ?R\< :I* ! PRODUCTION ( EA* GR\P1 AS WELL AS ! TRANSACTIONS ( EA* FAMILY IS RECORD$ & COORD9AT$4 ,IF ! AGR>IAN SECTION NE$S C]TA9 TOOLS ITS DELEGATE FILES ! ORD] ) ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE1 :I* S5DS ! ORD] TO ! METALLURGICAL SYNDICATE1 :]E IT IS FILL$ & REGI/]$4 ,IF A FAMILY NE$S FURNITURE1 ! SAME PROC$URE IS FOLL[$4 ,! ORD] IS TRANSMITT$ VIA ! ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE TO ! DELEGATE ( ! WOOD WORK]S' SYNDICATE 7:I* 9CLUDES ! CAB9ET & FURNITURE WORK]S7 :]E ! ORD] IS FILL$ & REGI/]$4 

,MONEY HAS BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,NEI!R ! /&>D CURR5CY ( ,SPA9 7! PESETA7 NOR LOCAL MONEY IS US$ 9 TRANSACTIONS )9 OR BETWE5 ANY ( ! COLLECTIVES ( ! C\NTY OR DI/RICT4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( COMM]CE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ /EPS4 ,ON MY FIR/ VISIT TO ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 !RE W]E ONLY TWO SMALL GROC]S :O REFUS$ TO COOP]ATE4 ,BUT !Y HAD TO CLOSE !IR /ORES = LACK ( SUPPLIES4 ,9 G5]AL1 MUNICIPAL M>KETS HAVE REPLAC$ ! OLD MODE ( DI/RIBUTION4 

,IT IS MO/ DIFFICULT TO TRANSMIT 9 WRIT+ AN ADEQUATE DESCRIPTION ( ?IS VA/ MOVEM5T :I* BO? 5HANCES & EXCE$S ! SCOPE ( AGR>IAN SOCIALIZATION P] SE4 ,H]E 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 AS 9 ANY O!R COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE1 !RE >E NOT ONLY ! FAMILI> \TW>D SIGNS ( COMMUNITY 5T]PRISE1 :I* WE HAVE SE5 9 ,GRAUS 7LIKE ! R$ & BLACK SIGNS DESIGNAT+ FACTORIES1 COMMUNAL M>KETS1 & HOTELS7 BUT SOME?+ F> MORE SUB/ANTIAL3 ! 9/ALLATIONS :I* CON/ITUTE ! LIFEBLOOD ( COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,! DI/RICT W>EH\SES 7= *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 CEM5T1 RAW MAT]IALS = ALL ! 9DU/RIES7 >E H]E1 :]E O!R VILLAGE COLLECTIVES DEPOSIT NE$$ SURPLUS COMMODITIES1 & 9 EX*ANGE PICK UP NECESS>Y GOODS ACCORD+ TO >RANGEM5TS WORK$ \T BY ! ASSEMBLIES ( FRAT]NAL DELEGATES4 ,9 ! SPACI\S PREMISES ( A WEAL?Y FASCI/ :O FL$ >E KEPT /OCKS ( CLO?+ TO BE DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PEOPLE ( ! DI/RICT4 ,H]E ALSO IS ! PLACE :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT [N]S CAN PICK UP GOODS !Y NE$ & :]E ! AM\NT ( GOODS SUPPLI$ TO EA* FAMILY IS RECORD$4 

,9 ! NEWLY BUILT DI/ILL]Y COOP]ATIVE1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! DI/RICT VILLAGES1 T>T>IC ACIDS & N9ETY-PRO( M$IC9AL ALCOHOL >E EXTRACT$ FROM ! RESIDUE ( RAIS9S4 ,9 ! TAILOR+ %OP1 M5 & WOM5 CUT & SEW CLO!S TO ORD] = ! COLLECTIVI/S 9 A GOOD V>IETY ( CLO? & COLORS4 ,A FAMILY ( F\R 7MO!R1 FA!R1 & TWO *ILDR57 IS 5TITL$ TO #bh PESETAS WOR? ( CLO?+1 :I* IS TWO OR ?REE TIMES MORE ?AN AN AV]AGE PEASANT FAMILY SP5T = CLO!S UND] ! OLD ORD]4 

,WOM5 %OP = PROVISIONS 9 WELL-APPO9T$ SANIT>Y M>KETS DONE 9 :ITE TILE & M>BLE4 ,TA/Y BREAD ( ! HI<E/ QUALITY IS N[ BAK$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE BAK]IES AT LESS CO/4 ,DRESS %OPS NOT ONLY MAKE FA%IONABLE CLO!S = WOM5 & GIRLS1 BUT AS 9 MANY O!R VILLAGES Y\NG GIRLS >E TAU<T H[ TO SEW CLO!S = !IR FUTURE *ILDR54 

,A SIGN READS 0,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y40 ,IT IS SURPRIS+LY WELL /OCK$ ) A GOOD SELECTION ( BOOKS ON ACADEMIC SUBJECTS--SOCIOLOGY1 LIT]ATURE 444 & A GOOD V>IETY ( S*OOL TEXTBOOKS444 ,! LIBR>Y IS FREE TO ALL 9CLUD+ ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 7NONMEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVES74 ,!RE >E ALSO $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES = Y\NG & OLD4 

,9 ! SPIRIT & PRACTICE ( SOLID>ITY = ALL ?R\< RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( EA*1 EV]Y FAMILY IS ALLOTT$ A SMALL P>CEL ( L& TO USE AS IT WI%ES1 SUPPLEM5T+ !IR DIET BY GR[+ C]TA9 FRUITS & VEGETABLES1 RAIS+ RABBITS1 ETC4 ,RATION+ IS NOT !RE=E SYNONYM\S ) UNI=MITY4 

,IF CLO!S1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ALSO RATION$1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVES 9 ?IS P>T ( ,>AGON LACK ! NECESS>Y PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,!RE >E MANY PRODUCTS1 PR9CIPALLY :EAT1 :I* C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = CLO?+ MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,H[EV]1 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( :EAT1 MEAT1 VEGETABLES1 & OLIVE OIL1 :I* C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = O!R GOODS1 BUT >E SORELY NE$$ TO SU/A9 ! >M$ =CES 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ W>1 >E DONAT$ FREE ( *>GE TO ! SOLDI]S4 ,LIKEWISE1 GREAT QUANTITIES ( GOODS >E DONAT$ TO ,MADRID1 BESIEG$ BY ! ,FRANCO >MIES4 

,M$ICAL C>E & M$IC9ES >E FREE4 ,FREE EYEGLASSES >E PROVID$ = BO? COLLECTIVI/S & 09DIVIDUALI/S40 ,PUBLIC 9/RUCTION IS OBLIGATORY = *ILDR5 UP TO ! AGE ( F\RTE54 ,A NEW RURAL S*OOL SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! VILLAGE HAS JU/ BE5 BUILT & OP5$ = ALL OLD] *ILDR5 :O HAVE NEV] BE=E ATT5D$ S*OOL4 ,& 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 TWO Y\NG TEA*]S GRADUAT$ FROM COLLEGES 9 ,S>AGOSSA1 ,VAL5CIA & ,T]UEL HAVE BE5 PLAC$ 9 *>GE ( TWO NEW CLASSROOMS PROVID+ = ! $UCATION ( #e *ILDR5 9 EA* ROOM4.<#i#f.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ! NORMS E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ,>AGON1 ,CA/ILE1 & ! ,LEVANT1 NO COLLECTIVE IS ALL[$ TO GO 9TO BUS9ESS = ITSELF = ITS [N PR(IT4 ,?IS AVOIDS ! T5D5CY T[>DS SPECULATION1 :I* IS MADE EASY BY ! W> SITUATION & IS FAIRLY COMMON 7A TYPE ( COMPETITION :I* SO (T5 *>ACT]IZES C]TA9 COLLECTIVE FACTORIES1 ESPECIALLY ! TEXTILE MILLS 9 ,B>CELONA74 ,!SE MEASURES ( A MORAL *>ACT] >E ON A P> ) ! S5SE ( ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY PREVAIL+ 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,EA* COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE PROVIDES A LI/ ( ITS SURPLUS PRODUCTS & ! PRODUCTS 9 %ORT SUPPLY TO ! ,CANTONAL 7DI/RICT7 ,COMMITTEE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE HEADQU>T]S 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS KEEPS TRACK ( ! SURPLUS COMMODITIES & NE$S ( EA* COLLECTIVE VILLAGE4 ,IT KN[S EXACTLY :AT RES]VES ( W9E1 MEAT1 OLIVE OIL1 :EAT 7FL\R71 POTATOES1 SUG>1 & O!R SUPPLIES EA* VILLAGE HAS ON H&4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 A COLLECTIVE FURNI%+ OIL DOES NOT NE$ W9E1 IT CAN ORD] O!R >TICLES1 OR RES]VE !M UNTIL !Y BECOME AVAILABLE1 OR HOLD SURPLUS COMMODITIES = EX*ANGE ) O!R COLLECTIVES 9 ! DI/RICT1 ,! ,CANTONAL ,COMMITTEE IS ACTUALLY A K9D ( CLE>+ H\SE = EX*ANGE OR B>T]4 ,9 ADDITION1 ?R\< ! G5]AL M>KET & ! COMMUNAL W>EH\SE1 ! FACILITIES = EX*ANGE )9 & \TSIDE ! VILLAGE >E ALWAYS AT H&4 

,?IS SY/EM ( EX*ANGE IS PRACTIC$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ RES]VATION BECAUSE ! SPIRIT ( PR(ITE]+ NO LONG] MOTIVATES ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,A VILLAGE :I*1 BECAUSE ( UNUSUALLY DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAS NO?+ TO EX*ANGE WILL NOT !RE=E BE CONDEMN$ TO POV]TY1 OR BE COMPELL$ TO MORTGAGE ITSELF & ITS ECONOMY = YE>S & YE>S4 ,= EXAMPLE3 ?IS YE> ! PR9CIPAL CROPS ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 ,S5O1 & ,LA ,G9EBROSA W]E DE/ROY$ BY HAIL/ORMS4 ,9 A CAPITALI/ REGIME1 SU* NATURAL DISA/]S W\LD HAVE MEANT 5DLESS PRIVATIONS1 HEAVY DEBTS1 =ECLOSURES1 & EV5 EMIGRATION ( SOME WORK]S = SEV]AL YE>S4 ,BUT 9 ! REGIME ( LIB]T>IAN SOLID>ITY1 !SE DIFFICULTIES W]E OV]COME BY ! EF=TS ( ! :OLE DI/RICT4 ,PROVISIONS1 SE$S1 ETC41 EV]Y?+ NE$$ TO REPAIR ! DAMAGE1 W]E FURNI%$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( BRO!RHOOD & SOLID>ITY--)\T CONDITIONS1 )\T CONTRACT+ DEBTS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION HAS CREAT$ A NEW CIVILIZATION6 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #a3 ,! ,RURAL ,COLLECTIVES -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #a3 ,! ,RURAL ,COLLECTIVES -- ,ADD$4 

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