,*APT] #h1 ,SECTION #h4#a 
,! ,CULPABILITY ( ,MAN4 -- ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,MY? ( ! ,FALL 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

 #a4 -- ,! CULPABILITY ( MAN4 -- ,EXPOSITION ( ! MY? ( ! FALL4 

  

,AS LONG AS MAN LIVES UND] ! LAW ( EGOISM1 HE ACCUSES HIMSELF2 AS SOON AS HE RISES TO ! CONCEPTION ( A SOCIAL LAW1 HE ACCUSES SOCIETY4 ,9 BO? CASES HUMANITY ACCUSES HUMANITY2 & SO F> ! CLE>E/ RESULT ( ?IS D\BLE ACCUSATION IS ! /RANGE FACULTY1 :I* WE HAVE NOT YET PO9T$ \T1 & :I* RELIGION ATTRIBUTES TO ,GOD AS WELL AS TO MAN1 ( ,R,E,P,5,T,A,N,C,E4 

,( :AT1 !N1 DOES HUMANITY REP5T8 ,= :AT DOES ,GOD1 :O REP5TS AS WELL AS \RSELVES1 DESIRE TO PUNI% US8 ,PO5ITUIT ,DEUM QUOD HOM9EM FECISSET 9 T]RA1 ET TACTUS DOLORE CORDIS 9TR9SECUS1 DELEBO1 9QUIT1 HOM9EM4 4 4 4 ,IF ,I DEMON/RATE ?AT ! (F5SES *>G$ UPON HUMANITY >E NOT ! CONSEQU5CE ( ITS ECONOMIC EMB>RASSM5TS1 AL?\< ! LATT] RESULT FROM ! CON/ITUTION ( ITS IDEAS2 ?AT MAN DOES EVIL GRATUIT\SLY & :5 NOT UND] COMPULSION1 JU/ AS HE HONORS HIMSELF BY ACTS ( H]OISM :I* JU/ICE DOES NOT EXACT1 -- IT WILL FOLL[ ?AT MAN1 AT ! TRIBUNAL ( HIS CONSCI5CE1 MAY BE ALL[$ TO PLEAD C]TA9 EXT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT CAN NEV] BE 5TIRELY DIS*>G$ ( HIS GUILT2 ?AT ! /RUGGLE IS 9 HIS HE>T AS WELL AS 9 HIS M9D2 ?AT HE DES]VES N[ PRAISE1 N[ BLAME1 :I* IS A CONFESSION1 9 EI!R CASE1 ( HIS 9H>MONI\S /ATE2 F9ALLY1 ?AT ! ESS5CE ( HIS S\L IS A P]PETUAL COMPROMISE BETWE5 OPPOS+ ATTRACTIONS1 HIS MORALITY A SY/EM ( SEESAW1 9 A WORD1 -- & ?IS WORD TELLS ! :OLE /ORY1 -- ECLECTICISM4 

,MY PRO( %ALL BE SOON MADE4 

,!RE EXI/S A LAW1 OLD] ?AN \R LIB]TY1 PROMULGAT$ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 COMPLET$ BY ,JESUS ,*RI/1 PREA*$ & C]TIFI$ BY APO/LES1 M>TYRS1 CONFESSORS1 & VIRG9S1 GRAV5 ON ! HE>T ( MAN1 & SUP]IOR TO ALL METAPHYSICS3 IT IS ,L,O,V,E4 ,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF1 ,JESUS ,*RI/ TELLS US1 AFT] ,MOSES4 ,?AT IS ! :OLE ( IT4 ,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF1 & SOCIETY WILL BE P]FECT2 LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF1 & ALL DI/9CTIONS ( PR9CE & %EPH]D1 ( RI* & POOR1 ( LE>N$ & IGNORANT1 DISAPPE>1 ALL CLA%+ ( HUMAN 9T]E/S CEASES4 ,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF1 & HAPP9ESS ) 9DU/RY1 )\T C>E = ! FUTURE1 %ALL FILL ?Y DAYS4 ,TO FULFILL ?IS LAW & MAKE HIMSELF HAPPY MAN NE$S ONLY TO FOLL[ ! 9CL9ATION ( HIS HE>T & LI/5 TO ! VOICE ( HIS SYMPA?IES4 ,HE RESI/S2 HE DOES MORE3 NOT CONT5T ) PREF]R+ HIMSELF TO HIS NEI<BOR1 HE LABORS CON/ANTLY TO DE/ROY HIS NEI<BOR2 AFT] HAV+ BETRAY$ LOVE ?R\< EGOISM1 HE OV]TURNS IT BY 9JU/ICE4 

,MAN1 ,I SAY1 FAI?LESS TO ! LAW ( *>ITY1 HAS1 ( HIMSELF & )\T ANY NECESSITY1 MADE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIETY SO MANY 9/RUM5TS ( H>M2 ?R\< HIS EGOISM CIVILIZATION HAS BECOME A W> ( SURPRISES & AMBU%ES2 HE LIES1 HE /EALS1 HE MURD]S1 :5 NOT COMPELL$ TO DO SO1 )\T PROVOCATION1 )\T EXCUSE4 ,9 %ORT1 HE DOES EVIL ) ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A NATURE DELIB]ATELY MALEFIC5T1 & ALL ! MORE WICK$ BECAUSE1 :5 IT SO WI%ES1 IT KN[S H[ TO DO GOOD GRATUIT\SLY ALSO & IS CAPABLE ( SELF-SACRIFICE2 :]E=E IT HAS BE5 SAID ( IT1 ) AS MU* REASON AS DEP?3 ,HOMO HOM9I LUPUS1 VEL DEUS4 ,NOT TO UNDULY EXT5D ! SUBJECT1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ORD] TO AVOID PREJUDG+ ! QUE/IONS ?AT ,I %ALL HAVE TO CONSID]1 ,I LIMIT MYSELF TO ! ECONOMIC FACTS ALREADY ANALYZ$4 

,) ! FACT ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR IS BY NATURE1 P5D+ ! ATTA9M5T ( A SYN!TIC ORGANIZATION1 AN IRRESI/IBLE CAUSE ( PHYSICAL1 MORAL1 & M5TAL 9EQUALITY AMONG M5 NEI!R SOCIETY NOR CONSCI5CE HAVE ANY?+ TO DO4 ,?AT IS A FACT ( NECESSITY1 ( :I* ! RI* MAN IS AS 9NOC5T AS ! P>CELLAIRE WORKMAN1 CONSIGN$ BY HIS POSITION TO ALL SORTS ( POV]TY4 

,BUT H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT ?IS 9EVITABLE 9EQUALITY IS CONV]T$ 9TO A TITLE ( NOBILITY = SOME1 ( ABJECTION = O!RS8 ,H[ HAPP5S IT1 IF MAN IS GOOD1 ?AT HE HAS NOT SUCCE$$ 9 LEVEL+ BY HIS GOODNESS ?IS :OLLY METAPHYSICAL OB/ACLE1 & ?AT1 9/EAD ( /R5G!N+ ! FRAT]NAL TIE ?AT B9DS M51 PITILESS NECESSITY BREAKS IT8 ,H]E MAN CANNOT BE EXCUS$ ON ! GR\ND ( HIS ECONOMIC 9EXP]I5CE OR LEGISLATIVE %ORTSI<T$NESS2 IT WAS 5\< ?AT HE HAD A HE>T4 ,S9CE ! M>TYRS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR %\LD HAVE BE5 HELP$ & HONOR$ BY ! RI*1 :Y HAVE !Y BE5 REJECT$ AS IMPURE8 ,:Y IS IT AN UNHE>D-( ?+ = MA/]S TO OCCASIONALLY RELIEVE !IR SLAVES1 = PR9CES1 MAGI/RATES1 & PRIE/S TO *ANGE PLACES ) ME*ANICS1 & = NOBLES TO ASSUME ! TASK ( ! PEASANTS ON ! L&8 ,:AT IS ! REASON ( ?IS BRUTAL PRIDE ( ! P[]FUL8 

,& NOTE ?AT SU* CONDUCT ON !IR P>T W\LD HAVE BE5 NOT ONLY *>ITABLE & FRAT]NAL1 BUT 9 ACCORD ) ! /]NE/ JU/ICE4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE =CE1 LABOR]S >E ! EQUALS & ASSOCIATES ( !IR LEAD]S2 SO ?AT 9 ! SY/EM ( MONOPOLY ITSELF1 COMMUNITY ( ACTION RE/OR+ ! EQUILIBRIUM :I* P>CELLAIRE 9DIVIDUALISM HAS DI/URB$1 JU/ICE & *>ITY BL5D4 ,ON ! HYPO!SIS ( ! ESS5TIAL GOODNESS ( MAN1 H[ !N IS TO BE EXPLA9$ ! MON/R\S ATTEMPT TO *ANGE ! AU?ORITY ( SOME 9TO NOBILITY & ! OB$I5CE ( O!RS 9TO PLEBEIANISM8 ,LABOR1 BETWE5 ! S]F & ! FREE MAN1 LIKE COLOR BETWE5 ! BLACK & ! :ITE1 HAS ALWAYS DRAWN AN IMPASSABLE L9E2 & WE \RSELVES1 :O GLORY SO 9 \R PHILAN?ROPY1 AT ! BOTTOM ( \R HE>TS >E ( ! SAME OP9ION AS \R PR$ECESSORS4 ,! SYMPA?Y :I* WE FEEL = ! PROLETAIRE IS LIKE ?AT ) :I* ANIMALS 9SPIRE US2 DELICACY ( ORGANS1 DREAD ( MIS]Y1 PRIDE 9 SEP>AT+ \RSELVES FROM ALL SUFF]+1 -- IT IS !SE %IFTS ( EGOISM ?AT PROMPT \R *>ITY4 

,= 9 FACT -- & ,I DESIRE ONLY ?IS FACT TO CONF\ND US -- IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT SPONTANE\S B5EVOL5CE1 SO PURE 9 ITS PRIMITIVE CONCEPTION 7ELEEMOSYNA1 SYMPA?Y1 T5D]NESS71 ALMS1 9 F9E1 HAS BECOME = ! UN=TUNATE A SIGN ( DEGRADATION1 A PUBLIC /IGMA8 ,& SOCIALI/S1 REBUK+ ,*RI/IANITY1 D>E TO TALK TO US ( LOVE6 ,! ,*RI/IAN ?\<T1 ! CONSCI5CE ( HUMANITY1 HIT ! M>K PRECISELY1 :5 IT F\ND$ SO MANY 9/ITUTIONS = ! RELIEF ( MIS=TUNE4 ,TO GRASP ! EVANGELICAL PRECEPT 9 ITS DEP? & R5D] LEGAL *>ITY AS HONORABLE TO ?OSE :O HAD BE5 ITS OBJECTS AS TO ?OSE :O HAD EX]CIS$ IT1 !RE WAS NE$$ -- :AT8 ,LESS PRIDE1 LESS GRE$1 LESS EGOISM4 ,IF MAN IS GOOD1 WILL ANY ONE TELL ME H[ ! RI<T TO ALMS HAS BECOME ! FIR/ L9K 9 ! LONG *A9 ( 9FRACTIONS1 MISDEMEANORS1 & CRIMES8 ,WILL ANY ONE /ILL D>E TO BLAME ! MISDE$S ( MAN UPON ! ANTAGONISMS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 :5 !SE ANTAGONISMS (F]$ HIM SO BEAUTIFUL AN OPPORTUNITY ( MANIFE/+ ! *>ITY ( HIS HE>T1 ,I DO NOT SAY BY SELF-SACRIFICE1 BUT BY ! SIMPLE DO+ ( JU/ICE8 

,I KN[ -- & ?IS OBJECTION IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT CAN BE (F]$ AGA9/ MY POSITION -- ?AT *>ITY IS COV]$ ) %AME & DI%ONOR BECAUSE ! 9DIVIDUAL :O ASKS IT IS TOO (T51 ALAS6 SUSPECT$ ( MISCONDUCT & R>ELY TO BE RECOMM5D$ ON ! SCORE ( DIGNITY ( MORALS & ( LABOR4 ,& /ATI/ICS PROVE ?AT ?OSE :O >E POOR ?R\< C[>DICE & NEGLIG5CE \TNUMB] T5 TIMES ?OSE :O >E POOR ?R\< ACCID5T OR MIS*ANCE4 

,F> BE IT FROM ME TO *ALL5GE ?IS OBS]VATION1 ! TRU? ( :I* IS DEMON/RAT$ BY TOO MANY FACTS1 & :I*1 MOREOV]1 HAS RECEIV$ ! SANCTION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! PEOPLE >E ! FIR/ TO ACCUSE ! POOR ( LAZ9ESS2 & !RE IS NO?+ MORE COMMON ?AN TO MEET 9 ! L[] CLASSES M5 :O BOA/1 AS IF IT W]E A TITLE ( NOBILITY1 ?AT !Y HAVE NEV] BE5 9 ! HOSPITAL & 9 !IR GREATE/ DI/RESS HAVE NEV] BE5 RECIPI5TS ( PUBLIC *>ITY4 ,?US1 JU/ AS OPUL5CE AV[S ITS ROBB]IES1 MIS]Y CONFESSES ITS %AME4 ,MAN IS A TYRANT OR A SLAVE BY WILL BE=E BECOM+ SO BY =TUNE2 ! HE>T ( ! PROLETAIRE IS LIKE ?AT ( ! RI* MAN1 -- A SEW] ( BOIL+ S5SUALITY1 ! HOME ( CRAPUL5CE & IMPO/URE4 

,UPON ?IS UNEXPECT$ REVELATION ,I ASK H[ IT HAPP5S1 IF MAN IS GOOD & *>ITABLE1 ?AT ! RI* CALUMNIATE *>ITY :ILE ! POOR DEFILE IT8 ,IT IS P]V]SION ( JUDGM5T ON ! P>T ( ! RI*1 SAY SOME2 IT IS DEGRADATION ( FACULTIES ON ! P>T ( ! POOR1 SAY O!RS4 ,BUT H[ IS IT ?AT JUDGM5T IS P]V]T$ ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R ?AT FACULTIES >E DEGRAD$8 ,H[ COMES IT ?AT A TRUE & CORDIAL FRAT]NITY HAS NOT >RE/$ ON ! ONE SIDE & ON ! O!R ! EFFECTS ( PRIDE & LABOR8 ,LET MY QUE/IONS BE ANSW]$ BY REASONS1 NOT BY PHRASES4 

,LABOR1 9 9V5T+ PROCESSES & MA*9ES :I* 9F9ITELY MULTIPLY ITS P[]1 & !N 9 /IMULAT+ 9DU/RIAL G5IUS BY RIVALRY & ASSUR+ ITS CONQUE/S BY MEANS ( ! PR(ITS ( CAPITAL & PRIVILEGES ( EXPLOITATION1 HAS R5D]$ ! HI]>*ICAL CON/ITUTION ( SOCIETY MORE PR(\ND & MORE 9EVITABLE2 ,I REPEAT ?AT NO BLAME ATTA*ES TO ANY ONE = ?IS4 ,BUT ,I CALL ! HOLY LAW ( ! ,GOSPEL TO WITNESS ?AT IT WAS )9 \R P[] TO DRAW :OLLY DIFF]5T CONSEQU5CES FROM ?IS SUBORD9ATION ( MAN TO MAN1 OR1 BETT]1 ( LABOR] TO LABOR]4 

,! TRADITIONS ( FEUDAL LIFE & ( ?AT ( ! PATRI>*S SET ! EXAMPLE = ! MANUFACTUR]S4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! O!R ACCID5TS ( PRODUCTION W]E ONLY CALLS TO ! GREAT FAMILY LIFE1 9DICATIONS ( ! PREP>ATORY SY/EM 9 ACCORDANCE ) :I* FRAT]NITY WAS TO APPE> & BE DEVELOP$4 ,MA/]%IPS1 CORPORATIONS1 & RI<TS ( PRIMOG5ITURE W]E CONCEIV$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS IDEA2 MANY COMMUNI/S EV5 >E NOT HO/ILE TO ?IS =M ( ASSOCIATION2 IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! IDEAL IS SO T5ACI\S AMONG ?OSE :O1 CONQU]$ BUT NOT CONV]T$1 /ILL APPE> AS ITS REPRES5TATIVES8 ,:AT1 !N1 PREV5T$ *>ITY1 UNION1 SACRIFICE FROM MA9TA9+ !MSELVES 9 ! HI]>*Y1 :5 ! HI]>*Y MI<T HAVE BE5 ONLY A CONDITION ( LABOR8 ,TO ?IS 5D IT W\LD HAVE SUFFIC$ IF M5 HAV+ MA*9ES1 VALIANT KNI<TS FI<T+ ) EQUAL WEAPONS1 HAD NOT MADE A MY/]Y ( !IR SECRETS OR )HELD !M FROM O!RS2 IF B>ONS HAD SET TO WORK1 NOT TO MONOPOLIZE !IR PRODUCTS1 BUT TO *EAP5 !M2 & IF VASSALS1 ASSUR$ ?AT W> W\LD RESULT ONLY 9 9CREAS+ !IR WEAL?1 HAD ALWAYS %[N !MSELVES 5T]PRIS+1 9DU/RI\S1 & FAI?FUL4 ,! *IEF ( ! WORK%OP W\LD !N HAVE BE5 SIMPLY A CAPTA9 PUTT+ HIS M5 ?R\< MANEUV]S 9 !IR 9T]E/ AS WELL AS 9 HIS [N1 & MA9TA9+ !M1 NOT ) HIS P]QUISITES1 BUT ) !IR [N S]VICES4 

,9/EAD ( !SE FRAT]NAL RELATIONS1 WE HAVE HAD PRIDE1 JEAL\SY1 & P]JURY2 ! EMPLOY]1 LIKE ! VAMPIRE ( ! FABLE1 EXPLOIT+ ! DEGRAD$ WAGE-WORK]1 & ! WAGE-WORK] CONSPIR+ AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]2 ! IDL] DEV\R+ ! SUB/ANCE ( ! LABOR]1 & ! S]F1 SQUATT+ 9 FIL?1 HAV+ NO /R5G? LEFT BUT = HATR$4 

,CALL$ ON TO FURNI% = ! WORK ( PRODUCTION1 !SE TOOLS1 ?OSE LABOR1 CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S >E TODAY 9 A /RUGGLE3 :Y8 ,BECAUSE ABSOLUTISM PRESIDES OV] ALL !IR RELATIONS2 BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/ SPECULATES ON ! NE$ :I* ! LABOR] FEELS ( PROCUR+ TOOLS1 :ILE ! LABOR]1 9 TURN1 SEEKS TO D]IVE ADVANTAGE FROM ! NE$ :I* ! CAPITALI/ FEELS ( F]TILIZ+ HIS CAPITAL4 -- ,L4 ,BLANC3 ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR4 

,& :Y ?IS ABSOLUTISM 9 ! RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ & LABOR]8 ,:Y ?IS HO/ILITY ( 9T]E/S8 ,:Y ?IS RECIPROCAL 5MITY8 ,9/EAD ( ET]NALLY EXPLA9+ ! FACT BY ! FACT ITSELF1 GO TO ! BOTTOM1 & Y\ WILL F9D EV]Y:]E1 AS ORIG9AL MOTIVE1 A PASSION = 5JOYM5T :I* NEI!R LAW NOR JU/ICE NOR *>ITY RE/RA92 Y\ WILL SEE EGOISM CONT9UALLY DISC\NT+ ! FUTURE1 & SACRIFIC+ TO ITS MON/R\S CAPRICES LABOR1 CAPITAL1 LIFE1 & ! SECURITY ( ALL4 

,! !OLOGIANS HAVE GIV5 ! NAME CONCUPISC5CE OR CONCUPISCIBLE APPETITE TO ! PASSIONATE GRE$ = S5SUAL ?+S1 ! EFFECT1 ACCORD+ TO !M1 ( ORIG9AL S94 ,I TR\BLE MYSELF LITTLE1 = ! PRES5T1 AS TO ! NATURE ( ! ORIG9AL S92 ,I SIMPLY OBS]VE ?AT ! CONCUPISCIBLE APPETITE ( ! !OLOGIANS IS NO O!R ?AN ?AT NE$ ( LUXURY PO9T$ \T BY ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL ,SCI5CES AS ! RUL+ MOTIVE ( \R EPO*4 ,N[1 ! !ORY ( PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES DEMON/RATES ?AT LUXURY IS NATURALLY MEASUR$ BY PRODUCTION2 ?AT EV]Y CONSUMPTION 9 ADVANCE IS RECOV]$ BY AN EQUIVAL5T LAT] PRIVATION2 & ?AT ! EXAGG]ATION ( LUXURY 9 A SOCIETY NECESS>ILY HAS AN 9CREASE ( MIS]Y AS ITS CORRELATIVE4 ,N[1 W]E MAN TO SACRIFICE HIS P]SONAL WELF>E = LUXURI\S & ADVANCE 5JOYM5TS1 P]HAPS ,I %\LD ACCUSE HIM ONLY ( IMPRUD5CE2 BUT1 :5 HE 9JURES ! WELF>E ( HIS NEI<BOR1 -- A WELF>E :I* HE %\LD REG>D AS 9VIOLABLE1 BO? FROM *>ITY & ON ! GR\ND ( JU/ICE1 -- ,I SAY !N ?AT MAN IS WICK$1 9EXCUSABLY WICK$4 

,:5 ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ,BOSSUET1 =M$ ! B[ELS ( MAN1 HE ORIG9ALLY PLAC$ GOODNESS !RE4 ,?US LOVE IS \R FIR/ LAW2 ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( PURE REASON1 AS WELL AS ! PROMPT+S ( ! S5SES1 TAKE SECOND & ?IRD RANK ONLY4 ,SU* IS ! HI]>*Y ( \R FACULTIES1 -- A PR9CIPLE ( LOVE =M+ ! F\NDATION ( \R CONSCI5CE & S]V$ BY AN 9TELLIG5CE & ORGANS4 ,H5CE ( TWO ?+S ONE3 EI!R ! MAN :O VIOLATES *>ITY TO OBEY HIS CUPIDITY IS GUILTY2 OR ELSE1 IF ?IS PSY*OLOGY IS FALSE1 & ! NE$ ( LUXURY 9 MAN MU/ HOLD A PLACE BESIDE *>ITY & REASON1 MAN IS A DISORD]LY ANIMAL1 UTT]LY WICK$1 & ! MO/ EXECRABLE ( BE+S4 

,?US ! ORGANIC CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIETY CANNOT COV] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MAN2 VIEW$ 9 !MSELVES1 MOREOV]1 !SE CONTRADICTIONS >E ONLY ! !ORY ( ! HI]>*ICAL REGIME1 ! FIR/ =M & CONSEQU5TLY AN IRREPROA*ABLE =M ( SOCIETY4 ,BY ! ANT9OMY ( !IR DEVELOPM5T LABOR & CAPITAL HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY L$ BACK TO EQUALITY AT ! SAME TIME AS TO SUBORD9ATION1 TO SOLID>ITY AS WELL AS TO DEP5D5CE2 ONE WAS ! AG5T1 ! O!R ! /IMULATOR & GU>DIAN ( ! COMMON WEAL?4 ,?IS 9DICATION HAS BE5 9DI/9CTLY SE5 BY ! !ORI/S ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM2 ,*RI/IANITY CAME 9 TIME TO CEM5T ! COMPACT2 & IT IS /ILL ! S5TIM5T ( ?IS MISUND]/OOD & BROK51 BUT 9 ITSELF 9NOC5T & LEGITIMATE1 ORGANIZATION :I* CAUSES REGRETS AMONG US & SU/A9S ! HOPE ( A P>TY4 ,AS ?IS SY/EM WAS WRITT5 9 ! BOOK ( DE/9Y1 IT CANNOT BE SAID TO BE BAD 9 ITSELF1 JU/ AS ! EMBRYONIC /ATE CANNOT BE CALL$ BAD BECAUSE IT PREC$ES ADULT AGE 9 PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,I 9SI/1 !RE=E1 ON MY ACCUSATION3 

,UND] ! REGIME ABOLI%$ BY ,LU!R & ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION MAN C\LD BE HAPPY 9 PROPORTION TO ! PROGRESS ( HIS 9DU/RY2 HE DID NOT *OOSE TO BE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE =BADE HIMSELF TO BE4 

,LABOR HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS DI%ONORABLE2 ! CL]GY & ! NOBILITY HAVE MADE !MSELVES ! DEV\R]S ( ! POOR2 TO SATISFY !IR ANIMAL PASSIONS1 !Y HAVE EXT+UI%$ *>ITY 9 !IR HE>TS2 !Y HAVE RU9$1 OPPRESS$1 ASSASS9AT$ ! LABOR]4 ,& ?US IT IS ?AT WE SEE CAPITAL /ILL HUNT+ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9/EAD ( TEMP]+ ! SUBV]SIVE T5D5CY ( ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES BY ASSOCIATION & MUTUALITY1 ! CAPITALI/ EXAGG]ATES IT UNNECESS>ILY & ) EVIL DESIGN2 HE ABUSES ! S5SES & ! CONSCI5CE ( ! WORKMAN2 HE MAKES HIM A VALET 9 HIS 9TRIGUES1 A PURVEYOR ( HIS DEBAU*]IES1 AN ACCOMPLICE 9 HIS ROBB]IES2 HE MAKES HIM 9 ALL RESPECTS LIKE HIMSELF1 & !N IT IS ?AT HE CAN DEFY ! JU/ICE ( REVOLUTIONS TO T\* HIM4 ,MON/R\S ?+6 ! MAN :O LIVES 9 MIS]Y1 & :OSE S\L !RE=E SEEMS A NE>] NEI<BOR ( *>ITY & HONOR1 %>ES HIS MA/]'S CORRUPTION2 LIKE HIM1 HE GIVES EV]Y?+ TO PRIDE & LUXURY1 & IF HE SOMETIMES CRIES \T AGA9/ ! 9EQUALITY FROM :I* HE SUFF]S1 IT IS /ILL LESS FROM ZEAL = JU/ICE ?AN FROM RIVALRY 9 DESIRE4 ,! GREATE/ OB/ACLE :I* EQUALITY HAS TO OV]COME IS NOT ! >I/OCRATIC PRIDE ( ! RI* MAN1 BUT ! UNGOV]NABLE EGOISM ( ! POOR MAN4 ,& Y\ RELY ON HIS NATIVE GOODNESS TO RE=M AT ONCE BO? ! SPONTANEITY & ! PREM$ITATION ( HIS MALICE6 

0,AS ! FALSE & ANTI-SOCIAL $UCATION GIV5 TO ! PRES5T G5]ATION10 SAYS ,L\IS ,BLANC1 0P]MITS NO SE>* = ANY O!R MOTIVE = EMULATION & 5C\RAGEM5T ?AN AN 9CREASE ( REW>D1 ! DIFF]5CE ( WAGES %\LD BE GRADUAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! HI]>*Y ( FUNCTIONS1 AN 5TIRELY NEW $UCATION HAV+ TO *ANGE IDEAS & MORALS 9 ?IS MATT]40 

,DISMISS+ ! HI]>*Y ( FUNCTIONS & ! 9EQUALITY ( WAGES = :AT !Y >E WOR?1 LET US CONSID] H]E ONLY ! MOTIVE ASSIGN$ BY ! AU?OR4 ,IS IT NOT /RANGE TO SEE ,M4 ,BLANC AFFIRM ! GOODNESS ( \R NATURE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ADDRESS HIMSELF TO ! MO/ IGNOBLE ( \R PROP5SITIES1 -- AV>ICE8 ,TRULY1 EVIL MU/ SEEM TO Y\ V]Y DEEPLY ROOT$1 IF Y\ DEEM IT NECESS>Y TO BEG9 ! RE/ORATION ( *>ITY BY A VIOLATION ( *>ITY4 ,JESUS ,*RI/ BROKE OP5LY ) PRIDE & GRE$2 APP>5TLY ! LIB]T9ES :OM HE CATE*IZ$ W]E HOLY P]SONAGES COMP>$ ) ! H]D 9FECT$ ) SOCIALISM4 ,BUT TELL US !N1 9 %ORT1 H[ \R IDEAS HAVE BE5 W>P$1 :Y \R $UCATION IS ANTI-SOCIAL1 S9CE IT IS N[ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT SOCIETY HAS FOLL[$ ! R\TE TRAC$ BY DE/9Y & CAN NO LONG] BE *>G$ ) ! CRIMES ( MAN4 

,REALLY1 ! LOGIC ( SOCIALISM IS M>VEL\S4 

,MAN IS GOOD1 !Y SAY2 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO DETA* HIS 9T]E/S FROM EVIL TO SECURE HIS AB/95CE FROM IT4 ,MAN IS GOOD2 BUT HE MU/ BE 9T]E/$ 9 ! GOOD1 ELSE HE WILL NOT DO IT4 ,=1 IF ! 9T]E/ ( HIS PASSIONS LEADS HIM TO EVIL1 HE WILL DO EVIL2 &1 IF ?IS SAME 9T]E/ LEAVES HIM 9DIFF]5T TO GOOD1 HE WILL NOT DO GOOD4 ,& SOCIETY WILL HAVE NO RI<T TO REPROA* HIM = HAV+ LI/5$ TO HIS PASSIONS1 BECAUSE IT WAS = SOCIETY TO CONDUCT HIM BY HIS PASSIONS4 ,:AT A RI* & PRECI\S NATURE WAS ?AT ( ,N]O1 :O KILL$ HIS MO!R BECAUSE %E WE>I$ HIM1 & :O CAUS$ ,ROME TO BE BURN$ 9 ORD] TO HAVE A REPRES5TATION ( ! PILLAGE ( ,TROY6 ,:AT AN >TI/'S S\L WAS ?AT ( ,HELIOGABALUS1 :O ORGANIZ$ PRO/ITUTION6 ,:AT A POT5T *>ACT] WAS ,TIB]IUS6 ,BUT :AT AN ABOM9ABLE SOCIETY WAS ?AT :I* P]V]T$ ?OSE DIV9E S\LS1 & PRODUC$1 MOREOV]1 ,TACITUS & ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS6 

,?IS1 !N1 IS :AT IS CALL$ ! H>MLESSNESS ( MAN1 -- ! HOL9ESS ( HIS PASSIONS6 ,AN AG$ ,SAPPHO1 AB&ON$ BY H] LOV]S1 GOES BACK UND] ! CONJUGAL LAW2 H] 9T]E/ DETA*$ FROM LOVE1 %E RETURNS TO M>RIAGE1 & IS HOLY4 ,:AT A PITY ?AT ?IS WORD HOLY 7SA9T7 HAS NOT 9 ,FR5* ! D\BLE MEAN+ :I* IT POSSESSES 9 ! ,HEBREW LANGUAGE6 ,ALL W\LD BE 9 ACCORD REG>D+ ! HOL9ESS ( ,SAPPHO4 

,I READ 9 A REPORT UPON ! RAILWAYS ( ,BELGIUM ?AT1 ! ,BELGIAN ADM9I/RATION HAV+ ALL[$ ITS 5G9E]S A PREMIUM ( TWO & ONE-HALF C5TS = EV]Y BU%EL ( COKE SAV$ \T ( AN AV]AGE CONSUMPTION ( TWO HUNDR$ & T5 P\NDS = A GIV5 DI/ANCE TRAV]S$1 ?IS PREMIUM BORE SU* FRUITS ?AT ! CONSUMPTION FELL FROM TWO HUNDR$ & T5 P\NDS TO ONE HUNDR$ & SIX4 ,?IS FACT SUMS UP ! :OLE SOCIALI/IC PHILOSOPHY3 TO GRADUALLY TRA9 ! WORK+MAN TO JU/ICE1 5C\RAGE HIM TO LABOR1 LIFT HIM TO ! SUBLIMITY ( DEVOTION1 BY 9CREASE ( WAGES1 PR(IT-%>+1 DI/9CTIONS1 & REW>DS4 ,C]TA9LY ,I DO NOT MEAN TO BLAME ?IS ME?OD1 :I* IS AS OLD AS ! WORLD3 :ATEV] WAY Y\ TAKE TO TAME S]P5TS & TIG]S & R5D] !M USEFUL1 ,I APPLAUD IT4 ,BUT DO NOT SAY ?AT Y\R BEA/S >E DOVES2 = !N1 AS SOLE REPLY1 ,I %ALL PO9T Y\ TO !IR CLAWS & TEE?4 ,BE=E ! ,BELGIAN 5G9E]S BECAME 9T]E/$ 9 ! ECONOMY ( FUEL1 !Y BURN$ D\BLE ! QUANTITY4 ,!RE=E ON !IR P>T !RE WAS C>ELESSNESS1 NEGLIG5CE1 PRODIGALITY1 WA/E1 P]HAPS !FT1 AL?\< !Y W]E B\ND TO ! ADM9I/RATION BY A CONTRACT :I* OBLIG$ !M TO PRACTICE ALL ! CONTRA/$ VIRTUES4 ,IT IS GOOD1 Y\ SAY1 TO 9T]E/ ! LABOR]4 ,I SAY FUR!R ?AT IT IS JU/4 ,BUT ,I MA9TA9 ?AT ?IS 9T]E/1 MORE P[]FUL OV] MAN ?AN VOLUNT>ILY ACCEPT$ OBLIGATION1 MORE P[]FUL1 9 A WORD1 ?AN ,D,U,T,Y1 ACCUSES MAN4 ,SOCIALISM GOES BACKW>D 9 MORALITY1 & IT TURNS UP ITS NOSE AT ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT DOES NOT UND]/& *>ITY1 & YET1 TO HE> IT1 ONE W\LD SUPPOSE ?AT IT 9V5T$ *>ITY4 

,SEE1 MOREOV]1 OBS]VE ! SOCIALI/S1 :AT =TUNATE FRUITS ! P]FECT+ ( \R SOCIAL ORD] HAS ALREADY BORNE6 ,! PRES5T G5]ATION IS UND5IABLY BETT] ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS3 >E WE WRONG 9 CONCLUD+ ?AT A P]FECT SOCIETY WILL PRODUCE P]FECT CITIZ5S8 ,SAY RA!R1 REPLY ! CONS]VATIVE BELIEV]S 9 ! DOGMA ( ! FALL1 ?AT1 RELIGION HAV+ PURIFI$ HE>TS1 IT IS NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT 9/ITUTIONS HAVE FELT ! EFFECTS4 ,N[ LET RELIGION F9I% ITS WORK1 & HAVE NO FE>S AB\T SOCIETY4 

,SO SPEAK & RETORT 9 AN 5DLESS W&]+ FROM ! QUE/ION ! !ORI/S ( ! TWO S*OOLS4 ,NEI!R UND]/& ?AT HUMANITY1 TO USE A ,BIBLICAL EXPRESSION1 IS ONE & CON/ANT 9 ITS G5]ATIONS1 -- ?AT IS1 ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 IT1 AT EV]Y P]IOD ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL AS 9 ! MASS1 PROCE$S FROM ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 :I* IS1 NOT BE+1 BUT BECOM+4 ,!Y DO NOT SEE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT PROGRESS 9 MORALITY IS A CONT9UAL CONQUE/ ( M9D OV] ANIMALITY1 JU/ AS PROGRESS 9 WEAL? IS ! FRUIT ( ! W> WAG$ BY LABOR UPON ! P>SIMONY ( NATURE2 CONSEQU5TLY ?AT ! IDEA ( NATIVE GOODNESS LO/ ?R\< SOCIETY IS AS ABSURD AS ! IDEA ( NATIVE WEAL? LO/ ?R\< LABOR1 & ?AT A COMPROMISE ) ! PASSIONS %\LD BE VIEW$ 9 ! SAME LI<T AS A COMPROMISE ) RE/4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y REFUSE TO UND]/& ?AT1 IF !RE IS PROGRESS 9 HUMANITY1 :E!R ?R\< RELIGION OR FROM SOME O!R CAUSE1 ! HYPO!SIS ( CON/ITUTIONAL CORRUPTION IS NONS5SE1 A CONTRADICTION4 

,BUT ,I ANTICIPATE ! CONCLUSIONS AT :I* ,I MU/ >RIVE3 LET US1 = ! PRES5T1 E/ABLI% SIMPLY ?AT ! MORAL P]FECTION ( HUMANITY1 LIKE MAT]IAL WELF>E1 IS REALIZ$ BY A S]IES ( OSCILLATIONS BETWE5 VISE & VIRTUE1 M]IT & DEM]IT4 

,YES1 HUMANITY GR[S 9 JU/ICE1 BUT ?IS GR[? ( \R LIB]TY1 DUE 5TIRELY TO ! GR[? ( \R 9TELLIG5CE1 SURELY GIVES NO PRO( ( ! GOODNESS ( \R NATURE2 &1 F> FROM AU?ORIZ+ US TO GLORIFY \R PASSIONS1 IT REALLY DE/ROYS !IR SWAY4 ,! FA%ION & /YLE ( \R MALICE *ANGE ) TIME3 ! B>ONS ( ! MIDDLE AGES PLUND]$ ! TRAVEL] ON ! HI<WAY1 & !N (F]$ HIM HOSPITALITY 9 !IR CA/LES2 M]CANTILE FEUDALITY1 LESS BRUTAL1 EXPLOITS ! PROLETAIRE & BUILDS HOSPITALS = HIM3 :O W\LD D>E TO SAY :I* ( ! TWO HAS DES]V$ ! PALM ( VIRTUE8 

,( ALL ! ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS VALUE IS ?AT :I*1 DOM9AT+ ! O!RS & SUMM+ !M UP1 HOLDS 9 A S5SE ! SCEPT] ( SOCIETY1 ,I HAD ALMO/ SAID ( ! MORAL WORLD4 ,UNTIL VALUE1 OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 ITS TWO POLES1 -- USEFUL VALUE & VALUE 9 EX*ANGE1 -- >RIVES AT ITS CON/ITUTION1 ?9E & M9E REMA9 FIX$ >BITR>ILY2 ! CONDITIONS ( =TUNE >E ! EFFECT ( *ANCE2 PROP]TY RE/S ON A PREC>I\S TITLE2 EV]Y?+ 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY IS PROVISIONAL4 ,:AT %\LD SOCIAL1 9TELLIG5T1 & FREE BE+S HAVE LE>N$ FROM ?IS UNC]TA9TY ( VALUE8 ,TO MAKE AMICABLE REGULATIONS ?AT %\LD PROTECT LABOR & GU>ANTEE EX*ANGE & *EAPNESS4 ,:AT A HAPPY OPPORTUNITY = ALL TO MAKE UP1 BY HONE/Y1 DIS9T]E/$NESS1 & T5D]NESS ( HE>T1 = ! IGNORANCE ( ! OBJECTIVE LAWS ( ! JU/ & ! UNJU/6 ,9/EAD ( ?AT1 COMM]CE HAS EV]Y:]E BECOME1 BY SPONTANE\S EF=T & UNANIM\S CONS5T1 AN UNC]TA9 OP]ATION1 A V5TURESOME 5T]PRISE1 A LOTT]Y1 & (T5 A DECEITFUL & FRAUDUL5T SPECULATION4 

,:AT OBLIGES ! HOLD] ( PROVISIONS1 ! /OREKEEP] ( SOCIETY1 TO PRET5D ?AT !RE IS A SC>CITY1 S\ND ! AL>M1 & PROVOKE A RISE ( PRICES8 ,PUBLIC %ORT-SI<T$NESS PLACES ! CONSUM] AT HIS M]CY2 SOME *ANGE ( TEMP]ATURE FURNI%ES HIM A PRETEXT2 ! ASSUR$ PROSPECT ( GA9 F9ALLY CORRUPTS HIM1 & FE>1 SKILLFULLY SPREAD ABROAD1 ?R[S ! POPULATION 9TO HIS TOILS4 ,C]TA9LY ! MOTIVE :I* ACTUATES ! SW9DL]1 ! ?IEF1 ! ASSASS91 ?OSE NATURES W>P$1 IT IS SAID1 BY ! SOCIAL ORD]1 IS ! SAME :I* ANIMATES ! MONOPOLI/ :O IS NOT 9 NE$4 ,H[1 !N1 DOES ?IS PASSION = GA91 AB&ON$ TO ITSELF1 TURN TO ! PREJUDICE ( SOCIETY8 ,:Y HAS PREV5TIVE1 REPRESSIVE1 & CO]CIVE LEGISLATION ALWAYS BE5 NECESS>Y TO SET A LIMIT TO LIB]TY8 ,= ?AT IS ! ACCUS+ FACT1 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO D5Y3 EV]Y:]E ! LAW HAS GR[N \T ( ABUSE2 EV]Y:]E ! LEGISLATOR HAS F\ND HIMSELF =C$ TO MAKE MAN P[]LESS TO H>M1 :I* IS SYNONYM\S ) MUZZL+ A LION OR 9FIBULAT+ A BO>4 ,& SOCIALISM ITSELF1 EV] IMITAT+ ! PA/1 MAKES NO O!R PRET5SE3 :AT IS1 9DE$1 ! ORGANIZATION :I* IT CLAIMS1 IF NOT A /RONG] GU>ANTEE ( JU/ICE1 A MORE COMPLETE LIMITATION ( LIB]TY8 

,! *>ACT]I/IC TRAIT ( ! M]*ANT IS TO MAKE EV]Y?+ EI!R AN OBJECT OR AN 9/RUM5T ( TRAFFIC4 ,DISASSOCIAT$ FROM HIS FELL[S1 HIS 9T]E/S SEP>AT$ FROM ?OSE ( O!RS1 HE IS = & AGA9/ ALL DE$S1 ALL OP9IONS1 ALL P>TIES4 ,A DISCOV]Y1 A SCI5CE1 IS 9 HIS EYES AN 9/RUM5T ( W>1 \T ( ! WAY ( :I* HE TRIES TO KEEP1 & :I* HE W\LD LIKE TO ANNIHILATE1 UNLESS HE CAN MAKE USE ( IT HIMSELF TO KILL HIS COMPETITORS4 ,AN >TI/1 AN $UCAT$ P]SON1 IS AN >TILL]YMAN :O KN[S H[ TO H&LE ! WEAPON1 & :OM HE TRIES TO CORRUPT1 IF HE CANNOT W9 HIM4 ,! M]*ANT IS CONV9C$ ?AT LOGIC IS ! >T ( PROV+ AT WILL ! TRUE & ! FALSE2 HE WAS ! 9V5TOR ( POLITICAL V5ALITY1 TRAFFIC 9 CONSCI5CES1 PRO/ITUTION ( TAL5TS1 CORRUPTION ( ! PRESS4 ,HE KN[S H[ TO F9D >GUM5TS & ADVOCATES = ALL LIES1 ALL 9IQUITIES4 ,HE ALONE HAS NEV] DECEIV$ HIMSELF AS TO ! VALUE ( POLITICAL P>TIES3 HE DEEMS !M ALL EQUALLY EXPLOITABLE1 -- ?AT IS1 EQUALLY ABSURD4 

,)\T RESPECT = HIS AV[$ OP9IONS1 :I* HE AB&ONS & RESUMES BY TURNS2 %>PLY PURSU+ 9 O!RS ?OSE VIOLATIONS ( FAI? ( :I* HE IS HIMSELF GUILTY1 -- HE LIES 9 HIS CLAIMS1 HE LIES 9 HIS REPRES5TATIONS1 HE LIES 9 HIS 9V5TORIES2 HE EXAGG]ATES1 HE EXT5UATES1 HE OV]-RATES2 HE REG>DS HIMSELF AS ! C5T] ( ! WORLD1 & EV]Y?+ \TSIDE ( HIM HAS ONLY A RELATIVE EXI/5CE1 VALUE1 & TRU?4 ,SUBTLE & %REWD 9 HIS TRANSACTIONS1 HE /IPULATES1 HE RES]VES1 TREMBL+ ALWAYS LE/ HE MAY SAY TOO MU* OR NOT 5\<2 ABUS+ WORDS ) ! SIMPLE1 G5]ALIZ+ 9 ORD] NOT TO COMPROMISE HIMSELF1 SPECIFY+ 9 ORD] TO ALL[ NO?+1 HE TURNS ?REE TIMES UPON HIMSELF & ?9KS SEV5 TIMES UND] HIS *9 BE=E SAY+ HIS LA/ WORD4 ,HAS HE AT LA/ CONCLUD$8 ,HE R]EADS HIMSELF1 HE 9T]PRETS HIMSELF1 HE COMM5TS ON HIMSELF2 HE TORTURES HIMSELF TO F9D A DEEP MEAN+ 9 EV]Y P>T ( HIS CONTRACT1 & 9 ! CLE>E/ PHRASES ! OPPOSITE ( :AT !Y SAY4 

,:AT 9F9ITE >T1 :AT HYPOCRISY1 9 HIS RELATIONS ) ! MANUAL LABOR]6 ,FROM ! SIMPLE %OPKEEP] TO ! BIG CONTRACTOR1 H[ SKILLFUL !Y >E 9 EXPLOIT+ HIS >MS6 ,H[ WELL !Y KN[ H[ TO CONT5D ) LABOR1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 IT AT A L[ PRICE6 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT IS A HOPE = :I* ! MA/] RECEIVES A SLI<T S]VICE2 !N IT IS A PROMISE :I* HE DISC\NTS BY REQUIR+ SOME DUTY2 !N A TRIAL1 A SACRIFICE1 -- = HE NE$S NOBODY1 -- :I* ! UN=TUNATE MAN MU/ RECOGNIZE BY CONT5T+ HIMSELF ) ! L[E/ WAGES2 !RE >E 5DLESS EXACTIONS & OV]*>GES1 COMP5SAT$ BY SETTLEM5TS ON PAY-DAYS EFFECT$ 9 ! MO/ RAPACI\S & DECEITFUL SPIRIT4 ,& ! WORKMAN MU/ KEEP SIL5T & B5D ! KNEE1 & CL5* HIS FI/ UND] HIS FROCK3 = ! EMPLOY] HAS ! WORK1 & ONLY TOO HAPPY IS HE :O CAN OBTA9 ! FAVOR ( HIS SW9DLES4 ,& BECAUSE SOCIETY HAS NOT YET F\ND A WAY TO PREV5T1 REPRESS1 & PUNI% ?IS ODI\S GR9D+ PROCESS1 SO SPONTANE\S1 SO +5U\S1 SO DIS5GAG$ FROM ALL SUP]IOR IMPULSE1 IT IS ATTRIBUT$ TO SOCIAL CON/RA9T4 ,:AT FOLLY6 

,! COMMISSION-M]*ANT IS ! TYPE1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION1 ( MONOPOLY1 ! EMBODIM5T ( COMM]CE1 ?AT IS1 ( CIVILIZATION4 ,EV]Y FUNCTION DEP5DS UPON HIS1 P>TICIPATES 9 IT1 OR IS ASSIMILAT$ TO IT3 =1 AS FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? ! RELATIONS ( M5 ) EA* O!R >E ALL R$UCIBLE TO EX*ANGES1 -- ?AT IS1 TO TRANSF]S ( VALUES1 -- IT MAY BE SAID ?AT CIVILIZATION IS P]SONIFI$ 9 ! COMMISSION-M]*ANT4 

,N[1 QUE/ION ! COMMISSION-M]*ANTS AS TO ! MORALITY ( !IR TRADE2 !Y WILL BE FRANK ) Y\2 ALL WILL TELL Y\ ?AT ! COMMISSION BUS9ESS IS EXTORTION4 ,COMPLA9TS >E MADE ( ! FRAUDS & ADULT]ATIONS :I* DISGRACE MANUFACTURES3 COMM]CE -- ,I REF] ESPECIALLY TO ! COMMISSION BUS9ESS -- IS ONLY A GIGANTIC & P]MAN5T CONSPIRACY ( MONOPOLI/S1 BY TURNS COMPET+ OR JO9$ 9 POOLS2 IT IS NOT A FUNCTION P]=M$ ) A VIEW TO A LEGITIMATE PR(IT1 BUT A VA/ ORGANIZATION ( SPECULATION 9 ALL >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION1 AS WELL AS ON ! CIRCULATION ( P]SONS & PRODUCTS4 ,ALREADY SW9DL+ IS TOL]AT$ 9 ?IS PR(ESSION3 H[ MANY WAY-BILLS OV]*>G$1 ]AS$1 ALT]$6 H[ MANY /AMPS C\NT]FEIT$6 H[ MU* DAMAGE CONCEAL$ OR FRAUDUL5TLY COMP\ND$6 H[ MANY LIES AS TO QUALITY6 H[ MANY PROMISES GIV5 & RETRACT$6 H[ MANY DOCUM5TS SUPPRESS$6 :AT 9TRIGUES & COMB9ATIONS6 & !N :AT TREASONS6 

,! COMMISSION-M]*ANT -- ?AT IS1 ! M]*ANT -- ?AT IS1 ! MAN -- IS A GAMBL]1 A SL&]]1 A *>LATAN1 A M]C5>Y1 A ?IEF1 A =G]4 4 4 4 

,?IS IS ! EFFECT ( \R ANTAGONI/IC SOCIETY1 OBS]VE ! NEO-MY/ICS4 ,SO SAY ! COMM]CIAL PEOPLE1 ! FIR/ UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES TO ACCUSE ! CORRUPTION ( ! C5TURY4 ,!Y ACT AS !Y DO1 IF WE MAY BELIEVE !M1 SIMPLY TO 9DEMNIFY !MSELVES & :OLLY AGA9/ !IR 9CL9ATION3 !Y FOLL[ NECESSITY2 !IRS IS A CASE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE4 

,DOES IT REQUIRE AN EF=T ( G5IUS TO SEE ?AT !SE MUTUAL RECRIM9ATIONS /RIKE AT ! V]Y NATURE ( MAN1 ?AT ! PRET5D$ P]V]SION ( SOCIETY IS NO?+ BUT ! P]V]SION ( MAN1 & ?AT ! OPPOSITION ( PR9CIPLES & 9T]E/S IS ONLY AN EXT]NAL ACCID5T1 SO TO SPEAK1 :I* BR+S 9TO RELIEF1 BUT )\T EX]T+ A NECESSITAT+ 9FLU5CE1 BO? ! BLACKNESS ( \R EGOISM & ! R>E VIRTUES ) :I* \R RACE IS HONOR$8 

,I UND]/& 9H>MONI\S COMPETITION & ITS IRRESI/IBLE ELIM9AT+ EFFECTS3 ?IS IS 9EVITABLE4 ,COMPETITION1 9 ITS HI<] EXPRESSION1 IS ! GE>+ BY MEANS ( :I* LABOR]S RECIPROCALLY /IMULATE & SU/A9 EA* O!R4 ,BUT1 P5D+ ! REALIZATION ( ?AT ORGANIZATION :I* MU/ ELEVATE COMPETITION TO ITS V]ITABLE NATURE1 IT REMA9S A CIVIL W> 9 :I* PRODUC]S1 9/EAD ( AID+ EA* O!R 9 LABOR1 GR9D & CRU% EA* O!R BY LABOR4 ,! DANG] H]E WAS IMM95T2 MAN1 TO AV]T IT1 HAD ?IS SUPREME LAW ( LOVE2 & NO?+ WAS EASI]1 :ILE PU%+ COMPETITION TO ITS EXTREME LIMITS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PRODUCTION1 ?AN TO !N REPAIR ITS MURD]\S EFFECTS BY AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION4 ,F> FROM ?AT1 ?IS AN>*ICAL COMPETITION HAS BECOME1 AS IT W]E1 ! S\L & SPIRIT ( ! LABOR]4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( MAN ?IS WEAPON ( DEA?1 & HE HAS /RUCK2 HE HAS US$ COMPETITION1 AS ! LION USES HIS PAWS & JAWS1 TO KILL & DEV\R4 ,H[ IS IT1 !N1 ,I REPEAT1 ?AT A :OLLY EXT]NAL ACCID5T HAS *ANG$ ! NATURE ( MAN1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE GOOD & G5TLE & SOCIAL8 

,! W9E M]*ANT CALLS TO HIS AID JELLY1 MAGN91 9SECTS1 WAT]1 & POISONS2 BY COMB9ATIONS ( HIS [N HE ADDS TO ! DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ( COMPETITION4 ,:5CE COMES ?IS MANIA8 ,FROM ! FACT1 Y\ SAY1 ?AT HIS COMPETITOR SETS HIM ! EXAMPLE6 ,& ?IS COMPETITOR1 :O 9CITES HIM8 ,SOME O!R COMPETITOR4 ,SO ?AT1 IF WE MAKE ! T\R ( SOCIETY1 WE %ALL F9D ?AT IT IS ! MASS1 & 9 ! MASS EA* P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL1 :O1 BY A TACIT AGREEM5T ( !IR PASSIONS1 -- PRIDE1 9DOL5CE1 GRE$1 DI/RU/1 JEAL\SY1 -- HAVE ORGANIZ$ ?IS DETE/ABLE W>4 

,AFT] HAV+ GA!R$ AB\T HIM TOOLS1 MAT]IAL1 & WORKM51 ! CONTRACTOR MU/ RECOV] 9 ! PRODUCT1 BESIDES ! AM\NT ( HIS \TLAY1 FIR/ ! 9T]E/ ( HIS CAPITAL1 & !N A PR(IT4 ,IT IS 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT L5D+ AT 9T]E/ HAS F9ALLY BECOME E/ABLI%$1 & ?AT GA91 CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF1 HAS ALWAYS PASS$ = LEGITIMATE4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM1 ! POLICE ( NATIONS NOT HAV+ SE5 AT FIR/ ! ESS5TIAL CONTRADICTION ( LOANS AT 9T]E/1 ! WAGE-WORK]1 9/EAD ( DEP5D+ DIRECTLY UPON HIMSELF1 HAD TO DEP5D UPON AN EMPLOY]1 AS ! SOLDI] BELONG$ TO ! C\NT1 OR ! TRIBE TO ! PATRI>*4 ,?IS ORD] ( ?+S WAS NECESS>Y1 &1 P5D+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMPLETE EQUALITY1 IT WAS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! WELF>E ( ALL %\LD BE SECUR$ BY IT4 ,BUT :5 ! MA/]1 9 HIS DISORD]LY EGOISM1 HAS SAID TO ! S]VANT3 0,Y\ %ALL NOT %>E ) ME10 & ROBB$ HIM AT ONE /ROKE ( LABOR & WAGES1 :]E IS ! NECESSITY1 :]E ! EXCUSE8 ,WILL IT BE NECESS>Y FUR!R1 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! CONCUPISCIBLE APPETITE1 TO FALL BACK ON ! IRASCIBLE APPETITE8 ,TAKE C>E3 9 DRAW+ BACK 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! HUMAN BE+ 9 ! S]IES ( HIS LU/S1 9/EAD ( SAV+ HIS MORALITY1 Y\ AB&ON IT4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I PREF] ! GUILTY MAN TO ! WILD-BEA/ MAN4 

,NATURE HAS MADE MAN SOCIABLE3 ! SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( HIS 9/9CTS N[ MAKES HIM AN ANGEL ( *>ITY1 N[ ROBS HIM EV5 ( ! S5TIM5T ( FRAT]NITY & ! IDEA ( DEVOTION4 ,DID ANY ONE EV] SEE A CAPITALI/1 WE>Y ( GA91 CONSPIR+ = ! G5]AL GOOD & MAK+ ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT HIS LA/ SPECULATION8 ,!RE >E MANY PEOPLE1 FAVORITES ( =TUNE1 TO :OM NO?+ IS LACK+ BUT ! CR[N ( B5EFIC5CE3 N[1 :]E IS ! GROC] :O1 HAV+ GR[N RI*1 BEG9S TO SELL AT CO/8 ,:]E ! BAK] :O1 RETIR+ FROM BUS9ESS1 LEAVES HIS CU/OM]S & HIS E/ABLI%M5T TO HIS ASSI/ANTS8 ,:]E ! APO!C>Y :O1 UND] ! PRET5SE ( W9D+ UP HIS AFFAIRS1 SURR5D]S HIS DRUGS AT !IR TRUE VALUE8 ,:5 *>ITY HAS ITS M>TYRS1 :Y HAS IT NOT ITS AMATEURS8 ,IF !RE %\LD SUDD5LY BE =M$ A CONGRESS ( BONDHOLD]S1 CAPITALI/S1 & M5 ( BUS9ESS1 RETIR$ BUT /ILL FIT = S]VICE1 ) A VIEW TO C>RY+ ON A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES GRATUIT\SLY1 9 A %ORT TIME SOCIETY W\LD BE RE=M$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,BUT WORK = NO?+6 ,?AT IS = ! ,V9C5T DE ,PAULS1 ! ,F5ELONS1 ALL ?OSE :OSE S\LS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 WEAN$ & :OSE HE>TS HAVE BE5 PURE4 ,! MAN 5RI*$ BY GA9 WILL BE A MUNICIPAL C\NCILOR1 A MEMB] ( ! COMMITTEE ON *>ITIES1 AN (FIC] ( ! 9FANT S*OOLS3 HE WILL P]=M ALL ! HONOR>Y FUNCTIONS1 B>R+ EXACTLY ?AT :I* W\LD BE EFFICACI\S1 BUT :I* IS REPUGNANT TO HIS HABITS4 ,WORK )\T HOPE ( PR(ITS6 ,?AT CANNOT BE1 = IT W\LD BE SELF-DE/RUCTION4 ,HE W\LD LIKE TO1 P]HAPS2 HE HAS NOT ! C\RAGE4 ,VIDEO MELIORA PROBOQUE1 DET]IORA SEQUOR4 ,! RETIR$ PROPRIETOR IS REALLY ! [L ( ! FABLE GA!R+ BEE*-NUTS = ITS MUTILAT$ MICE UNTIL IT IS READY TO DEV\R !M4 ,IS SOCIETY ALSO TO BE BLAM$ = !SE EFFECTS ( A PASSION SO LONG1 SO FREELY1 SO FULLY GRATIFI$8 

,:O1 !N1 WILL EXPLA9 ?IS MY/]Y ( A MANIFOLD & DISCORDANT BE+1 CAPABLE AT ONCE ( ! HI<E/ VIRTUES & ! MO/ FRI<TFUL CRIMES8 ,! DOG LICKS HIS MA/] :O /RIKES HIM1 BECAUSE ! DOG'S NATURE IS FIDELITY & ?IS NATURE NEV] LEAVES HIM4 ,! LAMB TAKES REFUGE 9 ! >MS ( ! %EPH]D :O FLEECES & EATS HIM1 BECAUSE ! %EEP'S 9SEP>ABLE *>ACT]I/ICS >E G5TL5ESS & PEACE4 ,! HORSE DA%ES ?R\< FLAME & GRAPE-%OT )\T T\*+ ) HIS SWIFTLY-MOV+ FEET ! W\ND$ & DEAD LY+ 9 HIS PA?1 BECAUSE ! HORSE'S S\L IS UNALT]ABLE 9 ITS G5]OSITY4 ,!SE ANIMALS >E M>TYRS = \R SAKES ?R\< ! CON/ANCY & DEVOTION ( !IR NATURES4 ,! S]VANT :O DEF5DS HIS MA/] AT ! P]IL ( HIS LIFE1 = A LITTLE GOLD BETRAYS & MURD]S HIM2 ! *A/E WIFE POLLUTES H] B$ BECAUSE ( SOME DISGU/ OR ABS5CE1 & 9 ,LUCRECE WE F9D ,MESSAL9A2 ! PROPRIETOR1 BY TURNS FA!R & TYRANT1 REFITS & RE/ORES HIS RU9$ F>M] & DRIVES FROM HIS L&S ! F>M]'S TOO NUM]\S FAMILY1 :I* HAS 9CREAS$ ON ! /R5G? ( ! FEUDAL CONTRACT2 ! W>RIOR1 MIRROR & P>AGON ( *IVALRY1 MAKES ! CORPSES ( HIS COMPANIONS A /EPP+-/ONE TO ADVANCEM5T4 ,EPAM9ONDAS & ,REGULUS TRAFFIC 9 ! BLOOD ( !IR SOLDI]S1 -- H[ MANY 9/ANCES HAVE MY [N EYES WITNESS$6 -- & BY A HORRIBLE CONTRA/ ! PR(ESSION ( SACRIFICE IS ! MO/ FRUITFUL 9 C[>DICE4 ,HUMANITY HAS ITS M>TYRS & ITS APO/ATES3 TO :AT1 ,I ASK AGA91 MU/ ?IS DIVISION BE ATTRIBUT$8 

,TO ! ANTAGONISM ( SOCIETY1 Y\ ALWAYS SAY2 TO ! /ATE ( SEP>ATION1 ISOLATION1 HO/ILITY TO HIS FELL[S1 9 :I* MAN HAS HI!RTO LIV$2 9 A WORD1 TO ?AT ALI5ATION ( HIS HE>T :I* HAS L$ HIM TO MI/AKE 5JOYM5T = LOVE1 PROP]TY = POSSESSION1 PA9 = LABOR1 9TOXICATION = JOY2 TO ?AT W>P$ CONSCI5CE1 9 %ORT1 :I* REMORSE HAS NOT CEAS$ TO PURSUE UND] ! NAME ( ORIG9AL S94 ,:5 MAN1 RECONCIL$ ) HIMSELF1 %ALL CEASE TO LOOK UPON HIS NEI<BOR & NATURE AS HO/ILE P[]S1 !N WILL HE LOVE & PRODUCE SIMPLY BY ! SPONTANEITY ( HIS 5]GY2 !N IT WILL BE HIS PASSION TO GIVE1 AS IT IS TODAY TO ACQUIRE2 & !N WILL HE SEEK 9 LABOR & DEVOTION HIS ONLY HAPP9ESS1 HIS SUPREME DELI<T4 ,!N1 LOVE BECOM+ REALLY & 9DIVISIBLY ! LAW ( MAN1 JU/ICE WILL !REAFT] BE BUT AN EMPTY NAME1 PA9FUL S\V5IR ( A P]IOD ( VIOL5CE & TE>S4 

,C]TA9LY ,I DO NOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ( ANTAGONISM1 OR1 AS IT WILL PLEASE Y\ TO CALL IT1 ( RELIGI\S ALI5ATION1 ANY MORE ?AN ! NECESSITY ( RECONCIL+ MAN ) HIMSELF2 MY :OLE PHILOSOPHY IS BUT A P]PETUITY ( RECONCILIATIONS4 ,Y\ ADMIT ?AT ! DIV]G5CE ( \R NATURE IS ! PRELIM9>Y ( SOCIETY1 OR1 LET US RA!R SAY1 ! MAT]IAL ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! FACT1 BUT1 REMEMB] WELL1 ! 9DE/RUCTIBLE FACT ( :I* ,I SEEK ! MEAN+4 ,C]TA9LY WE %\LD BE V]Y NE> AN UND]/&+1 IF1 9/EAD ( CONSID]+ ! DISSID5CE & H>MONY ( ! HUMAN FACULTIES AS TWO DI/9CT P]IODS1 CLEAN-CUT & CONSECUTIVE 9 HI/ORY1 Y\ W\LD CONS5T TO VIEW !M ) ME SIMPLY AS ! TWO FACES ( \R NATURE1 EV] ADV]SE1 EV] 9 C\RSE ( RECONCILIATION1 BUT NEV] 5TIRELY RECONCIL$4 ,9 A WORD1 AS 9DIVIDUALISM IS ! PRIMORDIAL FACT ( HUMANITY1 SO ASSOCIATION IS ITS COMPLEM5T>Y T]M2 BUT BO? >E 9 9CESSANT MANIFE/ATION1 & ON E>? JU/ICE IS ET]NALLY ! CONDITION ( LOVE4 

,?US ! DOGMA ( ! FALL IS NOT SIMPLY ! EXPRESSION ( A SPECIAL & TRANSITORY /ATE ( HUMAN REASON & MORALITY3 IT IS ! SPONTANE\S CONFESSION1 9 SYMBOLIC PHRASE1 ( ?IS FACT AS A/ONI%+ AS IT IS 9DE/RUCTIBLE1 ! CULPABILITY1 ! 9CL9ATION TO EVIL1 ( \R RACE4 ,CURSE UPON ME A S9N]6 CRIES ON EV]Y H& & 9 EV]Y TONGUE ! CONSCI5CE ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,VE NOBIS QUIA PECCAVIMUS6 ,RELIGION1 9 GIV+ ?IS IDEA CONCRETE & DRAMATIC =M1 HAS 9DE$ GONE BACK ( HI/ORY & BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! WORLD = ?AT :I* IS ESS5TIAL & IMMAN5T 9 \R S\L2 ?IS1 ON ITS P>T1 WAS BUT AN 9TELLECTUAL MIRAGE2 IT WAS NOT MI/AK5 AS TO ! ESS5TIALITY & P]MAN5CE ( ! FACT4 ,N[1 IT IS ?IS FACT = :I* WE HAVE TO ACC\NT1 & IT IS ALSO FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ?AT WE >E TO 9T]PRET ! DOGMA ( ORIG9AL S94 

,ALL PEOPLES HAVE HAD !IR EXPIATORY CU/OMS1 !IR P5IT5TIAL SACRIFICES1 !IR REPRESSIVE & P5AL 9/ITUTIONS1 BORN ( ! HORROR & REGRET ( S94 ,CA?OLICISM1 :I* BUILT A !ORY :]EV] SOCIAL SPONTANEITY HAD EXPRESS$ AN IDEA OR DEPOSIT$ A HOPE1 CONV]T$ 9TO A SACRAM5T ! AT ONCE SYMBOLIC & EFFECTIVE C]EMONY BY :I* ! S9N] EXPRESS$ HIS REP5TANCE1 ASK$ P>DON ( ,GOD & M5 = HIS FAULT1 & PREP>$ HIMSELF = A BETT] LIFE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ! ,RE=MATION1 9 REJECT+ CONTRITION1 CAVIL+ OV] ! WORD METANOIA1 ATTRIBUT+ TO FAI? ALONE ! VIRTUE ( JU/IFICATION1 DECONSECRAT+ REP5TANCE 9 %ORT1 TOOK A /EP BACKW>D & UTT]LY FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ! LAW ( PROGRESS4 ,TO D5Y WAS NOT TO REPLY4 ,ON ?IS PO9T AS ON SO MANY O!RS ! ABUSES ( ! ,*UR* CALL$ = RE=M2 ! !ORIES ( REP5TANCE1 ( DAMNATION1 ( ! REMISSION ( S91 & ( GRACE CONTA9$1 IF ,I MAY V5TURE TO SAY SO1 9 A LAT5T /ATE1 ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( HUMANITY'S $UCATION2 !SE !ORIES NE$$ TO BE DEVELOP$ & GR[N 9TO RATIONALISM2 ,LU!R KNEW NO?+ BUT !IR DE/RUCTION4 ,AURICUL> CONFESSION WAS A DEGRADATION ( REP5TANCE1 AN EQUIVOCAL DEMON/RATION SUB/ITUT$ = A GREAT ACT ( HUMILITY2 ,LU!R SURPASS$ PAPI/ HYPOCRISY BY R$UC+ ! PRIMITIVE CONFESSION BE=E ,GOD & M5 7EXOMOLOG\MAI TO !O4 4 4 4 KAI HUM91 ADELPHOI7 TO A SOLILOQUY4 ,! ,*RI/IAN MEAN+ !N WAS LO/1 & NOT UNTIL ?REE C5TURIES LAT] WAS IT RE/OR$ BY PHILOSOPHY4 

,S9CE1 !N1 ,*RI/IANITY -- ?AT IS1 RELIGI\S HUMANITY -- HAS NOT BE5 9 ]ROR AS TO ! ,R,E,A,L,I,T,Y ( A FACT ESS5TIAL 9 HUMAN NATURE1 -- A FACT :I* IT HAS DESIGNAT$ BY ! WORDS ORIG9AL PREV>ICATION1 LET US FUR!R 9T]ROGATE ,*RI/IANITY1 HUMANITY1 AS TO ! ,M,E,A,N,+ ( ?IS FACT4 ,LET US NOT BE A/ONI%$ EI!R BY METAPHOR OR BY ALLEGORY3 TRU? IS 9DEP5D5T ( FIGURES4 ,& BESIDES1 :AT IS TRU? TO US BUT ! CONT9U\S PROGRESS ( \R M9D FROM POETRY TO PROSE8 

,& FIR/ LET US 9QUIRE :E!R ?IS AT LEA/ S+UL> IDEA ( ORIG9AL PREV>ICATION HAD NOT1 SOME:]E 9 ! ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 ITS CORRELATIVE4 ,= ! TRUE IDEA1 ! G5]IC IDEA1 CANNOT RESULT FROM AN ISOLAT$ CONCEPTION2 !RE MU/ BE A S]IES4 

,*RI/IANITY1 AFT] HAV+ POSIT$ ! DOGMA ( ! FALL AS ! FIR/ T]M1 FOLL[$ UP ITS ?\<T BY AFFIRM+1 = ALL :O %\LD DIE 9 ?IS /ATE ( POLLUTION1 AN IRREVOCABLE SEP>ATION FROM ,GOD1 AN ET]NITY ( PUNI%M5T4 ,!N IT COMPLET$ ITS !ORY BY RECONCIL+ !SE TWO OPPOSITES BY ! DOGMA ( REHABILITATION OR ( GRACE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* EV]Y CREATURE BORN 9 ! HATR$ ( ,GOD IS RECONCIL$ BY ! M]ITS ( ,JESUS ,*RI/1 :I* FAI? & REP5TANCE R5D] EFFICACI\S4 ,?US1 ESS5TIAL CORRUPTION ( \R NATURE & P]PETUITY ( PUNI%M5T1 EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( R$EMPTION ?R\< VOLUNT>Y P>TICIPATION 9 ,*RI/'S SACRIFICE1 -- SU* IS1 9 BRIEF1 ! EVOLUTION ( ! !OLOGICAL IDEA4 ,! SECOND AFFIRMATION IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! FIR/2 ! ?IRD IS A NEGATION & TRANS=MATION ( ! TWO O!RS3 9 FACT1 A CON/ITUTIONAL VISE BE+ NECESS>ILY 9DE/RUCTIBLE1 ! EXPIATION :I* IT 9VOLVES IS AS ET]NAL AS ITSELF1 UNLESS A SUP]IOR P[] COMES TO BREAK DE/9Y & LIFT ! ANA!MA BY AN 9TEGRAL R5OVATION4 

,! HUMAN M9D1 9 ITS RELIGI\S CAPRICES AS WELL AS 9 ITS MO/ POSITIVE !ORIES1 HAS ALWAYS BUT ONE ME?OD2 ! SAME METAPHYSICS PRODUC$ ! ,*RI/IAN MY/]IES & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY2 FAI?1 )\T KN[+ IT1 HANGS UPON REASON2 & WE1 EXPLOR]S ( DIV9E & HUMAN MANIFE/ATIONS1 >E 5TITL$ TO V]IFY1 9 ! NAME ( REASON1 ! HYPO!SES ( !OLOGY4 

,:AT WAS IT1 !N1 ?AT ! UNIV]SAL REASON1 =MULAT$ 9 RELIGI\S DOGMAS1 SAW 9 HUMAN NATURE1 :51 BY SO REGUL> A METAPHYSICAL CON/RUCTION1 IT DECL>$ SUCCESSIVELY ! +5U\SNESS ( ! (F5SE1 ! ET]NITY ( ! P5ALTY1 ! NECESSITY ( GRACE8 ,! VEILS ( !OLOGY >E BECOM+ SO TRANSP>5T ?AT IT QUITE RESEMBLES NATURAL HI/ORY4 

,IF WE CONCEIVE ! OP]ATION BY :I* ! SUPREME BE+ IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE PRODUC$ ALL BE+S1 NO LONG] AS AN EMANATION1 AN EX]TION ( ! CREATIVE =CE & 9F9ITE SUB/ANCE1 BUT AS A DIVISION OR DIFF]5TIATION ( ?IS SUB/ANTIAL =CE1 EA* BE+1 ORGANIZ$ OR UNORGANIZ$1 WILL APPE> TO US ! SPECIAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ONE ( ! 9NUM]ABLE POT5TIALITIES ( ! 9F9ITE BE+1 AS A SECTION ( ! ABSOLUTE2 & ! COLLECTION ( ALL !SE 9DIVIDUALITIES 7FLUIDS1 M9]ALS1 PLANTS1 9SECTS1 FI%1 BIRDS1 & QUADRUP$S7 WILL BE ! CREATION1 ! UNIV]SE4 

,MAN1 AN ABRIDGM5T ( ! UNIV]SE1 SUMS UP & SYNCRETIZES 9 HIS P]SON ALL ! POT5TIALITIES ( BE+1 ALL ! SECTIONS ( ! ABSOLUTE2 HE IS ! SUMMIT AT :I* !SE POT5TIALITIES1 :I* EXI/ ONLY BY !IR DIV]G5CE1 MEET 9 A GR\P1 BUT )\T P5ETRAT+ OR BECOM+ CONF\ND$ ) EA* O!R4 ,MAN1 !RE=E1 BY ?IS AGGREGATION1 IS AT ONCE SPIRIT & MATT]1 SPONTANEITY & REFLECTION1 ME*ANISM & LIFE1 ANGEL & BRUTE4 ,HE IS V5OM\S LIKE ! VIP]1 SANGU9>Y LIKE ! TIG]1 GLUTTON\S LIKE ! HOG1 OBSC5E LIKE ! APE2 & DEVOT$ LIKE ! DOG1 G5]\S LIKE ! HORSE1 9DU/RI\S LIKE ! BEE1 MONOGAMIC LIKE ! DOVE1 SOCIABLE LIKE ! BEAV] & %EEP4 ,& 9 ADDITION HE IS MAN1 -- ?AT IS1 REASONABLE & FREE1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( $UCATION & IMPROVEM5T4 ,MAN 5JOYS AS MANY NAMES AS ,JUPIT]2 ALL !SE NAMES HE C>RIES WRITT5 ON HIS FACE2 &1 9 ! V>I$ MIRROR ( NATURE1 HIS 9FALLIBLE 9/9CT IS ABLE TO RECOGNIZE !M4 ,A S]P5T IS BEAUTIFUL TO ! REASON2 IT IS ! CONSCI5CE ?AT F9DS IT ODI\S & UGLY4 ,! ANCI5TS AS WELL AS ! MOD]NS GRASP$ ?IS IDEA ( ! CON/ITUTION ( MAN BY AGGLOM]ATION ( ALL T]RE/RIAL POT5TIALITIES3 ! LABORS ( ,GALL & ,LAVAT] W]E1 IF ,I MAY SAY SO1 ONLY ATTEMPTS AT DIS9TEGRATION ( ! HUMAN SYNCRETISM1 & !IR CLASSIFICATION ( \R FACULTIES A M9IATURE PICTURE ( NATURE4 ,MAN1 9 %ORT1 LIKE ! PROPHET 9 ! LIONS' D51 IS V]ITABLY GIV5 OV] TO ! BEA/S2 & IF ANY?+ IS DE/9$ TO EXHIBIT TO PO/]ITY ! 9FAM\S HYPOCRISY ( \R EPO*1 IT IS ! FACT ?AT $UCAT$ P]SONS1 SPIRITUALI/IC BIGOTS1 HAVE ?\<T TO S]VE RELIGION & MORALITY BY ALT]+ ! NATURE ( \R RACE & GIV+ ! LIE TO ANATOMY4 

,!RE=E ! ONLY QUE/ION LEFT TO DECIDE IS :E!R IT DEP5DS UPON MAN1 NOT)/&+ ! CONTRADICTIONS :I* ! PROGRESSIVE EMISSION ( HIS IDEAS MULTIPLIES >\ND HIM1 TO GIVE MORE OR LESS SCOPE TO ! POT5TIALITIES PLAC$ UND] HIS CONTROL1 OR1 AS ! MORALI/S SAY1 TO HIS PASSIONS2 9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R1 LIKE ,H]CULES ( OLD1 HE CAN CONQU] ! ANIMALITY :I* BESETS HIM1 ! 9F]NAL LEGION :I* SEEMS EV] READY TO DEV\R HIM4 

,N[1 ! UNIV]SAL CONS5T ( PEOPLES BE>S WITNESS -- & WE HAVE %[N IT 9 ! ?IRD & F\R? *APT]S -- ?AT MAN1 ALL HIS ANIMAL IMPULSES SET ASIDE1 IS SUMM$ UP 9 9TELLIG5CE & LIB]TY1 -- ?AT IS1 FIR/1 A FACULTY ( APPRECIATION & *OICE1 &1 SECOND1 A P[] ( ACTION 9DIFF]5TLY APPLICABLE TO GOOD & EVIL4 ,WE HAVE %[N FUR!R ?AT !SE TWO FACULTIES1 :I* EX]CISE A NECESS>Y 9FLU5CE OV] EA* O!R1 >E SUSCEPTIBLE ( 9DEF9ITE DEVELOPM5T & IMPROVEM5T4 

,SOCIAL DE/9Y1 ! SOLUTION ( ! HUMAN 5IGMA1 IS F\ND1 !N1 9 !SE WORDS3 ,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N1 ,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S4 

,! $UCATION ( LIB]TY1 ! TAM+ ( \R 9/9CTS1 ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T OR R$EMPTION ( \R S\L1 -- ?IS1 !N1 AS ,LESS+ HAS PROV$1 IS ! MEAN+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN MY/]Y4 ,?IS $UCATION WILL LA/ ?R\<\T \R LIFE & ?AT ( HUMANITY3 ! CONTRADICTIONS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY MAY BE SOLV$2 ! ESS5TIAL CONTRADICTION ( \R BE+ NEV] WILL BE4 ,?AT IS :Y ! GREAT TEA*]S ( HUMANITY1 ,MOSES1 ,BUDDHA1 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 ,ZOROA/]1 W]E ALL APO/LES ( EXPIATION1 LIV+ SYMBOLS ( REP5TANCE4 ,MAN IS BY NATURE A S9N]1 -- ?AT IS1 NOT ESS5TIALLY ILL-DO+1 BUT RA!R ILL-DONE1 -- & IT IS HIS DE/9Y TO P]PETUALLY RE-CREATE HIS IDEAL 9 HIMSELF4 ,?AT IS :AT ! GREATE/ ( PA9T]S1 ,RAPHAEL1 FELT PR(\NDLY1 :5 HE SAID ?AT >T CONSI/S 9 R5D]+ ?+S1 NOT AS NATURE MADE !M1 BUT AS IT %\LD HAVE MADE !M4 

,H5CE=?1 !N1 IT IS \RS TO TEA* ! !OLOGIANS1 = WE ALONE CONT9UE ! TRADITION ( ! ,*UR*1 WE ALONE POSSESS ! MEAN+ ( ! ,SCRIPTURES1 ( ! ,C\NCILS1 & ( ! ,FA!RS4 ,\R 9T]PRETATION RE/S ON ! MO/ C]TA9 & MO/ AU!NTIC GR\NDS1 ON ! GREATE/ AU?ORITY TO :I* M5 CAN APPEAL1 ! METAPHYSICAL CON/RUCTION ( IDEAS & FACTS4 ,YES1 ! HUMAN BE+ IS VICI\S BECAUSE HE IS ILLOGICAL1 BECAUSE HIS CON/ITUTION IS BUT AN ECLECTICISM :I* HOLDS 9 P]PETUAL /RUGGLE ! POT5TIALITIES ( HIS BE+1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,! LIFE ( MAN IS ONLY A CONT9UAL COMPROMISE BETWE5 LABOR & PA91 LOVE & 5JOYM5T1 JU/ICE & EGOISM2 & ! VOLUNT>Y SACRIFICE :I* MAN MAKES 9 OB$I5CE TO HIS 9F]IOR ATTRACTIONS IS ! BAPTISM :I* PREP>ES ! WAY = HIS RECONCILIATION ) ,GOD & R5D]S HIM WOR?Y ( ?AT BEATIFIC UNION & ET]NAL HAPP9ESS4 

,! OBJECT ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 9 9CESSANTLY SECUR+ ORD] 9 LABOR & FAVOR+ ! $UCATION ( ! RACE1 IS !N TO R5D] *>ITY -- ?AT *>ITY :I* KN[S NOT H[ TO RULE ITS SLAVES -- SUP]FLU\S AS F> AS POSSIBLE BY EQUALITY1 OR BETT]1 TO MAKE *>ITY DEVELOP FROM JU/ICE1 AS A FL[] FROM ITS /EM4 ,AH6 IF *>ITY HAD HAD ! P[] TO CREATE HAPP9ESS AMONG M51 IT W\LD HAVE PROV$ IT LONG AGO2 & SOCIALISM1 9/EAD ( SEEK+ ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 W\LD HAVE HAD BUT TO SAY3 0,TAKE C>E1 Y\ >E LACK+ 9 *>ITY40 

,BUT1 ALAS6 *>ITY 9 MAN IS /UNT$1 SLY1 SLUGGI%1 & LUKEW>M2 9 ORD] TO ACT1 IT NE$S ELIXIRS & >OMAS4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I HAVE CLUNG TO ! TRIPLE DOGMA ( PREV>ICATION1 DAMNATION1 & R$EMPTION1 -- ?AT IS1 P]FECTIBILITY ?R\< JU/ICE4 ,LIB]TY H]E BEL[ IS ALWAYS 9 NE$ ( ASSI/ANCE1 & ! ,CA?OLIC !ORY ( CELE/IAL FAVORS COMES TO COMPLETE ?IS TOO REAL DEMON/RATION ( ! MIS]IES ( \R NATURE4 

,GRACE1 SAY ! !OLOGIANS1 IS1 9 ! ORD] ( SALVATION1 EV]Y HELP OR MEANS :I* CAN CONDUCT US TO ET]NAL LIFE4 

,?AT IS TO SAY1 MAN P]FECTS HIMSELF1 CIVILIZES HIMSELF1 HUMANIZES HIMSELF ONLY BY ! 9CESSANT AID ( EXP]I5CE1 BY 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 & >T1 BY PLEASURE & PA91 9 A WORD1 BY ALL BODILY & M5TAL EX]CISES4 

,!RE IS AN HABITUAL GRACE1 CALL$ ALSO JU/IFY+ & SANCTIFY+1 :I* IS CONCEIV$ AS A QUALITY RESID+ 9 ! S\L1 CONTA9+ ! 9NATE VIRTUES & GIFTS ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 & 9SEP>ABLE FROM *>ITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HABITUAL GRACE IS ! SYMBOL ( ! PR$OM9ANCE ( GOOD IMPULSES1 :I* LEAD MAN TO ORD] & LOVE1 & BY MEANS ( :I* HE SUCCE$S 9 SUBDU+ HIS EVIL T5D5CIES & REMA9+ MA/] 9 HIS [N DOMA94 ,AS = ACTUAL GRACE1 ?AT 9DICATES ! EXT]NAL MEANS :I* GIVE SCOPE TO ! ORD]LY PASSIONS & S]VE TO COMBAT ! SUBV]SIVE PASSIONS4 

,GRACE1 ACCORD+ TO ,SA9T ,AUGU/9E1 IS ESS5TIALLY GRATUIT\S1 & PREC$ES S9 9 MAN4 ,BOSSUET EXPRESS$ ! SAME ?\<T 9 HIS /YLE SO FULL ( POESY & T5D]NESS3 ,:5 ,GOD =M$ ! B[ELS ( MAN1 HE ORIG9ALLY PLAC$ GOODNESS !RE4 ,9 FACT1 ! FIR/ DET]M9ATION ( FREE WILL IS 9 ?IS NATURAL GOODNESS1 BY :I* MAN IS CONT9UALLY 9CIT$ TO ORD]1 TO LABOR1 TO /UDY1 TO MODE/Y1 TO *>ITY1 & TO SACRIFICE4 ,!RE=E ,SA9T ,PAUL C\LD SAY1 )\T ATTACK+ FREE WILL1 ?AT1 9 EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( GOOD1 ,GOD WORKE? 9 US BO? TO WILL & TO DO4 ,= ALL ! HOLY ASPIRATIONS ( MAN >E 9 HIM BE=E HE BEG9S TO ?9K & FEEL2 & ! PANGS ( HE>T :I* HE EXP]I5CES :5 HE VIOLATES !M1 ! DELI<T ) :I* HE IS FILL$ :5 HE OBEYS !M1 ALL ! 9VITATIONS1 9 %ORT1 :I* COME TO HIM FROM SOCIETY & HIS $UCATION1 DO NOT BELONG TO HIM4 

,:5 GRACE IS SU* ?AT ! WILL *OOSES ! GOOD ) JOY & LOVE1 )\T HESITATION & )\T RECALL1 IT IS /YL$ EFFICACI\S4 ,EV]Y ONE HAS WITNESS$ ?OSE TRANSPORTS ( S\L :I* SUDD5LY DECIDE A VOCATION1 AN ACT ( H]OISM4 ,LIB]TY DOES NOT P]I% !RE92 BUT FROM ITS PR$ET]M9ATIONS IT MAY BE SAID ?AT IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT IT %\LD SO DECIDE4 ,& ! ,PELAGIANS1 ,LU!RANS1 & O!RS HAVE BE5 MI/AK5 9 SAY+ ?AT GRACE COMPROMIS$ FREE *OICE & KILL$ ! CREATIVE =CE ( ! WILL2 S9CE ALL DET]M9ATIONS ( ! WILL COME NECESS>ILY EI!R FROM SOCIETY :I* SU/A9S IT1 OR FROM NATURE :I* OP5S ITS C>E] & PO9TS \T ITS DE/9Y4 

,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,AUGU/9IANS1 ! ,?OMI/S1 ! CONGRUI/S1 ,JANS51 ,?OMASS91 ,MOL9A1 ETC41 W]E /RANGELY MI/AK5 :51 SU/A9+ AT ONCE FREE WILL & GRACE1 !Y FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT BETWE5 !SE TWO T]MS ! SAME RELATION EXI/S AS BETWE5 SUB/ANCE & =M1 & ?AT !Y HAVE CONFESS$ AN OPPOSITION :I* DOES NOT EXI/4 ,LIB]TY1 LIKE 9TELLIG5CE1 LIKE ALL SUB/ANCE & ALL =CE1 IS NECESS>ILY DET]M9$1 -- ?AT IS1 IT HAS ITS =MS & ITS ATTRIBUTES4 ,N[1 :ILE 9 MATT] ! =M & ! ATTRIBUTE >E 9H]5T 9 & CONTEMPOR>Y ) SUB/ANCE1 9 LIB]TY ! =M IS GIV5 BY ?REE EXT]NAL AG5TS1 AS IT W]E1 -- ! HUMAN ESS5CE1 ! LAWS ( ?\<T1 EX]CISE OR $UCATION4 ,GRACE1 9 F9E1 LIKE ITS OPPOSITE1 TEMPTATION1 9DICATES PRECISELY ! FACT ( ! DET]M9ATION ( LIB]TY4 

,TO SUM UP1 ALL MOD]N IDEAS REG>D+ ! $UCATION ( HUMANITY >E ONLY AN 9T]PRETATION1 A PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9E ( GRACE1 A DOCTR9E :I* SEEM$ OBSCURE TO ITS AU?ORS ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR IDEAS UPON FREE WILL1 :I* !Y SUPPOS$ TO BE ?REAT5$ AS SOON AS GRACE OR ! S\RCE ( ITS DET]M9ATIONS WAS SPOK5 (4 ,WE AFFIRM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT LIB]TY1 9DIFF]5T 9 ITSELF TO ALL MODALITY1 BUT DE/9$ TO ACT & TO TAKE %APE ACCORD+ TO A PREE/ABLI%$ ORD]1 RECEIVES ITS FIR/ IMPULSE FROM ! ,CREATOR :O 9SPIRES IT ) LOVE1 9TELLIG5CE1 C\RAGE1 RESOLUTION1 & ALL ! GIFTS ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 & !N DELIV]S IT TO ! LABOR ( EXP]I5CE4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT GRACE IS NECESS>ILY PRE-MOV+1 ?AT )\T IT MAN IS CAPABLE ( NO SORT ( GOOD1 & ?AT NEV]!LESS FREE WILL ACCOMPLI%ES ITS [N DE/9Y SPONTANE\SLY1 ) REFLECTION & *OICE4 ,9 ALL ?IS !RE IS NEI!R CONTRADICTION NOR MY/]Y4 ,MAN1 9 SO F> AS HE IS MAN1 IS GOOD2 BUT1 LIKE ! TYRANT DESCRIB$ BY ,PLATO1 :O WAS1 HE TOO1 A TEA*] ( GRACE1 MAN C>RIES 9 HIS BOSOM A ?\S& MON/]S1 :I* ! WOR%IP ( JU/ICE & SCI5CE1 MUSIC & GYMNA/ICS1 ALL ! GRACES ( OPPORTUNITY & CONDITION1 MU/ CAUSE HIM TO OV]COME4 ,CORRECT ONE DEF9ITION 9 ,SA9T ,AUGU/9E1 & ALL ?AT DOCTR9E ( GRACE1 FAM\S BECAUSE ( ! DISPUTES :I* IT EXCIT$ & :I* DISCONC]T$ ! ,RE=MATION1 WILL SEEM TO Y\ BRILLIANT ) CLE>NESS & H>MONY4 

,& N[ IS MAN ,GOD8 

,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ! !OLOGICAL HYPO!SIS1 BE+ ! SOV]EIGN1 ABSOLUTE1 HI<LY SYN!TIC BE+1 ! 9F9ITELY WISE & FREE1 & !RE=E 9DEFECTIBLE & HOLY1 ,ME1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT MAN1 ! SYNCRETISM ( ! CREATION1 ! PO9T ( UNION ( ALL ! POT5TIALITIES MANIFE/$ BY ! CREATION1 PHYSICAL1 ORGANIC1 M5TAL1 & MORAL2 MAN1 P]FECTIBLE & FALLIBLE1 DOES NOT SATISFY ! CONDITIONS ( ,DIV9ITY AS HE1 FROM ! NATURE ( HIS M9D1 MU/ CONCEIVE !M4 ,NEI!R IS HE ,GOD1 NOR CAN HE1 LIV+1 BECOME ,GOD4 

,ALL ! MORE1 !N1 ! OAK1 ! LION1 ! SUN1 ! UNIV]SE ITSELF1 SECTIONS ( ! ABSOLUTE1 >E NOT ,GOD4 ,AT ! SAME /ROKE ! WOR%IP ( MAN & ! WOR%IP ( NATURE >E OV]?R[N4 

,N[ WE HAVE TO PRES5T ! C\NT]-PRO( ( ?IS !ORY4 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS WE HAVE JUDG$ ( ! MORALITY ( MAN4 ,WE >E TO JUDGE1 9 ITS TURN & FROM ! SAME /&PO9T1 ! MORALITY ( ,PROVID5CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IS ,GOD POSSIBLE1 AS SPECULATION & FAI? (F] HIM = ! ADORATION ( MORTALS8 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #h1 ,SECTION #h4#a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #h1 ,SECTION #h4#a -- ,ADD$4 

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