,*APT] #a1 ,SECTION #a4#b 
,9ADEQUACY ( ,!ORIES & ,CRITICISMS 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

 #b4 -- ,9ADEQUACY ( !ORIES & CRITICISMS4  

  

,WE WILL RECORD FIR/ AN IMPORTANT OBS]VATION3 ! CONT5D+ P>TIES AGREE 9 ACKN[L$G+ A COMMON AU?ORITY1 :OSE SUPPORT EA* CLAIMS1 -- ,S,C,I,5,C,E4 

,PLATO1 A UTOPIAN1 ORGANIZ$ HIS IDEAL REPUBLIC 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 :I*1 ?R\< MODE/Y & EUPHEMISM1 HE CALL$ PHILOSOPHY4 ,>I/OTLE1 A PRACTICAL MAN1 REFUT$ ! ,PLATONIC UTOPIA 9 ! NAME ( ! SAME PHILOSOPHY4 ,?US ! SOCIAL W> HAS CONT9U$ S9CE ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE4 ,! MOD]N SOCIALI/S REF] ALL ?+S TO SCI5CE ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1 BUT )\T P[] TO AGREE EI!R AS TO ITS CONT5T1 ITS LIMITS1 OR ITS ME?OD2 ! ECONOMI/S1 ON !IR SIDE1 AFFIRM ?AT SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 NO WISE DIFF]S FROM POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,IT IS \R FIR/ BUS9ESS1 !N1 TO ASC]TA9 :AT A SCI5CE ( SOCIETY MU/ BE4 

,SCI5CE1 9 G5]AL1 IS ! LOGICALLY >RANG$ & SY/EMATIC KN[L$GE ( ?AT :I* ,I,S4 

,APPLY+ ?IS IDEA TO SOCIETY1 WE WILL SAY3 ,SOCIAL SCI5CE IS ! LOGICALLY >RANG$ & SY/EMATIC KN[L$GE1 NOT ( ?AT :I* SOCIETY HAS BE51 NOR ( ?AT :I* IT WILL BE1 BUT ( ?AT :I* IT ,I,S 9 ITS :OLE LIFE2 ?AT IS1 9 ! SUM TOTAL ( ITS SUCCESSIVE MANIFE/ATIONS3 = !RE ALONE CAN IT HAVE REASON & SY/EM4 ,SOCIAL SCI5CE MU/ 9CLUDE HUMAN ORD]1 NOT ALONE 9 SU* OR SU* A P]IOD ( DURATION1 NOR 9 A FEW ( ITS ELEM5TS2 BUT 9 ALL ITS PR9CIPLES & 9 ! TOTALITY ( ITS EXI/5CE3 AS IF SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 SPREAD ?R\<\T TIME & SPACE1 %\LD F9D ITSELF SUDD5LY GA!R$ & FIX$ 9 A PICTURE :I*1 EXHIBIT+ ! S]IES ( ! AGES & ! SEQU5CE ( PH5OM5A1 REVEAL$ !IR CONNECTION & UNITY4 ,SU* MU/ BE ! SCI5CE ( EV]Y LIV+ & PROGRESSIVE REALITY2 SU* SOCIAL SCI5CE 9DISPUTABLY IS4 

,IT MAY BE1 !N1 ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY1 9 SPITE ( ITS 9DIVIDUALI/IC T5D5CY & ITS EXCLUSIVE AFFIRMATIONS1 IS A CON/ITU5T P>T ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 9 :I* ! PH5OM5A ?AT IT DESCRIBES >E LIKE ! />T+-PO9TS ( A VA/ TRIANGULATION & ! ELEM5TS ( AN ORGANIC & COMPLEX :OLE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY1 PROCE$+ FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 W\LD BE 5TIRELY 9 H>MONY ) ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE2 & ! CONFLICT+ & SO (T5 DESOLAT+ FACTS1 :I* >E TODAY ! BASIS & OBJECT ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 W\LD HAVE TO BE CONSID]$ BY US AS SO MANY SPECIAL HYPO!SES1 SUCCESSIVELY REALIZ$ BY HUMANITY 9 VIEW ( A SUP]IOR HYPO!SIS1 :OSE REALIZATION W\LD SOLVE ALL DIFFICULTIES1 & SATISFY SOCIALISM )\T DE/ROY+ POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,=1 AS ,I SAID 9 MY 9TRODUCTION1 9 NO CASE CAN WE ADMIT ?AT HUMANITY1 H[EV] IT EXPRESSES ITSELF1 IS MI/AK54 

,LET US N[ MAKE ?IS CLE>] BY FACTS4 

,! QUE/ION N[ MO/ DISPUT$ IS UNQUE/IONABLY ?AT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 

,AS ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ PREA*$ 9 ! DES]T1 ,REP5T YE SO ! SOCIALI/S GO AB\T PROCLAIM+ EV]Y:]E ?IS NOVELTY OLD AS ! WORLD1 ,ORGANIZE LABOR1 ?\< NEV] ABLE TO TELL :AT1 9 !IR OP9ION1 ?IS ORGANIZATION %\LD BE4 ,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 ! ECONOMI/S HAVE SE5 ?AT ?IS SOCIALI/IC CLAMOR WAS DAMAG+ !IR !ORIES3 IT WAS1 9DE$1 A REBUKE TO !M = IGNOR+ ?AT :I* !Y \<T FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE1 -- LABOR4 ,!Y HAVE REPLI$1 !RE=E1 TO ! ATTACK ( !IR ADV]S>IES1 FIR/ BY MA9TA9+ ?AT LABOR IS ORGANIZ$1 ?AT !RE IS NO O!R ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ?AN LIB]TY TO PRODUCE & EX*ANGE1 EI!R ON ONE'S [N P]SONAL ACC\NT1 OR 9 ASSOCIATION ) O!RS1 -- 9 :I* CASE ! C\RSE TO BE PURSU$ HAS BE5 PRESCRIB$ BY ! CIVIL & COMM]CIAL CODES4 ,!N1 AS ?IS >GUM5T S]V$ ONLY TO MAKE !M ! LAU<+-/OCK ( !IR ANTAGONI/S1 !Y ASSUM$ ! (F5SIVE2 &1 %[+ ?AT ! SOCIALI/S UND]/OOD NO?+ AT ALL !MSELVES ( ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y HELD UP AS A SC>ECR[1 !Y 5D$ BY SAY+ ?AT IT WAS BUT A NEW SOCIALI/IC *IM]A1 A WORD )\T S5SE1 -- AN ABSURDITY4 ,! LATE/ WRIT+S ( ! ECONOMI/S >E FULL ( !SE PITILESS CONCLUSIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! PHRASE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR CONTA9S AS CLE> & RATIONAL A MEAN+ AS !SE ?AT FOLL[3 ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK%OP1 ORGANIZATION ( ! >MY1 ORGANIZATION ( POLICE1 ORGANIZATION ( *>ITY1 ORGANIZATION ( W>4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! >GUM5T ( ! ECONOMI/S IS DEPLORABLY IRRATIONAL4 ,NO LESS C]TA9 IS IT ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR CANNOT BE A UTOPIA & *IM]A2 = AT ! MOM5T ?AT LABOR1 ! SUPREME CONDITION ( CIVILIZATION1 BEG9S TO EXI/1 IT FOLL[S ?AT IT IS ALREADY SUBMITT$ TO AN ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS IT IS1 :I* SATISFIES ! ECONOMI/S1 BUT :I* ! SOCIALI/S ?9K DETE/ABLE4 

,!RE REMA9S1 !N1 RELATIVELY TO ! PROPOSAL TO ORGANIZE LABOR =MULAT$ BY SOCIALISM1 ?IS OBJECTION1 -- ?AT LABOR IS ORGANIZ$4 ,N[1 ?IS IS UTT]LY UNT5ABLE1 S9CE IT IS NOTORI\S ?AT 9 LABOR1 SUPPLY1 DEM&1 DIVISION1 QUANTITY1 PROPORTION1 PRICE1 & SECURITY1 NO?+1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+ IS REGULAT$2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y?+ IS GIV5 UP TO ! CAPRICES ( FREE-WILL2 ?AT IS1 TO *ANCE4 

,AS = US1 GUID$ BY ! IDEA ?AT WE HAVE =M$ ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 WE %ALL AFFIRM1 AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/S & AGA9/ ! ECONOMI/S1 NOT ?AT LABOR MU/ HE ORGANIZ$1 NOR ?AT IT IS ORGANIZ$ BUT ?AT IT IS BE+ ORGANIZ$4 

,LABOR1 WE SAY1 IS BE+ ORGANIZ$3 ?AT IS1 ! PROCESS ( ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 GO+ ON FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 & WILL CONT9UE TILL ! 5D4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY TEA*ES US ! PRIM>Y ELEM5TS ( ?IS ORGANIZATION2 BUT SOCIALISM IS RI<T 9 ASS]T+ ?AT1 9 ITS PRES5T =M1 ! ORGANIZATION IS 9ADEQUATE & TRANSITORY2 & ! :OLE MISSION ( SCI5CE IS CONT9UALLY TO ASC]TA91 9 VIEW ( ! RESULTS OBTA9$ & ! PH5OM5A 9 C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T1 :AT 9NOVATIONS CAN BE IMM$IATELY EFFECT$4 

,SOCIALISM & POLITICAL ECONOMY1 !N1 :ILE WAG+ A BURLESQUE W>1 PURSUE 9 REALITY ! SAME IDEA1 -- ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 

,BUT BO? >E GUILTY ( DISLOYALTY TO SCI5CE & ( MUTUAL CALUMNY1 :5 ON ! ONE H& POLITICAL ECONOMY1 MI/AK+ = SCI5CE ITS SCRAPS ( !ORY1 D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ( FUR!R PROGRESS2 & :5 SOCIALISM1 AB&ON+ TRADITION1 AIMS AT REE/ABLI%+ SOCIETY ON UNDISCOV]ABLE BASES4 

,?US SOCIALISM IS NO?+ BUT A PR(\ND CRITICISM & CONT9UAL DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL ECONOMY2 &1 TO APPLY H]E ! CELEBRAT$ APHORISM ( ! S*OOL1 ,NIHIL E/ 9 9TELLECTU1 QUOD NON PRIUS FU]IT 9 S5SU1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! SOCIALI/IC HYPO!SES :I* IS NOT DUPLICAT$ 9 ECONOMIC PRACTICE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 POLITICAL ECONOMY IS BUT AN IMP]T95T RHAPSODY1 SO LONG AS IT AFFIRMS AS ABSOLUTELY VALID ! FACTS COLLECT$ BY ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY4 

,ANO!R QUE/ION1 NO LESS DISPUT$ ?AN ! PREC$+ ONE1 IS ?AT ( USURY1 OR L5D+ AT 9T]E/4 

,USURY1 OR 9 O!R WORDS ! PRICE ( USE1 IS ! EMOLUM5T1 ( :ATEV] NATURE1 :I* ! PROPRIETOR D]IVES FROM ! LOAN ( HIS PROP]TY4 ,QUIDQUID SORTI ACCRESCIT USURA E/1 SAY ! !OLOGIANS4 ,USURY1 ! F\NDATION ( CR$IT1 WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ ( ! MEANS :I* SOCIAL SPONTANEITY EMPLOY$ 9 ITS WORK ( ORGANIZATION1 & :OSE ANALYSIS DISCLOSES ! PR(\ND LAWS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S & ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR*1 :O MU/ BE REG>D$ H]E AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( SOCIALISM 9 ! E>LY C5TURIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 BY A S+UL> FALLACY1 -- :I* >OSE H[EV] FROM ! PAUCITY ( ECONOMIC KN[L$GE 9 !IR DAY1 -- ALL[$ F>M-R5T & CONDEMN$ 9T]E/ ON MONEY1 BECAUSE1 AS !Y BELIEV$1 MONEY WAS UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,!Y DI/+UI%$ CONSEQU5TLY BETWE5 ! LOAN ( ?+S :I* >E CONSUM$ BY USE -- AMONG :I* !Y 9CLUD$ MONEY -- & ! LOAN ( ?+S :I*1 )\T BE+ CONSUM$1 YIELD A PRODUCT TO ! US]4 

,! ECONOMI/S HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 %[+1 BY G5]ALIZ+ ! IDEA ( R5T1 ?AT 9 ! ECONOMY ( SOCIETY ! ACTION ( CAPITAL1 OR ITS PRODUCTIVITY1 WAS ! SAME :E!R IT WAS CONSUM$ 9 WAGES OR RETA9$ ! *>ACT] ( AN 9/RUM5T2 ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y EI!R TO PROHIBIT ! R5T ( L& OR TO ALL[ 9T]E/ ON MONEY1 S9CE BO? W]E BY ! SAME TITLE PAYM5T = PRIVILEGE1 9DEMNITY = LOAN4 ,IT REQUIR$ MORE ?AN FIFTE5 C5TURIES TO GET ?IS IDEA ACCEPT$1 & TO REASSURE ! CONSCI5CES ?AT HAD BE5 T]RIFI$ BY ! ANA!MAS PRON\NC$ BY ,CA?OLICISM AGA9/ USURY4 ,BUT F9ALLY ! WEI<T ( EVID5CE & ! G5]AL DESIRE FAVOR$ ! USUR]S3 !Y WON ! BATTLE AGA9/ SOCIALISM2 & FROM ?IS LEGITIMATION ( USURY SOCIETY GA9$ SOME IMM5SE & UNQUE/IONABLE ADVANTAGES4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES SOCIALISM1 :I* HAD TRI$ TO G5]ALIZE ! LAW 5ACT$ BY ,MOSES = ! ,ISRAELITES ALONE1 ,NON FO5]AB]IS PROXIMO TUO1 S$ ALI5O1 WAS BEAT5 BY AN IDEA :I* IT HAD ACCEPT$ FROM ! ECONOMIC R\T9E1 -- NAMELY1 F>M-R5T1 -- ELEVAT$ 9TO ! !ORY ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL4 

,BUT ! ECONOMI/S 9 !IR TURN W]E LESS =TUNATE1 :5 !Y W]E AFT]W>DS CALL$ UPON TO JU/IFY F>M-R5T 9 ITSELF1 & TO E/ABLI% ?IS !ORY ( ! PRODUCT ( CAPITAL4 ,IT MAY BE SAID ?AT1 ON ?IS PO9T1 !Y HAVE LO/ ALL ! ADVANTAGE !Y HAD AT FIR/ GA9$ AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

,UND\BT$LY -- & ,I AM ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE IT -- ! R5T ( L&1 LIKE ?AT ( MONEY & ALL P]SONAL & REAL PROP]TY1 IS A SPONTANE\S & UNIV]SAL FACT1 :I* HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! DEP?S ( \R NATURE1 & :I* SOON BECOMES1 BY ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 ONE ( ! MO/ POT5T MEANS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,I %ALL PROVE EV5 ?AT 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL IS BUT ! MAT]IALIZATION ( ! APLLORISM1 ,ALL LABOR %\LD LEAVE AN EXCESS4 ,BUT 9 ! FACE ( ?IS !ORY1 OR RA!R ?IS FICTION1 ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL1 >ISES ANO!R !SIS NO LESS C]TA91 :I* 9 !SE LATT] DAYS HAS /RUCK ! ABLE/ ECONOMI/S3 IT IS ?AT ALL VALUE IS BORN ( LABOR1 & IS COMPOS$ ESS5TIALLY ( WAGES2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT NO WEAL? HAS ITS ORIG9 9 PRIVILEGE1 OR ACQUIRES ANY VALUE EXCEPT ?R\< WORK2 & ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 LABOR ALONE IS ! S\RCE ( REV5UE AMONG M54 ,H[1 !N1 RECONCILE ! !ORY ( F>M-R5T OR PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL -- A !ORY CONFIRM$ BY UNIV]SAL CU/OM1 :I* CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY IS =C$ TO ACCEPT BUT CANNOT JU/IFY -- ) ?IS O!R !ORY :I* %[S ?AT VALUE IS NORMALLY COMPOS$ ( WAGES1 & :I* 9EVITABLY 5DS1 AS WE %ALL DEMON/RATE1 9 AN EQUALITY 9 SOCIETY BETWE5 NET PRODUCT & RAW PRODUCT8 

,! SOCIALI/S HAVE NOT WA/$ ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,/>T+ ) ! PR9CIPLE ?AT LABOR IS ! S\RCE ( ALL 9COME1 !Y BEGAN TO CALL ! HOLD]S ( CAPITAL TO ACC\NT = !IR F>M-R5TS & EMOLUM5TS2 &1 AS ! ECONOMI/S WON ! FIR/ VICTORY BY G5]ALIZ+ UND] A COMMON EXPRESSION F>M-R5T & USURY1 SO ! SOCIALI/S HAVE TAK5 !IR REV5GE BY CAUS+ ! SEIGNORIAL RI<TS ( CAPITAL TO VANI% BE=E ! /ILL MORE G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LABOR4 ,PROP]TY HAS BE5 DEMOLI%$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM3 ! ECONOMI/S C\LD ONLY KEEP SIL5T2 BUT1 P[]LESS TO >RE/ ITSELF 9 ?IS NEW DESC5T1 SOCIALISM HAS SLIPP$ CLE> TO ! F>!/ B\ND>IES ( COMMUNI/IC UTOPIA1 &1 = WANT ( A PRACTICAL SOLUTION1 SOCIETY IS R$UC$ TO A POSITION :]E IT CAN NEI!R JU/IFY ITS TRADITION1 NOR COMMIT ITSELF TO EXP]IM5TS 9 :I* ! LEA/ MI/AKE W\LD DRIVE IT BACKW>D SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S4 

,9 SU* A SITUATION :AT IS ! M&ATE ( SCI5CE8 

,C]TA9LY NOT TO HALT 9 AN >BITR>Y1 9CONCEIVABLE1 & IMPOSSIBLE JU/E MILIEU2 IT IS TO G5]ALIZE FUR!R1 & DISCOV] A ?IRD PR9CIPLE1 A FACT1 A SUP]IOR LAW1 :I* %ALL EXPLA9 ! FICTION ( CAPITAL & ! MY? ( PROP]TY1 & RECONCILE !M ) ! !ORY :I* MAKES LABOR ! ORIG9 ( ALL WEAL?4 ,?IS IS :AT SOCIALISM1 IF IT WI%ES TO PROCE$ LOGICALLY1 MU/ UND]TAKE4 ,9 FACT1 ! !ORY ( ! REAL PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 & ?AT ( ! FICTITI\S PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL1 >E BO? ESS5TIALLY ECONOMICAL3 SOCIALISM HAS 5DEAVOR$ ONLY TO %[ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !M1 )\T REG>D TO EXP]I5CE OR LOGIC2 = IT APPE>S TO BE AS DE/ITUTE ( ! ONE AS ( ! O!R4 ,N[1 9 LAW1 ! LITIGANT :O ACCEPTS ! AU?ORITY ( A TITLE 9 ONE P>TICUL> MU/ ACCEPT IT 9 ALL2 IT IS NOT ALL[ABLE TO DIVIDE ! DOCUM5TS & PRO(S4 ,HAD SOCIALISM ! RI<T TO DECL9E ! AU?ORITY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 RELATION TO USURY1 :5 IT APPEAL$ = SUPPORT TO ?IS SAME AU?ORITY 9 RELATION TO ! ANALYSIS ( VALUE8 ,BY NO MEANS4 ,ALL ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD DEM& 9 SU* A CASE WAS1 EI!R ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY %\LD BE DIRECT$ TO RECONCILE ITS !ORIES1 OR ?AT IT MI<T BE ITSELF 5TRU/$ ) ?IS DIFFICULT TASK4 

,! MORE CLOSELY WE EXAM9E !SE SOLEMN DISCUSSIONS1 ! MORE CLE>LY WE SEE ?AT ! :OLE TR\BLE IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! P>TIES DOES NOT WI% TO SEE1 :ILE ! O!R REFUSES TO ADVANCE4 

,IT IS A PR9CIPLE ( \R LAW ?AT NO ONE CAN BE DEPRIV$ ( HIS PROP]TY EXCEPT = ! SAKE ( G5]AL UTILITY1 & 9 CONSID]ATION ( A FAIR 9DEMNITY PAYABLE 9 ADVANCE4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE IS EM95TLY AN ECONOMIC ONE2 =1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT ASSUMES ! RI<T ( EM95T DOMA9 ( ! CITIZ5 EXPROPRIAT$1 :OSE CONS5T1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT ( ! SOCIAL COMPACT1 IS NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOS$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9DEMNITY1 OR ! PRICE ( ! >TICLE TAK51 IS FIX$1 NOT BY ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ! >TICLE1 BUT BY ! G5]AL LAW ( COMM]CE1 -- SUPPLY & DEM&2 9 A WORD1 BY OP9ION4 ,EXPROPRIATION 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY MAY BE LIK5$ TO A CONTRACT ( CONV5I5CE1 AGRE$ TO BY EA* ) ALL2 NOT ONLY !N MU/ ! PRICE BE PAID1 BUT ! CONV5I5CE ALSO MU/ BE PAID =3 & IT IS ?US1 9 REALITY1 ?AT ! 9DEMNITY IS E/IMAT$4 ,IF ! ,ROMAN LEGI/S HAD SE5 ?IS ANALOGY1 !Y UND\BT$LY W\LD HAVE HESITAT$ LESS OV] ! QUE/ION ( EXPROPRIATION = ! SAKE ( PUBLIC UTILITY4 

,SU*1 !N1 IS ! SANCTION ( ! SOCIAL RI<T ( EXPROPRIATION3 9DEMNITY4 

,N[1 PRACTICALLY1 NOT ONLY IS ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DEMNITY NOT APPLI$ 9 ALL CASES :]E IT \<T TO BE1 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT IT %\LD BE SO APPLI$4 ,?US1 ! LAW :I* E/ABLI%$ RAILWAYS PROVID$ 9DEMNITY = ! L&S TO BE OCCUPI$ BY ! RAILS2 IT DID NO?+ = ! MULTITUDE ( 9DU/RIES DEP5D5T UPON ! PREVI\S ME?OD ( CONVEYANCE1 :OSE LOSSES F> EXCE$$ ! VALUE ( ! L&S :OSE [N]S RECEIV$ COMP5SATION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ! QUE/ION ( 9DEMNIFY+ ! MANUFACTUR]S ( BEET-ROOT SUG> WAS UND] CONSID]ATION1 IT OCCURR$ TO NO ONE ?AT ! ,/ATE \<T TO 9DEMNIFY ALSO ! L>GE NUMB] ( LABOR]S & EMPLOYES :O E>N$ !IR LIVELIHOOD 9 ! BEET-ROOT 9DU/RY1 & :O W]E1 P]HAPS1 TO BE R$UC$ TO WANT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS C]TA91 ACCORD+ TO ! IDEA ( CAPITAL & ! !ORY ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT AS ! POSSESSOR ( L&1 :OSE MEANS ( LABOR IS TAK5 FROM HIM BY ! RAILROAD1 HAS A RI<T TO BE 9DEMNIFI$1 SO ALSO ! MANUFACTUR]1 :OSE CAPITAL IS R5D]$ UNPRODUCTIVE BY ! SAME RAILROAD1 IS 5TITL$ TO 9DEMNIFICATION4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS HE NOT 9DEMNIFI$8 ,ALAS6 BECAUSE TO 9DEMNIFY HIM IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,) SU* A SY/EM ( JU/ICE & IMP>TIALITY SOCIETY W\LD BE1 AS A G5]AL ?+1 UNABLE TO ACT1 & W\LD RETURN TO ! FIX$NESS ( ,ROMAN JU/ICE4 ,!RE MU/ BE VICTIMS4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( 9DEMNITY IS CONSEQU5TLY AB&ON$2 TO ONE OR MORE CLASSES ( CITIZ5S ! ,/ATE IS 9EVITABLY BANKRUPT4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! SOCIALI/S APPE>4 ,!Y *>GE ?AT ! SOLE OBJECT ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS TO SACRIFICE ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES & CREATE PRIVILEGES2 !N1 F9D+ 9 ! LAW ( EXPROPRIATION ! RUDIM5T ( AN AGR>IAN LAW1 !Y SUDD5LY ADVOCATE UNIV]SAL EXPROPRIATION2 ?AT IS1 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 COMMON4 

,BUT H]E SOCIALISM RELAPSES FROM CRITICISM 9TO UTOPIA1 & ITS 9CAPACITY BECOMES FRE%LY APP>5T 9 ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IF ! PR9CIPLE ( EXPROPRIATION = ! SAKE ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 C>RI$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 LEADS TO A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 BE=E COMM5C+ ! WORK ! *>ACT] ( ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION MU/ BE UND]/OOD2 N[1 SOCIALISM1 ,I REPEAT1 HAS NO SCI5CE SAVE A FEW BITS ( PHYSIOLOGY & POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,FUR!R1 IT IS NECESS>Y 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DEMNITY1 IF NOT TO COMP5SATE CITIZ5S1 AT LEA/ TO GU>ANTEE TO !M ! VALUES :I* !Y P>T )2 IT IS NECESS>Y1 9 %ORT1 TO 9SURE !M AGA9/ LOSS4 ,N[1 \TSIDE ( ! PUBLIC =TUNE1 ! MANAGEM5T ( :I* IT DEM&S1 :]E WILL SOCIALISM F9D SECURITY = ?IS SAME =TUNE8 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 9 S\ND & HONE/ LOGIC1 TO ESCAPE ?IS CIRCLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! COMMUNI/S1 MORE OP5 9 !IR DEAL+S ?AN C]TA9 O!R SECT>IANS ( FL[+ & PACIFIC IDEAS1 DECIDE ! DIFFICULTY2 & PROMISE1 ! P[] ONCE 9 !IR H&S1 TO EXPROPRIATE ALL & 9DEMNIFY & GU>ANTEE NONE4 ,AT BOTTOM1 ?AT W\LD BE NEI!R UNJU/ NOR DISLOYAL4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 TO BURN IS NOT TO REPLY1 AS ! 9T]E/+ ,DESM\L9S SAID TO ,ROBESPI]RE2 & SU* A DISCUSSION 5DS ALWAYS 9 FIRE & ! GUILLOT9E4 ,H]E1 AS EV]Y:]E1 TWO RI<TS1 EQUALLY SACR$1 /& 9 ! PRES5CE ( EA* O!R1 ! RI<T ( ! CITIZ5 & ! RI<T ( ! ,/ATE2 IT IS 5\< TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A SUP]IOR =MULA :I* RECONCILES ! SOCIALI/IC UTOPIAS & ! MUTILAT$ !ORIES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ?AT ! PROBLEM IS TO DISCOV] IT4 ,9 ?IS EM]G5CY :AT >E ! CONT5D+ P>TIES DO+8 ,NO?+4 ,WE MI<T SAY RA!R ?AT !Y RAISE QUE/IONS ONLY TO GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO R$RESS 9JURIES4 ,:AT DO ,I SAY8 ,! QUE/IONS >E NOT EV5 UND]/OOD BY !M2 &1 :ILE ! PUBLIC IS CONSID]+ ! SUBLIME PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY & HUMAN DE/9Y1 ! PR(ESSORS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 OR?ODOX & H]ETICS1 DO NOT AGREE ON PR9CIPLES4 ,WITNESS ! QUE/ION :I* OCCASION$ !SE 9QUIRIES1 & :I* ITS AU?ORS C]TA9LY UND]/& NO BETT] ?AN ITS DISP>AG]S1 -- ! RELATION ( PR(ITS & WAGES4 

,:AT6 AN ,ACADEMY ( ECONOMI/S HAS (F]$ = COMPETITION A QUE/ION ! T]MS ( :I* IT DOES NOT UND]/&6 ,H[1 !N1 C\LD IT HAVE CONCEIV$ ! IDEA8 

,WELL6 ,I KN[ ?AT MY /ATEM5T IS A/ONI%+ & 9CR$IBLE2 BUT IT IS TRUE4 ,LIKE ! !OLOGIANS1 :O ANSW] METAPHYSICAL PROBLEMS ONLY BY MY?S & ALLEGORIES1 :I* ALWAYS REPRODUCE ! PROBLEMS BUT NEV] SOLVE !M1 ! ECONOMI/S REPLY TO ! QUE/IONS :I* !Y ASK ONLY BY RELAT+ H[ !Y W]E L$ TO ASK !M3 %\LD !Y CONCEIVE ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO GO FUR!R1 !Y W\LD CEASE TO BE ECONOMI/S4 

,= EXAMPLE1 :AT IS PR(IT8 ,?AT :I* REMA9S = ! MANAG] AFT] HE HAS PAID ALL ! EXP5SES4 ,N[1 ! EXP5SES CONSI/ ( ! LABOR P]=M$ & ! MAT]IALS CONSUM$2 OR1 9 F9E1 WAGES4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! WAGES ( A WORK+MAN8 ,! LEA/ ?AT CAN BE GIV5 HIM2 ?AT IS1 WE DO NOT KN[4 ,:AT %\LD BE ! PRICE ( ! M]*&ISE PUT UPON ! M>KET BY ! MANAG]8 ,! HI<E/ ?AT HE CAN OBTA92 ?AT IS1 AGA91 WE DO NOT KN[4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY PROHIBITS ! SUPPOSITION ?AT ! PRICES ( M]*&ISE & LABOR CAN BE FIX$1 AL?\< IT ADMITS ?AT !Y CAN BE E/IMAT$2 & ?AT = ! REASON1 SAY ! ECONOMI/S1 ?AT E/IMATION IS ESS5TIALLY AN >BITR>Y OP]ATION1 :I* NEV] CAN LEAD TO SURE & C]TA9 CONCLUSIONS4 ,H[1 !N1 %ALL WE F9D ! RELATION BETWE5 TWO UNKN[NS :I*1 ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL ECONOMY1 CANNOT BE DET]M9$8 ,?US POLITICAL ECONOMY PROPOSES 9SOLVABLE PROBLEMS2 & YET WE %ALL SOON SEE ?AT IT MU/ PROPOSE !M1 & ?AT \R C5TURY MU/ SOLVE !M4 ,?AT IS :Y ,I SAID ?AT ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL ,SCI5CES1 9 (F]+ = COMPETITION ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( PR(ITS & WAGES1 SPOKE UNCONSCI\SLY1 SPOKE PROPHETICALLY4 

,BUT IT WILL BE SAID1 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT1 IF LABOR IS 9 GREAT DEM& & LABOR]S >E SC>CE1 WAGES WILL RISE1 :ILE PR(ITS ON ! O!R H& WILL DECREASE2 ?AT IF1 9 ! PRESS ( COMPETITION1 !RE IS AN EXCESS ( PRODUCTION1 !RE WILL BE A /OPPAGE & =C$ SALES1 CONSEQU5TLY NO PR(IT = ! MANAG] & A DANG] ( IDL5ESS = ! LABOR]2 ?AT !N ! LATT] WILL (F] HIS LABOR AT A R$UC$ PRICE2 ?AT1 IF A MA*9E IS 9V5T$1 IT WILL FIR/ EXT+UI% ! FIRES ( ITS RIVALS2 !N1 A MONOPOLY E/ABLI%$1 & ! LABOR] MADE DEP5D5T ON ! EMPLOY]1 PR(ITS & WAGES WILL BE 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL8 ,CANNOT ALL !SE CAUSES1 & O!RS BESIDES1 BE /UDI$1 ASC]TA9$1 C\NT]BALANC$1 ETC48 

,OH1 MONOGRAPHS1 HI/ORIES6 -- WE HAVE BE5 SATURAT$ ) !M S9CE ! DAYS ( ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 & !Y >E SC>CELY MORE ?AN V>IATIONS ( !SE AU?ORS' WORDS4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ?US ?AT ! QUE/ION %\LD BE UND]/OOD1 AL?\< ! ,ACADEMY HAS GIV5 IT NO O!R MEAN+4 ,! RELATION ( PR(ITS 5D WAGES %\LD BE CONSID]$ 9 AN ABSOLUTE S5SE1 & NOT FROM ! 9CONCLUSIVE PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ACCID5TS ( COMM]CE & ! DIVISION ( 9T]E/S3 TWO ?+S :I* MU/ ULTIMATELY RECEIVE !IR 9T]PRETATION4 ,LET ME EXPLA9 MYSELF4 

,CONSID]+ PRODUC] & CONSUM] AS A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 :OSE RECOMP5SE IS NATURALLY EQUAL TO HIS PRODUCT2 !N DIVID+ ?IS PRODUCT 9TO TWO P>TS1 ONE :I* REW>DS ! PRODUC] = HIS \TLAY1 ANO!R :I* REPRES5TS HIS PR(IT1 ACCORD+ TO ! AXIOM ?AT ALL LABOR %\LD LEAVE AN EXCESS1 -- WE HAVE TO DET]M9E ! RELATION ( ONE ( !SE P>TS TO ! O!R4 ,?IS DONE1 IT WILL BE EASY TO D$UCE ! RATIO ( ! =TUNES ( !SE TWO CLASSES ( M51 EMPLOY]S & WAGE-LABOR]S1 AS WELL AS ACC\NT = ALL COMM]CIAL OSCILLATIONS4 ,?IS WILL BE A S]IES ( COROLL>IES TO ADD TO ! DEMON/RATION4 

,N[1 ?AT SU* A RELATION MAY EXI/ & BE E/IMAT$1 !RE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE A LAW1 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL1 :I* GOV]NS WAGES & PRICES2 & S9CE1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S1 WAGES & PRICES V>Y & OSCILLATE CONT9UALLY1 WE MU/ ASK :AT >E ! G5]AL FACTS1 ! CAUSES1 :I* MAKE VALUE V>Y & OSCILLATE1 & )9 :AT LIMITS ?IS OSCILLATION TAKES PLACE4 

,BUT ?IS V]Y QUE/ION IS CONTR>Y TO ! ACCEPT$ PR9CIPLES2 = :OEV] SAYS OSCILLATION NECESS>ILY SUPPOSES A MEAN DIRECTION T[>D :I* VALUE'S C5T] ( GRAVITY CONT9UALLY T5DS2 & :5 ! ,ACADEMY ASKS ?AT WE DET]M9E ! OSCILLATIONS ( PR(IT & WAGES1 IT ASKS !REBY ?AT WE DET]M9E VALUE4 ,N[ ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ! G5TLEM5 ( ! ,ACADEMY D5Y3 !Y >E UNWILL+ TO ADMIT ?AT1 IF VALUE IS V>IABLE1 IT IS = ?AT V]Y REASON DET]M9ABLE2 ?AT V>IABILITY IS ! SIGN & CONDITION ( DET]M9ABILITY4 ,!Y PRET5D ?AT VALUE1 EV] V>Y+1 CAN NEV] BE DET]M9$4 ,?IS IS LIKE MA9TA9+ ?AT1 GIV5 ! NUMB] ( OSCILLATIONS ( A P5DULUM P] SECOND1 !IR AMPLITUDE1 & ! LATITUDE & ELEVATION ( ! SPOT :]E ! EXP]IM5T IS P]=M$1 ! L5G? ( ! P5DULUM CANNOT BE DET]M9$ BECAUSE ! P5DULUM IS 9 MOTION4 ,SU* IS POLITICAL ECONOMY'S FIR/ >TICLE ( FAI?4 

,AS = SOCIALISM1 IT DOES NOT APPE> TO HAVE UND]/OOD ! QUE/ION1 OR TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T IT4 ,AMONG ITS MANY ORGANS1 SOME SIMPLY & M]ELY PUT ASIDE ! PROBLEM BY SUB/ITUT+ DIVISION = DI/RIBUTION1 -- ?AT IS1 BY BANI%+ NUMB] & MEASURE FROM ! SOCIAL ORGANISM3 O!RS RELIEVE !MSELVES ( ! EMB>RASSM5T BY APPLY+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO ! WAGES QUE/ION4 ,IT IS NE$LESS TO SAY ?AT !SE PLATITUDES F9D DUPES BY ?\S&S & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S4 

,! CONDEMNATION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS BE5 =MULAT$ BY ,MAL?US 9 ?IS FAM\S PASSAGE3 -- 

,A MAN :O IS BORN 9TO A WORLD ALREADY OCCUPI$1 HIS FAMILY UNABLE TO SUPPORT HIM1 & SOCIETY NOT REQUIR+ HIS LABOR1 -- SU* A MAN1 ,I SAY1 HAS NOT ! LEA/ RI<T TO CLAIM ANY N\RI%M5T :ATEV]3 HE IS REALLY ONE TOO MANY ON ! E>?4 ,AT ! GREAT BANQUET ( ,NATURE !RE IS NO PLATE LAID = HIM4 ,NATURE COMM&S HIM TO TAKE HIMSELF AWAY1 & %E WILL NOT BE SL[ TO PUT H] ORD] 9TO EXECUTION4.<#a.> 

,?IS !N IS ! NECESS>Y1 ! FATAL1 CONCLUSION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 -- A CONCLUSION :I* ,I %ALL DEMON/RATE BY  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> ,! PASSAGE QUOT$ MAY NOT BE GIV5 9 ! EXACT WORDS US$ BY ,MAL?US1 IT HAV+ REA*$ ITS PRES5T %APE ?R\< ! M$IUM ( A ,FR5* R5D]+ -- ,TANSLATOR4 

EVID5CE HI!RTO UNKN[N 9 ?IS FIELD ( 9QUIRY1 -- ,DEA? TO HIM :O DOES NOT POSSESS6 

,9 ORD] BETT] TO GRASP ! ?\<T ( ,MAL?US1 LET US TRANSLATE IT 9TO PHILOSOPHICAL PROPOSITIONS BY /RIPP+ IT ( ITS RHETORICAL GLOSS3 -- 

0,9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 & PROP]TY1 :I* IS ITS EXPRESSION1 >E ECONOMICAL DATA2 EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY >E NOT4 

0,UND] ?IS SY/EM1 EA* ONE BY HIMSELF1 EA* ONE = HIMSELF3 LABOR1 LIKE ALL M]*&ISE1 IS SUBJECT TO FLUCTUATION3 H5CE ! RISKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

0,:OEV] HAS NEI!R 9COME NOR WAGES HAS NO RI<T TO DEM& ANY?+ ( O!RS3 HIS MIS=TUNE FALLS ON HIS [N HEAD2 9 ! GAME ( =TUNE1 LUCK HAS BE5 AGA9/ HIM40 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( POLITICAL ECONOMY !SE PROPOSITIONS >E IRREFUTABLE2 & ,MAL?US1 :O HAS =MULAT$ !M ) SU* AL>M+ EXACTNESS1 IS SECURE AGA9/ ALL REPROA*4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 !SE SAME PROPOSITIONS >E RADICALLY FALSE1 & EV5 CONTRADICTORY4 

,! ]ROR ( ,MAL?US1 OR RA!R ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 SAY+ ?AT A MAN :O HAS NO?+ TO EAT MU/ DIE2 OR 9 MA9TA9+ ?AT1 UND] ! SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION1 !RE IS NO C\RSE = HIM :O HAS NEI!R LABOR NOR 9COME BUT TO )DRAW FROM LIFE BY SUICIDE1 UNLESS HE PREF]S TO BE DRIV5 FROM IT BY />VATION3 SU* IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! LAW ( \R EXI/5CE2 SU* IS1 ON ! O!R1 ! CONSEQU5CE ( PROP]TY2 & ,M4 ,ROSSI HAS TAK5 ALTOGE!R TOO MU* TR\BLE TO JU/IFY ! GOOD S5SE ( ,MAL?US ON ?IS PO9T4 ,I SUSPECT1 9DE$1 ?AT ,M4 ,ROSSI1 9 MAK+ SO L5G?Y & LOV+ AN APOLOGY = ,MAL?US1 9T5D$ TO RECOMM5D POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT HIS FELL[-C\NTRYMAN ,MA*IAVEL1 9 HIS BOOK 5TITL$ 0,! ,PR9CE10 RECOMM5D$ DESPOTISM TO ! ADMIRATION ( ! WORLD4 ,9 PO9T+ \T MIS]Y AS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ABSOLUTISM1 ,M4 ,ROSSI SEEMS TO SAY TO US3 ,!RE IS Y\R LAW1 Y\R JU/ICE1 Y\R POLITICAL ECONOMY2 !RE IS PROP]TY4 

,BUT ,GALLIC SIMPLICITY DOES NOT UND]/& >TIFICE2 & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] TO HAVE SAID TO ,FRANCE1 9 H] IMMACULATE TONGUE3 ,! ]ROR ( ,MAL?US1 ! RADICAL VISE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 CONSI/S1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 9 AFFIRM+ AS A DEF9ITIVE /ATE A TRANSITORY CONDITION1 -- NAMELY1 ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO PATRICIANS & PROLETAIRES2 &1 P>TICUL>LY1 9 SAY+ ?AT 9 AN ORGANIZ$1 & CONSEQU5TLY SOLIDAIRE1 SOCIETY1 !RE MAY BE SOME :O POSSESS1 LABOR1 & CONSUME1 :ILE O!RS HAVE NEI!R POSSESSION1 NOR LABOR1 NOR BREAD4 ,F9ALLY ,MAL?US1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY1 REASONS ]RONE\SLY :5 SEE+ 9 ! FACULTY ( 9DEF9ITE REPRODUCTION -- :I* ! HUMAN RACE 5JOYS 9 NEI!R GREAT] NOR LESS DEGREE ?AN ALL ANIMAL & VEGETABLE SPECIES -- A P]MAN5T DANG] ( FAM9E2 :]EAS IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO %[ ! NECESSITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! EXI/5CE1 ( A LAW ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 POPULATION & PRODUCTION4 

,9 %ORT1 ! !ORY ( ,MAL?US -- & H]E9 LIES ! GREAT M]IT ( ?IS WRIT]1 A M]IT :I* NONE ( HIS COLLEAGUES HAS DREAM$ ( ATTRIBUT+ TO HIM -- IS A R$UCTIO AD ABSURDUM ( ALL POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,AS = SOCIALISM1 ?AT WAS SUMM$ UP LONG S9CE BY ,PLATO & ,?OMAS ,MORE 9 A S+LE WORD1 ,U,T,O,P,I,A1 -- ?AT IS1 NO-PLACE1 A *IM]A4 

,NEV]!LESS1 = ! HONOR ( ! HUMAN M9D & ?AT JU/ICE MAY BE DONE TO ALL1 ?IS MU/ BE SAID3 NEI!R C\LD ECONOMIC & LEGISLATIVE SCI5CE HAVE HAD ANY O!R BEG9N+ ?AN !Y DID HAVE1 NOR CAN SOCIETY REMA9 9 ?IS ORIG9AL POSITION4 

,EV]Y SCI5CE MU/ FIR/ DEF9E ITS DOMA91 PRODUCE & COLLECT ITS MAT]IALS3 BE=E SY/EM1 FACTS2 BE=E ! AGE ( >T1 ! AGE ( LE>N+4 ,! ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 SUBJECT LIKE EV]Y O!R TO ! LAW ( TIME & ! CONDITIONS ( EXP]I5CE1 BE=E SEEK+ TO ASC]TA9 H[ ?+S \<T TO TAKE PLACE 9 SOCIETY1 HAD TO TELL US H[ ?+S DO TAKE PLACE2 & ALL !SE PROCESSES :I* ! AU?ORS SPEAK ( SO POMP\SLY 9 !IR BOOKS AS LAWS1 PR9CIPLES1 & !ORIES1 9 SPITE ( !IR 9COH]5CE & 9CONSI/5CY1 HAD TO BE GA!R$ UP ) SCRUPUL\S DILIG5CE1 & DESCRIB$ ) /RICT IMP>TIALITY4 ,! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS TASK CALL$ = MORE G5IUS P]HAPS1 C]TA9LY = MORE SELF-SACRIFICE1 ?AN WILL BE DEM&$ BY ! FUTURE PROGRESS ( ! SCI5CE4 

,IF1 !N1 SOCIAL ECONOMY IS EV5 YET RA!R AN ASPIRATION T[>DS ! FUTURE ?AN A KN[L$GE ( REALITY1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT ! ELEM5TS ( ?IS /UDY >E ALL 9CLUD$ 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY2 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,I EXPRESS ! G5]AL S5TIM5T 9 SAY+ ?AT ?IS OP9ION HAS BECOME ?AT ( ! VA/ MAJORITY ( M9DS4 ,! PRES5T F9DS FEW DEF5D]S1 IT IS TRUE2 BUT ! DISGU/ ) UTOPIA IS NO LESS UNIV]SAL3 & EV]YBODY UND]/&S ?AT ! TRU? LIES 9 A =MULA :I* %ALL RECONCILE !SE TWO T]MS3 ,C,O,N,S,],V,A,T,I,O,N & ,M,O,T,I,O,N4 

,?US1 ?ANKS TO ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 ,RIC>DO1 & ,MAL?US1 AS WELL AS !IR RA% OPPON5TS1 ! MY/]IES ( =TUNE1 ATRIA ,DITIS1 >E UNCOV]$2 ! P[] ( CAPITAL1 ! OPPRESSION ( ! LABOR]1 ! MA*9ATIONS ( MONOPOLY1 ILLUM9$ AT ALL PO9TS1 %UN ! PUBLIC GAZE4 ,CONC]N+ ! FACTS OBS]V$ & DESCRIB$ BY ! ECONOMI/S1 WE REASON & CONJECTURE3 ABUSIVE LAWS1 9IQUIT\S CU/OMS1 RESPECT$ SO LONG AS ! OBSCURITY :I* SU/A9$ !IR LIFE LA/$1 ) DIFFICULTY DRAGG$ TO ! DAYLI<T1 >E EXPIR+ B5EA? ! G5]AL REPROBATION2 IT IS SUSPECT$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETY MU/ BE LE>N$ NO LONG] FROM AN EMPTY IDEOLOGY1 AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! ,CONTRAT SOCIAL1 BUT1 AS ,MONTESQUIEU =ESAW1 FROM ! RELATION ( ?+S2 & ALREADY A ,LEFT ( EM95TLY SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES1 COMPOS$ ( SAVANTS1 MAGI/RATES1 LEGI/S1 PR(ESSORS1 & EV5 CAPITALI/S & MANUFACTUR]S1 -- ALL BORN REPRES5TATIVES & DEF5D]S ( PRIVILEGE1 -- & ( A MILLION ( ADEPTS1 IS =M+ 9 ! NATION ABOVE & \TSIDE ( P>LIAM5T>Y OP9IONS1 & SEEK+1 BY AN ANALYSIS ( ECONOMIC FACTS1 TO CAPTURE ! SECRETS ( ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES4 

,LET US REPRES5T POLITICAL ECONOMY1 !N1 AS AN IMM5SE PLA91 /REWN ) MAT]IALS PREP>$ = AN $IFICE4 ,! LABOR]S AWAIT ! SIGNAL1 FULL ( >DOR1 & BURN+ TO COMM5CE ! WORK3 BUT ! >*ITECT HAS DISAPPE>$ )\T LEAV+ ! PLAN4 ,! ECONOMI/S HAVE /OR$ !IR MEMORIES ) MANY ?+S3 UNHAPPILY !Y HAVE NOT ! %AD[ ( AN E/IMATE4 ,!Y KN[ ! ORIG9 & HI/ORY ( EA* PIECE2 :AT IT CO/ TO MAKE IT2 :AT WOOD MAKES ! BE/ JOI/S1 & :AT CLAY ! BE/ BRICKS2 :AT HAS BE5 EXP5D$ 9 TOOLS & C>TS2 H[ MU* ! C>P5T]S E>N$1 & H[ MU* ! /ONE-CUTT]S3 !Y DO NOT KN[ ! DE/9ATION & ! PLACE ( ANY?+4 ,! ECONOMI/S CANNOT D5Y ?AT !Y HAVE BE=E !M ! FRAGM5TS1 SCATT]$ PELL-MELL1 ( A *EF-D' OEUVRE1 DISJECTI MEMBRA POETAE2 BUT IT HAS BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = !M AS YET TO RECOV] ! G5]AL DESIGN1 &1 :5EV] !Y HAVE ATTEMPT$ ANY COMP>ISONS1 !Y HAVE MET ONLY ) 9COH]5CE4 ,DRIV5 TO DESPAIR AT LA/ BY !IR FRUITLESS COMB9ATIONS1 !Y HAVE ]ECT$ AS A DOGMA ! >*ITECTURAL 9CONGRUITY ( ! SCI5CE1 OR1 AS !Y SAY1 ! 9CONV5I5CES ( ITS PR9CIPLES2 9 A WORD1 !Y HAVE D5I$ ! SCI5CE4.<#a.> 

,?US ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 )\T :I* PRODUCTION W\LD BE ALMO/ NO?+1 IS SUBJECT TO A ?\S& 9CONV5I5CES1 ! WOR/ ( :I* IS ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! LABOR]2 MA*9]Y CAUSES1 NOT ONLY *EAPNESS1 BUT OB/RUCTION ( ! M>KET & /OPPAGE ( BUS9ESS2 COMPETITION 5DS 9 OPPRESSION2 TAXATION1 ! MAT]IAL BOND ( SOCIETY1 IS G5]ALLY A SC\RGE DREAD$ EQUALLY ) FIRE & HAIL2 CR$IT IS NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANI$ BY BANKRUPTCY2 PROP]TY IS A SW>M ( ABUSES2 COMM]CE DEG5]ATES 9TO A GAME ( *ANCE1 9 :I* IT IS SOMETIMES ALL[ABLE EV5 TO *EAT3 9 %ORT1 DISORD] EXI/+ EV]Y:]E TO AN EQUAL EXT5T ) ORD]1 & NO ONE KN[+ H[ ! LATT] IS TO BANI% ! =M]1 TAXIS ATAXI5 DIOKE91 ! ECONOMI/S HAVE DECID$ ?AT ALL IS = ! BE/1 & REG>D EV]Y RE=MATORY PROPOSITION AS HO/ILE TO POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,! SOCIAL $IFICE1 !N1 HAS BE5 AB&ON$2 ! CR[D HAS BUR/ 9TO ! WOOD-Y>D2 COLUMNS1 CAPITALS1 & PL9?S1 WOOD1 /ONE1 & METAL1 HAVE BE5 DI/RIBUT$ 9 PORTIONS & DRAWN BY LOT3 &1 ( ALL !SE MAT]IALS COLLECT$ = A MAGNIFIC5T TEMPLE1 PROP]TY1 IGNORANT & B>B>\S1 HAS BUILT HUTS4 ,! WORK BE=E US1 !N1 IS NOT ONLY TO RECOV] ! PLAN ( ! $IFICE1 BUT TO DISLODGE ! OCCUPANTS1 :O MA9TA9 ?AT !IR CITY IS SUP]B1 &1 AT ! V]Y M5TION  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.> 0,! PR9CIPLE :I* GOV]NS ! LIFE ( NATIONS IS NOT PURE SCI5CE3 IT IS ! TOTAL ( ! COMPLEX DATA :I* DEP5D ON ! /ATE ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ON NE$S & 9T]E/S40 ,?US EXPRESS$ ITSELF1 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#d#d1 ONE ( ! CLE>E/ M9DS ?AT ,FRANCE CONTA9$1 ,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*]4 ,EXPLA91 IF Y\ CAN1 H[ A MAN ( ?IS /AMP WAS L$ BY HIS ECONOMIC CONVICTIONS TO DECL>E ?AT ! COMPLEX DATA ( SOCIETY >E OPPOS$ TO PURE SCI5CE ( RE/ORATION1 APPE> 9 BATTLE->RAY AT !IR GATES4 ,SU* CONFUSION WAS NOT SE5 ( OLD AT ,BABEL3 HAPPILY WE SPEAK ,FR5*1 & >E MORE C\RAGE\S ?AN ! COMPANIONS ( ,NIMROD4 

,BUT 5\< ( ALLEGORY3 ! HI/ORICAL & DESCRIPTIVE ME?OD1 SUCCESSFULLY EMPLOY$ SO LONG AS ! WORK WAS ONE ( EXAM9ATION ONLY1 IS H5CE=? USELESS3 AFT] ?\S&S ( MONOGRAPHS & TABLES1 WE >E NO FUR!R ADVANC$ ?AN 9 ! AGE ( ,X5OPHON & ,HESIOD4 ,! ,PH5ICIANS1 ! ,GREEKS1 ! ,ITALIANS1 LABOR$ 9 !IR DAY AS WE DO 9 \RS3 !Y 9VE/$ !IR MONEY1 PAID !IR LABOR]S1 EXT5D$ !IR DOMA9S1 MADE !IR EXP$ITIONS & RECOV]IES1 KEPT !IR BOOKS1 SPECULAT$1 DABBL$ 9 /OCKS1 & RU9$ !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO ALL ! RULES ( ECONOMIC >T2 KN[+ AS WELL AS \RSELVES H[ TO GA9 MONOPOLIES & FLEECE ! CONSUM] & LABOR]4 ,( ALL ?IS ACC\NTS >E ONLY TOO NUM]\S2 &1 ?\< WE %\LD REHE>SE =EV] \R /ATI/ICS & \R FIGURES1 WE %\LD ALWAYS HAVE BE=E \R EYES ONLY *AOS1 -- *AOS CON/ANT & UNI=M4 

,IT IS ?\<T1 9DE$1 ?AT FROM ! ]A ( MY?OLOGY TO ! PRES5T YE> #eg ( \R GREAT REVOLUTION1 ! G5]AL WELF>E HAS IMPROV$3 ,*RI/IANITY HAS LONG BE5 REG>D$ AS ! *IEF CAUSE ( ?IS AMELIORATION1 BUT N[ ! ECONOMI/S CLAIM ALL ! HONOR = !IR [N PR9CIPLES4 ,= AFT] ALL1 !Y SAY1 :AT HAS BE5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY UPON SOCIETY8 ,?OR\<LY UTOPIAN AT ITS BIR?1 IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 & EXT5D ITSELF ONLY BY GRADUALLY ADOPT+ ALL ! ECONOMIC CATEGORIES1 -- LABOR1 CAPITAL1 F>M-R5T1 USURY1 TRAFFIC1 PROP]TY2 9 %ORT1 BY CONSECRAT+ ! ,ROMAN LAW1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,*RI/IANITY1 A /RANG] 9 ITS !OLOGICAL ASPECT TO ! !ORIES ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 HAS BE5 TO ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION :AT ! TRADES-UNIONS & FREE-MASONS W]E NOT LONG S9CE TO IT9]ANT WORKM51 -- A SORT ( 9SURANCE COMPANY & MUTUAL AID SOCIETY2 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT [ES NO?+ TO POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ! GOOD :I* IT HAS DONE CANNOT BE 9VOK$ BY ! LATT] 9 ITS [N SUPPORT4 ,! EFFECTS ( *>ITY & SELF-SACRIFICE >E \TSIDE ( ! DOMA9 ( ECONOMY1 :I* MU/ BR+ AB\T SOCIAL HAPP9ESS ?R\< JU/ICE & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 ,= ! RE/1 ,I AM READY TO ADMIT ! B5EFICIAL EFFECTS ( ! SY/EM ( PROP]TY2 BUT ,I OBS]VE ?AT !SE EFFECTS >E 5TIRELY BALANC$ BY ! MIS]Y :I* IT IS ! NATURE ( ?IS SY/EM TO PRODUCE2 SO ?AT1 AS AN ILLU/RI\S M9I/] REC5TLY CONFESS$ BE=E ! ,5GLI% ,P>LIAM5T1 & AS WE %ALL SOON %[1 ! 9CREASE ( MIS]Y 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( SOCIETY IS P>ALLEL & EQUAL TO ! 9CREASE ( WEAL?1 -- :I* COMPLETELY ANNULS ! M]ITS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,?US POLITICAL ECONOMY IS JU/IFI$ NEI!R BY ITS MAXIMS NOR BY ITS WORKS2 &1 AS = SOCIALISM1 ITS :OLE VALUE CONSI/S 9 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?IS FACT4 ,WE >E =C$1 !N1 TO RESUME ! EXAM9ATION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 S9CE IT ALONE CONTA9S1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 ! MAT]IALS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE2 & TO ASC]TA9 :E!R ITS !ORIES DO NOT CONCEAL SOME ]ROR1 ! CORRECTION ( :I* W\LD RECONCILE FACT & RI<T1 REVEAL ! ORGANIC LAW ( HUMANITY1 & GIVE ! POSITIVE CONCEPTION ( ORD]4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #a1 ,SECTION #a4#b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a1 ,SECTION #a4#b -- ,ADD$4 

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