,/OPP+ ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,HYDRA3 ,REVOLUTION ,AGA9/ ,! ,MEGAMA*9E 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,WATSON 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS >TICLE WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL J\RNAL ',FIF? ,E/ATE' AFT] ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ ,OIL SPILL4 ,IT DESCRIBES FIR/ ! SPILL ITSELF BE=E MOV+ ON TO A WID] ANALYSIS ( ! WAY ?AT 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S CAN EXPLOIT EV5 ! DISA/]S ?AT MI<T SEEM TO UND]M9E !M & W>NS ?AT 9 MANY CASES 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E ACT+ AS M]E SALESREPS = 9DU/RY4 ,?IS 9CISIVE & RA!R SC>Y ANALYSIS IS BACK$ UP HEAVILY4 ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S H[ 9DU/RY CREATES NE$S = ITSELF & LOOKS AT ! LIMITS ( BO? 5VIRONM5TALISM & LEFTISM4 ,ITS IMPRESSIVE EXPLANATION ( PETRO*EMICAL CIVILIZATION & ITS (T5 FALSE OPPOSITIONS IS ESPECIALLY RELEVANT CONSID]+ ?IS YE>S WE/ ,WALES OIL SPILL -- :I* RELEAS$ >\ND TWICE AS MU* OIL AS ! ,VALDEZ4 

#a4 ,AUTOPSY ( A ,PETRO*EMICAL DISA/] 

,REMEMB] ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ8 ,! %IP WAS ! S\RCE ( ! WOR/ OIL SPILL TO DATE 9 ,U,S HI/ORY1 SPILL+ #aa MILLION GALLONS ( OIL 9 ,ALASKA'S ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND1 :]E IT RAN AGR\ND 9 ,M>* #a#i#h#i4 ,BY ! TIME IT HAD LIMP$ 9TO ,SAN ,DIEGO ,H>BOR 9 ,JULY1 IT ALSO LEFT AT LEA/ ONE O!R SLICK SOME EI<TE5 MILES LONG (F ! ,CALI=NIA COA/4 

,! SPILL AT ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND WAS ! GR& PRIZE 9 A SEASON ( SPILLS4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#h#h1 #b#c1 GALLONS ( OIL W]E SPILL$1 F\L+ #c MILES ( COA/ 9 ! ,CANADIAN-,U,S ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/4.<#a.> ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#h#i1 AN ,>G5T9E %IP BROKE AP>T1 SPILL+ #b#e1 GALLONS ( OIL (F ,ANT>CTICA'S ,PALM] ,P59SULA NE> P5GU91 SEAL & SEABIRD COLONIES4 ,9 ! F\R MON?S PRIOR TO ! ,VALDEZ DISA/]1 ,ALASKA SUFF]$ SEV]AL SPILLS1 9CLUD+ A #e#b1 GALLON SPILL AT A ,K5AI REF9]Y1 A CITY PIPEL9E RUPTURE ?AT SPILL$ JET FUEL 9TO A CREEK 9 ,AN*ORAGE1 & A %IP GR\ND+ 9 ,DUT* ,H>BOR ?AT CLOS$ D[N FI% PLANTS TEMPOR>ILY & KILL$ MORE ?AN #e BIRDS4 ,9 ,JANU>Y ALONE1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL ORGANIZATION ,GRE5PEACE RECORD$ SIX %IP1 B>GE & BOAT WRECKS 9 ,ALASKAN WAT]S 0?AT RELEAS$ OR ?REAT5$ TO RELEASE L>GE QUANTITIES ( OIL40 ,ONE ACCID5T DUMP$ #b MILLION GALLONS ( DIESEL FUEL 9TO ! OCEAN4 .<#b.> ,!N1 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 ,EXXON LEAK$ #a#a#g1 GALLONS ( OIL 9 ,HAWAII4 ,AGA91 9 ,APRIL1 ANO!R #a1 GALLONS ( OIL FROM A MY/]Y SPILL F\L$ BEA*ES ON ! ,HAWAIIAN ISL&S ( ,MOLOKAI & ,LANAI4 ,LAT] 9 ! SPR+1 OV] #c1 GALLONS W]E SPILL$ 9 ! ,DELAW>E ,RIV]1 ANO!R #d#b1 GALLONS W]E SPILL$ 9 ,RHODE ,ISL&'S ,N>RAGANSETT ,BAY1 & ! COLLISION ( A TANK] & A B>GE 9 ,TEXAS'S ,H\/ON ,*ANNEL DUMP$ #b#e#b1 GALLONS ( OIL4 

,/ILL REMEMB] ! ,VALDEZ8 ,9 A PETRO*EMICAL CIVILIZATION1 OIL & *EMICAL SPILLS GO ) ! T]RITORY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 LIFE -- OR RA!R1 ORGANIZ$ DEA? -- GOES ON AS USUAL4 ,! REF9]IES1 M9ES & FACTORIES CONT9UE TO OP]ATE1 & ! TRAFFIC CONT9UES TO RO> REL5TLESSLY4 ,OIL SPILLS HAVE N[ -- ) ONLY SPORADIC EXCEPTIONS -- DROPP$ \T ( ! MASS M$IA1 REPLAC$ BY 0CRIME0 & 0DRUGS0 ,AM]ICA'S NUMB] #a PROBLEM40 ,AS ! APP>ATUS TURNS1 ITS M$IA MA*9E *URNS4 ,! OIL SPILL 9 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND HAS BECOME YE/]DAY'S NEWSPAP]S1 5T]+ ! EXT]M9I/ ,HALL ( ,FAME1 ALONG ) O!RS1 SU* JEWELS AS ! ,SANTA ,B>B>A (F-%ORE OIL RIG SPILL 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! S9K+ ( ! ,AMOCO ,CADIZ (F ( ,BRITTANY 9 #a#i#g#h1 & ! ,IXTOC OIL WELL SPILL (F ,MEXICO'S ,C>IBBEAN COA/ 9 #a#i#g#i1 AS WELL AS ,BHOPAL1 ,LOVE ,CANAL1 ! ,RH9E ,RIV]1 ,?REE ,MILE ,ISL& & ,*]NOBYL1 & ON & ON -- A TOPONYMY ( EXT9CTION4 ,AS ! HU/L]S SAY1 PICK A C>D1 ANY C>D4 

,SURVIVAL1 9CREAS+LY DIM9I%$ & CON/RA9$1 GOES ON1 LEAV+ AN >RAY ( VICTIMS 9 ITS WAKE TO PICK UP :AT LITTLE !Y CAN SALVAGE4 ,EV]YONE ELSE ADJU/S TO ! 9CREAS+ VELOCITY ( ,PROGRESS1 PUTT+ ! WR5*+ & 9FURIAT+ M$IA IMAGES ( DY+ ANIMALS BEH9D !M4 ,!Y /ILL HAVE TO GET TO WORK1 TO PLAY1 & TO ,GR&MA'S H\SE1 :I* IS 9V>IABLY ON ! O!R SIDE ( ,HELL SIX DOZ5 FREEWAY 9T]*ANGES AWAY4 ,A FEW PI\S CALLS TO DRIVE LESS >E HE>D1 BUT 9 ! ABS5CE ( A MASS /RIKE TODAY AGA9/ ! ,MA*9E1 EV]YONE KEEPS DRIV+4 ,! TYRANNY ( ME*ANIZ$ DAILY LIFE REMA9S 9TACT1 &1 9 FACT1 IS EXT5D$ BY ! DISA/]S IT UNLEA%ES4 

,NOT ,JU/ ,ANO!R ,ACCID5T 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,VALDEZ SPILL %\LD NOT BE D5I$ ITS UNIQU5ESS4 ,9 MAGNITUDE & 9 T]MS ( ! RI* ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT OCCURR$1 IT WAS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,IT OCCURR$ 9 AN >EA CONTA9+ ONE ( ! RI*E/ CONC5TRATIONS ( ANIMALS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA2 #bai SEP>ATE SPECIES ( BIRDS ALONE HAVE BE5 RECORD$ 9 ! ,S\ND4 ,SITUAT$ AT AN IMPORTANT PO9T 9 ! ,PACIFIC MIGRATORY R\TE ( ,NOR!RN LATITUDE BRE$]S1 ! SPILL HAPP5$ JU/ 9 TIME TO GREET MILLIONS ( BIRDS ON !IR WAY BACK NOR?4 

,FROM LATE ,APRIL TO MID-,MAY1 ! NE>BY ,COPP] ,RIV] DELTA IS ! WORLD'S L>GE/ RE/+ >EA = %ORE BIRDS1 MANY ON !IR WAY TO NE/ 9 ! ,CANADIAN ,>CTIC4 ,FLOCKS ( AS MANY AS A HUNDR$ ?\S& BIRDS /OP TWO OR ?REE DAYS TO FE$1 =AG+ 9 %ALL[S & AT ! WAT]'S $GE1 :]E MU* ( ! OIL ACCUMULATES4 

,ALMO/ ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( C]TA9 SPECIES PASS ?R\< ! >EA1 = EXAMPLE1 #b MILLION WE/]N S&PIP]S & DUNL9S ALONE4 ,IT IS ALSO RI* ) HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( BLACK TURN/ONES1 T5S ( ?\S&S ( LESS] GOLD5 PLOV]S1 R$KNOTS & :IMBRELS1 & ?\S&S ( OY/]CAT*]S1 RUDDY TURN/ONES1 PUFF9S1 TUNDRA SWANS1 ,CANADA GEESE1 SN[ GEESE1 GULLS1 CORMORANTS1 FIFTE5 SPECIES ( DUCKS1 P]EGR9E FALCONS & O!R BIRDS4 ,SOME FIVE ?\S& BALD EAGLES -- ! L>GE/ CONC5TRATION 9 ! WORLD -- >E F\ND 9 ! >EA4 ,AS ( ,SEPTEMB]1 SOME #adf EAGLES W]E F\ND DEAD2 AS MANY AS #g.0 ( MO!R+ EAGLES AB&ON$ !IR NE/S1 LEAV+ BEH9D OIL-SOAK$ EGGS & DEAD *ICKS4 

,! WORLD'S L>GE/ CONC5TRATION ( NOR!RN SEA OTT]S1 SOME T5 TO TWELVE ?\S&1 W]E ALSO F\ND 9 ! ,S\ND4 ,PROBABLY HALF DI$ FROM ! SPILL1 BUT MANY MORE >E AT RISK4,! EFFECTS ON SEALS1 :ALES & WALRUSES >E NOT CLE>1 AL?\< !Y HAVE NOT BE5 AFFECT$ AS DRAMATICALLY AS ! OTT]S4 ,:ILE MANY ANIMALS HAVE BE5 KILL$ BY ASPHYXIATION & FREEZ+ 7ONE DROP IS 5\< TO DE/ROY PROTECTIVE COV]+S ON BIRDS & OTT]S & KILL !M71 NOT MU* IS KN[N AB\T ! TOXICITY ( SEAWAT] CONTAM9AT$ BY OIL4 ,SITKA BLACK -- TAIL$ DE]1 FE$+ ON ! KELP ALONG ! BEA*1 & BE>S FE$+ ON C>RION LEFT BY ! SPILL1 HAVE DI$4 ,DEADLY *EMICALS F\ND 9 OIL SU* AS XYL5E1 B5Z5E & TOLU5E NOT ONLY DAMAGE ! 9TE/9ES ( L>GE ANIMALS & KILL !M1 BUT ?REAT5 ! 5TIRE FOOD *A9 BY KILL+ & DISRUPT+ ! ZOO-PLANKTON ON :I* IT RE/S4 

,FI% SU* AS H]R+1 SALMON & %ELLFI% WILL BE ADV]SELY AFFECT$ AS WELL4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 SOME #d1 ANIMALS MAY HAVE BE5 AFFECT$4 ,AB\T #c#c1 BIRDS & #ih OTT]S W]E F\ND DEAD BY (FICIAL C\NTS1 BUT BIOLOGI/S CONSID] SU* A NUMB] TO BE ONLY T5 TO ?IRTY P]C5T ( ANIMALS POISON$ BY ! SPILL4 

,! LONG-T]M CONSEQU5CES ON ! M>9E ECOLOGY >E1 AS IS TO BE EXPECT$1 ALSO DISA/R\S4 ,LITTLE HAS BE5 KN[N UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 BUT A /UDY BY ! ,SMI?SONIAN ,TROPICAL ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE 9 ,PANAMA1 DESCRIB+ ! BIOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( A MAJOR OIL SPILL 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN ,SEA (F ,PANAMA 9 #a#i#h#f1 F\ND 0DRAMATIC EFFECTS0 BO? MORE SEV]E & LONG] LA/+ ?AN PREVI\SLY ?\<T4 ,JUDG+ FROM LABORATORY TE/S1 SCI5TI/S ONCE HAD CONSID]$ CORAL RELATIVELY IMMUNE FROM OIL RESIDUES1 BUT ?IS HAS TURN$ \T NOT TO BE TRUE4 ,ORGANISMS AFFECT$ >E MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO EPIDEMIC DISEASE & >E LIKELY TO GR[ & REPRODUCE MORE SL[LY ?AN UNAFFECT$ COLONIES4 

,REC5T REPORTS ON ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,AMOCO ,CADIZ SPILL (F ,FRANCE'S ,BRITTANY COA/ 9 #ai< ALSO %[ ?AT OIL REMA9S A S]I\S PROBLEM = M>9E LIFE LONG AFT] A SPILL4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! MASSIVE ELIM9ATION ( BOTTOM DWELL]S SU* AS UR*9S1 RAZOR CLAMS & T9Y CRU/ACEANS CALL$ AMPHIPODS BR\<T AB\T ! DECL9E & DISAPPE>ANCE ( FI% SPECIES ?AT FE$ ON !M4 ,ACCORD+ TO A ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REPORT ON ! /UDY1 0,ON EXPOS$ MUDFLATS ?AT >E CONT9UALLY COV]$ & UNCOV]$ BY ! TIDES1 ALMO/ ALL ANIMAL LIFE WAS WIP$ \T40 7#b ,APRIL #a#i#h#i74 

,FIGURES V>Y ON H[ MU* ( AN >EA WAS CONTAM9AT$ BY ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ1 BUT IT WAS1 AT A B>E M9IMUM1 #c1 SQU>E MILES1 9CLUD+ AT LEA/ #a1 TO P]HAPS #a1#f MILES ( %OREL9E4 ,! LONG-T]M EFFECTS >E P>TICUL>LY H>D TO DET]M9E GIV5 ! COLD WAT]S & R\< SEAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! >EA4 ,RECOV]Y RATES1 IF SU* A T]M CAN EV5 BE US$ MEAN+FULLY1 V>Y WIDELY AS WELL4 70,RECOV]Y0 CAN ONLY SIGNIFY A RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL /ABILITY AT A DIM9I%$ LEVEL = A GIV5 ECOSY/EM1 S9CE NONE CAN EV] RETURN TO ! PRE-SPILL /ATE ) ITS FULL PANOPLY ( SPECIES DIV]SITY47 ,FUR!RMORE1 SCI5TI/S JUDGE 0RECOV]Y0 BAS$ ON ! OCEAN'S ABILITY TO DISP]SE & WA% AWAY OIL1 A VIEW ?AT IMPLIES ?AT DILUTION ( CONTAM9ANTS 9 ! L>G] ECOSY/EM IS RECOV]Y4 ,BUT ! OIL ALWAYS GOES SOME:]E1 & ) IT1 A /EADY1 G5]ALIZ$ CONTAM9ATION ( ! :OLE LIV+ PLANET4 ,:ILE ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! OV]ALL CONTAM9ATION CAN NEV] BE PRECISELY MEASUR$ BY SCI5TI/S1 ! SIL5T PALL OV] 9LETS & COVES >\ND ! ,S\ND1 ONCE TEEM+ & NOISY ) WILDLIFE1 %\LD S]VE AS AN 9DICATION4.<#c.> 

,! ,FAILURE ( ,TE*NOLOGY 

,EV5 0CLEANUP0 REPRES5TS ONE ( ?OSE CRUEL JOKES ( LANGUAGE ?AT MASK A GRIM REALITY4 ,NOT ONLY DO MANY CONTA9M5T & CLEAN+ TE*NIQUES PROVE 9EFFECTIVE1 !Y >E (T5 WORSE ?AN ! OIL ITSELF ON ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,*EMICAL DISP]SANTS1 :I* >E CONSID]$ TO BE ONLY T5 TO ?IRTY P]C5T EFFECTIVE UND] IDEAL CONDITIONS1 >E !MSELVES HI<LY TOXIC4 ,HI<-PRESSURE WAT] TREATM5T ON BEA*ES IS V]Y DE/RUCTIVE TO BEA* ORGANISMS1 & ! F]TILIZ] US$ TO CLEAN BEA*ES IS ALSO TOXIC4 ,TRAFFIC FROM WORK]S DO+ CLEAN-UP WEAK5S BOTTOM S$IM5T & DE/ROYS HABITAT4 ,RESCUE EF=TS ONLY SAVE A M9UTE FRACTION1 P]HAPS T5 P]C5T1 ( ANIMALS F\ND1 & MANY T5D TO RETURN TO ! SAME >EA TO BE F\L$ ONCE AGA94 ,BIRDS CLEAN$ & RETURN$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T R>ELY1 IF EV]1 REPRODUCE1 & SO >E19 ECOLOGICAL T]MS1 ALREADY DEAD4 

,REC5T WORK1 BY ,AM]ICAN ORNI?OLOGI/ ,BRIAN ,%>P1 HAS TURN$ UP SOME DEPRESS+ F9D+S4 ,HE EXAM9$ ,U,S BIRD-R++ FILES = ! P]IOD #aifi TO #aiid 7:I* 9CLUD$ ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ71 & HIS GRIM CONCLUSION WAS ?AT CLEAN+ ( BIRDS WAS L>GELY PO9TLESS4 ,! 0LIFE EXPECTANCY ( OIL$ & CLEAN$ GUILLEMOTS AFT] !IR RELEASE IS ONLY #i4#f DAYS 444 ,UNOIL$ BIRDS SURVIV$ BETWE5 #b & #a TIMES AS LONG AS OIL$ BIRDS 444 MOD]N ME?ODS ( CLEAN+ & REHABILITAT+ BIRDS HAD NOT NOTICEABLY IMPROV$ !IR SURVIVAL RATE 444 A 0NEGLIGIBLE0 NUMB] ( OIL$ BIRDS SURVIVE LONG 5\< TO BRE$40 

,FIGURES PROVID$ BY ,>?UR ,L9DLEY1 HEAD ( WILDLIFE AT ! ,R,S,P,C,A1 T5D TO CONFIRM ,%>P'S CONCLUSIONS -- ( 0SOME #b GUILLEMOTS R+$ 9 ,BRITA9 AFT] BE+ CLEAN$ ( OIL 444 .<MO/ DI$.> )9 A YE> ( R++ 444 BUT SO F>1 SIX HAVE %[N UP LAT] ?AN ?AT -- & ONE BIRD WAS F\ND #aa YE>S LAT]40 ,:ILE ,L9DLEY ACKN[L$GES ?AT 0V]Y MANY DIE )9 A FEW WEEKS ( BE+ RELEAS$0 HE /ILL1 9EXPLICABLY1 SEES ! SURVIVAL ( A T9Y FRACTION ( ! ORIG9AL NUMB] ( BIRDS AS 05C\RAG+04 

,9 ANY O!R FIELD1 A 'SUCCESS' RATE ( #f \T ( #b W\LD BE SE5 AS 9TOL]ABLY L[1 CALL+ 9TO QUE/ION ! EFFICACY ( ! 5]GY EXP5D$ ON IT -- :I* IS :Y ,L9DLEY'S COMM5TS ON ! FIGURES SEEM REM>KABLY WEAK1 NOT TO SAY SELF-DELUD+4 ,IT RE9=CES ! SUSPICION ?AT SU* CLEAN-UP EF=TS >E 9T5D$ LESS = ! B5EFIT ( ! BIRDS ?AN AS A =M ( !RAPY = US -- ! EXPIATION ( \R GUILT & DISQUIET AT ! CONSEQU5CES ( \R LIFE/YLE BY DO+ SOME?+ 1 EV5 IF ?AT 0SOME?+0 IS UND]/OOD TO BE L>GELY USELESS4 7,ALL QUOTES1 ,NEW ,SCI5TI/ #i_/#c_/#i#f47 

-- ,DEAD ,TREES ,E,F6 

,ONE GREAT IRONY IS ! UTT] USELESSNESS ( ! COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL APP>ATUS ?AT HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ TO RESPOND TO OIL SPILLS4 ,AS ,EUG5E ,S*W>TZ HAS WRITT5 9 0,OV]SKILL3 ,! ,DECL9E ( ,TE*NOLOGY 9 ,MOD]N ,CIVILIZATION0 7#a#i#g#a71 TE*NOLOGICAL +5UITY CAME TO NO?+ 9 ! ,SANTA ,B>B>A SPILL2 ! ONLY RELATIVELY EFFECTIVE RESPONSE 5D$ UP BE+ ! 0L[ TE*0 /RATEGY ( SPREAD+ /RAW AS AN ABSORB5T & COLLECT+ IT ) RAKES & PIT*=KS4 

,! IMM5SE FAILURE ( MASS TE*NICS IS VIVIDLY ILLU/RAT$ BY ,S*W>TZ'S DESCRIPTION ( TWO OIL SPILLS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ANO!R SEASON ( SPILLS -- DUR+ ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#g1 :5 9 A P]IOD ( SIXTE5 DAYS F\R MAJOR OIL SPILLS OCCURR$ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 A #c4#h MILLION GALLON OIL SPILL 9 ,*$ABUCTO ,BAY1 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA2 AN OIL PLAT=M FIRE 9 ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO NE> ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 F$ BY CRUDE OIL & GAS ESCAP+ FROM WELLS DRILL$ 9TO ! SEAB$2 A SPILL 9 ,TAMPA ,BAY FROM A GR\ND$ %IP ?AT EV5TUALLY COV]$ A HUNDR$ SQU>E MILES ( OCEAN BE=E WA%+ A%ORE & KILL+ ?\S&S ( BIRDS2 & ! SPILL+ ( #h#d1 GALLONS ( GAS & DIESEL FUEL :5 A B>GE COLLID$ ) A JETTY 9 ,CALI=NIA'S ,HUMBOLDT ,BAY4 ,SU* ACCID5TS >E 0P[]FUL REM9D]S0 ( ! HELPLESSNESS ( HUMAN +5UITY 9 DISA/]S1 ,S*W>TZ WRITES3 

0,! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO ACCID5T UNFOLD$ LIKE A ,GREEK TRAG$Y444 ,AFT] ! FIRE HAD BE5 EXT+UI%$ ) ! HELP ( DYNAMITE ON ,M>* #a1 OIL BEGAN TO P\R FROM ! WELLS & TO =M A HEAVY SLICK4 ,ON ! SAME DAY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,WILDLIFE ,REFUGE ON ,BRETON ,ISL& WAS M5AC$ :5 AN OIL-COLLECT+ BOOM BROKE4,! CLEAN-UP WAS REPORT$ TO BE 'GO+ WELL' AS ! BOOM ( HEAVY ME% F5CE COV]$ ) V9YL WAS REPAIR$ -- ONLY TO BREAK AGA94 ,ON ,M>* #aa ! V9YL & PLYWOOD DAMS COLLAPS$ 9 HEAVY SEAS & OV] #a1#e B>RELS ( CRUDE OIL BEGAN TO MOVE T[>D ! OY/] B$S4 ,! SKIMM] BOATS C\LD NOT OP]ATE BECAUSE ( W9D & HI< SEAS4 ,ON ,M>* #ab ! 9CID5T WAS (FICIALLY T]M$ A 'DISA/]' AS OIL SLICKS COV]+ FIFTY SQU>E MILES ( ! ,GULF NE>$ ! OY/] B$S4 

0,IF NECESS>Y1 IT WAS PLANN$ TO SET (F FIREWORKS TO />TLE A QU>T]-MILLION GEESE TO BEG9 AN E>LI] MIGRATION NOR?W>D4 ,ON ,M>* #ac (FICIALS CONSID]$ SETT+ ! OIL ON FIRE4 ,AN OIL SLICK MOV$ 9TO ! M>%ES ( A WILDLIFE REFUGE ! NEXT DAY :ILE (FICIALS SCANN$ W9D NOTICES TO DET]M9E ! C\RSE ( ! OIL SLICKS4 ,A WELL HEAD US$ TO CAP A SP\T+ WELL BLEW (F ON ,M>* #a#e1 & ! ESCAP+ OIL ADD$ TO ! FIFTY-TWO-SQU>E-MILE SLICK4 ,FAC$ ) A GR[+ OIL SLICK1 ! OIL WELL'S [N]S SMO!R$ ! SP\T+ WELLS ) TONS ( MUD & DYNAMITE4 ,!Y P\R$ DISP]SANT *EMICALS ON ! SLICKS ?\< ! EFFECTS ( !SE *EMICALS ON ! M>9E LIFE ?REAT5$ BY ! OIL HAD NOT BE5 E/ABLI%$444 

0,! ,*$ABUCTO ,BAY SPILL TRANS=M$ ! BAY 9TO A COLD-WAT] LABORATORY -- ) PRIMITIVE MEASURES TAK+ PREC$5CE OV] SCI5TIFIC ONES4 ,EF=TS W]E MADE TO BURN ! SPILL$ OIL1 BUT L[ SEA TEMP]ATURES FRU/RAT$ IGNITION EF=TS ) B5Z9E1 MAGNESIUM & FLAME-?R[]S4 ,OLD TIRES FILL$ ) NAPALM BURN$ D\<NUT-%AP$ HOLES 9 ! CONGEAL$ OIL & SANK TO ! BOTTOM4 ,*EMICAL DISP]SANTS W]E HALT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T AS BE+ H>MFUL TO M>9E LIFE4 ,AS AT ,SANTA ,B>B>A1 SAWDU/ & PEAT MOSS W]E US$ TO SOAK UP ! OIL ON ! BEA*ES1 & BULLDOZ]S SCRAP$ UP ! CONTAM9ATION40 

,:ILE SOME ( CAPITAL'S ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY MAY HAVE IMPROV$ SLI<TLY S9CE ! #a#i#gS1 NO EQUIPM5T IS CAPABLE ( RESPOND+ TO SPILLS 9 HEAVY SEAS4 ,OIL />TS SLID+ UND] BOOMS 9 CURR5TS ( ONLY SEV5-T5?S ( A KNOT1 & GOES OV] ! TOP 9 W9D & WAVES4 ,EV5 L>GE SKIMM]S CAN ONLY PICK UP SMALL AM\NTS & CAN ONLY BE US$ 9 CALM SEAS4 ,:5 GALE =CE W9DS CAME UP 9 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND1 ! BOOMS JU/ BLEW AWAY4 ,& 9 ! ,DECEMB] #aihh SPILL ALONG ! NOR?WE/ ,PACIFIC COA/1 HI< SEAS ?W>T$ ANY RESPONSE4 ,SAID A ,CANADIAN (FICIAL1 0,IT WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( WAIT+ = ! OIL TO HIT ! BEA* & CLEAN IT UP MANUALLY40 7,TORONTO ,GLOBE & ,MAIL1 #a ,APRIL #a#i#h#i74 

,ULTIMATELY EF=TS W]E TO PROVE SO 9EFFECTUAL ?AT ! T]M 0CLEAN UP0 WAS REPLAC$ ) ?AT ( 0TREATM5T0 & 0/ABILIZATION0 ( %OREL9ES4 ,EV5 ?\<1 AFT] ,EXXON WORK]S HAD CLEAN$ UP ONLY HALF A MILE ( BEA*1 AN ,EXXON SPOKESMAN CLAIM$ ?AT ! BEA* HAD BE5 LEFT 0CLEAN] ?AN WE'VE F\ND IT01 ! ,TIMES REPORT$ ?AT 0 SOME ( ! PA9/AK+ CLEANUP IS ONLY SPREAD+ ! OIL >\ND1 MOV+ FROM ! HI<-TIDE M>K D[N TO ! WAT]'S $GE40 ,A /ATE (FICIAL 9 *>GE ( AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! SPILL REM>K$1 0,! CLEANUP IS JU/ NOT WORK+4 ,IT'S LIKE TRY+ TO GET ! TOO?PA/E BACK 9TO ! TUBE40 ,BY ,SEPTEMB]1 :5 ,EXXON ANN\NC$ ?AT IT WAS GO+ TO CEASE ! CLEANUP1 ! ,ALASKA ,DEP>TM5T ( ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CONS]VATION REPORT$ ?AT MORE ?AN #c MILES ( 0TREAT$0 %OREL9E W]E /ILL COAT$ ) OILY MUCK AS MU* AS ?REE FEET DEEP4.<#d.> 

#b4 ,! ,E>? IS A ,COMPANY ,T[N 

,= ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ADM9I/] & B5EFIT FROM ! PETRO*EMICAL MEGAMA*9E1 ! SPILL WAS A 0T]RIBLE DISA/]0 TOO1 IF ONLY A TEMPOR>Y ONE4 ,! SPILL 9DICAT$1 CONTR>Y TO CORPORATE REASSURANCES ( 9FALLIBILITY1 ?AT NOT EV]Y?+ W5T EXACTLY ACCORD+ TO PLAN1 & ?AT CAN MAKE ! NATIVES RE/LESS4 

,EXXON & ! OIL COMPANY PIPEL9E CONSORTIUM ,ALEYSKA1 ALONG ) ! USUAL GOV]NM5T & CORPORATE ALLIES1 IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ ! /RATEGY ALWAYS EMPLOY$ 9 ! WAKE ( A TOXIC ACCID5T -- MANAG+ APPE>ANCES ) ! APPE>ANCE ( MANAGEM5T4 ,?US ! REASSURANCES & DECL>ATIONS ( CONC]N CAME ROLL+ (F PRODUCTION L9ES ALONG ) SLICK PHOTOS ( ,EXXON WORK]S HOLD+ CLEAN$ UP1 HEAL?Y LOOK+ OTT]S & DUCKS4 

,! MODEL = CAPITALI/ CRISIS MANAGEM5T ( SU* DISA/]S REMA9S ! TOXIC *EMICAL GAS LEAK AT A ,UNION ,C>BIDE FACTORY 9 ,BHOPAL1 ,9DIA1 9 #a#i#h#d4 ,AS ,T>A ,JONES HAS WRITT5 9 A REC5T BOOK1 0,CORPORATE ,KILL+3 ,BHOPALS ,WILL ,HAPP50 7,FREE ,ASSOCIATION ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#h73 0,! CRISIS ,BHOPAL CREAT$ WAS ONE :I* REQUIR$ BO? IMM$IATE & LONG-T]M MANAGEM5T4 ,9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ?IS CRISIS1 ! VICTIMS' NE$S W]E TOTALLY NEGLECT$3 ! PR$OM9ANT PRIORITIES W]E ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( .<,UNION ,C>BIDE.> & ! ,9DIAN /ATE4 ,9 ! 5SU+ MACABRE DANCE ( DEA?1 ! DEAD & WALK+ W\ND$ W]E LEFT BY ! WAYSIDE1 :ILE ! MA9 PROTAGONI/S ACT$ TO M9IMIZE DAMAGE TO !IR 9T]E/S40 ,= ! CONT9UANCE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 ! ACCID5T AT ,BHOPAL WAS NOT AN ECOLOGICAL OR EV5 A TE*NOLOGICAL CRISIS 7ACCID5TS BE+ 9EVITABLE7 BUT RA!R A PUBLIC RELATIONS CRISIS1 & ?US1 POT5TIALLY1 A SOCIAL CRISIS IF PEOPLE BEGAN TO TAKE ! LESSONS ( ! GAS LEAK S]I\SLY4 ,H5CE1 ! 5TIRE *EMICAL 9DU/RY WORK$ 0TO REASSURE ! G5]AL PUBLIC ?AT ,BHOPAL WAS A R>E1 *ANCE OCCURR5CE ?AT W\LD NOT BE REPEAT$10 RA!R ?AN A DRAMATIC EXAMPLE ( A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( TOXIC CONTAM9ATION4 

,AS SOON AS ! NEWS HIT AB\T ! OIL SPILL 9 ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND1 ,EXXON FOLL[$ ,UNION ,C>BIDE'S /RATEGY ( CLEAN+ UP 444 ! PROPAG&A 5VIRONM5T4 ,BY HIR+ NE>LY EV]Y BOAT 9 ,VALDEZ & ,CORDOVA H>BORS1 & ) ! /IPULATION ?AT NO M$IA W\LD BE ALL[$ ON !M )\T P]MISSION FROM ! COMPANY1 ,EXXON PREV5T$ MO/ 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS & CRITICAL J\RNALI/S FROM EV5 GETT+ TO ,BLI< ,REEF TO SURVEY ! DAMAGES4 ,! CREW ( FI%+ BOAT NICKNAM$ 0! ,HE>SE01 :I* BR\<T G>BAGE BAGS FILL$ ) DEAD ANIMALS 9TO ,VALDEZ H>BOR EV]Y FEW DAYS1 WAS TOLD NOT TO BR+ 9 ANIMALS ?AT HAD BE5 DEAD MORE ?AN TWO WEEKS TO AVOID /IRR+ UP REPORT]S4 

,EXXON'S BODY C\NTS V>I$ WILDLY FROM ALL O!RS4 0,! NUMB]S JU/ DON'T MAT*10 ONE DISGU/$ WORK] TOLD ,GEORGE ,MI*AELS ( ,! ,ANIMALS' ,AG5DA4 0,! .<,EXXON.> PRESS RELEASE SAYS ?AT #e OTT]S HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9 DEAD 9 ! PA/ SIX WEEKS4 ,I'VE C\NT$ #f MYSELF 9 ! PA/ WEEK40 ,EXXON CONT9U$ TO RELEASE REGUL> NOTICES ?AT ! SPILL HAD BE5 CONTA9$ & CLEAN$ UP EV5 AS IT CONT9U$ TO GR[ 9 SIZE & SEV]ITY1 & PRODUC$ A SLICK VIDEO 5TITL$ 0,PROGRESS 9 ,ALASKA01 WI* EXTOLL$ ! CORPORATION'S 5VIRONM5TAL COMMITM5T & ! SUCCESS ( ITS RESPONSE TO ,VALDEZ1 AS WELL AS ! B5EFITS ! 9DU/RY HAS BR\<T TO A /ATE :I* RECEIVES #h#e.0 ( ITS REV5UES FROM OIL4 ,FULL-PAGE ADS 9 NEWSPAP]S ACROSS ! C\NTRY W]E B\<T BY ,EXXON TO DEF5D ITS ROLE 9 ! AFFAIR1 & ,EXXON MA9TA9$ TI<T CONTROL ( EM]G5CY RESPONSE EF=TS1 MU* 9 ! SAME WAY1 SAY1 ?AT A MASS MURD]] MI<T BE HIR$ TO HEAD UP ! =5SICS /UDY ( ! MASSACRE4 

,! PROPAG&A BLITZ WAS 9T5SE BECAUSE ! /AKES W]E HI<4 ,SUDD5LY1 (F-%ORE DRILL+ & EXPLORATION ( S5SITIVE WILD]NESS >EAS 7POLICIES CONTE/$ EV5 BE=E ! SPILL7 W]E GETT+ ! SPOTLI<T ALONG ) 9=MATION AB\T OIL COMPANY PRACTICES -- LEAKS ( F> GREAT] CONC]N TO CAPITAL ?AN A FEW MILLION GALLONS ( OIL4 

,SPEAK+ BE=E ! ,NATIONAL ,OCEAN ,9DU/RIES ,ASSOCIATION1 AN ORGANIZATION ( COMPANIES L9K$ TO (F-%ORE OIL EXTRACTION1 ,9T]IOR ,SECRET>Y ,MANUEL ,LUJAN W>N$ HIS CORPORATE CRONIES1 0,IF ! IMAGE ( AN UNC>EFUL & UNC>+ 9DU/RY PREVAILS AMONG ! ,U,S PUBLIC1 !N WE CAN KISS GOODBYE TO DOME/IC OIL & GAS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,>CTIC ,NATIONAL ,WILDLIFE ,REFUGE1 (F-%ORE & 9 ! PUBLIC L&S40 ,= ,LUJAN1 ! ,VALDEZ SPILL MI<T H9D] OIL EXPLOITATION MU* 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ACCID5T AT ,?REE ,MILE ,ISL& /ALL$ ! CON/RUCTION ( NUCLE> P[] PROJECTS4 ,& HE DID NOT HESITATE TO CALL FUR!R EXPLORATION & EXTRACTION1 9CLUD+ 9 WILD]NESS >EAS1 A MATT] ( 0NATIONAL SECURITY01 EV5 ?\< ! COVET$ ,>CTIC ,NATIONAL ,WILDLIFE ,REFUGE IS E/IMAT$ TO HAVE 5\< OIL = A M]E SIX MON?S SUPPLY = ,U,S C>S & TRUCKS4 ,TO ! 9DU/RIALI/S1 ! OIL MU/ KEEP FL[+ AT ALL CO/S1 & ONE T]RIFY+ QUE/ION -- :5 WILL SOCIETY BEG9 TO DO )\T OIL -- IS NOT EV5 ALL[$4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( /ATE SECURITY3 CAPITALISM1 C]TA9LY1 CANNOT EXI/ )\T OIL4 

,MEAN:ILE ! IMAGE ( A 0C>+0 CORPORATION IS DISSEM9AT$ = ! GULLIBLE4 ,ONE ,EXXON PUBLICI/ CALL$ A BOYCOTT ( ! COMPANY 0UNJU/01 ADD+ ?AT ! SPILL 0WAS AN ACCID5T -- A BAD ONE4 ,BUT ACCID5TS CAN HAPP5 TO ANYONE40 ,?IS WAS ! ACCID5T1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT SU* PUBLICI/S HAD =M]LY CLAIM$ W\LD NEV] HAPP54 

,ECONOMIC ,BOOM "7 ,ECOLOGIC ,BU/ 

,EV] S9CE ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,PRUDHOE ,BAY OIL FIELD ON ! ,>CTIC ,OCEAN 7! L>GE/ CONTIGU\S 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX 9 ! WORLD71 ! OIL 9DU/RY PROVID$ EV]Y ASSURANCE ( SAFETY TO ?OSE UNEASY ) OIL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,ALASKA'S PRI/9E WAT]S & WILD]NESS4 ,FLU% ) PETRO*EMICAL PLUND]1 ! ,/ATE ( ,ALASKA & ! CORPORATIONS ?AT HAD /AK$ IT \T RODE A GIDDY WAVE ( TE*NOLOGICAL HUBRIS & GOLD-RU% CORRUPTION4 ,ALASKA BECAME A ,BOOM /ATE1 PROVID+ ONE QU>T] ( ALL ,U,S DOME/IC OIL4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ,PRUDHOE ,BAY1 ! /ATE D\BL$ ITS BUDGET ON PUBLIC S]VICES1 REPEAL$ P]SONAL 9COME TAXES1 & CREAT$ A TRU/ FUND \T ( :I* IT PAYS AN ANNUAL DIVID5D TO ALL ,ALASKA RESID5TS4 

,SOME ,ALASKANS RESI/$ OIL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! BEG9N+1 BUT ,BIG ,OIL SWEPT ALL OPPOSITION ASIDE1 BO? BY US+ ! LAW TO FUR!R ITS [N 9T]E/S & BY CIRCUMV5T+ IT :5EV] NECESS>Y4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 FI%+ COMMUNITIES & 5VIRONM5TALI/S F\<T ! ,ALEYSKA PIPEL9E ALL ! WAY TO ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT & WON1 BUT ,CONGRESS SIMPLY DECL>$ ! PROJECT EXEMPT FROM 5VIRONM5TAL LAWS4 ,/ATE LAWS W]E ALSO OV]RUN & MODIFI$ TO ACCOMODATE ! N9E-COMPANY CONSORTIUM SEEK+ TO BUILD ! PIPEL9E ACROSS #h MILES ( ,ALASKA WILD]NESS TO ! PORT AT ,VALDEZ4 

,OIL DEVELOPM5T CAME ACCOMPANI$ BY PROMISES ( ! 0BE/ TE*NOLOGY01 SAFETY REVIEWS1 & AN UPGRAD+ ( FACILITIES AS VOLUMES ROSE4 ,NOT EV5 !SE DUBI\S PROMISES MAT]IALIZ$4 ,9/EAD ( CLEAN+ UP TOXIC PITS LEFT 9 DRILL+1 IT IS *EAP] = OIL COMPANIES TO PAY P5ALTIES = AB&ON+ !M1 & EV5 ! 9ADEQUATE 5VIRONM5TAL PROTECTION LAWS >E R\T9ELY IGNOR$4 ,AS ,JOHN ,GREELY NOTES 9 ,! ,NATION1 ,PORT ,VALDEZ WAS ALREADY CONSID]$ ONE ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'S MO/ 0*RONICALLY POLLUT$ M>9E 5VIRONM5TS0 BY SCI5TIFIC AG5CIES4 ,SMALL SPILLS -- SOME #d BE=E ! ,VALDEZ SPILL -- W]E A CONT9U\S PROBLEM4 

,BIG ,OIL BUILT ITSELF NOT JU/ A FEW COMPANY T[NS BUT A COMPANY /ATE4 ,! WAVE ( NEW IMMIGRANTS BR\<T BY AN EXP&+ ECONOMY CONT9U$ TO ]ODE OPPOSITION TO DEVELOPM5T & ! CORPORATIONS4 ,H\S+1 S*OOLS1 ROADS1 P[] PROJECTS -- ! :OLE 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! MOD]N CAPITAL-5]GY-COMMODITY-9T5SIVE SOCIETY -- W]E CON/RUCT$ ) ! REV5UES4 ,& :5 SOCIETY-WIDE CORRUPTION & COLLUSION DIDN'T WORK1 ,ALEYSKA US$ A MIX ( COV]-UP1 PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS & LEGAL MANEUV]S TO CONT9UE OP]ATIONS UNIMP$$1 = EXAMPLE GO+ 9TO C\RT 9 ,MAY1 AFT] ! SPILL1 TO BLOCK MORE /R+5T POLLUTION CONTROLS AT ,VALDEZ4 ,GREELY QUOTES A TOXICOLOGI/3 0,IF ,ALEYSKA IS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ !SE OIL COMPANIES OP]ATE 9 AN 5VIRONM5TALLY S\ND MANN]1 :AT >E ! COMPANIES DO+ 9 MORE REMOTE WILD]NESS >EAS ) EV5 LESS SUP]VISION80 

,A GOOD QUE/ION4 ,IF ! IDEA ( A 0?IRD WORLD0 SUGGE/S A PLUND]$ COLONY :]E BRUTE =CE1 SUP]-EXPLOITATION1 & A VEIL ( SECRECY PREVAIL1 !N ,PRUDHOE ,BAY IS A K9D ( ?IRD WORLD COLONY4 ,! COMPLEX1 5COMPASS+ A #i SQU>E MILE WA/EL& ( PREFAB BUILD+S1 DRILL+ PADS1 PIPEL9ES1 ROADS & AIR/RIPS1 MAT*ES ANY NI<TM>E 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD4 ,BURN+ FUELS BLACK5 ! ,>CTIC SKY1 CAUS+ AIR POLLUTION ?AT RIVALS ! CITY ( ,*ICAGO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>*-,APRIL #aihh ,GRE5PEACE ,MAGAZ9E1 0 ,SOME #fd MILLION GALLONS ( WA/E WAT] CONTA9+ V>Y+ AM\NTS ( HYDROC>BONS1 *EMICAL ADDITIVES1 LEAD & >S5IC HAVE BE5 RELEAS$ DIRECTLY 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,REGULATORS REPORT UP TO #f OIL SPILLS A YE>1 & FIVE HAZ>D\S WA/E SITES AT ,PRUDHOE >E ALREADY C&IDATES = CLEAN-UP UND] ,F$]AL ,SUP]FUND LAW4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! OIL COMPANIES HAVE BE5 CIT$ = NUM]\S VIOLATIONS ( F$]AL & /ATE 5VIRONM5TAL LAWS10 :I* DOES NOT REVEAL H[ BAD ?+S >E1 S9CE MANY VIOLATIONS OBVI\SLY GO UNREPORT$4 ,ROAD & BUILD+ CON/RUCTION HAS ?AW$ ! P]MAFRO/ & CAUS$ FLOOD+2 ?IS HAS SPREAD TOXIC *EMICALS1 & AFFECT$ AN >EA MU* GREAT] ?AN ! ACTUAL DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 

,HUNDR$S ( WA/E PITS OV]FL[ DUR+ ! LATE SPR+ ?AW1 KILL+ (F SMALL FRE%WAT] ANIMALS L[ ON ! FOOD *A91 BUT ALSO CAUS+ DRAMATIC POISON+ 9CID5TS4 ,LA/ YE>1 = EXAMPLE1 A POL> BE> WAS F\ND DEAD1 /A9$ P9K FROM DR9K+ 9DU/RIAL POISONS NOT EV5 NORMALLY F\ND TOGE!R4 ,O!R WILDLIFE HAS BE5 AFFECT$4 ,! OIL COMPANIES >E QUICK TO PO9T \T ?AT ! C>IB\ POPULATION IS UP1 BUT ?AT IS L>GELY DUE TO ! MASS EXT]M9ATION ( WOLVES DUR+ #a#i#g#g-#g#h BY HUNT+ GUIDES :5 ROAD CON/RUCTION CREAT$ MORE ACCESS TO REMOTE >EAS4 ,9 REALITY1 MANY QUE/IONS REMA9 AB\T ! C>IB\ & H[ !Y WILL BE AFFECT$ 9 ! LONG RUN4 

,9 A LETT] TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 TWO PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 WEA!R$ 9 AT ,DEADHORSE 7AT ! HE>T ( ! ,PRUDHOE COMPLEX7 ON !IR WAY TO ! WILDLIFE REFUGE TO ! EA/1 DESCRIBE SEE+ 0?\S&S ( VEHICLES 9 USE & AB&ON$1 RANG+ FROM PICKUP TRUCKS TO MASSIVE MOBILE DRILL+ EQUIPM5T1 /ACKS ( DISC>D$ OIL DRUMS1 SMALL PONDS ) GREASY SLICKS & G5]AL DEBRIS40 ,DOZ5S ( AB&ON$ /RUCTURES /& 9 & >\ND ! DEVELOPM5T AT ,DEADHORSE1 ) NO 9DICATION ?AT ANY IS TO BE RE-US$ OR REMOV$ AS OIL EXPLOITATION 7:I* HAS ALREADY REA*$ ITS PEAK7 />TS TO W9D D[N4 0,M]ELY TO REMOVE ! ACCUMULAT$ VEHICLES1 BUILD+S & DRILL+ EQUIPM5T10 !Y CONT9UE1 0NOT TO M5TION DETOXIFY+ ! POLLUT$ TUNDRA & DISMANTL+ ! ROADS1 AIR/RIPS & PIPEL9ES1 W\LD TAKE YE>S & HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S4 ,:O WILL PAY80 7#d ,APRIL #a#i#h#i7 

,ANO!R GOOD QUE/ION4 ,YET :5 ONE CONSID]S :AT ! ACTUAL 5]GY EXP5SE ( BUILD+ & OP]AT+ SU* A VA/ & REMOTE COMPLEX MI<T BE1 EV5 BE=E AN ATTEMPT AT ANY K9D ( 0/ABILIZATION0 ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! REALIZATION S9KS 9 ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRETY ( 9DU/RIALISM3 A MASSIVE PYRAMID S*EME ?AT WILL COLLAPSE SOME:]E D[N ! L9E :5 ALL ! MAJOR PLAY]S HAVE ALREADY RETIR$ FROM ! GAME4 ,( C\RSE1 :5 ! LA/ ( !SE HU/L]S CA% 9 !IR *IPS1 !RE WON'T BE ANY PLACE LEFT TO RETIRE TO4 

,! ,GRE5H\SE ,EFFECT3 ,CAPITAL'S ,BUS9ESS ,CLIMATE 

,IT %\LD GO )\T SAY+ ?AT ,EXXON & ITS ALLIES DON'T TRY !IR BE/ TO PROTECT ! 5VIRONM5T OR HUMAN HEAL?4 ,CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS PRODUCE TO ACCUMULATE P[] & WEAL?1 NOT = ANY SOCIAL 0GOOD04 ,?US1 PR$ICTABLY1 9 ORD] TO CUT CO/S1 ,EXXON /EADILY DISMANTL$ :AT EM]G5CY SAFEGU>DS IT HAD ?R\<\T ! #a#i#hS1 PO9T+ TO 5VIRONM5TAL /UDIES %[+ A MAJOR SPILL AS SO UNLIKELY ?AT PREP>ATION WAS UNNECESS>Y4 ,SO :5 ! 9EVITABLE CAME CRA%+ D[N1 ! RESPONSE WAS COMPLETE IMPOT5CE & NEGLIG5CE4 

,YET TO FOCUS ON DISA/]S AS AB]RATIONS RESULT+ FROM CORPORATE GRE$ IS TO MY/IFY ! REAL OP]ATIONAL *>ACT] ( AN 5TIRE SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EM4 ,! UNMITIGAT$ DISA/] ( DAILY1 UNDRAMATIC ACTIVITIES 9 PLACES LIKE ,PRUDHOE ,BAY & ,BHOPAL -- EV5 BE=E !Y 5T] ! VOCABUL>Y ( DOOM -- IS IRREFUTABLE PRO( ?AT ,VALDEZ WAS NO ACCID5T BUT ! NORM4 ,MOD]N 9DU/RIALISM CANNOT EXI/ )\T ITS ,PRUDHOE ,BAYS4 ,CAPITAL MU/ ALWAYS HAVE A SUP]-EXPLOIT$ COLONY1 A 0SACRIFICE >EA0 ( SOME K9D -- ! SKY1 A HUMAN COMMUNITY1 A WAT]%$1 ! SOIL1 ! G5E POOL1 & SO ON -- TO EXP& & EXT5D ITS LIFELESS T5TACLES4 

,! REAL SPILLAGE GOES ON EV]Y DAY1 EV]Y M9UTE1 :5 CAPITALISM & MASS TE*NICS APPE> TO BE WORK+ MORE OR LESS ACCORD+ TO ! ,PLAN4 ,! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ CONTA9$ SOME #a4#b MILLION B>RELS ( OIL2 AT ANY GIV5 TIME #ge MILLION B>RELS >E FLOAT+ ON ! WORLD'S WAT]S4 ,9 #aigi ! AM\NT ( OIL LO/ WORLDWIDE ON L& & SEA ?R\< SPILLAGE1 FIRE & S9K+S REA*$ A PEAK ( #cbh MILLION GALLONS2 S9CE !N IT HAS DROPP$ TO BETWE5 #bd & #ee MILLION A YE>1 EXCEPT = #a#i#h#c1 :5 TANK] ACCID5TS & OIL BL[\TS 9 ! ,IRAN-,IRAQ ,W> BR\<T ! TOTAL UP TO #bdb MILLION GALLONS4 ,MO/ ( ! OIL 9 ! OCEANS COMES NOT FROM ACCID5TS BUT MUNICIPAL & 9DU/RIAL RUN(F1 ! CLEAN+ ( %IP BILGES & O!R R\T9E ACTIVITY4 ,9DU/RY ANALY/S SAY ?AT MAJOR OIL SPILLS HAVE DECL9$1 BUT ?AT 0SMALL]0 SPILLS CONT9UE TO TAKE PLACE ALL ! TIME1 A PH5OM5ON P>ALLEL$ 9 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY BY FOCUS+ ON MAJOR LEAKS TO CONCEAL ! REALITY ( A SL[-MOV+1 L[-LEVEL1 DAILY ,BHOPAL4 ,& NO MATT] H[ C>EFULLY 9DU/RY TRIES TO PREV5T ACCID5TS1 !Y >E GO+ TO OCCUR2 ! L>G] & MORE COMPLICAT$ ! SY/EM1 ! MORE C]TA9 ! BREAKD[N4 ,AS ! HEAD ( ! ,CAMBRIDGE-BAS$ ,C5T] = ,%ORT-LIV$ ,PH5OM5A 7671 :I* KEEPS TRACK ( OIL SPILLS1 COMM5T$ AFT] ! ,VALDEZ SPILL1 BECAUSE SU* AN EV5T 0TAKES PLACE SO 9FREQU5TLY1 & ! RES\RCES >E NEV] AVAILABLE 9 A S+LE LOCATION TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY ) IT0 7MEAN+ BECAUSE BOOMS CAN'T BE /ATION$ EV]Y HUNDR$ Y>DS ALONG ! R\TE1 ETC47 MAJOR SPILLS >E 9EVITABLE4 

,9 ANY CASE1 MASS SOCIETY IS A CONT9U\S OIL SPILL JU/ AS IT IS A CON/ANT *EMICAL LEAK4 ,! #aa MILLION GALLONS LO/ BY ! ,VALDEZ ON ,BLI< ,REEF IS MAT*$ EV]Y YE> 9 ! /ATE ( ,MI*IGAN ALONE BY CITIZ5S P\R+ WA/E OIL D[N SEW]S OR ON ! GR\ND4 7,SEE RELAT$ /ORY 9 BOX47 ,& :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT MORE SAFETY MEASURES C\LD BE TAK5 ?R\< 9/ITUTIONAL OR TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS 7OR EV5 BY REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S C\NCILS OR ASSEMBLIES71 9DU/RIALISM BR+S 9H]5T CONSEQU5CES ( SPILLS1 LEAKS1 9ADEQUATE RESPONSE1 9ADEQUATE 0TREATM5T01 & ECOLOGICAL ,BU/4 ,AS PETRO*EMICALS >E NECESS>Y TO 9DU/RIALISM :ATEV] ! =M ( MANAGEM5T1 SPILLS >E ALSO 9TEGRAL TO PETRO*EMICALS4 ,& :AT *EMICALS & OIL SPILLS >E TO A SOCIETY ADDICT$ TO 9DU/RIALISM1 9DU/RIALISM IS TO ! LIV+ FABRIC ( ! PLANET4 ,?IS OBS]VATION WAS RAIS$ BY WRIT] ,BILL ,MC,KIBB5 9 AN ESSAY PUBLI%$ ON ! ,OP-,$ PAGE ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ON ,APRIL #g4 ,MC,KIBB5 ASK$ :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RESULT HAD ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ GOTT5 ?R\< )\T A HIT*8 ,IF T5 MILLION GALLONS HAD GOTT5 ?R\< TO BE CONSUM$1 !Y W\LD HAVE RELEAS$ AB\T #f MILLION P\NDS ( C>BON DIOXIDE 9TO ! ATMOSPH]E4 ,C>BON DIOXIDE IS ! MAJOR COMPON5T GAS CAUS+ ! GRE5H\SE EFFECT1 9 :I* GASES EMITT$ 9 5ORM\S QUANTITIES BY 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION WILL TRAP HEAT 9 ! ATMOSPH]E & RAISE GLOBAL TEMP]ATURES1 DISRUPT+ & PR(\NDLY TRANS=M+ ! PLANET'S ECOLOGY -- CAPITALISM'S #b#a/ C5TURY ,GLOBAL ,BUS9ESS ,CLIMATE1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,MC,KIBB5 WRITES ?AT 9 ! NEXT C5TURY1 0,!RE WILL BE TWICE AS MU* C>BON DIOXIDE 9 ! ATMOSPH]E AS !RE WAS BE=E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION40 ,! EFFECTS >E UNCLE> TO SCI5TI/S1 BUT NE>LY ALL AGREE ?AT ! BURN+ ( FOSSIL FUELS COMB9$ ) ! RELEASE ( *EMICALS ?AT DE/ROY ! PLANET'S OZONE LAY] 9 ! UPP] ATMOSPH]E1 ! G5]ATION ( HEAT FROM ALL S\RCES1 DE=E/ATION & O!R FACTORS WILL BR+ AB\T MASSIVE SPECIES EXT9CTIONS1 CLIMATE & WEA!R *ANGES1 FLOOD+ & O!R HAVOC4 

,! AV]AGE C> REPRODUCES ITS [N BODY WEI<T 9 C>BONS EA* YE>4 ,?IS IS 0ANO!R OIL SLICK01 ,MC,KIBB5 NOTES1 BE+ RELEAS$ EV]Y DAY4 ,& :ILE TE*NOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS TO MAKE 0CLEAN-BURN+0 C>S MAY R$UCE POLLUTANTS SU* AS C>BON MONOXIDE & HYDROC>BONS BY AS MU* AS #i#f.01 SU* C>S WILL EMIT AS MU* C>BON DIOXIDE AS A ,MODEL ,T4 ,ELECTRIC C>S WILL POSE A SIMIL> PROBLEM IF !IR 5]GY COMES FROM FOSSIL FUEL S\RCES4 7,SEE RELAT$ BOX 9S]T ',NEV] ,TRU/ A ,TE*NO-,FIX'74,! PRODUCTION ( AUTOMOBILES1 & ! PRODUCTION ( ANTI-POLLUTION TE*NOLOGY ITSELF1 >E NOT EV5 TAK5 9TO ACC\NT BY ?IS ANALYSIS1 BUT ! 9H]5T FAILURE ( TE*NOLOGICAL REASON CAN BE SE54 

,! RATE ( CLIMATE *ANGE OV] ! NEXT HUNDR$ YE>S MAY DW>F BY ?IRTY TIMES ! RATE ( GLOBAL W>M+ ?AT FOLL[$ ! LA/ ,ICE ,AGE4 ,R$UC+ :AT COMES \T ( TAIL PIPES WON'T EV5 PUT A SLI<T D5T 9 ?AT PROBLEM4 

0,! GRE5H\SE EFFECT10 ,MC,KIBB5 OBS]VES1 0IS NOT ! RESULT ( SOME?+ GO+ WRONG4 ,IT DOESN'T /EM FROM DRUNK5 SAILORS1 9ADEQUATE EM]G5CY PLANN+ OR A REEF 9 ! WRONG PLACE4 ,IT'S H>D] TO DEAL ) ?AN ?AT BECAUSE IT'S JU/ A RESULT ( NORMAL LIFE40 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT ! PHRASE 0NORMAL LIFE0 APPROPRIATELY DESCRIBES 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 IF ,MC,KIBB5'S RECOMM5DATION ?AT 0LESS 5]GY0 BE US$ IS TO MEAN+FULLY CONFRONT ! LOOM+ GRE5H\SE CRISIS1 SU* A R$UCTION 9 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY WILL HAVE TO BE F> MORE DRAMATIC ?AN ALMO/ ANY SECTORS ( SOCIETY HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO POND] SO F>4 ,IT W\LD SIGNAL A DECON/RUCTION PROCESS MORE PR(\ND ?AN ANY REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY EV] SE5 PREVI\SLY4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS PROSPECT IS POSSIBLE IS AN OP5 QUE/ION4 

,:E!R OR NOT IT IS NECESS>Y IS A QUE/ION ?AT MU/ 9CLUDE ! RECOGNITION ?AT PRES5T 5VIRONM5TAL EFFECTS >E ! RESULTS ( ACTIVITIES SEV]AL DECADES AGO4 ,& S9CE MOD]N SCI5CE CANNOT UND]/& ?RE%OLDS1 !RE IS NO TELL+ H[ MU* TIME IS LEFT1 ONLY A C]TA9TY ?AT IT IS RUNN+ \T4 

#c4 ,DISA/] ,FUELS ! ,MA*9E3 ,! ,HYDRA 

,W>N+S ( ! 9EVITABLE CRA% ( URBAN-9DU/RIALISM'S H\SE ( C>DS N[ APPE> (T5 9 ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ NEWSPAP]S4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES CANNOT HELP BUT SUSPECT ?AT !IR SY/EM IS DRAW+ ! WORLD T[>D A CATACLYSM4 ,YET !Y CANNOT RESPOND & GRIMLY GO AB\T !IR BUS9ESS LIKE DI/RACT$ ,AHABS TRY+ TO MA9TA9 CONTROL ( !IR F\ND]+ %IP4 ,! 5TROPY 9H]5T 9 !IR SY/EM OV]:ELMS !M AS !Y GRAPPLE = A HELM ?AT DOES NOT EXI/4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT !Y RESEMBLE ANY RUL+ CLASS NE> ! 5D ( ITS HI/ORIC J\RNEY4 

,FR5* PRESID5T ,MITT]& SEEM$ TO S5SE AS MU* :5 AT SUMMIT DISCUSSIONS ON ! 5VIRONM5T LA/ SUMM] HE REM>K$ ?AT !RE WAS 0NO POLITICAL AU?ORITY CAPABLE ( MAK+ DECISIONS ON A GLOBAL SCALE40 ,! AU?ORITY ( ! MOD]N /ATE CANNOT F9D A SOLUTION1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE IT HAS COME TO 5COMPASS EV]Y ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM ITSELF4 ,ONLY A PLANET>Y REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION FROM ! GR\ND UP -- A REVOLUTION N[ FRAGM5T>ILY GLIMPS$ 9 ASPECTS ( ! RADICAL FR+E ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 9 ! 9DIG5\S-PRIMITIVE REVIVAL1 9 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS & ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AGA9/ MASS TE*NICS1 TOXICS & DEVELOPM5T -- C\LD BR+ ! DEA? TRA9 TO A HALT BE=E IT DIS9TEGRATES & F9ALLY EXPLODES UND] ITS [N 9]TIA4 

,?AT REVOLUTION REMA9S BEYOND \R REA*4 ,\R REVOLUTION>Y DESIRE MU/ SQU>ELY FACE ! FACT ?AT DISA/] ITSELF T5DS TO FUEL ! SY/EM ?AT G5]ATES IT1 :I* MEANS ?AT WE MU/ AB&ON ! PA!TIC HOPE ?AT P]HAPS ?IS LATE/ HORROR WILL BE ! SIGNAL ?AT TURNS ! TIDE 7AS ,*]NOBYL WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE1 & ,BHOPAL74 ,9 ',:]E ! ,WA/EL& ,5DS' 7#a#i#g#b71 ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK PO9TS TO 0! GREAT P>ADOX ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL MY/IQUE3 ITS REM>KABLE ABILITY TO GR[ /RONG BY VIRTUE ( *RONIC FAILURE4 ,:ILE ! TREA*]Y ( \R TE*NOLOGY MAY PROVIDE MANY OCCASIONS = DIS5*ANTM5T1 ! SUM TOTAL ( FAILURES HAS ! EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ \R DEP5D5CE ON TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE40 

,?AT ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL SPH]ES >E ONE IS CONFIRM$ 9 ! WAY CAPITAL RU%ES 9TO ! VACUUM MOM5T>ILY CAUS$ BY ITS [N CRISIS1 R5EW+ OP]ATIONS & F9D+ NEW WAYS TO EXP& & RE9=CE ITS GLOBAL WORK MA*9E4 ,?US EV5 ! OIL SPILL BECAME GOOD = BUS9ESS ONCE CRISIS MANAGEM5T WAS FUNCTION+1 AS ,EXXON TOOK TAX BREAKS1 RAIS$ PRICES1 & TOOK *>GE ( ! 0CLEANUP04 ,VALDEZ & O!R T[NS BOOM$ AGA9 AS ?\S&S ( PEOPLE & HUNDR$S ( VESSELS & AIRCRAFT W]E HIR$4 7,BOOM T[NS QUICKLY FOLD$ 9TO A %AMBLES :5 ! COMPANY CLOS$ ITS OP]ATIONS1 BUT BY !N 9VE/M5T HAD ALREADY MOV$ ON47 ,SAN ,DIEGO1 :]E ! %IP WAS MOV$ = REPAIRS1 ALSO 5JOY$ ITS #be MILLION DOLL> M9I-BOOM4 ,O!R SP9-(FS 9CLUD$ ! COMPANIES DEVELOP+ NEW CLEANUP TE*NIQUES1 SCI5TIFIC ORGANIZATIONS DO+ NEW /UDIES ON ! AFT]EFFECTS1 & PUBLIC RELATIONS4 

,& EXTRACTION CONT9UES1 ) EXPLORATION N[ UND]WAY 9 ,ALASKA'S ,BRI/OL ,BAY & ,*UK*I ,SEA1 & DRILL+ PLAT=MS OP]AT+ JU/ (F ! COA/ ( ! O/5SIBLY 0PROTECT$0 ,>CTIC ,NATIONAL ,WILDLIFE ,REFUGE4.<#e.> ,AFT] ! REPAIR1 ! ,VALDEZ WILL EV5 BE GIV5 A NEW NAME1 ACCORD+ TO AN ,EXXON EXECUTIVE1 SO ?AT ! %IP CAN 0/>T A NEW C>E]04 ,! NATURAL WORLD REELS1 BUT ! BUS9ESS ( BUS9ESS M>*ES ON4 

,BECAUSE !Y >E ISOLAT$1 LOCALIZ$ EV5TS1 OR BECAUSE !Y >E G5]ALIZ$1 GLOBAL ONES1 ! CALAMITIES ( 9DU/RIALISM ]ODE ! COMMON CONDITIONS ( LIFE )\T NECESS>ILY POS+ ANY ALT]NATIVES4 ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES AFFECT$ BY DISA/]S >E =C$ 9TO RE>GU>D1 DEF5SIVE /RUGGLES :ILE HAV+ TO SURVIVE UND] SEV]ELY DET]IORAT$ CONDITIONS4 ,O!R COMMUNITIES1 NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT$1 GO ON ) 0NORMAL LIFE01 HOLD+ \T ! FA9T HOPE ?AT ! OIL1 TOXIC CL\D1 CONTAM9AT$ WAT]1 ETC1 WON'T DRIFT 9 !IR DIRECTION4 

,! GR[+ AW>5ESS ( WID5+ CATA/ROPHIC CONDITIONS IS 9SUFFICI5T TO BR+ AB\T A RESPONSE AS LONG AS ! /RUCTURES ( DAILY URBAN-9DU/RIAL-COMMODITY LIFE >E NOT MAT]IALLY *ALL5G$4 ,:5 !Y SEP>ATELY CONFRONT ! V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! CRISIS1 COMMUNITIES >E LEFT ON ! T]RA9 ( EM]G5CY RESPONSE1 DEM&S = TE*NOLOGICAL & REGULATORY RE=M1 & ULTIMATELY1 0TREATM5T0 ( AN 9CREAS+LY D5UD$ WORLD4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 WE REMA9 ON ! T]RA9 ( A SY/EM ?AT ?RIVES ON DISA/]1 GRASP+ AT MEASURES ?AT MAY AT BE/ ONLY A*IEVE ! SAME DIM9I%$ /ABILITY 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E ?AT !Y DO ECOLOGICALLY 9 PLACES LIKE ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND4 

,ROSZAK OBS]VES1 0,IF MOD]N SOCIETY ORIG9ALLY EMBRAC$ 9DU/RIALISM ) HOPE & PRIDE1 WE SEEM TO HAVE LITTLE ALT]NATIVE AT ?IS ADVANC$ /AGE BUT TO CL+ ON ) DESP]ATION40 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS TO CL+ ON TO A S9K+ %IP1 BUT CL+ WE DO4 ,MASS SOCIETY HAS TAK5 ITS PR$ICTABLE REV5GE ON ?OSE =C$ TO 9HABIT IT1 ]OD+ ! 9N] /R5G? & VISION>Y IMPULSES ( HUMAN BE+S AS RU9\SLY AS IT HAS DEGRAD$ & SIMPLIFI$ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,DISA/] BE+ A P]MAN5T CONDITION ( LIFE1 SO QUICKLY IS ONE HORROR FOLL[$ BY ! NEXT1 WE HAVE BE5 DISCIPL9$ TO FOCUS ON ! M$IATIZ$ V]SION ( ?IS SEASON'S 9DU/RIAL PLAGUE :ILE ALL >\ND US ! HUNDR$ HYDRA HEADS FL\RI%4 

,! IMAGE ( ! HYDRA OCCURR$ TO ME :ILE DRIV+ MY C> TO AN EV5T ORGANIZ$ TO %[ OPPOSITION TO ONE ( ! HYDRA'S LOCAL MANIFE/ATIONS -- ! WORLD'S L>GE/ TRA% 9C9]ATOR1 :I* BURNS AB\T A MILE FROM :]E ,I LIVE4 ,HE>+ ! NEWS ( ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND1 ,I SAW ! :OLE S]IES ( MIS=TUNES ORIG9AT+ 9 ,PRUDHOE ,BAY 7OR RA!R1 9 SOME BO>DROOM71 & RUNN+ ?R\< ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND D[N TO ME FILL+ MY GAS TANK 9 ,DETROIT4 

,:ILE ,I WAS GASS+ UP TO GET TO SOME MODE/ ATTEMPT TO OPPOSE A PIECE ( ! MON/]1 IT HAD HICCUP$ & KNOCK$ (F A :OLE SECTION ( ! PLANET4 ,EV]Y DAY1 9 FACT1 IT IS ! SAME CONCAT5ATION ( MIS]Y1 A TIDAL WAVE ( DESOLATION & RU9 ?AT DOES NOT 9 ANY MEAN+FUL WAY1 ULTIMATELY S]VE ! LONG-T]M 9T]E/S ( EV5 ?OSE :O ADM9I/] IT4 ,IT'S EXT]M9ISM 9 ACTION3 ! HYDRA4 ,9 ! MY?1 ,H]CULES WAS AT LEA/ ABLE TO CUT (F A HEAD BE=E TWO APPE>$ 9 ITS PLACE2 WE DON'T EV5 HAVE ?AT SMALL SATISFACTION BE=E A HUNDR$ MORE APPE>4 

,! PR(\ND BREAK NECESS>Y TO CONTE/ ?IS HORROR & CREATE A LIB]ATORY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 ITS PLACE CLE>LY REVEALS ! LIMITATIONS ( TWO CURR5TS ( FRAGM5T$ OPPOSITION TO IT1 5VIRONM5TALISM & LEFTISM4 

,LIMITS ( 5VIRONM5TALISM 

,5VIRONM5TALISM EM]G$ AS AN E?ICAL REASSESSM5T ( HUMANITY'S RELATION TO1 & ?US AS A PROTE/ AGA9/1 ! WANTON EXPLOITATION & DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T IT HAS S\<T TO SET ASIDE & PROTECT NATURE PRES]VES1 :ILE TRY+ TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE1 )9 MOD]N CAPITALISM & ?R\< ! /ATE1 V>I\S SAFEGU>DS & AN E?IC ( RESPONSIBILITY T[>D ! L&4 ,DESPITE ITS APPEAL TO A NON-AN?ROPOC5TRIC E?ICAL P]SPECTIVE & ITS (T5 VIGOR\S & C\RAGE\S BATTLES TO DEF5D NATURE1 5VIRONM5TALISM HAS LACK$ AN ACUTE CRITIQUE ( KEY SOCIAL =CES ?AT PROPEL ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION3 CAPITALISM1 EMPIRE & ! /ATE4 ,EV5 :]E IT HAS ELABORAT$ A P>TIAL CRITIQUE ( 9DU/RIALISM & MASS SOCIETY1 IT HAS G5]ALLY FAIL$ TO RECOGNIZE ! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 URBAN-9DU/RIALISM & CAPITAL4 ,RA!R1 IT HAS ATTEMPT$ TO RE=M ! EXI/+ SY/EM BY RATIONALIZ+ & HUMANIZ+ IT4 

,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS ILLU/RAT$ BY A COMM5T MADE BY ,DAVID ,BR[]1 AN 9DEFATIGABLE 5VIRONM5TAL CRUSAD] :O 9SPIR$ MANY ( ! RADICAL 5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S TODAY4 ,SPEAK+ TO AU?OR ,JOHN ,MC,PHEE1 ,BR[] REM>K$1 0,R\<LY N9ETY P]C5T ( ! E>? HAS FELT MAN'S H& ALREADY1 SOMETIMES BRUTALLY1 SOMETIMES G5TLY4 ,N[ LET'S SAY1 ',?AT'S ! LIMIT4' ,WE %\LD GO BACK OV] ! N9ETY & NOT T\* ! REMA9+ T5 P]C5T4 ,WE %\LD GO BACK1 & DO BETT]1 ) +5UITY4 ,RECYCLE ?+S4 ,LOOP ! SY/EM40 7',5C\NT]S ) ! ,>*DRUID'1 #a#i#g#a74 ,EV5 IF ,BR[]'S FIGURES >E TRUE 7& EV5 IF ! T5 P]C5T C\LD REMA9 UNAFFECT$ BY ! ACTIVITIES 9 ! O!R N9ETY71 HIS /ATEM5T PROVIDES LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( A CRITIQUE ( ! WORLD ( ! N9ETY P]C5T & SAYS NO?+ AB\T ! =CES & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DET]M9E 0NORMAL LIFE0 !RE4 

,AS = ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS1 !Y HAVE 9 MANY CASES RECOGNIZ$ ! B5EFITS ( CONS]VATION & HAVE PRES]V$ >EAS & NATURAL OBJECTS1 BUT !Y HAVE ALWAYS *OS5 TO EXPLOIT SU* PRES]VES :5 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! 0B5EFITS0 \TWEI<$ ! 0CO/S04 7,ONE CANNOT HELP BUT BE REM9D$ ( ! REM>K ( AN OIL COMPANY EXECUTIVE1 9 ! MANN] ( A VAMPIRE1 0,! DAY Y\ SEE GAS L9ES 9 ! ,L[] #d#h1 ! ,ALASKAN WILDLIFE REFUGE WILL OP5 TO US407 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T HAS BE51 FROM ! BEG9N+1 ONE ( RETR5*M5T1 TEMPOR>Y /ALEMATE1 DEFEAT & RETREAT4 ,AS ,BR[] COMM5TS1 0,ALL A CONS]VATION GR\P CAN DO IS DEF] SOME?+4 ,!RE'S NO SU* ?+ AS A P]MAN5T VICTORY4 ,AFT] WE W9 A BATTLE1 ! WILD]NESS IS /ILL !RE1 & /ILL VULN]ABLE4 ,:5 A CONS]VATION GR\P LOSES A BATTLE1 ! WILD]NESS IS DEAD40 ,! SAME HOLDS TRUE = COMMUNITIES DEF5D+ !MSELVES FROM CORPORATIONS SEEK+ TO SITE L&FILLS & TOXIC PRODUCTION FACILITIES4 ,9 HIS PA9FUL & (T5 EXTREMELY 5LI<T5+ /UDY ( SU* COMMUNITIES1 0,CONTAM9AT$ ,COMMUNITIES3 ,! ,SOCIAL & ,PSY*OLOGICAL ,IMPACTS ( ,RESID5TIAL ,TOXIC ,EXPOSURE0 7#a#i#h#h71 ,MI*AEL ,R4 ,$EL/E9 DESCRIBES A SUCCESSFUL FI<T 9 ,RI*TON1 ,MISSISSIPPI1 TO /OP A NUCLE> WA/E REPOSITORY4 0,EV5 ) ! PROJECT N[ AB&ON$10 HE WRITES1 0!RE REMA9S A FEEL+ ( 'P]PETUAL JEOP>DY' 9 ,RI*TON RESULT+ FROM ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT SO VISIBLE A SITE WILL ATTRACT SOME O!R HAZ>D\S WA/E PROPOSAL40 

,LACK+ A P]SPECTIVE ?AT *ALL5GES ! CAPITALI/ ORD]1 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE SE5 !IR RHETORIC CAPTUR$ & EMPLOY$ BY ! CONTAM9AT+ CORPORATIONS & ! /ATE4 ,! BUREAUCRATS ADM9I/]+ HAZ>D\S WA/E & G>BAGE 9C9]ATORS CAN BE F\ND P>ROT+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL SLOGAN 0R$UCE1 REUSE1 RECYCLE10 & CONS]VATION IS T\T$ AS A PATRIOTIC DUTY4 ,ALL SU* RHETORIC ON ! P>T ( ! CONTAM9ATORS AM\NTS TO AN 5ORM\S SCAM1 S9CE CAPITALISM -- AT LEA/ 9 ITS PRES5T CONFIGURATION1 :I* C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ )\T A CIVIL W> -- IS BAS$ ON EXTRACTIVE-EXPLOITIVE 9DU/RIES SU* AS M9+ & METALS1 PETRO*EMICALS1 =E/ PRODUCTS1ETC4 .<,P]HAPS MOD]N '9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE' IS AN EXAMPLE ( ANO!R SU* 9DU/RY -- FIGURES = SOIL LOSS W\LD C]TA9LY T5D TO SUGGE/ ?IS4.> ,NO MATT] H[ ASSIDU\SLY ! AV]AGE P]SON RECYCLES H\SEHOLD WA/E1 !SE 9DU/RIES WILL CONT9UE TO OP]ATE1& !RE IS A DIRECT CORRELATION BETWE5 ! ECONOMIC WELLBE+ ( !SE 9DU/RIES & DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,ECONOMIC GR[? DEM&S ECOLOGICAL BU/4 ,IF CAPITALI/ CONC]NS DO NOT GR[1 !Y WILL COLLAPSE & DIE4 ,! PRIVIL$G$ FUNCTION>IES ( SU* 9/ITUTIONS HAVE ALREADY CLE>LY EXPRESS$ !IR PREF]5CE ?AT EV]Y?+ ELSE DIE FIR/4 

,AS = MUNICIPAL RECYCL+1 ?AT PET PANACEA ( LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALISM1 NOT ONLY IS CAPITALISM CAPABLE ( RATIONALIZ+ ITS PRODUCTION ?R\< SU* PIECEMEAL RE=M1 IT WILL SOON DO SO 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ONCE ! WA/E MANAGEM5T 9DU/RY HAS CREAT$ TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC 9FRA/RUCTURES TO MAKE IT PR(ITABLE4 7,UNTIL ?AT TIME1 RECYCL+ WILL1 = ! MO/ P>T1 FAIL1 :I* IS :AT IS ALREADY HAPP5+ 9 MANY MUNICIPALITIES ?AT N[ F9D !MSELVES SITT+ ON TONS ( RECYCLABLE MAT]IALS ?AT CAN F9D NO M>KET47 ,9 PLACES SU* AS ,JAPAN & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E MAT]IALS RECYCL+ CAN SOMETIMES REA* MORE ?AN HALF ( ! MUNICIPAL WA/E /REAM1 WIDESPREAD CONTAM9ATION CONT9UES4 ,FACTORIES1 5]GY FACILITIES1 AIRPORTS1 M9ES & ! RE/ REMA94 ,AS IT BECOMES PR(ITABLE & NECESS>Y1 RECYCL+ WILL C]TA9LY BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ )9 ! SY/EM1 BUT IT WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ALT] ! SUICIDAL TRAJECTORY ( A CIVILIZATION BAS$ ON URBAN-9DU/RIAL-5]GY DEVELOPM5T & ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 .<#f.> 

,LIMITATIONS ( LEFTISM 

,DESPITE NUM]\S 9SI<TS 9TO COMMODITIES & ! M>KET ECONOMY1 ! LEFT HI/ORICALLY HAS ALWAYS EMBRAC$ ! 9DU/RIAL1 5]GY-9T5SIVE SY/EM ORIG9ALLY G5]AT$ BY PRIVATE CAPITALISM AS A 0PROGRESSIVE0 =CE ?AT W\LD LAY ! BASIS = A FREE & ABUNDANT SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS S*EMA1 HUMANITY HAS ALWAYS LACK$ ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS = FRE$OM ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 = ALL ITS NEGATIVE ASPECTS1 W\LD CREATE4 ,ONCE ?AT BASIS WAS LAID1 A REVOLUTION W\LD U%] 9 COMMUNISM 7OR A 0PO/-SC>CITY0 SOCIETY7 US+ MANY ( ! WOND]S ( TE*NOLOGY ?AT W]E CAPITALISM'S 0PROGRESSIVE0 LEGACY4 ,PRES5TLY1 CAPITALISM HAS ALLEG$LY \TLIV$ ITS PROGRESSIVE ROLE & N[ FUNCTIONS AS A BRAKE ON G5U9E DEVELOPM5T4 ,H5CE IT IS ! ROLE ( ! LEFT TO RATIONALIZE1 MOD]NIZE1 & ULTIMATELY HUMANIZE ! 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T ?R\< SOCIALIZATION1 COLLECTIVIZATION & P>TICIPATORY MANAGEM5T ( MASS TE*NICS4 ,9 FACT1 9 SOCIETIES :]E ! B\RGEOIS CLASS WAS 9CAPABLE ( CREAT+ ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( CAPITALISM -- URBAN-9DU/RIAL-5]GY DEVELOPM5T1 MASS PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS1 MASS COMMUNICATIONS1 /ATE C5TRALIZATION1 ETC -- ! LEFT1 ?R\< NATIONAL REVOLUTION & /ATE-MANAG$ ECONOMIES1 FULFILL$ ! HI/ORIC MISSION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 ! LEFTI/ MODEL 7%>$ BY L59I/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC M>XI/S1 AS WELL AS BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & EV5 SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S71 ! REAL PROGRESSIVE PROMISE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & ME*ANIZATION IS BE+ ?W>T$ BY PRIVATE CAPITALISM & /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,BUT UND] ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 ! 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS & ! 5TIRE SOCIETY CAN BE ADM9I/]$ SAFELY & DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 PRES5T DANG]S & DISA/]S DO NOT FL[ FROM CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 MASS TE*NICS 7A VIEW CONSID]$ TO REFLECT ! MI/AKE ( 0TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM071 BUT RA!R FROM CAPITALI/ GRE$ OR B\RGEOIS MISMANAGEM5T -- NOT FROM ! 0=CES ( PRODUCTION0 7TO USE ! M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY7 BUT FROM ! SEP>ATE 0RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION04 

,! LEFT1 BL9D$ BY A FOCUS ON :AT >E SE5 AS PURELY ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 *ALL5GES ONLY ! =MS & NOT ! MAT]IAL1 CULTURAL & SUBJECTIVE CONT5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RIALISM4 ,IT FAILS TO EXAM9E ! VIEW -- ONE IT %>ES ) B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM -- ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM IS BAS$ NECESS>ILY ON A MAT]IAL PL5ITUDE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,P>ROT+ !IR PROPHET1 M>XI/S >GUE ?AT ! 0APPROPRIATION0 BY ! WORK]S ( ! 09/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION0 REPRES5TS 0! DEVELOPM5T ( A TOTALITY ( CAPACITIES 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS !MSELVES40 ,CONQUE/ ( ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 7READ3 CONQUE/ ( NATURE7 WILL U%] 9 ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM04 ,9 ?IS VIEW1 ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY 7! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES07 WILL MAKE POSSIBLE ! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 0! DOM9ATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES & *ANCE OV] 9DIVIDUALS0 WILL BE REPLAC$ 0BY ! DOM9ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS OV] *ANCE & NECESSITY40 7,M>X & ,5GELS1 0,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY07 ,MA/]Y ( NATURE BY MEANS ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T WILL PUT AN 5D TO OIL SPILLS4 ,?US1 IF MASS TE*NICS CONFRONT ! WORK]S AS AN ALI5 P[]1 IT IS BECAUSE ! APP>ATUS IS CONTROLL$ BY ! CAPITALI/ RUL+ CLASS1 NOT BECAUSE SU* TE*NICS >E !MSELVES UNCONTROLLABLE4 

,?IS IDEOLOGY1 ACCOMPANI$ USUALLY BY FANTASIES ( GLOBAL COMPUT] NETWORKS & ! COMPLETE AUTOMATION ( ALL ON]\S TASKS 7MA*9ES MAK+ MA*9ES MAK+ MA*9ES TO /RIP-M9E ! COAL & DRILL ! OIL & MANUFACTURE ! PLA/ICS1 ETC471 CANNOT UND]/& EI!R ! NECESSITY = /RICT & VA/ COMP>TM5TALIZATION ( TASKS & EXP]TIZE1 OR ! RESULT+ SOCIAL OPACITY & /RATIFICATION & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( MAK+ COH]5T DECISIONS 9 SU* A CONTEXT4 ,UN=ESE5 CONSEQU5CES1 BE !Y LOCAL OR GLOBAL1 SOCIAL OR ECOLOGICAL1 >E DISC\NT$ ALONG ) ! 9EVITABLE ]RORS1 MISCALCULATIONS1 & DISA/]S4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL DECISIONS IMPLY+ MASSIVE 9T]V5TION 9TO NATURE >E TREAT$ AS M]E LOGIC PROBLEMS OR TE*NICAL PUZZLES :I* WORK]S CAN SOLVE ?R\< !IR COMPUT] NETWORKS4 

,SU* A VIEW1 ROOT$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TE*NOLOGICAL & SCI5TIFIC OPTIMISM ?AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T %>$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ! MATRIX ( =CES ?AT HAS N[ COME TO *>ACT]IZE MOD]N CIVILIZATION -- ! CONV]G5CE ( COMMODITY RELATIONS1 MASS COMMUNICATIONS1 URBANIZATION & MASS TE*NICS1 ALONG ) ! RISE ( 9T]LOCK+1 RIVAL NUCLE>-CYB]NETIC /ATES 9TO A GLOBAL MEGAMA*9E4 ,TE*NOLOGY IS NOT AN ISOLAT$ PROJECT1 OR EV5 AN ACCUMULATION ( TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 ?AT IS DET]M9$ BY A SOMEH[ SEP>ATE & MORE FUNDAM5TAL SPH]E ( 0SOCIAL RELATIONS04 ,MASS TE*NICS HAVE BECOME1 9 ! WORDS ( ,LANGDON ,W9N]1 0/RUCTURES :OSE CONDITIONS ( OP]ATION DEM& ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( !IR 5VIRONM5TS0 7',AUTONOM\S ,TE*NOLOGY'1 #a#i#g#g71 & ?US ( ! V]Y SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT BR\<T !M AB\T4 

,MASS TE*NICS -- A PRODUCT ( E>LI] =MS & >*AIC HI]>*IES -- HAVE N[ \TGR[N ! CONDITIONS ?AT 5G5D]$ !M1 TAK+ ON AN AUTONOM\S LIFE 7?\< OV]LAPP+ ) & NEV] COMPLETELY NULLIFY+ !SE E>LI] =MS74 ,!Y FURNI%1 OR HAVE BECOME1 A K9D ( TOTAL 5VIRONM5T & SOCIAL SY/EM1 BO? 9 !IR G5]AL & 9DIVIDUAL1 SUBJECTIVE ASPECTS4,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! LEFT NEV] GRASP$ ,M>X'S ACUTE 9SI<T ?AT AS HUMAN BE+S EXPRESS !IR LIVES1 SO !Y !MSELVES >E4 ,:5 ! 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 >E 9 ACTUALITY 9T]LOCK+ ELEM5TS ( A DANG]\SLY COMPLEX1 9T]DEP5D5T GLOBAL SY/EM1 MADE UP NOT ONLY ( TE*NOLOGICAL APP>ATUS & HUMAN OP]ATIVES AS WORK+ P>TS 9 ?AT APP>ATUS1 BUT ( =MS ( CULTURE & COMMUNICATION & EV5 ! L&SCAPE ITSELF1 IT MAKES NO S5SE TO SPEAK ( 0RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION0 AS A SEP>ATE SPH]E4 

,9 SU* A ME*ANIZ$ PYRAMID1 9 :I* 9/RUM5TAL RELATIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ONE & ! SAME1 ACCID5TS >E 5DEMIC4 ,NO RISK ANALYSIS CAN PR$ICT OR AVOID !M ALL1 OR !IR CONSEQU5CES1 :I* WILL BECOME 9CREAS+LY GREAT & F>-REA*+4 ,WORK]S C\NCILS WILL BE NO MORE ABLE TO AV]T ACCID5TS ?AN ! REGULATORY RE=MS PROPOS$ BY LIB]AL 5VIRONM5TALI/S & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEFT1 UNLESS !IR C5TRAL TASK IS TO BEG9 IMM$IATELY TO DISMANTLE ! MA*9E ALTOGE!R4.<#g.> 

,! LEFT ALSO FAILS TO RECOGNIZE :AT IS 9 A S5SE A DEEP] PROBLEM = ?OSE DESIR+ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ?AT ( ! CULTURAL CONTEXT & CONT5T ( MASS SOCIETY -- ! ADDICTION TO CAPITALI/-DEF9$ 0COM=TS0 & A VISION ( MAT]IAL PL5ITUDE ?AT >E SO DE/RUCTIVE ECOLOGICALLY4 ,! RESULT IS AN 9CAPACITY TO CONFRONT NOT JU/ ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT ! GRID ITSELF -- ON ! L&1 9 SOCIETY1 9 ! *>ACT] ( EA* P]SON -- ( MASS TE*NICS1 MASS MOBILITY1 MASS PSEUDO-COMMUNICATIONS1 MASS 5]GY-USE1 MASS CONSUMPTION ( MASS-PRODUC$ GOODS4 

,AS ,JACQUES ,ELLUL WRITES 9 ',! ,TE*NOLOGICAL ,SY/EM' 7#a#i#h71 0 ,IT IS ! TE*NOLOGICAL COH]5CE ?AT N[ MAKES UP ! SOCIAL COH]5CE 444 ,TE*NOLOGY IS 9 ITSELF NOT ONLY A MEANS1 BUT A UNIV]SE ( MEANS -- 9 ! ORIG9AL S5SE ( ,UNIV]SUM3 BO? EXCLUSIVE & TOTAL4 0 ,?IS UNIV]SE DEGRADES & COLONIZES ! SOCIAL & NATURAL WORLD1 MAK+ !IR DW9DL+ VE/IGES EV] MORE P]IL\SLY DEP5D5T ON ! TE*NOLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT HAS SUPPLANT$ !M4 ,! ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS >E EVID5T4 ,AS ,ELLUL >GUES1 0,TE*NOLOGY CAN BECOME AN 5VIRONM5T ONLY IF ! OLD 5VIRONM5T /OPS BE+ ONE4 ,BUT ?AT IMPLIES DE/RUCTUR+ IT TO SU* AN EXTREME ?AT NO?+ IS LEFT ( IT40 ,WE >E OBVI\SLY REA*+ ?AT PO9T1 AS CAPITAL BEG9S TO POSE ITS ULTIMATE TE*NOLOGY1 BIO5G9E]+ & ! ILLUSION ( TOTAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL1 AS ! ONLY SOLUTION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IT HAS CREAT$4 ,?US1 ! IMPORTANT 9SI<TS ?AT COME FROM A CLASS ANALYSIS >E 9COMPLETE4 ,IT WON'T BE 5\< TO GET RID ( ! RUL]S :O HAVE TURN$ ! E>? 9TO A COMPANY T[N2 A WAY ( LIFE MU/ 5D & AN 5TIRELY NEW1 PO/-9DU/RIAL CULTURE MU/ ALSO EM]GE4 

#d4 ,REVOLUTION OR ,DEA?3 ,AGA9/ ! ,MEGAMA*9E 

,A NEW K9D ( ?9K+ PRES5TLY HAUNTS ! DESPAIR & BAD FAI? ?AT N[ RULE ! WORLD4 ,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT A :OLE ORD] MU/ BE ABOLI%$1 ?AT WE MU/ RETRACE \R /EPS1 ?AT ! MA*9E MU/ /OP ONCE & = ALL1 IF WE >E TO AVOID GO+ OV] AN ABYSS4 ,YET ?IS VISION = ! MO/ P>T REMA9S HIDD52 ! NECESS>Y %IFT 9 ?9K+ & ! PRACTICAL /RATEGIES ?AT IT SUGGE/S HAVE NOT G5]ALLY OCCURR$ EV5 9 MANY ( ?OSE HUMAN COMMUNITIES MO/ ADV]SELY AFFECT$ BY GR[+ SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION4 

,MI*AEL ,$EL/E9'S DISCUSSION ( ! IMPACT ( CONTAM9ATION ON COMMUNITIES TAKES UP ?IS PROBLEM4 ,$EL/E9 HAS /UDI$ SEV]AL COMMUNITIES REEL+ FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( CONTAM9ATION OR 9 ! PROCESS ( TRY+ TO /OP 9DU/RIAL PROJECTS ?AT >E PROPOS$1 & DESCRIBES H[ !SE EXP]I5CES CAN DRAMATICALLY RADICALIZE PEOPLE1 CREAT+ ! BASIS = COMMUNITIES ( RESI/ANCE 7IF ONLY TEMPOR>ILY71 & ULTIMATELY1 9SPIRE PEOPLE TO BEG9 TO 0*ALL5GE CORE ASSUMPTIONS ( ! OV]ALL SOCIETY40 ,ANY D\BTS AB\T ! F>-REA*+ RADICAL1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y1 POT5TIAL ( ! ANTI-TOXICS & ANTI-DEVELOPM5T MOVEM5TS WILL BE DISPELL$ BY ?IS BOOK4 

,NEV]!LESS1 AS ,$EL/E9 PO9TS \T1 IT IS ! FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE & CONFRONT ! CONTEXT & SOCIAL CONT5T ( MASS CONTAM9ATION ?AT F9ALLY LEAVES !SE COMMUNITIES P[]LESS TO HALT IT4 ,SOCIETY AS A :OLE 5GAGES 9 0D5IAL & RATIONALIZATION0 9 ?9K+ ?AT A S+LE ACCID5T OR PROBLEM CAN BE RESOLV$ 9 ISOLATION FROM ! TOTAL FABRIC1 9 ?9K+ ?AT ! MASS URBAN-9DU/RIAL SOCIETY CAN CONT9UE TO OP]ATE )\T CONTAM9ATION & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 0,WE NO LONG] D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( POLLUTION10 HE WRITES2 09/EAD WE ADOPT ! 5G9E]+ FALLACY -- ?AT POLLUTION SIMPLY NE$S TO BE 'CLEAN$ UP4' 

,CAPITALISM NE$S TO CREATE DEM&S = ITSELF1 MAK+ IT & ITS PRODUCTS 9DISP5SABLE1 & LIFE )\T ITS SUPPLY ME*ANISMS UN?9KABLE1 ?US JU/IFY+ ITS EXI/5CE4 ,9 A ,FAU/IAN PACT1 ITS ATT5DANT MIS]Y & UBIQUIT\S DESOLATION COME TO BE SE5 AS A PRICE WOR? PAY+ IF ! GOODS & S]VICES IT (F]S US >E TO BE OBTA9$4 0,9 ! #a#i#bS ! BIR? ( MASS ADV]TIS+ SIGNAL$ A TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM FROM A SY/EM ( ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS TO ONE ( CREAT+ NE$S = NEW GOODS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ONE BUS9ESS EXECUTIVE ( ! TIME1 ,U,S CAPITALISM HAD TO 5G5D] ! 'ORGANIZ$ CREATION ( DISSATISFACTION'40 .<#h.> ,TWO GOOD EXAMPLES ( MANUFACTUR$1 SPURI\S 'NE$S' >E ! M>KET = G>D5 PEAT1 & ! USE ( 7OV]-PRIC$7 DISPOSABLE NAPPIES 9 PLACE ( T]RY-CLO?S2 ! APPE>ANCE ( M>KETS = !SE TWO PRODUCTS IS A V]Y REC5T PH5OM5ON1 ) DEM& = !M BE+ PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T BE=E ! #a#i#fS4 ,AS ) MO/ PRODUCTS1 !RE IS A S]I\S 5VIRONM5TAL COROLL>Y 9VOLV$ -- ONE REQUIRES ! /RIP-M9+ ( ,BRITI% PEAT BOGS1 :ILE ! O!R CONTRIBUTES TO ! CLE>CUTT+ ( TEMP]ATE RA9=E/S WORLDWIDE4 

,9 A SIMIL> VE91 CALLS = 5VIRONM5TAL PROTECTION USUALLY SPR+ FROM A S5SE ( REVULSION 7CONSCI\S OR O!RWISE7 AT CAPITALISM & ITS WORKS4 ,BUT ?IS REVULSION CAN BE TWI/$ AGA9/ ITSELF & TO CAPITAL'S ADVANTAGE2 ! WAY 9 :I* ! 5VIRONM5TAL DEBATE IS FRAM$1 & ?AT REVULSION EXPRESS$1 IS ALL IMPORTANT -- IT CAN BE US$ TO RE9=CE CAPITALISM1 AS ! ANALYSIS ?AT IS EV5TUALLY ADOPT$ GIVES RISE TO SOLUTIONS ?AT CREATE 5ORM\S OPPORTUNITIES = EXPANSION1 CREAT+ NEW GOODS & S]VICES1 NEW 'NE$S'4 ,GEORGE ,BRAD=D HI<LI<TS ?IS PROCESS AT WORK 9 ! WAKE ( ,EXXON ,VALDEZ1 ) A TEMPOR>Y BOOM 5SU+ FROM ! CLEAN-UP OP]ATIONS1 & EV]YBODY CLAMOR+ = A PIECE ( ! TOXIC ACTION4 ,PROP]LY MANAG$1 :AT LOOKS LIKE AN IMAGE CRISIS = ! COMPANIES CONC]N$1 & BY EXT5SION1 = ALL COMPANIES1 CAN TURN 9TO A GR[? BONANZA4 

,EXXON ,VALDEZ -- & O!R DISA/]S -- >E1 AS ,BRAD=D PO9TS \T1 JU/ SPECTACUL> MANIFE/ATIONS ( A MU* BIGG]1 ALL P]VASIVE & 9SIDI\S SYNDROME4 ,!IR BUS9ESS IS DISA/] -- BO? BECAUSE ITS R\T9E FUNCTION+ 9VOLVES CONTAM9ATION ! LIKE ( :I* ,EXXON ,VALDEZ IS JU/ A TIME-LAPSE IMAGE1 & BECAUSE !Y ?RIVE ON ! CRISES !Y CREATE4 ,?IS IS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! LUCRATIVE '5VIRONM5T 9DU/RY'1 :I* HAS DEVELOP$ TO SU* AN EXT5T OV] ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S ?AT IT N[ REPRES5TS NE>LY #b.0 ( ! ,U,S ,G,N,P4.<#i.> ,AS POLLUTION />T$ TO BECOME A POLITICAL ISSUE1 COMPANIES PU%$ = AN '5D-(-PIPE' TE*N(IX APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM -- RA!R ?AN PREV5TIVE MEASURES 9VOLV+ *ANGES TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ITSELF4 7,OR H[ AB\T ! ULTIMATE PREV5TIVE MEASURE -- AN 5D TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & TO ! BULK ( ITS PRODUCTION PROCESSES87 ,P]HAPS UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! COMPANIES' PREF]R$ OPTION WON \T1 & ! 5D-( PIPE APPROA* WAS 9/ALL$ AS SOCIETY'S ANSW] TO ! ?REAT ( POLLUTION4 ,?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 AN AMAZ+LY CYNICAL SITUATION :]EBY MANY ( ! GREATE/ POLLUT]S 7EG4 OLD FRI5DS SU* AS ,G5]AL ,ELECTRIC1 ,DU ,PONT & ,WE/+H\SE7 ALSO SNAP UP CONTRACTS TO MITIGATE POLLUTION4,!Y >E 'M>KET LEAD]S 9 POLLUTION'1 PR(IT+ AT BO? 5DS ( ! *A9 -- ONE MI<T SAY ?AT !Y1 LIKE ! RE/ ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY -- >E 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( DEV\R+ !IR [N 5TRAILS4 ,:AT IS MORE1 AS ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONS BEG9 TO FACE AN 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS ( !IR [N BR\<T ON BY ! ,WE/]N DEVELOPM5T MODEL1 !SE 'POLLUTION SPECIALI/S' >E POIS$ TO GO GLOBAL1 EXPORT+ EXP]TIZE & TE*NOLOGY1 & !REBY EMB>K+ ON A BR& NEW PR(IT CYCLE4 .<#a.> ,! POLLUT]S PORTRAY !MSELVES AS ! ONLY PEOPLE :O CAN RESCUE US FROM ! F9E MESS !Y'VE GOTT5 US 9TO -- 9 ?IS SET UP1 5VIRONM5TALI/S MU/ BEW>E ( FUNCTION+ AS LITTLE MORE ?AN COMPANY SALES REPS4 

,AS ,I SAID1 ! CRITICAL QUE/ION IS H[ ! DEBATE IS FRAM$ -- IT DET]M9ES :E!R CAPITALISM WILL BE ABLE TO ASSIMILATE \R CONC]NS & ?US MAKE F9ANCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL USE ( !M4 ,CAPITALISM DEP5DS ON ! PROCESS ( 5CLOSURE -- PUT CRUDELY1 ! WAY 9 :I* SOME?+ IS QUANTIFI$ AS A F9ITE COMMODITY 7EG4! 9TRODUCTION ( ! CONCEPT ( 'SC>CITY' & ! SO-CALL$ 'TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS'7 & !N PRIVATIZ$4 ,! PRIVATIZATION IS !N SUPPOS$ TO REGULATE A RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION & USE ( ! ?+ 9 QUE/ION1 !REBY PREV5T+ A 'TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS' FROM DEVELOP+4 ,! NEW DISCIPL9E ( '5VIRONM5TAL ECONOMICS' IS A REFRAM+ ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL DEBATE -- IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO 5CLOSE 5VIRONM5TALISM & ITS IRKSOME !SIS4 ,SU* PROGRESSIVE ECONOMI/S SEEK TO ASSIGN A VALUE TO AN ITEM 7SU* AS A RA9=E/ -- EG4 ! /UDIES DONE ON H[ MU* MORE 9COME ! =E/ C\LD YIELD IF LEFT UNCUT71 9 ORD] ?AT ITS 'TRUE' WOR? BE MORE ADEQUATELY REFLECT$ 9 A CO/-B5EFIT ANALYSIS4 ,= !M1 AS !IR LEAD+ LI<T ,DAVID ,PE>CE SAYS1 0,EV]Y DECISION IMPLIES A MONET>Y VALUATION04 .<#a#a.> ,= ! SAKE1 O/5SIBLY1 ( 5VIRONM5TAL PROTECTION1 !Y WI% TO MAKE ! EQUATION MORE ACCURATE1 TO LEAVE NO?+ \T4 ,EV5 ASIDE FROM ! 9SOLUBLE PRACTICAL CONUNDRUM ( :AT CRIT]IA >E US$ TO DET]M9E AN OBJECT'S VALUE1 ON A PHILOSOPHICAL LEVEL ?IS MODEL PLAYS /RAI<T 9TO ! H&S ( CAPITALISM4 ,9/EAD ( ASS]T+ ?AT NO?+ HAS A PRICE1 IT SEEKS TO B>CODE EV]Y?+1 TO LEAVE NO?+ FREE ( ! /RANGLEHOLD ( M>KET VALUES4 

,H5CE 0,AIR IS BE+ 5CLOS$ AS ECONOMI/S SEEK TO TRANS=M IT 9TO A M>KETABLE 'WA/E S9K'0 .<#a#b.> -- SAFE MAXIMUM EMISSION LIMITS >E CALCULAT$1 & TRADEABLE POLLUTION P]MITS ISSU$ 7AS 9 ! ,U,S REC5TLY7 0:I* AW>D CORPORATIONS PROP]TY RI<TS 9 ATMOSPH]IC WA/E S9KS40.<#a#c.> ,:ILE IT CAUS$ MU* CONTROV]SY AT ! TIME1 )9 ?IS SORT ( P>ADIGM IT MADE P]FECT S5SE = ,WORLD ,BANK ,VICE-,PRESID5T ,LAWR5CE ,SUMM]S TO REM>K 9 ,DECEMB] #aiia ?AT ! ,BANK %\LD 0BE 5C\RAG+ MORE MIGRATION ( ! DIRTY 9DU/RIES TO ! LESS-DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES 444 UND]POPULAT$ C\NTRIES 9 ,AFRICA >E VA/LY UND]POLLUT$ 444 ,!IR AIR QUALITY IS VA/LY 9EFFICI5TLY L[ .<9 POLLUTANTS.> COMP>$ TO ,LOS ,ANGELES OR ,MEXICO ,CITY04 .<#a#d.> ,AFT] ALL1 EV]YONE HAS A POLLUTION QUOTA TO MEET -- :AT IS A 'S9K' =1 IF NOT TO BE FILL$8 

,SOME FAMILI> ,BRITI% COMPANIES >E 9 ON ?IS ACT -!RE IS A NICE IRONIC LOGIC TO ! FACT ?AT \R OLD FRI5D ,T>MAC1 *AMPION ( C> CULTURE1 WAS AW>D$ A CONTRACT TO RUN AN 'AIR QUALITY MONITOR+ S]VICE' A C\PLE ( YE>S AGO4 ,?IS COMB9ES ELEM5TS ( ! OPPORTUNI/IC 5VIRONM5T 9DU/RY ) ! DYNAMIC ( 5CLOSURE -- ,T>MAC1 ONE ( ! AG5TS ( 5CLOSURE 79 ! S5SE ?AT !Y HAVE P>TIAL RESPONSIBILITY = TRANS=M+ GOOD QUALITY AIR 9TO MORE ( A 'F9ITE COMMODITY'71 C\LD BE SE5 AS POSITION+ !MSELVES AS PURVEYORS 9 ! NEW M>KET = 'PURE AIR'4 ,ANO!R GOOD EXAPLE IS ! RISE ( BOTTL$ WAT] 9 T&EM ) ! DECL9E 9 PUBLIC WAT] QUALITY1 A REC5T & PREVI\SLY UNIMAG9ABLE PH5OM5ON ?AT ANTICIPATES ! ADV5T ( 'BOTTL$ AIR'3 0 ,CANI/]S CONTA9+ AB\T #a M9UTES WOR? ( #i#i4#e.0 PURE OXYG5 >E SOLD 9 ,BRITA9 AS AN 'AID TO HEAL?I] LIV+1 C\NT]+ ! EFFECTS ( SMOG & POLLUTION' 04 .<#a#e.> ,SIMIL>LY1 0! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SOLOMON ,ISL&S 444 PLANS TO BOTTLE & SELL 444 OXYG50 .<#a#f.> -- NO D\BT ?IS C\LD BE M>KET$ AS GRE51 E?ICALLY TRAD$ 'RA9=E/' AIR -- A LA GU>ANA1 BRAZIL NUTS1 ET AL4 

,!IR BUS9ESS IS TO SELL RI<T BACK TO US :AT WAS ONCE \RS4 ,!RE >E FEW EXAMPLES ?AT ILLU/RATE ?IS PR9CIPLE AS CLE>LY 7& AS BIZ>RELY7 AS ! TRADE 9 FROGS' LEGS FROM ,BANGLADE%1 :I* WAS F9ALLY BR\<T TO A 7LEGAL7 5D 9 #aihi AFT] IT BOOM$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#hS4 0,TAK+ FROGS FROM ! WILD1 IT WAS PO9T$ \T1 C\LD HAVE DEVA/AT+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,FROGS >E 9SECTIVOR\S & EA* ONE CAN EAT MORE ?AN ITS WEI<T 444 9 WAT]BORNE PE/S EV]Y DAY4 ,FEW] ?AN #e FROGS >E NE$$ TO KEEP AN ACRE ( PADDY FIELD FREE ( 9SECTS2 !Y KEEP MAL>IA & O!R ILLNESSES AT BAY2 !Y PROTECT CROPS & >E A NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AG5T4 ,FROG WA/E1TOO1 IS A F9E ORGANIC F]TILIZ]4 ,REMOVE ! FROGS1 SAID ! SCI5TI/S1 & ! ONLY WAY ,BANGLADE%I F>M]S C\LD PROTECT !IR CROPS & LIVELIHOODS WAS ) PE/ICIDES4 ,9DE$1 FROM #a#i#g#g-#a#i#h#i1 ,BANGLADE% IMPORT$ MORE ?AN @s#h#i MILLION ( SOME ( ! WORLD'S WOR/ QUALITY *EMICALS 444 ,BY #aihi ,BANGLADE% WAS IMPORT+ AN EXTRA #b#e.0 ( PE/ICIDES A YE> TO COPE ) ITS FROG LOSS 444 ,!RE WAS A FUR!R TWI/ 9 ! TALE4 ,:O %\LD BE EXPORT+ ! FROGS' LEGS TO ! WE/ BUT1 ,FRI5DS ( ! ,E>? ,BANGLADE% DISCOV]$1 SOME ( ! V]Y SAME COMPANIES ?AT W]E IMPORT+ ! *EMICALS40 .<#a#g.> 7,)9 A YE> ( 9/ITUT+ A BAN ON ! EXPORT ( FROGS' LEGS1 0,BANGLADE%I PE/ICIDE IMPORTS HAD DECL9$ #c-#d.0047 

-- ,DEAD ,TREES ,E,F6 

"9 "9 "9 

,L&FILLS OR O!R TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EMS CAN BE DESIGN$ TO SECURELY CONTA9 HAZ>DS2 POLLUTION IS M]ELY A TE*NOLOGICAL PROBLEM WAIT+ TO BE SOLV$4 ,?IS IS SOCIETAL D5IAL6 0,)\T AN AU!NTICALLY ALT]NATIVE P]SPECTIVE01 ,$EL/E9 >GUES1 EV5 ! VICTIMS ( DIRECT CONTAM9ATION 0>E LEFT TO DEAL ) TOXIC EXPOSURE 9 WAYS ?AT =CE !M TO CONT9UE P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! SY/EM ?AT CAUS$ ! POLLUTION4 ,TOXIC ACTIVI/S SEEK 'CLEANUP' & O!R 5G9E]+ SOLUTIONS10 PRESS+ = HEAL? TE/+ & COMP5SATION = VICTIMS4 ,:ILE ,$EL/E9 DOES NOT DISC\NT ! NECESSITY = SU* DEF5SIVE /RATEGIES1 HE MA9TA9S ?AT !Y NEV]!LESS 0S]VE TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE & LEGITIMATE AS A PROBLEM :AT MI<T O!RWISE BE VIEW$ AS A FUNDAM5TAL CRISIS &1 ?US1 A *ALL5GE TO \R MOD]N1 9DU/RIAL WAY ( LIFE40 ,AS = PEOPLE NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT$1 EV5 IF !Y EXPRESS A /RONG DESIRE 79 POLLS7 TO DEF5D ! 5VIRONM5T1 !Y DO NOT RECOGNIZE !IR [N P]SONAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! MA*9E OR :AT WILL BE REQUIR$ TO MAKE *ANGES4 0,!IR LIVES >E SO COMP>TM5TALIZ$ ?AT !Y LIVE A LIFE/YLE ?AT SUPPORTS ! POLLUTION HABIT1 )\T EV5 SEE+ ! CONTRADICTION40 ,! LIFE-OR-DEA? BIOLOGICAL CRISIS FAC+ ! E>? BECOMES JU/ ONE MORE AB/RACT ISSUE RA!R ?AN A LIFE-OR-DEA? CRISIS = ! 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY ?AT DEM&S IMM$IATE & RADICAL RESPONSE4 ,TO P>APHRASE AN OLD ADAGE1 EV]YONE TALKS AB\T ! CRISIS1 BUT NO ONE DOES ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,! MASSES1 A PRODUCT ( ! MASS SOCIETY !Y HAVE PRODUC$1 CONT9UE ON 9 !IR DOME/ICAT$ LIVES1 SUICID+ !MSELVES1 FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 & ! L&4 

,EV5 ! MILITANT RESPONSES >E LIMIT$ BY ! UNCANNY ABILITY ( ! SY/EM TO OV]COME & GR[ FROM ITS CRISES4 ,AFT] ! ,EXXON SPILL1 = EXAMPLE1 ?\S&S ( CR$IT C>DS W]E RETURN$ & GAS /ATIONS FELT ! IMPACT ( A CONSUM] BOYCOTT4 ,! PETRO*EMICAL 9DU/RY1 ( C\RSE1 CONT9U$ OP]AT+4 ,= A BRIEF MOM5T1 ,EXXON S]V$ AS ! M$IA 0BAD GUY0 & CONTRIBUT$ A SMALL %>E ( ITS BUS9ESS TO O!R OIL COMPANIES1 :ILE MANAG+ TO BE CONSOL$ BY ITS O!R S\RCES ( PR(IT -- PLA/ICS1 PA9TS1 TEXTILES1 DET]G5TS1 & S]VICES TO ! PULP & PAP] 9DU/RY4 ,BOYCOTTS1 DEMON/RATIONS & O!R =MS ( MILITANT RESPONSE FOCUS ON SOME ( ! REAL CULPRITS :O B5EFIT FROM ECOCIDE1 YET FALL %ORT ( AN ADEQUATE *ALL5GE TO ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO CALL = A BOYCOTT ( ALL OIL & GAS AS A /RATEGY IS ! SAME AS CALL+ = AN IMM$IATE MASS /RIKE AGA9/ 9DU/RIALISM4 ,IT IS PROVOCATIVE1 BUT FEW >E LI/5+2 EV5 ?OSE :O >E LI/5+ >E ALSO TRAPP$ 9 ! MA*9]Y1 BURN+ GAS TO /AY ALIVE4 

,HALT ,PRODUCTION1 ,DE/ROY ! ,ECONOMY 

,SU* A COMM5T>Y %\LD NOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS A CALL TO AB&ON PRACTICAL /RUGGLES 9 LOCAL COMMUNITIES & WORKPLACES OR >\ND SPECIFIC PROBLEMS4 ,= MANY1 !SE BATTLES >E DESP]ATE MEASURES1 & :5 ! H\SE IS ON FIRE ONE T5DS TO SAVE :ATEV] IS 9 REA*4 ,IT W\LD BE A GRAVE ]ROR TO SIMPLY GIVE UP SU* /RUGGLES ON ! BASIS ( A MORE AB/RACT IMAGE ( A L>G] TOTALITY1 = IT IS 9 SU* EXP]I5CES :]E MANY PEOPLE LE>N TO FI<T & :]E ! POSSIBILITY ( A L>G] P]SPECTIVE BEG9S TO PRES5T ITSELF4 ,WE >E ALSO TALK+ AB\T PEOPLES' COMMUNITIES & !IR DEEPE/ LOYALTIES1 9 ANY CASE4 ,BUT N[ ?AT 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM IS FA/ BURN+ D[N ! 5TIRE ECOSPH]E ! PROBLEM HAS BECOME N[ MORE ?AN EV] H[ TO L9K LOCAL & P>TIAL /RUGGLES TO A L>G] VISION ?AT CAN ASS]T ITSELF AS A MOVEM5T & A CULTURAL TRANS=MATION C>RI$ \T BY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,WE MU/ BEG9 TO TALK OP5LY & DEFIANTLY ( ! MASS /RIKE & REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+ ?AT IT WILL TAKE TO /OP ! MEGAMA*9E FROM GR9D+ UP ! PLANET4 ,WE MU/ BEG9 TO CONSID] :AT IT WILL MEAN TO 0PUT \RSELVES \T ( WORK01 TO HALT PRODUCTION & DE/ROY ! ECONOMY1 CREAT+ A FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL COOP]ATION 9 PLACE ( ! WORK PYRAMID4 

,?OSE :O MI<T TREMBLE AT ! IDEA ( DISEMPLOY+ ! WORK+ CLASS & DISMANTL+ MASS TE*NICS & ! ECONOMY ( 9DU/RIAL DEP5D5CE %\LD KN[ ?AT ?IS PROSPECT WAS RAIS$ BY REVOLUTION>IES A C5TURY AGO4 ,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 TOOK UP ! QUE/ION ( ! FATE ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ LUXURY & EXPORT COMMODITIES DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 :5 !RE W\LD SUDD5LY BE NO USE & NO M>KET = !M4 ,TO TELL ! LABOR]S TO BECOME ! MA/]S ( SU* FACTORIES 0W\LD BE CRUEL MOCK]Y01 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE4 ,9/EAD1 FAC+ ! 9EVITABLE BREAKD[N ( ! SY/EM1 WORK]S MU/ LE>N TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) ! BASIC NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 FOOD & %ELT]4 ,SU* FACILITIES W\LD SIMPLY BE AB&ON$4 .<#a#h.> ,:5 PETRO*EMICAL WORK]S & ! RE/ ( US WORK+ AT MEAN+LESS JOBS TO PROP UP URBAN-9DU/RIALISM CONFRONT \R DAILY ACTIVITIES1 WON'T \R *OICES BE ! SAME8 ,! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION AGA9/ URBAN-9DU/RIALISM MAY SEEM F>-FET*$ TODAY4 ,BUT 9 ! FUTURE ?IS IDEA MAY PROVE TO HAVE COME SO LATE AS TO BE 9SUFFICI5T & NOT RADICAL 5\<1 GIV5 ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* WE F9D \RSELVES4 ,:ILE ! QUE/ION ( VIOL5CE REMA9S AN OP5 ONE1 NO IMAGE ( REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S ( ! PA/ WILL S]VE US WELL 9 >TICULAT+ ! IDEA4 ,YET !Y MAY 9DICATE TO US :AT !Y PROV$ TO REVOLUTION>IES ( ! PA/1 ?AT A POPULATION ?AT AT ONE MOM5T APPE>S DEFEAT$ & QUIESC5T CAN RAPIDLY TRANS=M ITSELF & CREATE SWEEP+ *ANGES4 ,AS ,RUDOLPH ,BAHRO HAS WRITT5 9 HIS BOOK ',SOCIALISM & ,SURVIVAL' 7#a#i#h#b71 0,! T5D5CY IS GR[+1 & IT IS A T5D5CY 9H]5T 9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 TO 5TRU/ \RSELVES TO AN EXTREME ALT]NATIVE1 H[EV] UNC]TA9 -- BECAUSE !RE IS NO?+ LEFT TO DO4 ,! DECISION CAN SUDD5LY TAKE HOLD ( MILLIONS -- TOMORR[ OR ! DAY AFT] -- & EXP& ! HORIZON ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITY OV]NI<T40 ,SU* A PROCESS W\LD NOT BE MOTIVAT$ BY A VISION ( NEGATION ONLY1 BUT RA!R AFFIRMS ! IDEA ( RE/ORATION ( HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! 9TEGRITY ( ! L& ORGANISM1 AFFIRMS A NATURAL WORLD & A SOCIAL WORLD R5EW$ UNTO !MSELVES & RECONCIL$ TO ONE ANO!R4 

,! CRITICAL LUDDITE S5SIBILITY ?AT UND]LIES IT W\LD MAKE SOCIETY AS A :OLE A K9D ( PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL1 ?R\< :I* DECON/RUCT+ OR UNBUILD+ ! MEGAMA*9E -- ON ! L& & 9 \R SOCIAL RELATIONS -- A =M ( 9QUIRY MAK+ UP ITS =EMO/ SPIRITUAL1 CRITICAL & PRACTICAL PROJECT4 ,BY EXPLOR+ ?IS VISION1 WE CAN P]HAPS BEG9 TO BREAK \T ( \R CONDITION+ & DOME/ICATION & CREATE AN 5TIRELY NEW LIFE ?AT COMB9ES ! DEEP WISDOM ( PRIMAL ANIMISM ) HUMILITY ?AT ! H>% LESSONS ( HI/ORY & MOD]NITY HAVE BR\<T4 

,LA/ SPR+1 A FI%]MAN TOLD A J\RNALI/ ?AT :5 HE WAS DONE WORK+ ON ! ,EXXON FIASCO1 HE W\LD LOAD HIS BOAT & TAKE HIS FAMILY AWAY4 ,:5 ASK$ :]E1 HE REPLI$1 0,SOMEPLACE :]E ! WAT]'S /ILL CLEAN40 ,ONE CAN ONLY WI% HIM LUCK4 ,BUT LIKE ! BIRDS ?AT ONCE MORE HEAD$ S\? ?R\< ,PR9CE ,WILLIAM ,S\ND ONLY TO FACE POISON+ AGA91 WE'VE ALL RUN \T ( PLACES TO HIDE4 ,IF ! ANTI-9DU/RIAL P]SPECTIVE N[ SEEMS TOO RADICAL1 TOO VISION>Y1 TOO IMPRACTICAL1 FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 IF !RE >E ANY1 WILL WOND] :Y IT TOOK SO MU* TIME & ANGUI% TO RECOGNIZE IT & TO MAKE IT A PRACTICAL REALITY4 ,IT REMA9S AS YET ONLY A WEAK APPROXIMATION ( ! ROAD ?AT LIES AHEAD ( US IF WE >E TO SAVE SOME REMNANT ( \RSELVES & ?IS PLANET FROM ! CATA/ROPHE :OSE 5G9ES W]E SET 9 MOTION LONG AGO4 ,LET US BEG9 TO ?R[ (F \R *A9S & W9 BACK ! WORLD :ILE !RE IS /ILL SOME?+ LEFT ( IT TO W94 

-- ,GEORGE ,BRAD=D1 ,SEPTEMB] #aihi 

"9 "9 "9 

,! FOLL[+ W]E NOT P>T ( ! ORIG9AL >TICLE4 

,NEV] ,TRU/ ,A ,TE*NO-,FIX6 

,) ! 0,GREAT C> ECONOMY0 CURR5TLY UND] ATTACK ON ALL SIDES1 A COLOSSAL HOAX IS BE+ P]PETRAT$ 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ITS SURVIVAL4 ,WE >E BE+ 5C\RAG$ TO BELIEVE?AT IT IS ! *OICE ( FUEL 7I4E4 PETROL7 ?AT IS ! ROOT CAUSE ( ! ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL HAVOC WREAK$ BY ! C>4 ,SIMPLY REPLACE ! 9T]NAL COMBU/ION 5G9E ) BATT]IES & HEY PRE/O1 A PROBLEM ?AT GOES TO ! V]Y HE>T ( \R SOCIETY DISAPPE>S4 ,?IS IS A DEEPLY DUBI\S PROPOSITION1 = A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT REASONS4 

,FIR/LY1 & MO/ OBVI\SLY1 AS ,FIF? ,E/ATE SUGGE/1 )\T A %IFT AWAY FROM FOSSIL FUELS AS A S\RCE ( 5]GY1 ELECTRIC C>S WILL ONLY EXAC]BATE GLOBAL W>M+4 ,C,O#b PRODUCTION WILL ONLY BE C5TRALIZ$ & 9CREAS$4 7,H[EV]1 IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT ! V>I\S NON-FOSSIL FUELS ?AT >E MOOT$ (T5 /ILL HAVE DAMAG+ IMPACTS !MSELVES -- = A PRELIM9>Y \TL9E ( SU* IMPACTS1 SEE ! ,MUNDI ,CLUB'S 0,! ,GEOPHYSIOLOGICAL ,?REATS ,POS$ BY ,GRE5 ,C>S047 

,SECONDLY1 9 ! UNLIKELY EV5T ( :AT ,GRE5PEACE CALL ! 'FOSSIL FREE 5]GY SC5>IO' 7FFES7 COM+ AB\T1 ?IS TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! HI/ORIC 'C>BON DEBT' [$ BY HUMANITY TO NATURE -- WE URG5TLY NE$ TO BALANCE ! HI/ORIC C>BON BUDGET4 ,?IS W\LD REQUIRE REM$IAL ACTION 7E4G4 P]HAPS1 WIDE-RANG+ RE=E/ATION7 F> BEYOND SIMPLY /OPP+ FUTURE EMISSIONS4 .<#a#i.> 

,?IRDLY1 !RE IS ! RELAT$1 & USUALLY OV]LOOK$1 QUE/ION ( ! 'DEM& SIDE' ( ! E>?'S C>BON CYCLE4 ,ALL ATT5TION IS FOCUS$ ON ! SUPPLY SIDE -- E4G4 ON EXHAU/ FUMES4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 !RE IS NO ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! FACT ?AT BY PHYSICALLY COV]+ ! PLANET ) ROADS1 C> P>KS1 REF9]IES1 M9ES1 ETC1 Y\ ]ODE ITS PHOTOSYN!TIC CAPACITY1 ITS ABILITY TO ABSORB ! ,C,O#b ?AT IS CREAT$4 ,9 ,5GL& ALONE1 0,S9CE ! W> #g#e1 HECT>ES ( C\NTRYSIDE HAVE GONE -- MORE ?AN ! COMB9$ >EA ( ,GREAT] ,LONDON1 ,H]T=D%IRE1 ,B]K%IRE & ,OX=D%IRE 444 ,AT ! PRES5T RATE ( LOSS1 A FIF? ( ,5GL& W\LD BE URBAN BY ! MIDDLE ( ! NEXT C5TURY40 .<#b.> ,!SE TR5DS ON A GLOBAL LEVEL HAVE MEANT ?AT3 0,BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 PHOTOSYN!SIZ]S ON DRY L& PRODUC$ P]HAPS #ae BILLION TONS ( DRY WEI<T ( ORGANIC MATT] EA* YE>4 ,N[ 444 ! ANNUAL PRODUCTION ( ORGANIC MATT] 9 T]RE/RIAL ECOSY/EMS 7BO? NATURAL & HUMAN CONTROLL$7 HAS FALL5 TO ONLY AB\T #ac BILLION TONS4 ,SOME ( ! REASONS = ! DECL9E 9 PRODUCTIVITY >E FAIRLY SIMPLE & OBVI\S2 PHOTOSYN!SIS CANNOT OCCUR ON OR UND] BUILD+S1 P>K+ LOTS1 AIRPORTS1 /REETS OR HI<WAYS40 .<#b#a.> ',GRE5' C>S WILL REQUIRE AN ALMO/ ID5TICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 MEAN+ ?AT ?IS ASSAULT ON ! E>?'S PHOTOSYN!TIC CAPACITY WILL CONT9UE UNABAT$ -- 9DE$ 1 MI<T EV5 /EP UP A GE>1 AS A P]CEIV$ CLEAN+ UP ( ITS ACT W\LD BUY MORE TIME = ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! C>4 7,T>MAC1 & O!R SU* SUB/ANCES US$ = PAV+1>E1 AS ! ,MUNDI ,CLUB PO9T \T1LITTLE MORE ?AN COAGULAT$ OIL SLICKS4 ,!SE SUB/ANCES >E PRODUCTS ( LEVELS ( ! CATALYTIC CRACK] PROCESS 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT OIL IS4 ,!Y UND]WRITE OIL PRODUCTION -- MAKE IT AN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE 5T]PRISE :5 O!RWISE IT W\LD NOT BE2 = :ILE 0,! OIL 9DU/RY IS MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 GASOL9E PRODUCTION & PR(ITS 444 REF9]IES MU/ RUN AT HI< UTILIZATION ( CAPACITY TO BE EFFICI5T & PR(ITABLE4 ,REF9]IES MU/ PRODUCE GREAT QUANTITIES ( ASPHALT & V>I\S *EMICALS :I* MU/ GO SOME:]E 444 ?US ASPHALT & H]BICIDES >E SPREAD AB\T ! L& MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = REF9]IES TO FUNCTION444NE> FULL ?ROTTLE40 .<#b#b.> ,! ADVOCATES ( A 'FOSSIL FREE 5]GY /RATEGY' UN=TUNATELY DO NOT ACCEPT AN ACCOMPANY+ 5D TO PAV+1 ONE ( ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?AT /RATEGY4 ,! PRODUCTION ( T>MAC1 ETC1 & ! PRODUCTION ( OIL >E 9T]DEP5D5T P>TS ( REF9]Y OP]ATIONS1 & ( ! PETRO*EMICAL ECONOMY -- )\T ONE1 Y\ CANNOT HAVE ! O!R4 ,SO H[ WILL !Y SQU>E ?IS CIRCLE -- DO !IR PROPOSALS ACTUALLY REQUIRE A CONT9UATION ( ?AT PETRO*EMICAL ECONOMY ?AT WE'VE COME TO KN[ & LOVE87 

,F\R?1 ! C>'S CONTRIBUTION TO ! SUPPLY SIDE ( ! C>BON CYCLE IS NOT EV5 EXAM9$ PROP]LY -- LOOK+ NO FUR!R ?AN ! EXHAU/ PIPE OBSCURES O!R1 MORE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS4 ,! ,HEIDELB]G ,5VIRONM5T & ,=ECA/+ ,9/ITUTE1 9 ! FIR/ EV] 'CRADLE TO ! GRAVE' ASSESSM5T ( ! C>1 CONCLUD$ ?AT ITS 'BIR?' 7PRODUCTION7 & 'DEA?' 7DISPOSAL7 9CURR$ F> MORE ECOLOGICAL CO/S ?AN ITS WORK+ LIFE4 0,IT IS [N]%IP AS WELL AS USE ?AT IS ! PROBLEM ( ! C> & A C> US$ S5SITIVELY 7IF ?AT IS POSSIBLE7 IS /ILL A PROBLEM = 5]GY1 POLLUTION1 SPACE & WA/E40 .<#b#c.> 

,! ACCURACY ( ?IS ASSESSM5T BECOMES ABUNDANTLY CLE> :5 Y\ CONSID] ! %E] V>IETY & VOLUME ( MAT]IALS 9VOLV$ 9 C> PRODUCTION -- 0 #b.0 ( ALL /EEL1 #a.0 ( ALL ALUM9UM1 #g.0 ( ALL COPP]1 #a#c.0 ( ALL NICKEL1 #c#e.0 ( ALL Z9C1 #e.0 ( ALL LEAD1 #f.0 ( ALL NATURAL RUBB]0 .<#b#d.> & 0#a.0 ( ,O,E,C,D PLA/ICS PRODUCTION0 .<#b#e.> -- ALL MAJOR MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES1 ALL ) ATT5DANT 5VIRONM5TAL CO/S4 ,SU* CO/S W\LD CONT9UE TO >ISE FROM ELECTRIC VEHICLES 7,E,VS7 1 ) SOME NEW ONES ?R[N 93 0,RESE>*]S AT ,C>NEGIE ,MELLON ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,PITTSBUR< W>N 444 ?AT ! PRODUCTION & RECYCL+ ( L>GE NUMB]S ( BATT]IES = ! VEHICLES W\LD RELEASE DANG]\S LEVELS ( LEAD 9TO ! 5VIRONM5T .<IRONIC1 GIV5 ! \TCRY OV] ! NE$ TO R$UCE LEAD 9 FUEL.> 444 ! M9+ & SMELT+ REQUIR$ TO MANUFACTURE !IR BATT]IES PRODUCE LEAD EMISSIONS :I* CAN CAUSE BRA9 DAMAGE TO Y\NG *ILDR51 & COMA & DEA? AT HI< LEVELS ( EXPOSURE4 ,! RESE>*]S >GUE ?AT EV5 ) EFFICI5T BATT]IES AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE W\LD 9DIRECTLY PRODUCE SIX TIMES MORE LEAD EMISSIONS ?AN A SMALL C> US+ LEAD$ PETROL40 .<#b#f.> 

,S9CE ,E,VS REQUIRE MORE BATT]IES ?AN CONV5TIONAL VEHICLES .<#b#g.>1 & !IR BATT]IES HAVE A %ORT] LIFESPAN .<#b#h.>1 ! ISSUE ( DISPOSAL BECOMES EV5 MORE PRESS+4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,E,VS IS NOT 5VISAG$ AS TAK+ PLACE 9 T&EM ) A *ANGE TO ! WORLD ECONOMIC ORD]1 ! NE$ TO DISPOSE ( !IR BATT]IES WILL ONLY LEAD TO AN 9T5SIFICATION ( 'TOXIC WA/E IMP]IALISM'1 AN ALREADY S]I\S PROBLEM4 ,IT WILL MEAN AN EXPANSION ( PLANTS SU* AS ,I,M,L,I1 ,9DONESIA'S L>GE/ IMPORT] ( LEAD ACID BATT]IES1 :I* 0BURNS #f1 TONNES .<( !M.> EA* YE>1 S5D+ CL\DS ( SMOKE & A% OV] ADJAC5T RICEFIELDS4 ,! LOCAL PEOPLE SAY ?AT A% FROM ! FACTORY (T5 FALLS 9TO !IR WELLS & ONTO !IR FOOD4 ,! EFFLU5T FROM ! PLANT IS HI<LY ACIDIC4 ,! WA/E FROM ! ,I,M,L,I FURNACE1 A MIXTURE ( LEAD & PLA/IC1 IS DUMP$ \TSIDE ! FACTORY GATES & TAK5 HOME BY VILLAG]S :O MELT IT D[N 9 WOKS OV] OP5 FIRES 9 !IR BACKY>DS TO SELL ! EXTRACT$ LEAD4 ,HALF ( ! VILLAG]S C\< BLOOD4 ,LEAD LEVELS 9 ,I,M,L,I WORK]S & LOCAL VILLAG]S >E BETWE5 TWO & ?REE TIMES GREAT] ?AN ! ACCEPTABLE ,9DONESIAN OCCUPATIONAL HEAL? /&>DS40 .<#b#i.> 

,! MORE G5]AL OBJECTIONS TO ! PROPOSITION ?AT A MOVE AWAY FROM FOSSIL FUELS WILL S]VE AS A PANACEA = ! PROBLEM ( ! C> >E \TL9$ ABOVE -- BUT !RE >E A :OLE HO/ ( O!R1 MORE SPECIFIC RAMMIFICATIONS ( C> USE ?AT WILL NOT BE ALLEVIAT$ 9 ! SLI<TE/ BY A SIMPLE *ANGE 9 FUEL TYPE4 ,SOME ( !SE >E LI/$ BEL[3 

,! GRIM /ATI/ICS ( ROADKILL 7BO? HUMAN & ANIMAL7 W\LD PILE ON1 AS BE=E4 .<#c.>4 

,HABITAT FRAGM5TATION -- 0,ROADS .<& RELAT$ DEVELOPM5TS.> CAN DIVIDE HABITATS CREAT+ A SIZE ?AT IS BEL[ AN ACCEPTABLE ?RE%OLD = SURVIVAL ( P>TICUL> SPECIES1 & CAN =M AN ECOLOGICAL B>RI] PREV5T+ MOVEM5T BETWE5 >EAS40 .<#c#a.> 

,:AT MI<T BE T]M$ 'SOCIAL POLLUTION'1 OR '7HUMAN7 HABITAT FRAGM5TATION' -- AS APTLY DESCRIB$ 9 ,DONALD ,APPLEY>D'S EXCELL5T RESE>* .<#c#b.> ,C>S ALSO S]VE TO DIVIDE PEOPLE1 ACC5TUAT+1 & 9 SOME CASES CREAT+1 ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES BETWE5 !M4 ,HEL5A ,NORB]G-,HODGE WAS 9 A UNIQUE POSITION TO OBS]VE ! IMPACT ( DEVELOPM5T -- 9 ?IS CASE1 ON ! REMOTE REGION ( ,LADAKH -- S9CE %E WAS PRES5T BO? BE=E & AFT] ! >EA BEGAN TO BE OP5$ UP TO ! WORLD ECONOMY 9 #a#i#g#e4 ,! C> WAS =EMO/ AMONG ! TRAPP+S ( 'MOD]NIZATION' ?AT BEGAN TO MAKE AN APPE>ANCE -- & 9 H] OP9ION1 0,! ,LADAKHI :O GOES ZOOM+ PA/ 9 A C> LEAVES ! P$E/RIAN BEH9D 9 ! DU/1 BO? PHYSICALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY 444 ,LOBZANG WAS A GOV]NM5T DRIV]4 ,:5 HE RETIR$1 HE B\<T A JEEP & BR\<T IT BACK ) HIM TO HIS VILLAGE4 ,9 ! SUMM] HE US$ IT TO F]RY T\RI/S TO ! MONA/]IES1 & ! RE/ ( ! YE> HE DROVE HIS NEI<BORS TO & FROM ,LEH1 = A FEE4 ,AS A RESULT1 HIS RELATION%IP ) ! O!R VILLAG]S BEGAN TO *ANGE -- HE N[ HAD SOME?+ ! O!RS DID NOT1 & WAS NO LONG] QUITE ONE ( !M40 .<#c#c.> ,A SIMIL> SITUATION P]TA9S ) ! C>LESS 9 \R SOCIETY -- P]HAPS EV5 MORE SO1 S9CE ! C> IS F> MORE ! 'NORM' = US4 

,9 A RELAT$ PO9T TO #c71 ! C> EX]CISES A TYRANNY OV] SPACE1 DISPLAC+ PEOPLE & PREV5T+ ! >EA ?AT IT MONOPOLIZES FROM BE+ PUT TO O!R1 MORE PRODUCTIVE & CONVIVIAL USES4 0,G]MANY'S C>S1 IF ONE 9CLUDES DRIV+ & P>K+ REQUIREM5TS1 COMM&E] #c1#gSQ4 KM ( L& -- #f.0 MORE ?AN IS ALLOCAT$ TO H\S+40 .<#c#d.> 

,! C> & ROADS HELP TO CONSOLIDATE ! T]RITORIES ( ! NATION /ATE3 B9D+ REMOTE REGIONS ON ! P]IPH]Y FIRMLY TO ! CORE1 FACILITAT+ ! SUPPRESSION ( TR\BLESOME SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5TS OR FEEL+1 & LOCK+ ! MANY DISP>ATE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY 9TO A NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC_/CULTURAL 5TITY4 ,ROADS >E ONE ( ! MA9 VECTORS = :AT =M] ,BRAZILIAN ,5VIRONM5T ,SECRET>Y ,JOSE ,LUTZ5B]G] CALL$ '! VIRUS ( 9DU/RIALISM'4 ,EXAMPLES AB\ND -- ! ,TRANS,AM]ICAN ,HI<WAY .<#c#e.>1 ! ,TRANS,IRIAN ,HI<WAY .<#c#f.>1 ,EUROPE'S ,T,],NS .<#c#g.> & ! 0#g#c-KILOMET] MOTORWAY HUGG+ ! COA/ FROM ,TOBRUK TO ,S5EGAL 444 PLANN$ = ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ) A FIX$ L9K ACROSS ! ,/RAIT ( ,GIBRALT> TO CONNECT ,EUROPE TO A NEW ,AFRICAN MOTORWAY SY/EM40 .<#c#h.> ,IT IS ALSO 9/RUCTIVE TO NOTE ?AT 9 ! ,U,S 0!RE >E EI<T TIMES AS MANY ROADS 9 .<!.> ,NATIONAL ,=E/S AS !RE >E 9 ! ,9T]/ATE ,HI<WAY ,SY/EM40 .<#c#i.> ,:ILE !SE >EAS HAVE BE5 S+L$ \T = SPECIAL ATT5TION P>TLY TO BR+ !M 9TO ! REALM ( ! ECONOMY 7BY COMMODITIS+ !M 9TO TIMB]71 !RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE SOME PSY*OLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE AT WORK1 TO 'TAME ! WILD'1 TO LEAVE ! /AMP ( CIVILIZATION UPON IT -- TO PROP]LY ASSIMILATE IT 9TO ! T]RITORY ( ! NATION /ATE 9 QUE/ION4,UNTIL IT IS COMMODITIS$ OR DEVELOP$ IT IS /ILL 'T]RA 9COGNITA'1 ! DOMA9 ( 'H]E BE DRAGONS'4 70 ,! WORD '=E/' 9 ITS ORIG9AL & MO/ EXT5D$ S5SE1 IMPLI$ A TRACT ( L& LY+ \T 7=AS71 ?AT IS1 REJECT$1 AS ( NO VALUE1 9 ! FIR/ DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY40 .<#d.>47 

,ROADS 9T]F]E ) ! WAT] TABLE & DRA9AGE PATT]NS4 0 ,BECAUSE WAT] RUNS IMM$IATELY (F PAVEM5T RA!R ?AN SOAK+ 9TO ! GR\ND1 ROADS (T5 L[] GR\NDWAT] TABLES & DE/ABLILISE NE>BY WAT]WAYS4 ,9 HEAVILY PAV$ >EAS1 /REAMS FLUCTUATE BETWE5 EXTREME DR\<T & FLOOD &1 9 ! PROCESS1 SC\R AWAY /REAM BANKS & FI% HABITATS SU* AS POOLS & DR[N$ LOGS4 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,SEATTLE >EA %[ ?AT /REAM *ANNEL /ABILITY1 FI% HABITAT QUALITY1 & SALMON & AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS ALL DECL9E IF EV5 #a-#a#e.0 ( A WAT]%$ IS COV]$ BY IMP]VI\S SURFACES40 .<#d#a.> 

,! KNOCK-ON EFFECTS ( ROAD BUILD+ MU/ ALSO BE CONSID]$ -- =EMO/ ( :I* IS QU>RY+ = ROAD/ONE -- 0 #d#c.0 ( ! ROCK AGGREGATES QU>RI$ 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES IS US$ = ROAD CON/RUCTION & MA9T5ANCE40 .<#d#b.> ,9 ! ,U,K !RE IS ! RELAT$ ISSUE ( OV] #fe LOOSE ',9T]IM ,DEVELOPM5T ,ORD]S' = QU>RY+1 GRANT$ JU/ AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ?REAT5+ SOME ( ! BE/ WILDLIFE SITES 9 ! C\NTRY -- 9CLUD+ #ef ,S,S,S,IS4.<#d#c.> 

,NOISE POLLUTION3 9 MU* ( ! ,BRITI% C\NTRYSIDE IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO F9D >EAS FREE ( ! 9CESSANT BACKGR\ND HUM ( TRAFFIC NOISE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C,P,R,E1 0,! S\!A/ HAS F>$ ! WOR/4 ,OV] TWO-?IRDS ( ! REGION WAS .<DEF9$ AS.> TRANQUIL 9 #a#i#f1 BUT BY #aiib !SE >EAS HAD BECOME FRAGM5T$ BY MOTORWAYS & 9CREAS+LY NOISY ROADS1 & R$UC$ TO UND] HALF ! >EA40 .<#d#d.> ,?IS CAN HAVE S]I\S IMPLICATIONS = NON-HUMAN SPECIES AS WELL -- = EXAMPLE1 0,ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE HAS BE5 F\ND TO R$UCE ! BRE$+ SUCCESS ( LAPW+S & R$%ANK = DI/ANCES ( UP TO #a4#eKM FROM L>GE HI<WAYS04 .<#d#e.> ,AS USUAL1 IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ?IS PICTURE IS GO+ TO GET WORSE1 BECAUSE 9CREASES 9 TRAFFIC >E EXPECT$ TO HIT ! C\NTRYSIDE H>DE/ -- 0,! ,TRANSPORT ,/UDIES ,UNIT PR$ICTS ?AT1 :ILE OV]ALL TRAFFIC MAY GR[ BY BETWE5 #h#c.0 & #a#d#b.0 BY ! YE> #bbe .<! ,DO,T'S /&>D FIGURES.>1 ! TRAFFIC ON RURAL ROADS MAY GR[ BY BETWE5 #a#b#g.0 & #b#f#g.004 .<#d#f.> ,9 URBAN >EAS1 PEOPLES' HE>+ IS WORSE AT AGE #c ?AN ! HE>+ ( ?OSE :O LIVE 9 A C>-FREE 5VIRONM5T AT AGE #g4 .<#d#g.> 

,RUN-(F FROM ROADS ( HEAVY METALS SU* AS CADMIUM1 Z9C1 COPP]1 & O!R SUB/ANCES CONTAM9ATES SOIL & GR\NDWAT]4 .<#d#h.> ,TIRE RUBB] ABRASION PRODUCTS HAVE A WIDE RANGE ( EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEAL? .<#d#i.>1& >E SIMIL> TO1 AL?\< PROBABLY NOT AS LE?AL AS1 ! T9Y ,P,M-#a P>TICLES GIV5 (F BY DIESEL VEHICLES 7:I* >E E/IMAT$ TO KILL >\ND #a1 PEOPLE P] YE> 9 ! ,U,K74 .<#e.> 

,I REF]R$ E>LI] TO ! WAY 9 :I* ! 7(T5 V]Y SIGNIFICANT7 IMPACTS ( ! 9FRA/RUCTURE REQUIR$ BY C>S >E USUALLY OV]LOOK$4 ,A PRIME EXAMPLE -- & ONE ?AT FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! 'FOSSIL FREE 5]GY /RATEGY''S AIM ( R$UC+ ,C,O#b EMISSIONS -- IS CEM5T PRODUCTION4 ,ROAD CON/RUCTION 7& O!R C>-RELAT$ DEVELOPM5T7 IS OBVI\SLY RESPONSIBLE = A GREAT DEAL ( ! DEM& = CEM5T -- ! MANUFACTURE ( :I* 0DRIVES (F 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( .<,C,O#b.> 444 ,?IS HAPP5S AS LIME/ONE1 ,CA,C,O#c1 IS CONV]T$ TO CALCIUM OXIDE1 ,CA,O1 & ITS DREAD$ ,C,O#b ESCAPES4 ,HEAT #aKILOGRAMS ( LIME/ONE & Y\ RELEASE #dd KG ( ,C,O#b4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT #e MILLION TONNES ( LIME/ONE >E US$ = ?IS PURPOSE EA* YE>1 !N MORE ?AN #bb MILLION TONNES ( ,C,O#b >E SPEW+ \T 9TO ! ATMOSPH]E FROM CEM5T WORKS ALONE40 .<#e#a.> ,?IS EXAMPLE DEMON/RATES ! FUTILITY ( RE/RICT+ ONE'S ANALYSIS TO! S+LE QUE/ION ( ',:I* C> FUEL8'1 9 ISOLATION FROM ! :OLE COMPLEX ( O!R C>BON-BEL*+ 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES ( :I* ?AT FUEL IS A P>T4 ,! SY/EM EVID5TLY REQUIRES A ?OR\< OV]HAUL1 NOT ! TYPE ( PALLIATIVE MEASURES PRES5T$ BY ! PROPON5TS ( A 'FOSSIL FREE' 5]GY /RATEGY 7FFES74 

,LIKEWISE1 0,ONE ( ! MAJOR S\RCES ( ,C,F,CS 9 ! ATMOSPH]E IS MOTOR VEHICLE AIR CONDITION+4 ,9 #aihg APPROXIMATELY #d#h.0 ( ALL NEW C>S1 TRUCKS & COA*ES WORLDWIDE W]E EQUIPP$ ) AIR CONDITION]S4 ,ANNUALLY1 AB\T #a#b1 TONNES ( ,C,F,CS >E US$ 9 NEW VEHICLES & 9 S]VIC+ AIR CONDITION]S 9 OLD] ONES4 ,9 ALL !SE ACC\NT = >\ND #c.0 ( GLOBAL DEM& = ,C,F,C#a#a & ,C,F,C#a#b40 .<#e#b.> ,C,F,CS1 AS WELL AS BE+ ONE ( ! MA9 CULPRITS = OZONE DAMAGE1 >E ALSO A MORE P[EFUL GRE5H\SE GAS ?AN ,C,O#b -- CONSEQU5TLY1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,MUNDI ,CLUB1 !Y MAY WELL 0CON/ITUTE ! BIGGE/ S+LE CONTRIBUTION C>S MAKE TO GLOBAL W>M+04 .<#e#c.> ,AGA91 :AT PRICE ! 'FFES'8 

,IT MAY SEEM ODD TO SUGGE/ ?AT C>S & !IR DISPOSAL .<#e#d.> POT5TIALLY POSE A BIGG] ?REAT TO ! SURVIVAL ( :ALES ?AN :AL+4 ,H[EV]1 IT ILLU/RATES ! F>-REA*+ & (T5 UNEXPECT$ WAYS 9 :I* A TE*NOLOGY SU* AS ! C> IMP+ES ON ! GLOBAL ECOLOGY -- & ! NE$ = A SUITABLY FUNDAM5TAL & 9CISIVE RESPONSE TO ! CRISIS ?AT IT HAS UNLEA%$4 ,! PROBLEM COMES FROM POLY*LOR9AT$ BIPH5YLS 7,P,C,BS71 SOMETIMES DESCRIB$ AS 0! FAVORITE *EMICAL ( ! PO/W> AGE0 .<#e#e.> & N[ KN[N TO BE HI<LY TOXIC = MO/ LIV+ BE+S4 0,5VIRONM5TAL ,P,C,B POLLUTION HAS BE5 MO/ FREQU5TLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! MANUFACTURE ( SU* ELECTRICAL EQUIPM5T AS TRANS=M]S & CAPACITORS1 & ) AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURE40 .<#e#f.> ,:ILE PRODUCTION ( ,P,C,BS IS N[ DECL9+1 0#f#e.0 ( ! TOTAL VOLUME 444 EV] PRODUC$ WORLDWIDE .<IS.> EI!R /ILL 9 USE1 9 /ORAGE OR .<HAS.> BE5 DEPOSIT$ 9TO L&FILLS40 .<#e#g.>4 ,IF ?IS VA/ /OCKPILE1 OR EV5 A PORTION ( IT W]E 0P]MITT$ TO LEAK 9TO ! M>9E 5VIRONM5T1 !N ! EXT9CTION ( M>9E MAMMALS IS 9EVITABLE40 .<#e#h.> ,?IS K9D ( 9=MATION W\LD T5D TO RE9=CE ! ,HEIDELB]G ,9/ITUTE'S CONC]N = ! (T5 NEGLECT$ ISSUES ( PRODUCTION & DISPOSAL ( C>S1 AS OPPOS$ TO QUE/IONS ( EXHAU/ EMISSIONS DUR+ !IR WORK+ LIVES4 

,AS ,&RE ,GORZ SAYS1 0,ABOVE ALL1 NEV] MAKE TRANSPORTATION AN ISSUE BY ITSELF4 ,ALWAYS CONNECT IT TO ! PROBLEM ( ! CITY1 ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & TO ! WAY ?IS COMP>TM5TALIZES ! MANY DIM5SIONS ( LIFE40 7#d#a7 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GORZ1 09 ORD] = PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TO GIVE UP !IR C>S1 IT WON'T BE 5\< TO (F] !M MORE COM=TABLE MASS TRANSPORTATION4 ,!Y WILL HAVE TO BE ABLE TO DO )\T TRANSPORTATION ALTOGE!R BECAUSE !Y'LL FEEL AT HOME 9 !IR NEI<BORHOODS1 !IR COMMUNITY1 !IR HUMAN-SIZ$ CITIES 444 ,! C> W\LD NO LONG] BE A NECESSITY4 ,EV]Y?+ WILL HAVE *ANG$3 ! WORLD1 LIFE1 PEOPLE40 .<#e#i.> ,TO TAKE ANY O!R APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM ( ! C>1 TO TREAT IT 9 ISOLATION FROM ! SOCIAL =CES IT PRODUCES1 & IS PRODUC$ BY1 IS TO PLAY 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE ) A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ! SURVIVAL ( ! PRES5T1 ECOCIDAL1 SOCIAL ORD]1 LETT+ !M (F ! HOOK4 

,:ILE !RE IS SOME RESI/ANCE FROM ! C> MANUFACTUR]S TO A %IFT FROM PETROL AS A FUEL .<#f.>1 AT HE>T MO/ ( !M RECOGNIZE ?AT ELECTRIC VEHICLES & ! LIKE REPRES5T ! LA/1 BE/ HOPE = ! CONT9UANCE ( ! C> & ITS ECONOMY4 ,JURG5 ,HUBB]T1 *IEF ( ,M]C$ES-,B5Z'S PASS5G] C> DIVISION1 SAYS ?AT 0,5T]+ ! ELECTRIC C> SC5E IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY4 ,WE CANNOT AF=D NOT TO BE PRES5T IF ELECTRIC VEHICLES SUDD5LY TAKE (F40 .<#f#a.> ,?IS IS :Y 0AT A TIME :5 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 ! C> 9DU/RY HAVE BE5 LAID (F1 ANNUAL EXP5DITURE ON DEVELOP+ ELECTRIC VEHICLES 7,E,VS7 EXCE$S ,G,B,P#e BILLION WORLDWIDE40 .<#f#b.> 

,! PITFALLS ( ! S+LE ISSUE EMPHASIS >E ILLU/RAT$ BY ,GRE5PEACE ,G]MANY'S EF=TS TO DESIGN !IR [N FUEL-EFFICI5T VEHICLE4 .<#f#c.>4 ,H]E1 BECAUSE ( A FAILURE TO *ALL5GE ! 'DOM9ANT P>ADIGM'1 !Y 5D UP ACT+ AS AUXILI>IES TO ! C> 9DU/RY1 SUPPLEM5T+ ! HUGE RESE>* @& DEVELOPM5T PROGRAM DESCRIB$ ABOVE = FREE1 !REBY ASSI/+ ! 9DU/RY 9 ITS BID TO 5SURE ITS [N SURVIVAL4 

,PO/SCRIPT -- ,SEA ,EMPRESS WE/ ,WALES OIL SPILL 

,?IS PAMPHLET />TS ) A DESCRIPTION ( ! %E] WEI<T ( DEA? RESULT+ FROM ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ SPILL & ! EV5 GREAT] WEI<T ( COMPANY PROPAG&A ?AT FOLL[$ QUICKLY AFT]4 

,! ,WE/ ,WALES OIL SPILL FROM ! ,SEA ,EMPRESS 767 9 ,FEBRU>Y RELEAS$ AT LE/ #g#b1#e TONNES COMP>E ?AT AGA9/ #c#h1 TONNES SPILL$ 9 ,ALASKA 9 #aihi BY ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ4 ,YET TO HE> ! ,P,R M5 TALK Y\ W\LD BELIEVE ! DISA/] HADN'T HAPP5$- ONE EV5 W5T AS F> AS TO SAY SO ON *ANNEL F\R NEWS4 ,NO FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION+ ( PETRO*EMICALS WAS ALL[$ TO GRACE TV SCRE5S M]ELY EXP]TS >GU+ AB\T ! VALIDITY ( D\BLE HULLS4 ,ONE J\RNALI/ :O TRI$ TO RESE>* A PIECE PROP]LY- A TASK ?AT TOOK DAYS RA!R ?AN H\RS -- %OCK6 -- WAS TOLD BY ! ,TIMES ONLY A WEEK AFT] ! SPILL ?AT IT JU/ WASN'T NEWS ANYMORE4 ,MEAN:ILE DEA? CONT9U$4 

,SIX WEEKS AFT] ! TANK] RAN AGR\ND ! WILDLIFE TOLL WAS /ILL M\NT+1 & OIL 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R WAS /ILL COV]+ ! BEA*ES & DRIFT+ AT SEA- AFFECT+ #a#hKM ( COA/L9E FROM ,SKOM] ,ISL& TO ! ,BURRY 9LET4 ,A SPELL ( MA9LY EA/]LY W9DS PU%$ MU* ( ! OIL WELL (F%ORE1 ) OIL$ SEABIRDS1 T> BALLS & DEBRIS REA*+ P>TS ( S\? EA/]N ,IREL&4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT AT LEA/ #g1 BIRDS HAVE DI$4 .<#f#d.> ,9 MANY PEOPLES M9D ! DISA/] DIDN'T HAPP54 ,BEYOND ! M$IA FRI5DLY PICTURES ( OIL$ SEABIRDS IS A GREAT] DISA/]4 ,MU* ( ! BASE ( ! >EA'S OCEANIC FOOD *A9 SIMPLY NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,AS ONE WILDLIFE TRU/ WORK] REPLI$ :5 A ,B,B,C NEWS REPORT] ASK$ :AT ! SITUATION ON ! GR\ND WAS HE SAID ',EV]Y?+S DEAD'1 AFT] BE+ ACCUS$ ( EXAGG]ATION HE REPLI$ ',O,K1 NOT EV]YH+S DEAD1 BUT EV]Y?+ ?AT ISN'T IS 9 ! PROCESS ( DY+'4 

,H[EV] AS ?IS PAMPHLET >GUES IT IS NOT !SE SPECTACUL> DISA/]S ?AT >E ! REAL ECOLOGICAL ?REAT- BUT ! DAILY CONT9UANCE ( NORMAL LIFE4 ,?IS IDEA WAS REC5TLY BR\<T UP BY ,JOHN ,VIDAL :O /AT$ ',UP TO #e1 B>RELS >E DELIB]ATELY SPILL$ A YE> R\ND ! WORLD BY %IPS CLEAN+ \T !IR BILGES4 ,ACCID5TS1 SAY 9DU/RY WAT*]S1 ACC\NT = ONLY #a .0 ( OIL SPILLS' .<#f#e.>4 

,IT IS EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE ?AT WE HAVE TO QUE/ION & *ALL5GE IF WE >E TO TRULY CREATE A LIVABLE FUTURE4 ,?IS PAMPHLET HAS BE5 PUBLI%$ AS P>T ( ?AT PROCESS4 

  

.<#a.> ,= AN EXCELL5T ESSAY ON ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ SPILL1 SEE ,MIKAL ,JAKUBAL'S 0,) ,5\< ,TOO?BRU%ES0 9 ',LIVE ,WILD OR ,DIE' ,NO4#a4 

.<#b.> ,SEE 0,:AT'S ,BEH9D ! ,SPILLS01 ,GRE5PEACE ,MAGAZ9E1 ,JUNE #a#i#h#i1 & 0,! ,SPILLS & ,SPOILS ( ,BIG ,OIL01 BY ,JOHN ,GREELY1 ,! ,NATION1 ,MAY #bi #a#i#h#i4 

.<#c.> ,= A *ILL+ EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( ! SPILL'S EFFECTS1 SEE 0,! ,DEAD ,ZONE3 ,DISA/] 9 ,ALASKA01 BY ,GEORGE ,MI*AELS1 9 ! ,SEPTEMB] #aihi ISSUE ( ',! ,ANIMALS' ,AG5DA'4 

.<#d.> ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,APRIL #bc & ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#h#i4 0,EXXON ,R5EGES ON ,CLEANUP01 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 ,AUGU/ #c #a#i#h#i4 ,9 ONE REPORT ON ! DISA/] ORIG9ALLY DONE = ! ,*ICAGO ,READ]1 ,JILL ,C4 ,KUNKA WRITES1 0,:AT AB\T ! WA/E FROM ! CLEANUP8 ,WA/E DISPOSAL MAY BE ! CLIMAX ( ,EXXON'S CLEANUP NI<TM>E4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,AN*ORAGE ,DAILY ,NEWS1 ONE TON ( SPILL$ CRUDE TURNS 9TO T5 TONS ( TOXIC G>BAGE -- BAGS ( OILY GRAVEL1 M\NTA9S ( SYN!TIC ABSORB5T BOOMS & PADS1 DISC>D$ COV]ALLS & ! ASSORT$ REFUSE ( #a1 CLEANUP WORK]S 444 ,S]VICE B>GES >E COLLECT+ AB\T #be TONS ( WA/E P] DAY4 ,MU* ( ?IS WILL BE BURN$2 ! RE/ WILL BE S5T TO HAZ>D\S-WA/E L&FILLS1 PROBABLY 9 ,OREGON40 ,A FRI5D FROM ,DETROIT ALSO REPORT$ AFT] A TRIP LA/ SUMM] TO ,ALASKA ?AT SEV]AL TEMPOR>Y 9C9]ATORS W]E WORK+ >\ND ! CLOCK 9 ,VALDEZ H>BOR4 ,AS ,KUNKA WRITES1 0,) ALMO/ ANY 5VIRONM5TAL CLEANUP 444 ! PROBLEM JU/ GETS MOV$ >\ND40 0,REPORT FROM ,ALASKA01 ,DETROIT ,METRO ,TIMES1 ,SEPT4 #b#g-,OCT4#c #a#i#h#i4 

,9 HIS #aihg BOOK ',! ,TOXIC ,CL\D'1 ,MI*AEL ,BR[N REPORTS ?AT ONE EXPLORATORY DRILL%IP ALONE 0CAN PRODUCE AS MU* SMOG AS #b#e1 C>S EA* TRAVEL+ #a#h1 MILES40 

.<#e.> ,! CAPITALI/ /ATE HAS PREVI\SLY IMPLEM5T$ RECYCL+ AS PUBLIC POLICY 9 TIME ( W> TO GA!R MAT]IALS AT HOME 9 ORD] TO MORE EFFECTIVELY BL[ !M TO SMI!RE5S OV]SEAS4 

.<#f.> ,T>A ,JONES QUOTES ,C4 ,P]R['S ',NATURAL ,ACCID5TS3 ,LIV+ ) ,HI<-,RISK ,TE*NOLOGY' 7#a#i#h#d73 0,SY/EMS ?AT TRANS=M EXPLOSIVE OR TOXIC RAW MAT]IALS OR ?AT EXI/ 9 HO/ILE 5VIRONM5TS APPE> TO REQUIRE DESIGNS ?AT 5TAIL A GREAT MANY 9T]ACTIONS :I* >E NOT VISIBLE & 9 EXPECT$ PRODUCTION SEQU5CE4 ,S9CE NO?+ IS P]FECT -- NEI!R DESIGNS1 EQUIPM5T1 OP]AT+ PROC$URES1 MAT]IALS & SUPPLIES1 NOR ! 5VIRONM5T -- !RE WILL BE FAILURES444 ,!SE ACCID5TS !N >E CAUS$ 9ITIALLY BY COMPON5T FAILURES1 BUT BECOME ACCID5TS RA!R ?AN 9CID5TS BECAUSE ( ! NATURE ( ! SY/EM ITSELF2 !Y >E SY/EM ACCID5TS1 & >E 9EVITABLE1 OR 'NORMAL' = !SE SY/EMS40 ,:ILE ?IS PASSAGE BR+S TO M9D DRAMATIC1 LOCAL ACCID5TS LIKE ,BHOPAL OR ,*]NOBYL1 WE MU/ ALSO CONSID] ! SY/EMIC FAILURE ON AN ECOSPH]IC SCALE AS ! RESULT ( 9DU/RIALISM AS A TOTALITY ON ! LIV+ SY/EM ( ! E>?4 

.<#g.> ,SEE 0,REVOLUTION & ,FAM9E0 9 ',ACT = ,Y\RSELVES'1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,PRESUMABLY MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DEF5D]S ( 9DU/RIALISM WILL OBJECT1 FURNI%+ QUOTES FROM ,KROPOTK9 9 :I* ! AN>*I/ PR9CE REVEALS ! OPTIMISM T[>DS TE*NOLOGY SO COMMON 9 HIS TIME4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE ?OSE :O 9SI/ ON OV]LOOK+ :AT IS MO/ VISION>Y & F>-SEE+ 9 WRIT]S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 :ILE CL++ TO :AT HAS NOT )/OOD ! TE/ ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE4 ,! MY? ( PROGRESS HAS BECOME ! REAL 0DEAD WEI<T ( ! PA/0 WEI<+ LIKE A NI<TM>E ON ! IMAG9ATION ( ! PRES5T4 

.<#h.> ',SC5ES FROM A ,CALI=NIA ,MAUL'1 ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 ,AUTUMN #a#i#i#b4 

.<#i.> ',! ,5VIRONM5T ,9DU/RY -- ,PR(IT+ FROM ,POLLUTION'1 ,JO%UA ,K>L9]1 ,! ,ECOLOGI/1 ,M>*_/,APRIL #a#i#i#d4 

.<#a.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,ECOLOGI/ ,JULY_/,AUGU/ #a#i#i#b1 P4#a#g#h4 ,SEE ! *APT] ON ',ECONOMY & ,ECONOMICS' H]E = AN EXPLORATION ( 5VIRONM5TAL ECONOMICS -- SEE ! :OLE ( ?IS ',:OSE ,COMMON ,FUTURE8' ISSUE = MORE ON 5CLOSURE4 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID1 P4#a#d#i4 

.<#a#c.> ,IBID1P4#a#g#f4 

.<#a#d.> ,QUOT$ 9 IBID1 P4#a#g#d4 

.<#a#e.> ',WISDOM ( ! ,SOLOMONS'1 ,NEW ,SCI5TI/1 #b#g_/#a_/#i#f4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#g.> ',TRADE M>KS'1 ,GU>DIAN #a#g_/#f_/#i#d4 

.<#a#h.> ',WISDOM ( ! ,SOLOMONS'1 ,NEW ,SCI5TI/ #b#g_/#a_/#i#f4 

.<#a#i.> ,= AN ELUCIDATION ( ! CONCEPT ( ! C>BON DEBT1 & ! ROLE ?AT IT PLAY$ 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]GOV]NM5TAL ,PANEL ON ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE 7,I,P,C,C71 SEE ,! ,T]RA ,FIRM NO4#e1 ',! ,GREAT ,C>BON ,EMISSIONS ,FRAUD'1 ,MUNDI ,CLUB1 UNDAT$4 

.<#b.> ,C\NCIL = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,RURAL ,5GL& 9 ,! ,TIMES1 #a#f_/#a_/#i#b4 

.<#b#a.> ',E>?'1 ! ,EHRLI*S1 QUOT$ 9 ',BAN ,C>S'4 

.<#b#b.> ',DE> ,CALTRANS'1 ,JAN ,LUNDB]G1 QUOT$ 9 IBID4 

.<#b#c.> ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #c_/#h_/#i#c4 

.<#b#d.> ,IAN ,BREA*1 QUOT$ 9 ',BAN ,C>S'4 

.<#b#e.> ',! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,IMPACT ( ! ,C>'1 ,GRE5PEACE1 QUOT$ 9 IBID4 

.<#b#f.> ,GU>DIAN1 #a_/#e_/#i#e4 ,!RE IS LITTLE LIKELIHOOD ( A MORE ADVANC$1 NON-LEAD BATT]Y EM]G+ 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE -- SEE ',PAL] ,%ADE ( ,GRE5'1 ,GU>DIAN #a#h_/#a_/#i#d4 ,EV5 IF !RE W]E1 ANY BATT]Y W\LD /ILL BE COMPOS$ ( HI<LY TOXIC ELEM5TS4 

.<#b#g.> ',FLAT \T = ! ,C> ( ! ,FUTURE'1 ,NEW ,SCI5TI/1 #g_/#a#a_/#i#b4 

.<#b#h.> ',GETT+ ,FROM ,H]E TO ,!RE'1 ,DAVID ,MORRIS1 QUOT$ 9 ',! ,GEOPHYSICAL ,?REATS ,POS$ BY ,GRE5 ,C>S'1 ,MUNDI ,CLUB ,SPECIAL ,PUBLICATIONS NO4#h1 ,MUNDI ,CLUB1 UNDAT$4 

.<#b#i.> ',DISPOS+ ( ! ,WA/E ,TRADE'1 ,! ,ECOLOGI/1 ,M>*_/,APRIL #a#i#i#d4 

.<#c.> ,= SOME REC5T FIGURES ON ANIMAL CASUALTIES1 SEE ,! ,TIMES1 #f_/#a_/#i#f4 

.<#c#a.> ',TR5DS 9 ,TRANSPORT & ! ,C\NTRYSIDE'1 ,C\NTRYSIDE ,COMMISSION ,TE*NICAL ,REPORT #a#i#i#b4 ,SEE3 ',! ,ET]NAL ,?REAT3 ,BIODIV]SITY ,LOSS & ! ,FRAGM5TATION ( ! ,WILD' 9 ,DO OR ,DIE NO4#e1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#e4 ,SEE ALSO ! RESE>* BY ,5GLI% ,NATURE ON ! EFFECTS ( FRAGM5TATION ON POPULATIONS ( /ONE*ATS & ,D>T=D W>BL]S1 QUOT$ 9 0,TRANSPORT & ,BIODIV]SITY01 ,R,S,P,B ,REPORT #a#i#i#d4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T ?AT BIRDS HAVE A GREAT] CAPACITY TO TRANSC5D ! EFFECTS ( FRAGM5TATION ?AN MO/ ANIMALS1 SO IF IT HAS ?IS K9D ( IMPACT ON !M 444 

.<#c#b.> ',LIVABLE ,/REETS'1 ,DONALD ,APPLEY>D1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS #a#i#h#a1 QUOT$ 9 ,! ,GU>DIAN #e_/#a#a_/#i#c1 & ',CRITICAL ,MASS -- ,RECLAIM+ ,SPACE & ,COMBAT+ ! ,C>'1 ,DO OR ,DIE NO4#e 

.<#c#c.> ',ANCI5T ,FUTURES3 ,LE>N+ FROM ,LADAKH'1 ,HEL5A ,NORB]G-,HODGE1 ,RID] #a#i#i#b4 

.<#c#d.> ',DIRTY ,FROM ! ,CRADLE TO ! ,GRAVE'1 ,GU>DIAN #c_/#h_/#i#c4 

.<#c#e.> ,SNAPP+ AT ! HEELS ( ! ,D>I5 ,GAP RA9=E/ 9 ,PANAMA1 &1 PRESUMABLY1 CONNECT$ TO ,N,A,F,T,A & ! ULTIMATE VISION ( A TRAD+ BLOC ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,SEE ALSO ! ,TRANS-,AMAZON ,HI<WAY1 ,NOR!RN ,BRAZIL'S ROAD TO ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ VIA ,GUYANA1 & ! ,B,R#c#f#d ?R\< ,*ICO ,M5DES' /ATE ( ,AC]1 ,BRAZIL4 7,NEW ,/ATESMAN @& ,SOCIETY1 #b#c_/#a#a_/#i47 

.<#c#f.> ,9 ,9DONESIA'S OCCUPI$ PROV9CE ( ,IRIAN ,JAYA_/,WE/ ,PAPUA -- 9 P>T1 9T5D$ TO /R5G!N ,9DONESIA'S CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,O,P,M GU]RILLAS4 

.<#c#g.> ,HELP+ TO CON/RUCT ,EUROPE AS A S+LE M>KET = PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION -- E4G SEE ! PLANS ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,R\ND ,TABLE ( 9DU/RIALI/S 9 V>I\S ,A,S,E,$ REPORTS4 

.<#c#h.> ,NEW ,SCI5TI/1 #c_/#d_/#i#d -- PRESUMABLY PRESAG+ AN EXPANSION ( ! ,E,U TRAD+ BLOC TO 5COMPASS ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 

.<#c#i.> ',DE> ,CALTRANS'1 ,JAN ,LUNDB]G1 QUOT$ 9 ',BAN ,C>S'4 

.<#d.> ',A ,%ORT ,HI/ORY ( ! ,WOLF 9 ,BRITA9'1 ,JAMES ,H>T+1 ,PRYOR ,PUBLICATIONS FACSIMLIE #a#i#i#d1 P4#b#a4 

.<#d#a.> ',ROADS ,TAKE ,TOLL'1 ,E,F6 ,J\RNAL1 ,BRIGID #a#i#i#f4 

.<#d#b.> ,NATIONAL ,COLLATION ( ! #aihi ,AGGREGATE ,M9]ALS ,SURVEY1 ,DO,E #a#i#i#a1 QUOT$ 9 ',:EEL+ ,\T ( ,CONTROL'1 ,C,P,R,E ,SEPT4 #a#i#i#b4 

.<#d#c.> ,SEE ',BLA/S FROM ! ,PA/'1 ,R,S,N,C REPORT1 ,NOVEMB] #aiib & ',OLD RI<TS ?REAT5 ANCI5T L&SCAPES'1 ,OBS]V] #a#d_/#b_/#i#c4 ,! FATE ( ,C>MEL ,WOODS 9 ,DYF$ IS AN IMPORTANT TE/ CASE = ,I,D,OS -- & HOPEFULLY ITS FUTURE MAY HAVE BE5 SECUR$4 

.<#d#d.> ',BREAK+ ,! ,SIL5CE'1 ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,MAGAZ9E ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#c4 

.<#d#e.> ,Z&E ET AL1 #a#i#h1 QUOT$ 9 ',TR5DS 9 ,TRANSPORT & ! ,C\NTRYSIDE'1 ,C\NTRYSIDE ,COMMISSION #a#i#i#b4 ,SEE ALSO ,REIJ5 ET AL1 9 ! ,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,ECOLOGY1 #aiie -- !IR RESE>* ID5TIFI$ ROAD NOISE AS PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT CAUSE ( A R$UCTION 9 ! BRE$+ D5SITIES ( A V>IETY ( WOODL& BIRD SPECIES ADJAC5T TO MA9 ROADS4 

.<#d#f.> ',ROAD ,TRAFFIC & ! ,C\NTRYSIDE'1 ,C\NTRYSIDE ,COMMISSION ,POSITION ,/ATEM5T ,JULY #a#i#i#b4 ,SEE ALSO ',TR5DS 9 ,TRANSPORT & ! ,C\NTRYSIDE' = MORE DETAIL$ WORK+S4 

.<#d#g.> ,FROM ',AUTOG$DON'1 ,HEA?COTE ,WILLIAMS1 ,JONA?ON ,CAPE #a#i#i#a4 

.<#d#h.> ,SEE 7E4G73 ',ROADS ,TAKE ,TOLL'1 ,E,F6 ,J\RNAL ,BRIGID #a#i#i#f2 ',DIRTY ,FROM ! ,CRADLE TO ! ,GRAVE'1 ,GU>DIAN #c_/#g_/#i#c2 ',WRONG ,SIDE ( ! ,TRACKS'1 ,T,E,/1 QUOT$ 9 ',BAN ,C>S'2 & ,DR4 ,NEIL ,W>D'S 7,SURREY ,UNIV]SITY7 RESE>* 9TO RUN-(F FROM ! ,M#b#e4 

.<#d#i.> ,SEE ',TIRE ,DU/ ,KILLS'1 ,PAV+ ,MORATORIUM ,UPDATE ,SUMM] #a#i#i#e4 

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.<#e#a.> ,JOHN ,EMSLEY1 QUOT$ 9 ',BAN ,C>S'4 

.<#e#b.> ',! ,5VIRONM5TAL ,IMPACT ( ! ,C>'1 ,DO OR ,DIE NO4#a1 ,JAN4#a#i#i#c4 ,SEE ALSO ',! ,PRACTICAL ,SCI5CE'1 ,JAMES ,LOVELOCK1 P4#a#g#i4 ,PRESUMABLY1 IF !SE ,C,F,CS HAVE BE5 PHAS$ \T UND] ! #aihg ,MONTREAL ,PROTOCOL1 !Y HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ 7AS HAS TYPICALLY BE5 ! CASE7 ) ,H,C,F,CS1 DIFF]5T OZONE-DE/ROY]S4 

.<#e#c.> ',BAN ,C>S'1 P4#a#g4 

.<#e#d.> ,SEE ',DIRTY FROM ! ,CRADLE TO ! ,GRAVE01 ,GU>DIAN #c_/#g_/#i#c4 

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.<#e#g.> ',UND] ,FIRE'1 P4#h4 

.<#e#h.> ,! ,ECOLOGI/1 P4#a#i#c4 ,M>9E MAMMALS >E ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO ,P,C,BS BECAUSE ( ! PROCESS ( 'BIOMAGNIFICATION'4 

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