,SOME V]Y COMMON !ORETICAL ]RORS ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ALFR$O ,M>IA ,BONANNO ,TEXT 3 ,! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS COMES AB\T 9 TWO PRECISE WAYS :I* L9K TOGE!R ?R\< A COMPLEX SY/EM ( COMPLICITY3 ! FIR/ IS ! DIRECT ONE1 C>RI$ \TBY ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SECOND ! 9DIRECT ONE1 EX]CIS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ( O!R NATIONS4 ,SU* A REP>TITION H[EV] IS NOT BAS$ ON AN E?NIC CONCEPT ( NATION4 ,9T]NAL EXPLOITATION IS NOT C>RI$ \T BY ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE 9 ! ROLE ( E?NIC REPRES5TATIVES ( P[]1 BUT AS ! POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MANAG]IAL C5T]S ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ALL ! ,/ATES ?AT EXI/ TODAY1 9 ,EUROPE = EXAMPLE1 COME FROM A PRIMITIVE & PREPOND]ANT NUCLEUS :I* HAS GRADUALLY1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 5D$ UP 9CLUD+ & DOM9AT+ ! POLITICALLY & MILIT>ILY WEAK] P]IF]AL NUCLEI4 ,9 ,SPA9 IT WAS ,CA/ILLE :I* PUT ?IS 9TO EFFECT4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! NOR? SUBJECTS ! PROV5CES 9 ! ,S\?4 ,9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ! ,5GLI% SUBJECT ! ,WEL%1 ,SCOTTI% & ,IRI%4 ,9 ,G]MANY IT IS ,PRUSSIA :O C>RIES \T ?IS TASK1 SUBJECT+ ! SMALL ,G]MAN1 ,DANI% & ,POLI% /ATES & EV5 PROV9CES SU* AS ,ALSACE ,LORRA9E1 OBJECT ( 5DLESS >GUM5TS ) ,FRANCE4 ,! SAME PH5OM5ON HAS OCCURR$ 9 ,RUSSIA3 ! ,GREAT-,RUSSIANS DOM9ATE ! ,ROMANIANS1 ,F9L&]S1 ,LI?UANIANS & ,POLES4 ,9 ,AU/RIA A GR\P ( COALIZ$ ,G]MANS IMPOSE DOM9ION ON ! ,GREEKS & ! ,SLOVAKS1 ! ,MAGI>I1 ,POLES & ,ITALIANS1 AT LEA/ UP UNTIL #a#i#a#h4 ,! PROCESS ( ! =MATION ( ! L>GE MOD]N ,/ATES HAS !RE=E BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A S]IES ( EXT]NAL IMPOSITIONS4 ,E?NIC UNITIES >E DE/ROY$1 OBLIG$ TO SUBMIT TO ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZATION & !RE=E ! EXPLOITATION WORS5S4 ,?IS IS NOT ! K9D ( CONCLUSION REA*$ BY ! M>XI/S4 ,!Y ON ! CONTR>Y ?9K ?AT ! FUNCTION ( ! MON>* ( ! ABSOLUTE /ATES HAS BE5 PROGRESSIVE4 ,5GELS WRITES1 0,ONCE ! BORD]S W]E =M$ BETWE5 L+UI/IC GR\PS IT WAS NATURAL = !M TO PROVIDE ! BASIS = ! =MATION ( /ATES1 & = NATIONALITIES TO BEG9 TO DEVELOP 9TO NATIONS4 ! RAPID COLLAPSE ( A ,/ATE ) MIX$ E?NICITY SU* AS ,LO?>+IA %[S ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS ELEM5T ALREADY 9 ! ,I,X? C5TURY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! M$IEVAL P]IOD WAS F> FROM L+UI/IC & T]RITORIAL CONF9ES CO9CID+2 YET1 EA* GREAT NATIONALITY1 ) ! EXCLUSION ( ,ITALY1 WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ,EUROPE BY A P>TICUL> ,/ATE ( CONSID]ABLE & 9CREAS+LY CLE> & CONSCI\S EXT5SION1 & ! T5D5CY TO CREATE NATIONAL /ATES 9 ! M$IEVAL P]IOD CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! MO/ ESS5TIAL 9/RUM5TS ( PROGRESS4440 7,F4 ,5GELS1 ,UB] D5 ,V]FALL DES ,FEUDALISMUS UND DAS ,AUFKOMM5 D] ,B\RGEOISIE1 9 ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,W]KE1 VOL ,X,X,I1 PP #cie E SGG1 CIT$ BY ,I4 ,FETS*]1 ,IL ,M>XISMO1 ,MILAN #aig VOL ,I,I,I PP4 #f#b-#f#c74 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS !SES ,KROPOTK9 WRITES3 0444NO MATT] H[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE ON ! MODEL ( IMP]IAL ,ROME VIOL5TLY PUT AN 5D TO ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL AID ( M$IEVAL TIMES1 ?IS NEW ASPECT ( CIVILIZATION CANNOT LA/4 ,! ,/ATE1 BAS$ ON VAGUE AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS & ONLY TIES ( UNION1 DOES NOT A*IEVE ?IS 5D4 ,!N ! T5D5CY TO MUTUAL AID BREAKS ! BRONZE LAWS ( ! /ATE4440 7,P4 ,KROPOTK91 ,MUTUAL AID7 & ,BAKUN93 0,!SE PRECURSORS 7! WEAK5$ ,/ATES7 MU/ UND]/& :AT !IR WEAKNESS WAS 9 ! PA/1 & ?AT !IR 9CAPACITY TO =M A ,/ATE CON/ITUTES !IR /R5G? TODAY1 !IR RI*Y7 ,! REACTION>Y & C5TRALIZ+ FUNCTION ( ! EM]G5CE & RE9=CEM5T ( ! P[]FUL ,/ATES IS V]Y CLE> 9 ! SITUATION 9 :I* ,SICILY F9DS ITSELF4 ,AT ! MOM5T ( PASSAGE FROM ! ,B\RBONS TO ! ,PI$MONTESE !RE WAS AN 9CR$IBLE 9CREASE 9 FISCAL PRESSURE4 ,! TOTAL L&-TAX PASS$ FROM #e TO #g MILLION 9 #a#h#f#f1 :ILE ! ,C5T] & ! ,NOR? PAY #eb MILLION BETWE5 !M4 ! SALE ( ECCLESIA/ICAL GOODS BR\Y /ATE AB\T #f MILLIONS1 YET !RE WAS MORE PUBLIC SP5D+ 9 ! NOR? ?AN 9 ! S\?4 ,! UNIT>Y ,/ATE SP5T AB\T #ib MILLION 9 ,LOMB>DIE = HYDRAULIC WORKS1 & #a1#c#c#c1#b#i#f MILLION LIRE 9 ,SICILY4 ,! NATIONAL PRO CAPITA AV]AGE ( !SE CO/S IS #a#i1#g#a LIRE1 :]EAS 9 ,SICILY IT IS ONLY 1#c#g LIRE4 ,MU* HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! GREAT EXP5SE ( ! RAILWAY 9 ,SICILY3 9 ! P]IOD #a#h#f#a-#a#h#i#h AB\T #dgi MILLION W]E SP5T1 :ILE OV] ! :OLE NATIONAL T]RITORY ! NATIONAL 9VE/M5T WAS #d BILLION #gf MILLION4 ,! PROBLEM ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION AS SU* CANNOT REALLY BE UND]/OOD IF IT IS NOT PLAC$ )9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE ( D\BLE EXPLOITATION4 ,IF ONE LOSES ?IS ?READ :5 SPEAK+ ( ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE BECAUSE IT F9DS ITSELF ACT+ ON AN E?NIC BASIS1 ! S5SE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS LO/1 FALL+ FROM ! FRY+ PAN 9TO ! FIRE4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL TRUE ?AT ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE MAKE FEW] CLAIMS ?AN ! EXT]NAL ONE4 ,! :OLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ! SAME4 ,! CLASS HOMOG5EITY ( ! EXPLOIT$ CANNOT DE/ROY ITSELF />T+ FROM A SEP>ATI/ CONCEPT1 ONE MU/ 9/EAD 9S]T ONESELF )9 A REVOLUTION>Y OPTIC1 REE/ABLI%+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT COMES FROM ! BASE1 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION ?AT IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE1 NOT 9 ! NAME ( AN 9T]NAL & 9DIG5\S CA/E4 ,BY CONDEMN+ ! :OLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ALL ! ASPIRATIONS TO P[] ( ! RE/RICT$ M9ORITIES1 BY CONDEMN+ ANY DISC\RSE ?AT 9T5DS TO PASS OV] ! HEADS ( ! EXPLOIT$1 BY CONDEMN+ ANY DECISION ?AT CONC]NS /AGES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & ! D\BLE DEAL+ ( ?OSE :O CLAIM TO ACCEPT COMPROMISES ?AT CANNOT BE MA9TA9$1 9T]E/ ?AT CANNOT BE PAID & COMMITM5TS ?AT CANNOT BE HONOR$2 WE CONDEMN ANY DE=MATION ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE1 A /RUGGLE ?AT MU/ ASSUME AN 9T]NAL MATRIX4 ,!RE >E NO CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 !SE TWO P]SPECTIVES4 ,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE BECOMES A BUREAUCRATIC BANALITY1 A BLOODY EXECUTION] 9 ! NAME ( ! POT-BELLI$ BOSSES :O /AY 9 ! COM=T ( !IR >M*AIRS1 BECOMES A HORRIBLE MISDE$ C>RI$ \T AT ! CO/ ( ! PEOPLE1 IF IT IS NOT SET )9 ! CONTEXT ( GO+ T[>DS PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,ONCE ONE ACCEPTS ! !SIS ?AT ! 9T]NAL B\RGEOISIE IS JU/ AS CONTR>Y TO ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 AS WAS ! EXT]NAL ONE -- :I* ! 5EMY CALL$ OPPORTUNI/S 9 ORD] TO CONFUSE IDEAS -- ONE MU/ ALSO ACCEPT ?AT ! PROLET>IAN ISOLATION ( A LIB]AT$ E?NIC NUCLEUS IS REVOLUTION>Y SUICIDE4 ,ITS GAZE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TURN$ T[>DS ! \TSIDE1 ON ! PA9 ( DEA? ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,ANY REVOLUTION TODAY ?AT 9T5DS TO PLACE ITSELF ON AN AUT>KIC BASIS -- IF NOT ECONOMIC1 AT LEA/ POLITICAL & ( CONVIV5CE -- IS UN?9KABLE4 ,ONCE ?IS IS CL>IFI$1 !RE REMA9S ! O!R PROBLEM1 ( :]E TO ADDRESS ONE'S GAZE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! DOM9ANT C\NTRIES CANNOT IMM$IATELY BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION3 MO/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES PLUS ! ,U,S,S,R1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & *9A1 !Y CANNOT BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION BECAUSE !Y >E TOO MU* 9VOLV$ 9 SURVIV+ A SITUATION ( T]RIBLE REPRESSION1 OR >E 5GAG$ 9 TRY+ TO F9D OR TO REGA9 !IR ID5TITY 9 A SITUATION ?AT IS DISP]SIVE OR CONT9UALLY *ANG+4 !N !RE >E ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ( ! C\NTRIES :]E !RE IS ALREADY A REASONABLY EFFECTIVE NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE 9 C\RSE3 SOME ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 SOME ,>AB C\NTRIES1 SOME ,LAT9-,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES4 ,IF \R 9T]LOCUTOR REMA9S ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE WORLD1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT /RUGGL+ = !IR [N NATIONAL LIB]ATION CAN BE CONSID]$ A PRIVILEG$ 9T]LOCUTOR4 ,?IS L9E ( 9T]PRETATION SEEMS BEYOND DISCUSSION TO US4 ,/>T+ FROM IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP AN ORGANIZATIONAL PROPOSAL BAS$1 OBVI\SLY ON ! PREJUDICIAL ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS DISC\RSE MU/ BE 9 ! LOGIC ( F$]ALISM1 IT MU/ COME FROM ! BASE1 & TAKE ACC\NT ( ! SMALL LOCAL COMMUNITIES COORD9AT$ TOGE!R 9 VIEW ( PRODUCTION & ADM9I/RATION4 ,! FUTURE AIMS ( ! FRE$ COMMUNITY & ?OSE ORGANIZ$ FREELY 9 F$]ATIONS SU* AS ?OSE 9 ! C\RSE ( LIB]ATION /RUGGL+ TO CREATE ?IS ORGANIZATION ?AT WE CAN DEF9E SELF-MANAG$ MU/ BE3 COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( AN 9TEGRAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT MAKES ! 9DIVIDUAL ! BASIS ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! CL>IFICATION ( SOME ( ! QUE/IONS RELATIVE TO ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE MORE CONCRETELY1 WE %ALL LOOK AT SOME ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT >E RAIS$ MORE FREQU5TLY BY ! ADV]S>IES ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,A7 ,A C\NTRY ?AT IS ECONOMICALLY DEP5D5T ON ANO!R CANNOT BE POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T4 ,?IS IS A COMMON MISCONCEPTION EV5 AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y COMRADES :O ACCEPT ! PROJECT ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE 9 P>T AT LEA/4 ,!SE COMRADES 9SI/ ON ! FACT ?AT 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE IT IS NECESS>Y TO RE9=CE ! ECONOMY ( A C\NTRY OR P>T ( A C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! PROCESS ( SEP>ATION 9 C\RSE BY ACCEL]AT+ ! ELEM5TS :I* COMPETE 9 FAVOR ( ! SPLIT4 ,?IS IS ! K9D ( MI/AKE ?AT ,M>X MADE :5 WRIT+ TO ,5GELS HE REJOIC$ 9 ! VICTORY ( ,BISM>K UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT ! RE9=C+ ( ! ,G]MAN NATIONALI/ B\RGEOISIE 7,PRUSSIAN7 MEANT A P>ALLEL RE9=CEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT'S ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 A SITUATION SU* AS ! PRES5T ONE 9 ,SICILY1 CLE>LY DEP5D5T ON ! ,ITALIAN M>KET &1 ?R\< IT1 ! 9T]NATIONAL ONE1 NO NATIONAL LIB]ATION P]SPECTIVE W\LD BE POSSIBLE -- IF ?IS !SIS W]E VALID4 ,9 FACT1 REASON+ 9 ?IS WAY1 WE W\LD F9D ?AT NEI!R ! ,SICILIAN B\RGEOISIE OR ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE 9T]E/$ 9 !IR LIB]ATION1 ! FIR/ BECAUSE !Y >E ECONOMICALLY L9K$ TO ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE1 & ! SECOND BECAUSE !Y C\LD ONLY BE LIB]AT$ AT ! SAME TIME AS ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,IF !RE MI AS ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE >E CONC]N$1 AS IT C\LD NOT ACCEPT ITS SELF-NEGATION1 ONLY BE+ AVAILABLE = ! CLA% 9 ! HOPE ( MANAG+ TO IMPOSE ITS [N ABSOLUTE DOM9ION2 IT IS NOT VALID = ! ,SICILIAN PROLET>IAT1 :I* C\LD LAY ! CONDITIONS = ! FUTURE LIB]ATION ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT />T+ FROM ITS [N LIB]ATION1 NOT VISE V]SA4 ,! UNITY ( ! ,ITALIAN & ,SICILIAN PROLET>IAT IS NOT D5I$ 9 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE ( ! =M]1 BUT IS RECONFIRM$ 9 ! FUTURE P]SPECTIVE ( ! LIB]ATION ( BO?4 ,! SAME CANNOT BE SAID = ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* REALIZES MORE EASILY1 FREE AS IT IS FROM ! ILLUSION ( ! NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ! DIFFICULTY ( =MULAT+ A RELATION%IP ( COLLABORATION ) A PROBABLE FUTURE DOM9ANT NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! POLITICAL SELF DET]M9ATION ( A C\NTRY PUTS 9TO ACT PROCESSES ?AT >E V]Y DIFFICULT TO MANAGE = ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 IS ANO!R PROBLEM4 ,?IS RE5T]S ! MORE G5]AL BUN* ( QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! PROLET>IAT'S NE$ OR NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 A P>TIAL 7ECONOMIC & POLITICAL7 REVOLUTION1 & TRY TO IMPOSE1 )9 ! CAPABILITIES ( ITS [N /R5G?1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,B7 ,! NATION IS ESS5TIALLY A CULTURAL PH5OM5ON4 ,! PROBLEM IS R$UC$ TO ! SPIRITUAL ELEM5T ALONE1 D5Y+ LEGITIMACY ( POLITICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,MANY ,/ATES 9 FACT >E QUITE OBVI\SLY UND]L9+ ! E?NIC *>ACT]IZATION ?AT DI/+UI%ES 9DIVIDUAL SOCIAL GR\PS4 ! DIVISION 9TO REGIONS ( ! ,ITALIAN /ATE RESPONDS TO NE$S 9 A SUBORD9ATE WAY1 BUT CORRESPONDS PRIM>ILY TO E?NIC DIFF]5TIATION4 ! FACT ?AT ONE 9SI/S SO MU* ON ! USE ( LOCAL LANGUAGES1 & ?AT IT IS ! ,ITALIAN /ATE ITSELF ?AT IS F9ANC+ RESE>* & ! ,SICILIAN *AIRS1 >E ELEM5TS ( A L>G] MOSAIC :]E ! DOM9ANT /ATE WANTS TO 5CLOSE ! BASIC NE$ = LIB]ATION4 SO ONE SPEAKS ,SICILIAN 9 ,SICILY1 &1 :Y NOT1 ,G]MAN 9 ,TRIE/ & ,BOLZANO1 SO ?AT EXPLOITATION CAN CONT9UE4 ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE TIIAT AMUSE !MSELVES ) S5TIM5TS ?AT FLATT] !M1 & CONT9UE TO SUFF] UND] ! YOKE ( ! BOSSES4 ,IF ! NATION W]E ONLY A SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL FACT1 ! MO/ ONE C\LD ASK ( ! =CES AVAILABLE = A NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE 9 ,SICILY W\LD BE ?AT ( FIY AVAILABLE4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT H[ ?+S /&4 ,TO AN E?NIC UNITY ( A CULTURAL & SPIRITUAL NATURE1 !RE CORRESPONDS A PRECISE POLITICAL DIM5SION3 9 ! LIMITS 9 :I* ?IS DIM5SION TURNS \T TO BE AN ELEM5T ( COAGULATION ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAT & ALL ! EXPLOIT$ TO 5GAGE !MSELVES TO REA* ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES1 ?OSE ( AN ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS UP TO ALL REVOLUTION>IES1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF1 TO BR+ AB\T ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,C7 ,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE IS \TDAT$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS COMMONPLACE EV]Y ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION IS 5VELOP$ 9 ! REAL FIELD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 REMA9+ TI$ TO ! ANA*RONI/IC IDEALS TYPICAL ( ! REACTION>Y PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 AN OBJECTION ?AT FAILS TO GRASP ! CONTRADICTORY ASPECT ( ! SITUATIONS 9 :I*1 PRECISELY ! E?NIC UNITY IS CALCULAT$ BY A DOM9ATION ?AT IS SUB/ANTIALLY =EIGN4 ! ACCEPTATION ( SU* A !SIS IS EQUAL TO ! OPPOSITE ONE :I* MA9TA9S ?AT ALL SEP>ATISM IS REVOLUTION>Y1 EV5 ! NO/ALGIC & REALLY ANA*RONI/IC ONE ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,:AT C\NTS 9 ! REALITY ( ! /RUGGLE IS PRECISELY ! CONTRADICTION ( ! 9T]E/S & DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! WAIT+ ( V>I\S SOCIAL GR\PS1 & ! TRUE POSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ IT4 EA* NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T IS !RE=E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A D\BLE ASPECT3 IT HAS A REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL & AN ANA*RONI/IC REACTION>Y RESIDUAL4 ! FIR/ IS 9C>NAT$ 9 ! CAPACITY = PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 ! SECOND 9 ! MANAG]IAL CLAIMS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ?IS MOVEM5T IS 9 ITSELF A RESULT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* HAS TURN$ \T TO BE 9 A CONT9UAL /ATE ( MODIFICATION4 ,H[EV]1 IT CAN NEI!R BE SANCTIFI$ ON ! ALT> ( REVOLUTION>Y GLORY1 NOR ?R[N 9TO ! MUD & DU/ ( REACTION4 ,TO SAY ?AT IT IS ONLY ONE ( !SE TWO *>ACT]I/ICS :I* *>ACT]IZES ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 MEANS TO SUPPOSE ?AT A /ABLE ALLIANCE IS POSSIBLE BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 FACT IT MEANS TO GIVE AS POSSIBLE A BL9D 9T]CLASSI/ COLLABORATION1 :5 9/EAD REALITY CONT9UALLY %[S US CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >E ALWAYS AT BOIL+ PO9T4 ,D7 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION IS A NE$ ( ! B\RGEOISIE ALONE4 ,ANO!R S]I\S MI/AKE4 ,?IS IS ! !SIS SUPPORT$ BY ,KAUTSKY3 0444 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WILL EQUIP ITS 9T]E/S TO ?OSE ( ! 5TIRE NATION4 ,! HI<] ! SURPLUS VALUE ( ! CAPITALI/S ( A NATION1 ! GREAT] ! PROSP]ITY ! NATION IS 9 \R EYES2 = !M PATRIOTISM MEANS PURSU+ ! 9T]E/S ( SURPLUS VALUE ?AT ! EXPLOIT]S ( A NATION POCKET444 !Y DO NOT 9T5D SU* AS D$ICATION TO ! HOMEL&1 SACRIFICE ( GOODS & BLOOD1 SO MU* AS EXPLOITATION ( ! HOMEL&1 :I* %\LD 5T] ! FIELD ! GODS & BLOOD ( !IR POPUL> MASS$ TO PROTECT ! PR(ITS ( !IR CAPITALI/S ABROAD4 ! HOMEL& DOES NOT EXI/ = ! PEOPLE SO MU* AS ! POPUL> MASSES EXI/ = ! HOMEL&44404 7,K4 ,KAUTSKY1 ,PATRIOTISMUS UND ,SOCIALDEMOKRATIE1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#i#h1 PP4 #h-#a74 ,&1 CONT9U+ 9 H>MONY ) ! ,M>XI/ !SIS ( ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! /ATE AS ANTI-ROOM ( WORK] CONSOLIDATION CONT9UES1 0,B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT444 HAVE ! SAME 9T]E/ 9 ELIM9AT+ ! FEUDAL SPLITT+ UP ( ! NATION 9TO SMALL ,/ATES & /ATELETS1 9 REUNIFY+ ALL ! ELEM5TS ?AT LIVE 9 ONE SAME T]RITORY & SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE1 9TO ONE NATIONAL ,/ATE1 S9CE ?IS REUNIFICATION REPRES5TS AN 5ORM\S PROGRESS 9 RESPECT TO ?AT BREAK+ UP1 & IT IS AN IMPORTANT CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( WORK04 7,IDEM P4 #a#b7 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( POSITIONS ?AT DO NOT TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! CONCRETE RELATION%IP ?AT PASSES BETWE5 ! POLITICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION & ! REAL CONTEXT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SO DO+ ONE CAN REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT AS A PHASE ) A CLE> POLITICAL MATRIX1 SELF-DET]M9ATION REPRES5TS ONLY A UTOPIAN EXIG5CE ?AT RETROGRADE DREAM]S C>RY ON1 NOT REALIZ+ ?AT ADVANC$ CAPITALISM HAS ALREADY GONE BEYOND !SE NATIONAL PR9CIPLES 79/ANCES74 ,ONCE AGA9 ?IS ]ROR DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ! ACTIVE & DET]M9+ ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 /RUGGLE4 ,POLITICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ! RECOGNITION ( ! NECESSITY ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E NOT ONLY A VAGUE UTOPIAN DREAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE BUT ALSO A S5TIM5T ?AT IS /RONGLY FELT BY ! PROLET>IAN /RATA4 ,N[ IF 9 ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ?IS /ATEM5T IS N\RI%$ ) PROJECTS ( DOM9ION ?AT >E 9 FACT UTOPIAN1 :5 CONSID]$ SEP>ATELY 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM2 ! SAME S5TIM5T 9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS IS EXTREMELY REALI/IC AS IT IS ABLE TO CON/RUCT1 PRECISELY 9 ! MOM5T ( PASSAGE1 ! SP>K ?AT UNLEA%ES ! CONDITIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CLA%4 ,?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT -- ESPECIALLY 9 ,SICILY -- ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ! SO-CALL$ 0RETROGRADE DREAM]S04 ,H]E ! LATT] >E ORI5T$ T[>DS A G5]AL & 9NOCU\S 7= !M7 P>ASITICAL PROGRESSIVISM & !RE=E 5]GETICALLY BLOCK ANY /RUGGLE ?AT MOVES ! PROLET>IAN BASE4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY & ! REC5T RADICAL =CES FASC9ATE & CONDITION !M4 !Y REPRES5T ! ALIBI ( ! L&[N+ & 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE1 DOT$ ) O!R MEANS1 BUT ALSO ) ANO!R M5TALITY4 !Y REFLECT A REALITY ?AT IS SPLIT 9 TWO1 ?AT CANNOT BE PASS$ ( AS UNIT>Y1 & ?AT IS QUITE F> FROM HOMOG5EITY4 9 PRACTICE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO C>RY \T A POLITICAL CULTURAL DISC\RSE ?AT TAKES ACC\NT ( ! ECONOMIC DI*OTOMY ?AT SUPPORTS ! CONTRA/ DEVELOPM5T-UND]DEVELOPM5T4 ,= ?IS REASON ! REALITY ( ?OSE :O LIVE ! H>D%IP ( UND]DEVELOPM5T IS DET]M9$ NOT ONLY BY :AT IT REPRES5TS AS A SPECIFIC SITUATION1 BUT :AT IT REPRES5TS = ALL1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O LIVE 9 CONTACT ) /RUCTURES ?AT >E OP5 TO ! PROJECT ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?R\< !SE EXP]I5CES1 IF !Y W]E C>RI$ \T ?R\< AN 9TELLIG5T DIFFUSION ( IDEAS1 A *ANGE 9 SOME ( ! ATTITUDES HELD BY MANY COMRADES :O >E NOT 9 ! HABIT ( CONSID]+ ! POV]TY ( ! S\? AS ! ROOTS ( ! CAUSE1 NOT AS SIMPLE EFFECT ( ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,NOR?1 ( ! SO-CALL$ MAJOR DEMOCRACY ( SOME PRIVILEG$ REGIONS4 ,BUT ?AT FACT ALONE IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y = IT TO BE CLE> = ! POV]TY ( ! S\? TO CORRESPOND TO ! WEAL? ( ! ,NOR?1 ! OLD LIFE/YLE 9 ! FEUDAL SETT+ ( ! ,S\? CORRESPONDS TO ! DYNAMIC /YLE ( MOD]N LIFE 9 ! ,NOR?1 ! UND]DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,S\? IS L9K$ BY AN 9EXTRICABLE LOGIC TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NOR?3 ! LOGIC ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ORD] TO EXI/1 9 FACT1 CAPITALISM /ILL TODAY1 9 ! MULT9ATIONAL ]A1 NE$S ! EXI/5CE ( AN >EA ( UND]DEVELOPM5T TO USE 9 ! COLONIAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL GAME ( IMP]IALISM DOES NOT IMP$E ! LOCAL GAME ( OLD-/YLE COLONIALISM4 9 ?IS S5SE ! S\? PAYS ! CO/ ( ! NOR? & WORKS = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! LATT]4 ,IT SEEMS OBVI\S TO US MORE ?AN EV] ?AT AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! ,SICILIAN PROLET>IAT & ( ! S\? 9 G5]AL WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE1 IF NOT BREAK+ DEF9ITIVELY ! RELATION DEVELOPM5T-UND]DEVELOPM5T & 9/OR+ A NEW LOGIC ( A REVOLUTION>Y K9D4 ,EV5 ! ,SICILIAN DREAM] CAN 9S]T HIMSELF 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE D5\NC+ ! SUB/ANTIAL FUNCTION ( BRAKE & SUPPORT ( P[] ?AT MANY MORE =TUNATE DREAM]S1 ACT+ 9 ! PRIVILEG$ >E ( ! 9DU/RIAL NOR?1 VOL5TI OR NOL5TI1 CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S1 ACCOMPLI%4 ,! FILTRE ( CULTURE WEIY =CES ?AT F9D GREAT SPACE & GREAT SUPPORT !RE3 FASCI/S1 MAFIA & SU* LIKE4 ,E7 ,! !ORY ( REACTION>Y NATIONS4 ,A /RANGE MI/AKE ?AT (T5 COMES BACK 9TO FA%ION & :I* HAS PRODUC$ BREAKD[NS 9 ! PA/4 ,(T5 MANY COMRADES1 AL?\< D5Y+ IT AT !ORETICAL LEVEL1 MANIFE/ A K9D ( VISC]AL REACTION AGA9/ SOME NATIONS ?AT >E SE5 AS REACTION>Y AS SU*4 ,! MO/ COMMON EXAMPLE ( ?IS MI/AKE IS MADE BY ?OSE COMRADES :O SUPPORT ! /RUGGLES & ! !ORETICAL POSITION ( SOME E?NIC GR\PS SU* AS ! BLACKS 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! ,PALE/9IANS1 ! CA?OLICS 9 NOR!RN ,IREL&1 = :I* ! ADV]SE GR\PS1 :ITE ,AM]ICANS1 ,ISRAELIAN ,JEWS1 ,5GLI% PROTE/ANTS 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL& IMM$IATELY BECOME EXAMPLE ( REACTION>Y NATIONS4 ,5GELS SPOKE ) GREAT CONTEMPT ( ! PEOPLES )\T HI/ORY & CONDEMN$ ! NATIONS TO H>D SLAV]Y1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! REVOLUTION>Y LIB]ATION ?AT IT WAS TO BE NECESS>Y TO REA* ?R\< ! GREAT NATIONS ?AT >E C5T]$ ) A /RONG WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BAKUN9 ON ! O!R H& LOOK$ ) SYMPA?Y T[>DS ! WEAK NATIONS BECAUSE HE SAW 9 !M ! PRECURSORS ( ! LIB]ATION ( TOMORR[4 ,?US HE WROTE 9 A FAM\S PASSAGE ( ,/ATE & AN>*Y3 0,! ,SLAV P]SECUTORS MU/ F9ALLY UND]/& ?AT ! TIME 9 :I* ONE C\LD PLAY 9NOC5TLY AT ,SLAV PHILOLOGY IS OV] & ?AT NO?+ IS MORE ABSURD & AT ! SAME TIME MORE NEFA/1 MORE MORTAL = ! PEOPLE ?AN ! MAK+ ( ! PSEUDO-PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 ! IDEAL ( ALL POPUL> ASPIRATIONS4 ,NATIONALITY IS NOT A PR9CIPLE ?AT IS COMMON TO ! :OLE ( HUMANITY1 BUT IS A HI/ORICAL FACT1 LIMIT$ TO ONE DI/RICT1 A FACT ?AT HAS UND\BT$LY1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ?AT IS REAL & 9(F5SIVE1 ! RIACT]1 ITS WAY ( LIV+1 ( EXPRESS+ ITSELF1 ( FEEL+1 ?9K+1 ACT+2 & IT IS ?IS *>ACT]1 ?IS WAY ( BE+1 ?AT =M PRECISELY ! ESS5CE ( NATIONALITY1 ! PRODUCT ( A :OLE HI/ORICAL EPO* & ! :OLE ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! PEOPLE04 ,DIFF]5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! M>XI/ POSITION ( ,5GELS3 0,! ,EUROPEAN SIGNIFICANCE ( A PEOPLE1 ITS VITALITY C\NTS = NO?+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY2 = SU* A PR9CIPAL ! ,ROMANIANS ( ,WALAC*IA :O HAVE NEV] HAD !IR [N HI/ORY NOR ! 5]GY TO MAKE IT1 C\NT 9 ! SAME MEASURE ( ! ,ITALIANS ) !IR BI-MILL5>IAN HI/ORY & ! UNCONSUM$ NATIONAL 5]GIES2 ! ,WEL% & ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,ISLE ( ,MAN W\LD HAVE1 HAD !Y SO WI%$1 & ABSURD AS IT MI CLO?+ TO ?R[ SMOKE 9 ! EYES ( NAIVE PEOPLE & ?AT ONE CAN USE CONV5I5TLY SLOGANS OR ?R[ ASIDE1 ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS TYPICAL ]ROR ( ! REACTION>Y NATION ?AT ALIM5T$ ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! SO-CALL$ ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE54 ,! $ITORIAL GR\P ( ! ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX SPLIT 9 TWO GR\PS FROM ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#f4 ! SITUATION 9 ,P>IS & )9 ! :OLE ( ! ,FR5* & 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BECAME HOT4 ! #a#d? ,M>* 0,LA ,BATAILLE0 PUBLI%$ ! ,MANIFE/O SIGN$ BY FIFTE5 PEOPLE 7! SIXTE5? WAS ,ALG]IAN LOCALITY ( ,HUSSE9 ,DEY1 MI/AK5 = A MILITANT74 AMONG ! NAMES W]E AN>*I/S :O W]E WELL KN[N ALL OV] ! WORLD3 ,GRAVE1 ,MALATO1 ,PI]ROT1 ,PAUL ,RECLUS1 CORNELISS51 ,*]HESOV & ,KROPOTK94 ,9 ! DOCUM5T IT WAS SAID1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0,) ?OSE :O >E /RUGGL+ WE CONSID] ?AT1 UNLESS ! ,G]MAN POPULATION1 RETURN+ TO MORE SANE PROPOSALS ( JU/ICE & RIY TO ?IS POSITION WAS =M$ IMM$IATELY4 ,FROM ,LONDON ,MALATE/A REPLI$ ) A PIECE 5TITL$3 ,AN>*I/S & ,GOV]NM5T4 ,F7 ,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE NECESS>ILY FL[S 9TO 9 A POLITICAL REVOLUTION PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS A QUE/ION ( A POLITICAL DEM&4 ,ANO!R ]ROR ?AT IS DUE TO M>XI/ DET]M9ISM4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ! FIR/ ( ! MI/AKES CONSID]$ H]E1 ?AT :]E A C\NTRY ?AT IS ECONOMICALLY DEP5D5T ON ANO!R CANNOT BE 9DEP5D5T1 ?IS AFFIRMS ?AT A /RUGGLE = POLITICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION NECESS>ILY REMA9S )9 ! ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ?AT *>ACT]IZES IT4 WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT AS AN>*I/S WE P>TICIPATE 9 ALL /RUGGLES = FRE$OM1 SO LONG AS !Y HAVE ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL /RUGGLES ( ! BASE1 ?AT IS SEE PRES5T ! MASSES ALONG ) ! ACTION ( ! M9ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS ) PROGRAMS ?AT >E POLITICALLY & IDEOLOGICALLY DIFF]5TIAT$ BUT :I* >E SUFFICI5TLY CLE> SO AS TO HAVE NO D\BT AB\T !IR AIMS4 ,WE CANNOT1 AS WE HAVE (T5 MA9TA9$1 RES]VE \R 9T]V5TION TO ONLY ! /RUGGLE GUID$ BY ! AN>*I/S TO ! /RUGGLES ?AT WE SUPPOSE HAVE SUFFICI5T P] C5T GU>ANTEES ( VICTORY4 ,! /RUGGLE DEVELOPS 9 ! /RUGGLE1 IT IS NEV] A /ATIC MODEL ?AT REPRODUCES ITSELF ME*ANICALLY ALWAYS 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,\R V]Y PRES5CE ALSO )9 ! /RUGGLES ?AT />T V]Y F> FROM AN>*I/ OBJECTIVES CAN CAUSE MODIFICATIONS SU* AS TO CONS5T A CONSID]ABLE APPROA* TO ! REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES ( AN>*ISM4 ,N[1 ! /RUGGLES = NATIONAL LIB]ATION HAVE PRECISELY ?IS /RUCTURE3 !Y >E /RONGLY CONTRADICTORY1 !Y PRES5T ELEM5TS ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] IF !Y HAD NOT EXI/$1 BUT ?AT EXI/1 & ?AT NO PI\S 9T5TION CAN EXCLUDE4 IF AN>*I/S WANT TO BE PURI/S LET !M BE SO1 BUT ) REVOLUTIONS HAVE NEV] BE5 MADE ) PURISM & ! C&ID EXHIBITION ( !IR [N IDEOLOGICAL UPRI MASS 9SURRECTION BE REALIZ$1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE SELF-MANAG$1 IS ! FUNDAM5TAL TASK ( AN>*I/S MILITANTS4 & ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE HAS MANY POSSIBILITIES ( SETT+ \T 9 ! 9SURRECTIONAL DIRECTION4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,APRIL #a#f1 #bb 3 ,SOME V]Y COMMON !ORETICAL ]RORS -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,SOME V]Y COMMON !ORETICAL ]RORS -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/