,SOME ,NOTES ON ! ,ILLUM9AT$ ,BOOKS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES MAY BE CALL$ ! EPO* ( WRIT+ P> EXCELL5CE4 ,/ONE1 
      BRONZE1 WOOD5 RUNE-/AVES1 WAX$ TABLETS1 PAPYRUS1 C\LD BE WRITT5 UPON ) ONE 
      9/RUM5T OR ANO!R2 BUT ALL !SE - EV5 ! LA/1 T5D] & BRITTLE AS IT WAS 
      - W]E BUT MAKE%IFT MAT]IALS = WRIT+ ON2 & IT WAS NOT UNTIL P>*M5T & 
      VELLUM1 & AT LA/ RAG-PAP]1 BECAME COMMON1 ?AT ! TRUE MAT]IAL = WRIT+ 
      ON1 & ! QUILL P51 ! TRUE 9/RUM5T = WRIT+ )1 W]E 
      US$4 ,FROM ?AT TIME TILL ! P]IOD ( ! G5]AL USE ( PR9T+ MU/ BE 
      CONSID]$ ! AGE ( WRITT5 BOOKS4 ,AS 9 O!R H&ICRAFTS1 SO ALSO 9 ?IS1 ! 
      GREAT P]IOD ( G5U9E CREATION 7ONCE CALL$ ! ,D>K ,AGES BY ?OSE :O HAD 
      =GOTT5 ! PA/1 & :OSE IDEAL ( ! FUTURE WAS A COM=TABLE PRISON7 DID ALL 
      ?AT WAS WOR? DO+ AS AN >T1 LEAV+ MAKE%IFTS TO ! P]IOD ( ! ,NEW ,BIR? 
      & ! 9TELLIG5CE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION4 
     
     

      ,BYZANTIUM WAS D\BTLESS ! MO!R ( M$IEVAL CALLIGRAPHY1 BUT ! >T SPREAD 
      SPE$ILY ?R\< ! ,NOR? ( ,EUROPE & FL\RI%$ !RE AT AN E>LY P]IOD1 & 
      IT IS ALMO/ />TL+ TO F9D IT1 AS WE DO1 9 FULL BLOOM 9 ,IREL& 9 ! 
      SEV5? C5TURY4 ,NO M]E WRIT+ HAS BE5 DONE BE=E OR S9CE ) SU* P]FECTION 
      AS ?AT ( ! E>LY ,IRI% ECCLESIA/ICAL BOOKS2 & ?IS CALLIGRAPHY IS 
      9T]E/+ ALSO1 AS %[+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( :AT IS N[ CALL$ BY PR9T]S 
      ^*L[]-CASE' LETT]1 FROM ! ANCI5T MAJUSCUL> *>ACT]S4 ,! WRIT+ IS1 ,I MU/ 
      REPEAT1 POSITIVELY BEAUTIFUL 9 ITSELF1 ?OR\<LY ORNAM5TAL2 BUT !SE 
      BOOKS >E MO/LY WELL EQUIPP$ ) ACTUAL ORNAM5T1 AS C>EFULLY EXECUT$ AS ! 
      WRIT+ - 9 FACT1 M>VELS ( PATI5T & +5I\S 9T]LACEM5TS4 ,?IS ORNAM5T1 
      H[EV]1 HAS NO RELATION 9 ANY G5U9E ,IRI% BOOK TO ! TRADITIONAL 
      /YLE ( ,BYZANTIUM1 BUT IS RA!R A BRAN* ( A GREAT & WIDESPREAD S*OOL ( 
      PRIMAL DECORATION1 :I* HAS LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( HUMANITY & 
      ITS DO+S1 OR1 9DE$1 9 ANY ORGANIC LIFE1 BUT IS CONT5T$ ) ! CONVOLUTIONS 
      ( AB/RACT L9ES1 OV] :I* IT ATTA9S TO GREAT MA/]Y4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE 
      ( ?IS K9D ( >T MAY BE F\ND 9 ! C>V+S ( ! ,MAORIS ( ,NEW ,ZEAL&2 BUT 
      IT IS COMMON TO MANY RACES AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! COLOR ( !SE 
      ,IRI% ORNAM5TS IS NOT V]Y DELI<TFUL1 & NO GOLD APPE>S 9 !M4 #a 
     

      ,?IS ,IRI% CALLIGRAPHY & ILLUM9ATION WAS TAK5 UP BY ! ,NOR? ( ,5GL& MONKS2 
      & FROM !M1 ?\< 9 LESS COMPLET5ESS1 BY ! ,C>LOV+IAN MAK]S ( BOOKS 
      BO? 9 ,FRANCE & EV5 9 ,G]MANY2 BUT !Y W]E NOT CONT5T ) ! QUITE 
      ELEM5T>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! HUMAN =M CURR5T 9 ! ,IRI% ILLUM9ATIONS1 & 
      FILL$ UP ! GAP BY IMITAT+ ! ,BYZANT9E PICTURE-BOOKS ) CONSID]ABLE 
      SUCCESS1 #b & 9 TIME DEVELOP$ A V]Y BEAUTIFUL /YLE ( ILLUM9ATION 
      COMB9+ ORNAM5T ) FIGURE-DRAW+1 & ONE SEAT ( :I* 9 ! E>LY ELEV5? 
      C5TURY WAS ,W9*E/]4 #c ,GOLD WAS US$ ) SOME COPI\SNESS 9 !SE 
      LATT] BOOKS1 BUT IS NOT SE5 9 ! C>EFULLY-RAIS$ & HI<LY-BURNI%$ 
      CONDITION :I* IS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( M$IEVAL ILLUM9ATION AT ITS Z5I?4 
     
     

      ,IT %\LD BE NOTIC$ ?AT AMONG ! ,BYZANT9E BOOKS ( ! E>LI] P]IOD >E 
      SOME :I* ON ONE SIDE SURPASS 9 M]E SUMPTU\SNESS ALL BOOKS EV] MADE2 !SE >E 
      WRITT5 9 GOLD & SILV] ON VELLUM1 /A9$ PURPLE ?R\<\T4 ,LAT] ON AGA91 9 
      ! SEMI-,BYZANT9E-,ANGLO-,SAXON OR ,C>LOV+IAN P]IOD1 >E LEFT US SOME SPECIM5S 
      ( BOOKS WRITT5 9 GOLD & SILV] ON :ITE VELLUM4 ,?IS SPL5DOR WAS AT TIMES 
      RESORT$ TO 7*IEFLY 9 ,ITALY7 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 
     
     

      ,! JU/-M5TION$ LATE ,ANGLO-,SAXON /YLE WAS ! IMM$IATE =]UNN] ( :AT MAY 
      BE CALL$ ! FIR/ COMPLETE M$IEVAL S*OOL1 ?AT ( ! MIDDLE ( ! TWELF? 
      C5TURY4 ,H]E ! *ANGE = ! BETT] IS PRODIGI\S4 ,AP>T FROM ! ACTUAL 
      PICTURES DONE = EXPLANATION ( ! TEXT & ! $IFICATION ( ! ^*FAI?FUL1' 
      !SE BOOKS >E DECORAT$ ) BORD]S1 ORNAM5TAL LETT]S1 @&C41 9 :I* 
      FOLIAGE & =MS HUMAN1 ANIMAL1 & MON/R\S1 >E BL5D$ ) ! GREATE/ 
      D>+ & MO/ COMPLETE MA/]Y4 ,! DRAW+ IS FIRM & PRECISE1 & IT MAY BE 
      SAID ALSO ?AT AN UN]R+ SY/EM ( BEAUTIFUL COLOR N[ MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE4 
      ,?IS COLOR 7AS ALL S*OOLS ( DECORATIVE COLOR NOT MORE OR LESS EFFETE7 IS 
      F\ND$ ON ! JUXTAPOSITION ( PURE R$ & BLUE MODIFI$ BY DELICATE BUT CLE> 
      & BRI<T L9ES & ^*PE>L+S' ( :ITE1 & BY ! USE ( A LITTLE GRE5 & 
      SPACES ( PALE P9K & FLE%-COLOR1 & H]E & !RE SOME NEGATIVE GRAYS & 
      IVORY YELL[S4 ,9 MO/ CASES :]E ! BOOK IS AT ALL SPL5DID1 GOLD IS V]Y FREELY 
      US$1 MO/LY 9 L>GE SPACES - BACKGR\NDS & ! LIKE - :I*1 HAV+ BE5 GILD$ 
      OV] A SOLID GR\ND ) ?ICK GOLD-LEAF1 >E BURNI%$ TILL !Y LOOK LIKE SOLID 
      PLATES ( ACTUAL METAL4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS IS BO? SPL5DID & REF9$1 ! C>E 
      ) :I* ! GOLD IS LAID ON1 & ITS HI< F9I%1 PREV5T+ ANY IMPRESSION ( 
      GAUD9ESS4 ,! WRIT+ ( ?IS P]IOD BECOM+ SOME:AT MORE DEF9ITELY ^*,GO?IC1' 
      DOES NOT FALL %ORT ( 7IT C\LD NOT SURPASS7 ?AT ( ! PREVI\S HALF-C5TURY4 
     
     

      ,FROM ?IS TIME A V]Y GRADUAL *ANGE1 DUR+ :I* WE HAVE TO NOTE SOME:AT MORE ( 
      DELICACY 9 DRAW+ & REF9EM5T ( COLOR1 BR+S US TO ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! 
      ?IRTE5? C5TURY2 & H]E A SUND]+ ( ! /YLES ( ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES 
      BEG9S TO BE OBVI\S4 ,?R\<\T ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ?\< !RE IS A DIFF]5CE1 
      IT IS EASI] TO DI/+UI% AN ,5GLI% OR ,FR5* BOOK FROM A ,G]MAN OR ,ITALIAN BY 
      ! WRIT+ ?AN BY ! ILLUM9ATION2 BUT AFT] #abbe ! FIR/ GLANCE ON OP5+ 
      ! BOOK WILL MO/ (T5 CRY \T AT Y\1 ,G]MAN1 ,ITALIAN1 OR ,FR5*-,5GLI%4 ,= 
      ! RE/1 ! ILLUM9ATIONS /ILL GA9 9 BEAUTY & DELICACY1 ! GOLD IS EV5 
      MORE UNIV]SALLY BRILLIANT1 ! COLOR /ILL MORE DELICI\S4 ,! SUB->T ( ! 
      RUBRICATOR1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! LIMN] & ! SCRIBE1 N[ BECOMES MORE 
      IMPORTANT1 & REMA9S SO D[N TO ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,WORK ( GREAT 
      F95ESS & ELEGANCE1 DRAWN MO/LY ) ! P51 & ALWAYS QUITE FREELY1 9 R$ 
      & BLUE C\NT]-*ANG$1 IS LAVI%$ ON ! SMALL] 9ITIALS & O!R 
      SUBSIDI>IES ( ! PAGES1 PRODUC+1 ) ! FIRM BLACK WRIT+ & ! IVORY 
      TONE ( ! VELLUM1 A V]Y BEAUTIFUL EFFECT1 EV5 :5 ! MORE SOLID & ELABORATE 
      ILLUM9ATION IS LACK+4 
     
     

      ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 AP>T FROM !OLOGICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISES1 H]BALS1 
      BE/I>IES1 @&C41 ! BOOK MO/ (T5 MET )1 ESPECIALLY :5 SPL5DIDLY 
      ORNAM5T$1 IS ! ,PSALT]1 AS SUNG 9 *UR*ES1 TO :I* IS G5]ALLY ADD$ A 
      CAL5D>1 & ALWAYS A LITANY ( ! SA9TS4 ,?IS CAL5D>1 BY ! WAY1 BO? 9 
      ?IS & SUCCE$+ C5TURIES1 IS (T5 EXCE$+LY 9T]E/+1 FROM ! 
      REPRES5TATIONS GIV5 9 IT ( DOME/IC OCCUPATIONS4 ,! GREAT 9ITIAL ,B 
      7,BEATUS VIR QUI NON7 ( !SE BOOKS AF=DS AN OPPORTUNITY TO ! 
      ILLUM9ATOR1 SELDOM MISS$1 ( PUTT+ =? TO ! FULL HIS P[]S ( DESIGN & 
      COLOR4 
     
     

      ,! LA/ QU>T] ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY BR+S US TO ! CLIMAX ( ILLUM9ATION 
      CONSID]$ AP>T FROM BOOK-PICTURES4 ,NO?+ CAN EXCE$ ! GRACE1 ELEGANCE1 & 
      BEAUTY ( ! DRAW+ & ! LOVEL9ESS ( ! COLOR F\ND AT ?IS P]IOD 9 ! 
      BE/-EXECUT$ BOOKS2 & IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT1 ?\< SOME WORK IS R\<] ?AN 
      O!R1 AT ?IS TIME !RE W\LD APPE>1 JUDG+ FROM EXI/+ EXAMPLES1 TO HAVE 
      BE5 NO BAD WORK DONE4 ,! TRADITION ( ! EPO* IS ALL-EMBRAC+ & 
      ALL-P[]FUL1 & YET NO S+LE VOLUME IS )\T A G5U9E 9DIVIDUALITY & LIFE 
      ( ITS [N4 ,9 %ORT1 IF ALL ! O!R >T ( ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD 
      DISAPPE>$1 !Y MI<T /ILL CLAIM TO BE CONSID]$ A GREAT P]IOD ( >T ON ! 
      /R5G? (!IR ORNAM5TAL BOOKS4 
     
     

      ,9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY WE NOTE A COMPLETE DIFF]5TIATION 
      BETWE5 ! WORK ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,!RE >E N[ ?REE GREAT S*OOLS3 ,! 
      ,FR5*-,FLEMI%-,5GLI%1 ! ,ITALIAN1 & ! ,G]MAN4 ,( !SE ! FIR/ IS ! 
      MO/1 ! LA/ ( ! LEA/ IMPORTANCE4 ,AS TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,5GL& & 
      ,FRANCE1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT1 ?\< !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 IT IS 
      SOME:AT SUBTLE1 & MAY BE PUT ?US3 ( SOME BOOKS Y\ MAY SAY1 ,?IS IS ,FR5*2 ( 
      O!RS1 ,?IS IS ,5GLI%2 BUT ( ! GREAT] P>T Y\ CAN SAY NO?+ MORE ?AN1 
      ,?IS BELONGS TO ! ,FR5*-,5GLI% S*OOL4 ,( ?OSE ?AT CAN BE DIFF]5TIAT$ ) 
      SOME?+ LIKE C]TA9TY1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! ,FR5* EXCEL SPECIALLY 9 A 
      DA9TY & ORD]LY ELEGANCE1 ! ,5GLI% SPECIALLY 9 LOVE ( LIVE & NATURE1 & 
      !RE IS MORE ( RUDE HUMOR 9 !M ?AN 9 !IR ,FR5* CONTEMPOR>IES2 BUT HE 
      MU/ BE AT ONCE A FA/IDI\S & AN ABSOLUTE MAN :O C\LD SAY ! ,FR5* IS BETT] 
      ?AN ! ,5GLI% OR ! ,5GLI% ?AN ! ,FR5*4 
     
     

      ,! ,NORWI* ,PSALT]1 9 ! ,BODLEIAN ,LIBR>Y2 ! ,>UNDEL1 ,QUE5 ,M>Y'S1 & 
      ,T5NISON ,PSALT]S1 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 >E AMONG ! F9E/ ( !SE ,5GLI% 
      BOOKS3 NO?+ CAN SURPASS !IR F]TILITY ( 9V5TION1 SPL5DOR ( EXECUTION1 
      & BEAUTY ( COLOR4 
     
     

      ,?IS 5D ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY W5T ON PRODUC+ SPL5DID PSALT]S AT A GREAT 
      RATE2 BUT BETWE5 #abf & #ac OR #acb ! GREATE/ 9DU/RY ( ! SCRIBE WAS 
      EX]CIS$ 9 ! WRIT+ ( ,BIBLES1 ESPECIALLY POCKET VOLUMES4 ,!SE LA/1 IT IS 
      CLE>1 W]E PRODUC$ 9 5ORM\S QUANTITIES1 = 9 SPITE ( ! RAVAGES ( TIME 
      MANY ?\S&S ( !M /ILL EXI/4 ,!Y >E ONE & ALL BEAUTIFULLY WRITT5 9 
      H&S NECESS>ILY V]Y M9UTE1 & MO/LY V]Y PRETTILY ILLUM9AT$ ) T9Y 
      FIGURE-SUBJECTS 9 ! 9ITIALS ( EA* BOOK4 
     
     

      ,= A %ORT P]IOD AT ! 5D ( ?IS & ! BEG9N+ ( ! NEXT C5TURY MANY 
      COPIES ( ! ,APOCALYPSE W]E PRODUC$1 ILLU/RAT$ COPI\SLY ) PICTURES1 :I* 
      GIVE US EXAMPLES ( S]I\S ,GO?IC DESIGN AT ITS BE/1 & SEEM TO %[ US :AT 
      WALL-PICTURES ( ! P]IOD MI<T HAVE BE5 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,EUROPE4 
     
     

      ,! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ! GREAT MO!R ( *ANGE1 WAS AS BUSY 9 MAK+ 
      ORNAM5TAL BOOKS AS 9 O!R >TI/IC WORK4 ,:5 WE >E ONCE FAIRLY 9 ! C5TURY 
      A GREAT *ANGE IS APP>5T AGA9 9 ! /YLE4 ,IT IS NOT QUITE TRUE TO SAY ?AT IT 
      IS MORE R$UNDANT ?AN ITS PR$ECESSOR1 BUT IT HAS MORE ME*ANICAL R$UNDANCY4 ,! 
      BACKGR\NDS TO ! PICTURES >E MORE ELABORAT$2 SOMETIMES DIAP]$ BLUE & R$1 
      SOMETIMES GOLD MO/ BEAUTIFULLY *AS$ ) DOTS & L9ES4 ,! BORD]S COV] ! 
      PAGE MORE2 BUDS TURN 9TO OP5 LEAVES3 (T5 ABUNDANCE ( BIRDS & ANIMALS APPE> 
      9 ! BORD]S1 NATURALI/ICALLY TREAT$ 7& V]Y WELL DRAWN72 !RE IS MORE 
      FRE$OM1 & YET LESS 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ?IS WORK2 9 %ORT ! /YLE1 ?\< IT HAS 
      LO/ NO?+ 79 ITS BE/ WORKS7 ( ELEGANCE & DA9T9ESS - QUALITIES SO 
      DESIRABLE 9 AN ORNAM5T$ BOOK - HAS LO/ SOME:AT ( MANL9ESS & 
      PRECISION2 & ?IS GOES ON 9CREAS+ TILL1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 WE 
      FEEL ?AT WE HAVE BE=E US WORK ?AT IS 9 P]IL ( AN ESS5TIAL *ANGE = ! 
      WORSE4 #d 
     

      ,! DIFF]5TIATION1 TOO1 BETWIXT ! C\NTRIES 9CREASES2 BE=E ! C5TURY IS 
      QUITE OV]1 ,5GL& FALLS BACK 9 ! RACE1 #e & ,FR5*-,FL&]S & 
      ,BURGUNDY COME =W>D1 :ILE ,ITALY HAS H] FACE TURN$ T[>D ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & 
      ,G]MANY TOO (T5 %[S A T5D5CY T[>D CO>S5ESS & 9COMPLET5ESS1 :I* HAD 
      TO BE R$EEM$ 9 ! LONG LA/ BY ! HONE/Y ( 9V5TION & FITNESS ( PURPOSE 
      ( H] WOODCUT ORNAM5TS TO BOOKS4 ,MANY MO/BEAUTIFUL BOOKS1 H[EV]1 W]E TURN$ 
      \T1 NOT ONLY ?R\<\T ! F\RTE5?1 BUT EV5 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! 
      FIFTE5? C5TURY4#f 
     

      ,! FIR/ H>B+] ( ! GREAT *ANGE ?AT WAS TO COME OV] ! MAK+ ( BOOKS ,I 
      TAKE TO BE ! PRODUCTION 9 ,ITALY ( MO/ BEAUTIFULLY-WRITT5 COPIES ( ! ,LAT9 
      CLASSICS4 ,!SE >E (T5 V]Y HI<LY ORNAM5T$2 & AT FIR/ NOT ONLY DO !Y 
      IMITATE 7V]Y NATURALLY7 ! SEV]E H&S ( ! ELEV5? & TWELF? C5TURIES1 
      BUT EV5 7?\< A LONG WAY (F7 ! 9T]LAC+ ORNAM5T ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,9 !SE 
      BOOKS ! WRIT+1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 IS 9 ITS K9D F> MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN 
      ORNAM5T4 ,!RE W]E SO MANY WRITT5 & PICTUR$ BOOKS PRODUC$ 9 ! FIFTE5? 
      C5TURY ?AT SPACE QUITE FAILS ME TO WRITE ( !M AS !IR GREAT M]ITS DES]VE4 
      ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! C5TURY AN 9V5TION1 9 ITSELF TRIFL+1 WAS =C$ UPON 
      ,EUROPE BY ! GR[+ DEM& = MORE & *EAP] BOOKS4 ,GUT5B]G SOMEH[ GOT HOLD 
      ( PUN*ES1 MATRICES1 ! ADJU/ABLE MOLD1 & SO ( CA/ MOVABLE TYPE2 
      ,S*OEFF]1 ,M5TEL91 & ! RE/ ( !M CAU<T UP ! >T ) ! 5]GY & 
      SKILL SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! M$IEVAL CRAFTSMAN4 ,! NEW ,G]MAN >T SPREAD LIKE 
      WILDFIRE 9TO EV]Y C\NTRY ( ,EUROPE2 & 9 A FEW YE>S WRITT5 BOOKS HAD BECOME 
      M]E TOYS = ! IMM5SELY RI*4 
     
     

      ,YES ! SCRIBE1 ! RUBRICATOR1 & ! ILLUM9ATOR DI$ H>D4 ,DECORAT$ WRITT5 
      BOOKS W]E PRODUC$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S AFT] PR9T+ HAD BECOME COMMON2 BY F> ! 
      GREAT] NUMB] ( !SE W]E ,BOOKS ( ,H\RS1 V]Y HI<LY ORNAM5T$ & MU* 
      PICTUR$4 ,!IR /YLE IS AS DEF9ITE AS ANY ( ! =M] ONES1 BUT IT HAS N[ GONE 
      (F ! ROAD ( LOGICAL CONSI/5CY2 = DIVORCE HAS TAK5 PLACE BETWE5 ! 
      PICTURE-WORK & ! ORNAM5T4 ,(T5 ! PICTURES >E EXQUISITELY-F9I%$ 
      M9IATURES BELONG+ TO ! BE/ S*OOLS ( PA9T+ ( ! DAY2 BUT (T5 ALSO 
      !Y >E CLE>LY ! WORK ( M5 EMPLOY$ TO FILL UP A SPACE1 & HAV+ NO 
      9T]E/ 9 !IR WORK SAVE LIVELIHOOD4 ,! ORNAM5T NEV] FELL QUITE SO L[ AS 
      ?AT1 ?\< AS ORNAM5T IT IS NOT V]Y ^*DI/+UI%$1' & (T51 
      ESPECIALLY 9 ! LATE/ BOOKS1 SC>CELY ADDS TO ! EFFECT ON ! PAGE ( ! 
      M9IATURE TO :I* IT IS SUBSIDI>Y4 
     
     

      ,BUT BESIDES !SE LATE-WRITT5 BOOKS1 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( PR9T+1 ! 
      RUBRICATOR WAS G5]ALLY1 & ! ILLUM9ATOR NOT SELDOM1 EMPLOY$ ON PR9T+ 
      BOOKS !MSELVES4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( PR9T+ ! BIG 9ITIALS W]E ALMO/ ALWAYS 
      LEFT = ! RUBRICATOR TO PA9T 9 9 R$ & BLUE1 & W]E (T5 DECORAT$ ) 
      PRETTY SCROLL-WORK BY HIM2 & SOMETIMES ONE OR MORE PAGES ( ! BOOK W]E 
      SURR\ND$ ) ORNAM5T 9 GOLD & COLORS1 & ! 9ITIALS ELABORATELY F9I%$ 
      9 ! SAME WAY4 
     
     

      ,! MO/ COMPLETE EXAMPLES ( ?IS LATT] WORK SUBSIDI>Y TO ! PR9T$ PAGE >E 
      F\ND 9 E>LY BOOKS PR9T$ 9 ,ITALY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! SPL5DID $ITIONS ( ! 
      CLASSICS :I* CAME FROM ! PRESSES ( ! ,ROMAN & ,V5ETIAN PR9T]S4 
     
     

      ,BY AB\T #aec ALL BOOK ILLUM9ATION ( ANY VALUE WAS OV]1 & ?US DISAPPE>$ AN 
      >T :I* MAY BE CALL$ PECULI> TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & :I* COMMONLY %[S 
      M$IEVAL CRAFTSMAN%IP AT ITS BE/1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! EXCELL5CE ( ! WORK 
      ITSELF1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ?AT WORK CAN ONLY SUFF] FROM DE/RUCTION & 
      DEFACEM5T1 & CANNOT1 LIKE M$IEVAL BUILD+S1 BE SUBJECT$ TO ! CRUEL] 
      RAVAGES ( ^*RE/ORATION4' 
     
     

      ,! ILLU/RATIONS = ?IS >TICLE W]E ! FOLL[+3 
     
     
        ,LETT] 9 R$ & BLUE SCROLL2 FROM A ,BIBLE WRITT5 9 ,NOR? ,FRANCE1 #a#b#h4 
       
       
        ,PAGE FROM A ,PSALT]2 WRITT5 9 ,SUFFOLK1 C4 #a#b#f4 
       
       
        ,PAGE FROM A ,BOOK ( ,H\RS2 WRITT5 9 ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE1 #a#b#i4 
       
       
        ,PAGE FROM A ,BREVI>Y2 WRITT5 9 ,NOR? ,FRANCE1 #a#c#h4 
       
       
        ,FROM A ,PSALT]1 WRITT5 9 ! ,MIDL& ,C\NTIES ( ,5GL&1 #a#b#b#e4 
       
     

      #a ,EXAMPLE3 ,! ,BOOK ( ,KELLS1 ,TR9ITY ,COLLEGE1 ,DUBL91 @&C4 
     
     

      #b ,EXAMPLES3 ,DURHAM ,GOSPELS1 ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 ,GOSPELS AT ,B\LOGNE1 @&C4 
     
     

      #c ,EXAMPLE3 ,*>T] ( F\NDATION ( ,NEWM9/] AT ,W9*E/]1 ,BRITI% 
      ,MUSEUM4 
     
     

      #d ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,BIBLES ,HI/ORIAUX1 I4E41 P>TIAL TRANSLATIONS ( 
      ! ,BIBLE1 V]Y COPI\SLY PICTUR$1 W]E ONE ( ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y PRODUCTIONS ( 
      ! LATT] HALF ( ! C5TURY4 ,! ,BIBLE TAK5 9 ! T5T ( ! ,FR5* ,K+ AT 
      ! BATTLE ( ,POITI]S1 N[ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 IS A F9E EXAMPLE4 
     
     

      #e ,?\< WE HAVE 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM SOME MAGNIFIC5T EXAMPLES ( 
      ,5GLI% ILLUM9ATION ( ! 5D ( ! F\RTE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! FIFTE5? 
      C5TURIES1 E4G41 ,! ,SALISBURY ,BOOK2 A HUGE ,BIBLE 7,H>L4 I1 E4 IX7 
      ORNAM5T$ 9 A /YLE V]Y PECULI>LY ,5GLI%4 ,! ,WYCLIFFE TRANSLATION ( ! 
      ,BIBLE AT ! ,MUSEUM IS A GOOD SPECIM5 ( ?IS /YLE4 
     
     

      #f ,! ,H\RS ( ! ,DUKE ( ,B]RY 7,BIBLIO!QUE ,NATIONALE1 ,P>IS71 
      & ! ,B$=D ,H\RS1 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 BO? ,FR5*1 >E EXCE$+LY SPL5DID 
      EXAMPLES ( ?IS P]IOD4 
     
     

      ,MAGAZ9E ( ,>T1 #a#h#i#d4 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,SOME ,NOTES ON ! ,ILLUM9AT$ ,BOOKS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,SOME ,NOTES ON ! ,ILLUM9AT$ ,BOOKS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/