,*APT] #c 
,FEUDAL ,5GL& 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ F\ND A C]TA9 K9D ( FEUDALITY 9 EXI/5CE 9 ,5GL&--A FEUDALITY :I* WAS DEVELOP$ FROM ! CU/OMS ( ! ,TEUTONIC TRIBES ) NO ADMIXTURE ( ,ROMAN LAW2 & ALSO ?AT EV5 BE=E ! ,CONQUE/ ?IS C\NTRY WAS SL[LY BEG9N+ TO BE MIX$ UP ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 & ?AT NOT ONLY ) ! K9DR$ NATIONS ( ,SC&9AVIA1 BUT ) ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES ALSO4  ,BUT ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM DID 9TRODUCE ! COMPLETE ,FEUDAL SY/EM 9TO ! C\NTRY2 & IT ALSO CONNECT$ IT BY /RONG BONDS TO ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES1 & YET BY SO DO+ LAID ! FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( NATIONAL FEEL+ 9 ,5GL&4 ,! ,5GLI% FELT !IR K9%IP ) ! ,NORSEM5 OR ! ,DANES1 & DID NOT SUFF] FROM !IR CONQUE/S :5 !Y HAD BECOME COMPLETE1 & :51 CONSEQU5TLY1 M]E IMM$IATE VIOL5CE HAD DISAPPE>$ FROM !M2 !IR FEEL+ WAS TRIBAL RA!R ?AN NATIONAL2 BUT !Y C\LD HAVE NO S5SE ( TRIBAL UNITY ) ! V>I$ POPULATIONS ( ! PROV9CES :I* M]E DYNA/ICAL EV5TS HAD /RUNG TOGE!R 9TO ! DOM9ION1 ! MANOR1 ONE MAY SAY1 ( ! =EIGN PR9CES ( ,NORM&Y & ,ANJ\2 &1 AS ! K+S :O RUL$ !M GRADUALLY GOT PU%$ \T ( !IR ,FR5* POSSESSIONS1 ,5GL& BEGAN TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( M5 FELT TO BE =EIGN]S1 & SO GRADUALLY BECAME CONSCI\S ( H] SEP>ATE NATIONALITY1 ?\< /ILL ONLY 9 A FA%ION1 AS ! MANOR ( AN ,5,G,L,I,% LORD4  

,IT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS PIECE TO GIVE ANY?+ LIKE A CONNECT$ /ORY1 EV5 ( ! SLI<TE/1 ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS BETWE5 ! CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM & ! FULLY DEVELOP$ M$IEVAL P]IOD ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 :I* IS ! ,5GL& ?AT ,I HAVE BE=E MY EYES AS ,M$IEVAL OR ,FEUDAL4  ,?AT P]IOD ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY UNIT$ ! DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ELEM5TS :I* HAD BE5 /IRR+ 9 ,EUROPE S9CE ! F9AL FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & ,5GL& %>$ 9 ! G5]AL FEEL+ & SPIRIT ( ! AGE1 AL?\<1 FROM ITS POSITION1 ! C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORY1 & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! LIVES ( ITS PEOPLE1 W]E DIFF]5T4  ,IT IS TO ?IS P]IOD1 !RE=E1 ?AT ,I WI% 9 ! LONG RUN TO CALL Y\R ATT5TION1 & ,I WILL ONLY SAY SO MU* AB\T ! E>LI] P]IOD AS MAY BE NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 H[ ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& GOT 9TO ! POSITION 9 :I* !Y W]E F\ND BY ! ,/ATUTE ( ,LABOR]S 5ACT$ BY ,$W>D ,I,I,I41 & ! ,PEASANTS' ,REBELLION 9 ! TIME ( HIS GR&SON & SUCCESSOR1 ,RI*>D ,I,I4  

,UND\BT$LY1 !N1 ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ MADE A COMPLETE BREAK 9 ! CONT9UITY ( ! HI/ORY ( ,5GL&4  ,:5 ! ,LONDON]S AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ,HA/+S ACCEPT$ ,DUKE ,WILLIAM = !IR K+1 NO D\BT !Y ?\<T ( HIM AS OCCUPY+ MU* ! SAME POSITION AS ?AT ( ! NEWLY SLA9 ,H>OLD2 OR AT ANY RATE !Y LOOK$ ON HIM AS BE+ SU* A K+ ( ,5GL& AS ,KNUT ! ,DANE1 :O HAD ALSO CONQU]$ ! C\NTRY2 & PROBABLY ,WILLIAM HIMSELF ?\<T NO O!RWISE2 BUT ! EV5T WAS QUITE DIFF]5T2 = ON ! ONE H&1 NOT ONLY WAS HE A MAN ( /RONG *>ACT]1 ABLE1 MA/]FUL1 & A GREAT SOLDI] 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 BUT HE HAD AT HIS BACK HIS WEAL?Y DUK$OM ( ,NORM&Y1 :I* HE HAD HIMSELF R$UC$ TO OB$I5CE & ORGANIZ$2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,5GL& LAY BE=E HIM1 UNORGANIZ$1 YET /UBBORNLY REBELLI\S TO HIM2 ITS V]Y DISORGANIZATION & WANT ( A C5T] MAK+ IT MORE DIFFICULT TO DEAL ) BY M]ELY OV]RUNN+ IT ) AN >MY LEVI$ = ?AT PURPOSE1 & BACK$ BY A BODY ( H\SE- C>LES OR GU>DS1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ME?OD ( A ,SC&9AVIAN OR NATIVE K+ 9 DEAL+ ) HIS REBELLI\S SUBJECTS4  ,DUKE ,WILLIAM'S NECESSITIES & 9/9CTS COMB9$ L$ HIM 9TO A V]Y DIFF]5T C\RSE ( ACTION1 :I* DET]M9$ ! FUTURE DE/9Y ( ! C\NTRY4  ,:AT HE DID WAS TO QU>T] UPON ,5GL& AN >MY ( FEUDAL VASSALS DRAWN FROM HIS OB$I5T DUK$OM1 & TO H& OV] TO !M ! LORD%IP ( ! L& ( ,5GL& 9 RETURN = !IR MILIT>Y S]VICE TO HIM1 ! SUZ]A9 ( !M ALL4  ,!NCE=W>D1 IT WAS UND] ! RULE ( !SE =EIGN L&LORDS ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& HAD TO DEVELOP4  

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY AS A ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE WAS *ECK$ & TURN$ ASIDE BY ?IS EV5T4  ,DUKE ,WILLIAM BR\<T1 9 FACT1 HIS ,NORM&Y 9TO ,5GL&1 :I* WAS !REBY *ANG$ FROM A ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE 7,OLD-,NORSE !OD71 ) ! TRIBAL CU/OM>Y LAW /ILL 9 USE AMONG !M1 9TO A PROV9CE ( ,ROMANIZ$ ,FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 A PIECE ( ,FRANCE1 9 %ORT2 & ?\< 9 TIME %E DID GR[ 9TO ANO!R ,5GL& AGA91 %E MISS$ = EV] 9 H] LAWS1 & /ILL MORE 9 H] LANGUAGE & H] LIT]ATURE1 ! *ANCE ( DEVELOP+ 9TO A GREAT HOMOG5E\S ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE 9FUS$ USEFULLY ) A MIXTURE ( ,CELTIC BLOOD4  

,H[EV]1 ?IS /EP :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM WAS =C$ TO TAKE FUR!R 9FLU5C$ ! FUTURE ( ! C\NTRY BY CREAT+ ! GREAT ORD] ( ! ,B>ONAGE1 & ! HI/ORY ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ,5GL& IS PRETTY MU* ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! K+ ) ! ,B>ONAGE & ! ,*UR*4  ,= ,WILLIAM FIX$ ! TYPE ( ! SUCCESSFUL ,5GLI% M$IEVAL K+1 ( :OM ,H5RY ,I,I4 & ,$W>D ,I4 W]E ! MO/ NOTABLE EXAMPLES AFT]W>DS4  ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ) HIM ?AT ! /RUGGLE T[>DS MON>*ICAL BUREAUCRACY BEGAN1 :I* WAS *ECK$ BY ! B>ONS1 :O EXTORT$ ,MAGNA ,*>TA FROM ,K+ ,JOHN1 & AFT]W>DS BY ! REVOLT HEAD$ BY ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T 9 ,H5RY ,I,I,I4'S REIGN2 WAS C>RI$ ON VIGOR\SLY BY ,$W>D ,I41 & F9ALLY SUCCESSFULLY F9I%$ BY ,H5RY ,V,I,I4 AFT] ! LONG FACTION-FI<T ( ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES HAD WEAK5$ ! FEUDAL LORDS SO MU* ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] ASS]T !MSELVES AGA9/ ! MON>*Y4  

,AS TO ! O!R POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR*1 TWO ?+S >E TO BE NOT$2 FIR/1 ?AT AT LEA/ 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ! ,*UR* WAS ON ! POPUL> SIDE4  ,?OMAS ,BECKETT WAS CANONIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 =MALLY & BY REGUL> DECREE2 BUT HIS MEMORY WAS HELD SO DE> BY ! PEOPLE ?AT HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 CANONIZ$ 9=MALLY BY !M IF ! HOLY SEAT AT ,ROME HAD REFUS$ TO DO SO4  ,! SECOND ?+ TO BE NOT$ AB\T ! DISPUTE IS ?IS1 ?AT IT WAS NO CONTE/ ( PR9CIPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! M$IEVAL !ORY ( LIFE & RELIGION1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE W]E ONE 9 ESS5CE1 & BUT SEP>ATE MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD UPON E>?1 :I* WAS P>T ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 HEAV54  ,! K+ WAS AN (FIC] ( ?AT REALM & A LIEGEMAN ( ,GOD4  ,! DOCTOR ( LAWS & ! DOCTOR ( PHYSIC P>TOOK 9 A DEGREE ( ! PRIE/LY *>ACT]4  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,*UR* WAS NOT )DRAWN FROM ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( M52 ! DIVISION 9TO A WORLDLY & SPIRITUAL LIFE1 NEI!R ( :I* HAD MU* TO DO ) ! O!R1 WAS A CREATION ( ! PROTE/ANTISM ( ! ,RE=MATION1 & HAD NO PLACE 9 ! PRACTICE AT LEA/ ( ! M$IEVAL ,*UR*1 :I* WE CANNOT TOO C>EFULLY REMEMB] IS LITTLE MORE REPRES5T$ BY MOD]N ,CA?OLICISM ?AN BY MOD]N ,PROTE/ANTISM4  ,! CONTE/1 !RE=E1 BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR* WAS A M]E BICK]+ BETWE5 TWO BODIES1 )\T ANY ESS5TIAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M1 AS TO H[ F> ! ADM9I/RATION ( EI!R REA*$2 NEI!R DREAM$ ( SUBORD9AT+ ONE TO ! O!R1 F> LESS ( EXT+UI%+ ONE BY ! O!R4  

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,CRUSADES1 BY-!-WAY1 ILLU/RATES V]Y EMPHATICALLY ?IS POSITION ( ! ,*UR* 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,! F\NDATION ( ?AT /RANGE FEUDAL K+DOM ( ,J]USALEM1 :OSE V]Y COAT ( >MS WAS A SOLECISM 9 H]ALDRY1 :OSE K+ HAD PREC$5CE1 9 VIRTUE ( HIS PLACE AS LORD ( ! C5T] ( ,*RI/IANITY1 OV] ALL O!R K+S & PR9CES2 ! ORD]S ( M5-AT->MS V[$ TO POV]TY & *A/ITY1 LIKE ! ,TEMPL>S & ,KNI<TS ( ,/4 ,JOHN2 & ABOVE ALL ! UNQUE/ION+ S5SE ( DUTY ?AT URG$ M5 ( ALL CLASSES & K9DS 9TO ! HOLY W>1 %[ H[ /RONGLY ! IDEA ( ,GOD'S ,K+DOM ON ! E>? HAD TAK5 HOLD ( ALL M5'S M9DS 9 ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,AS TO ! RESULT ( ! ,CRUSADES1 !Y C]TA9LY HAD !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! SOLIDIFICATION ( ,EUROPE & ! GREAT FEUDAL SY/EM1 AT ! HEAD ( :I*1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 W]E ! ,POPE & ! ,KAIS]4  ,= ! RE/1 ! 9T]C\RSE ) ! ,EA/ GAVE ,EUROPE AN OPPORTUNITY ( %>+ 9 ! ME*ANICAL CIVILIZATION ( ! PEOPLES ORIG9ALLY DOM9AT$ BY ! ,>ABS1 & 9FUS$ BY ! >T ( ,BYZANTIUM & ,P]SIA1 NOT )\T SOME T9CTURE ( ! CULTIVATION ( ! LATT] CLASSICAL P]IOD4  

,! /IR & MOVEM5T ALSO ( ! ,CRUSADES1 & ! NECESSITIES 9 :I* !Y 9VOLV$ ! PR9CES & !IR B>ONS1 FUR!R$ ! UPW>D MOVEM5T ( ! CLASSES ?AT LAY BEL[ ! FEUDAL VASSALS1 GREAT & LITTLE2 ! PR9CIPAL OPPORTUNITY = :I* MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 9 ,5GL&1 WAS GIV5 BY ! CONT9U\S /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR* & ,B>ONAGE4  

,! E>LY ,NORMAN K+S1 EV5 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! DEA? ( ! ,CONQU]OR1 F\ND !MSELVES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 & W]E =C$ TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! HELP ( :AT HAD N[ BECOME ! 9F]IOR TRIBE--! NATIVE ,5GLI%1 TO WIT4  ,H5RY ,I41 AN ABLE & AMBITI\S MAN1 UND]/OOD ?IS SO CLE>LY ?AT HE MADE A DI/9CT BID = ! FAVOR ( ! 9F]IOR TRIBE BY M>RY+ AN ,5GLI% PR9CESS2 & IT WAS BY MEANS ( ! HELP ( HIS ,5GLI% SUBJECTS ?AT HE CONQU]$ HIS ,NORMAN SUBJECTS1 & ! FIELD ( ,T5*EBRAY1 :I* PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON HIS SUCCESS1 WAS FELT BY ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE AS AN ,5GLI% VICTORY OV] ! OPPRESS+ TRIBE ) :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM HAD OV]:ELM$ ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE4  ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS K+'S REIGN & UND] !SE 9FLU5CES ?AT ! TRAD+ & 9DU/RIAL CLASSES BEGAN TO RISE SOME:AT4  ,! M]*ANT GILDS W]E N[ 9 !IR P]IOD ( GREATE/ P[]1 & HAD BUT JU/ BEGUN1 9 ,5GL& AT LEA/1 TO DEVELOP 9TO ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS2 BUT ! T[NS !MSELVES W]E BEG9N+ TO GA9 !IR FRE$OM & TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! TIME1 AS LITTLE BY LITTLE !Y ASS]T$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y RULE ( ! FEUDAL LORDS1 LAY OR ECCLESIA/ICAL3  = AS TO ! LATT]1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,*UR* 9CLUD$ 9 H]SELF ! ORD]S OR CLASSES 9TO :I* LAY SOCIETY WAS DIVID$1 & :ILE BY ITS L[] CL]GY ( ! P>I%ES & BY ! FRI>S IT T\*$ ! PEOPLE1 ITS UPP] CL]GY W]E SIMPLY FEUDAL LORDS2 & AS ! RELIGI\S F]VOR ( ! HI<] CL]GY1 :I* WAS M>K$ 5\< 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 79 ,ANSELM1 = EXAMPLE71 FAD$ \T1 !Y BECAME MORE & MORE M]E L&LORDS1 AL?\< FROM ! CONDITIONS ( !IR L&LORDISM1 LIV+ AS !Y DID ON !IR L& & AMID ( !IR T5ANTS1 !Y W]E LESS OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! LAY L&LORDS4  

,! ORD] & PROGRESS ( ,H5RY ,I4'S REIGN1 :I* M>KS ! TRANSITION FROM ! M]E MILIT>Y CAMP ( ! ,CONQU]OR TO ! M$IEVAL ,5GL& ,I HAVE TO DWELL UPON1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! P]IOD ( M]E CONFUSION & MIS]Y :I* ACCOMPANI$ ! ACCESSION ( ! PR9CES ( ,ANJ\ TO ! ?RONE ( ,5GL&4  ,9 ?IS P]IOD ! B>ONS WIDELY BECAME M]E VIOL5T & ILLEGAL ROBB]S2 & ! CA/LES ) :I* ! L& WAS DOTT$1 & :I* W]E BEGUN UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,CONQU]OR AS MILIT>Y PO/S1 BECAME M]E D5S ( /RONG-?IEVES4  

,NO D\BT ?IS MADE ! BUS9ESS ( ! NEXT ABLE K+1 ,H5RY ,I,I41 ! EASI]4  ,HE WAS A /AUN* MAN ( BUS9ESS1 & TURN$ HIMSELF ) HIS :OLE S\L T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORD] & ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! MON>*Y1 :I* ACCORD+LY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE UND] HIM T[>DS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL ( BUREAUCRACY4  ,HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE C>RI$ ! BUS9ESS /ILL F>!R1 S9CE 9 HIS CONTE/ ) ! ,*UR*1 9 SPITE ( ! CANONIZATION ( ,BECKETT & ! K+'S =MAL P5ANCE AT HIS TOMB1 HE HAD 9 FACT GA9$ A VICTORY = ! ,CR[N :I* IT NEV] REALLY LO/ AGA92 BUT 9 HIS DAYS ,5GL& WAS ONLY A P>T ( ! VA/ DOM9ION ( HIS ,H\SE1 :I* 9CLUD$ MORE ?AN HALF ( ,FRANCE1 & HIS /RUGGLE ) HIS FEUDATORIES & ! ,FR5* K+1 :I* S[$ ! SE$ ( ! LOSS ( ?AT DOM9ION TO ! ,5GLI% ,CR[N1 TOOK UP MU* ( HIS LIFE1 & F9ALLY BEAT HIM4  

,HIS TWO IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS1 ,RI*>D ,I4 & ,JOHN1 W]E GOOD SPECIM5S ( ! *IEFS ( !IR L9E1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM W]E V]Y ABLE M51 HAV+ EV5 A T\* ( G5IUS 9 !M1 BUT !RE)AL W]E SU* WANTON BLACKGU>DS & SC\NDRELS ?AT ONE IS ALMO/ =C$ TO APPLY ! !OLOGICAL WORD 0WICK$NESS0 TO !M4  ,SU* *>ACT]S BELONG SPECIALLY TO !IR TIMES1 F]TILE AS !Y W]E BO? ( GREAT QUALITIES & ( SC\NDRELISM1 & 9 :I* \R [N SPECIAL VICE ( HYPOCRISY WAS 5TIRELY LACK+4  ,JOHN1 ! SECOND ( !SE TWO PE/S1 PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON ! VILLANY ( HIS FAMILY1 & LO/ HIS ,FR5* DOM9ION 9 ! LUMP4  

,UND] SU* RASCALS AS !SE CAME ! TURN ( ! ,B>ONAGE2 & !Y1 L$ BY ,/EPH5 ,LANGTON1 ! >*BI%OP :O HAD BE5 ?RU/ ON ! UNWILL+ K+ BY ! ,POPE1 UNIT$ TOGE!R & =C$ FROM HIM HIS ASS5T TO ,MAGNA ,*>TA1 ! GREAT1 ?OR\<LY WELL-CONSID]$ DE$1 :I* IS CONV5TIONALLY CALL$ ! F\NDATION ( ,5GLI% ,LIB]TY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY CLAIM TO BE SO ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT WAS ! CONFIRMATION & SEAL ( ! COMPLETE FEUDAL SY/EM 9 ,5GL&1 & PUT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! VASSALS1 ! GREAT FEUDATORIES1 & ! K+ ON A /ABLE BASIS2 S9CE IT CREAT$1 OR AT LEA/ CONFIRM$1 ORD] AMONG !SE PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 AMONG :OM1 9DE$1 IT RECOGNIZ$ ! T[NS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T AS P>T ( ! GREAT FEUDAL HI]>*Y3  SO ?AT EV5 BY ?IS TIME !Y HAD BEGUN TO ACQUIRE /ATUS 9 ?AT HI]>*Y4  

,SO ,JOHN PASS$ AWAY1 & BECAME NOT LONG AFT] AN ALMO/ MY?ICAL P]SONAGE1 ! TYPE ( ! BAD K+4  ,!RE >E /ILL BALLADS1 & PROSE /ORIES D$UC$ FROM !SE BALLADS1 9 EXI/5CE1 :I* TELL ! TALE ( ?IS /RANGE MON/] AS ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE IMAG9$ IT4  

,AS !Y BELONG TO ! LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ! P]IOD ,I HAVE UND]TAK5 TO TELL Y\ AB\T SPECIALLY1 ,I WILL GIVE Y\ ONE ( ! LATT] ( !SE CONC]N+ ! DEA? ( ,K+ ,JOHN1 = :OM ! PEOPLE IMAG9$ A MORE DRAMATIC CAUSE ( DEA? ?AN M]E 9DIGE/ION1 ( :I* 9 ALL PROBABILITY HE REALLY DI$2 & Y\ MAY TAKE IT = A SPECIM5 ( POPUL> LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY4  

,I CAN H]E MAKE BOLD TO QUOTE FROM MEMORY1 )\T DEP>T+ V]Y WIDELY FROM ! OLD TEXT1 S9CE ! QUA9T WORD+ ( ! ORIG9AL1 & ! SPIRIT ( BOLD & BLUNT H]OISM :I* IT BREA!S1 HAVE FIX$ IT 9 MY M9D = EV]4  

,! K+1 Y\ MU/ REMEMB]1 HAD HALT$ AT ,SW9E/EAD ,ABBEY1 9 ,L9COLN%IRE1 9 HIS RETREAT FROM ! HO/ILE B>ONS & !IR ,FR5* ALLIES1 & HAD LO/ ALL HIS BAGGAGE BY ! SURPRISE ( ! ADVANC+ TIDE 9 ! ,WA%2 SO ?AT HE MI<T WELL BE 9 A SOME:AT S\R MOOD4  

,SAYS ! TALE3  ,SO ! K+ W5T TO MEAT 9 ! HALL1 & BE=E HIM WAS A LOAF2 & HE LOOK$ GRIMLY ON IT & SAID1 ',= H[ MU* IS SU* A LOAF SOLD 9 ?IS REALM8'  

',SIR1 = ONE P5NY1' SAID !Y4  

,!N ! K+ SMOTE ! BO>D ) HIS FI/ & SAID1 ',BY ,GOD1 IF ,I LIVE = ONE YE> SU* A LOAF %ALL BE SOLD = TWELVE P5CE6'  

,?AT HE>D ONE ( ! MONKS :O /OOD !REBY1 & HE ?\<T & CONSID]$ ?AT HIS H\R & TIME TO DIE WAS COME1 & ?AT IT W\LD BE A GOOD DE$ TO SLAY SO CRUEL A K+ & SO EVIL A LORD4  

,SO HE W5T 9TO ! G>D5 & PLUCK$ PLUMS & TOOK \T ( !M ! /ELES .</ALKS.>1 & DID V5OM 9 !M EA* ONE2 & HE CAME BE=E ! K+ & SAT ON HIS KNEE1 & SAID3  

',SIR1 BY ,/4 ,AU/91 ?IS IS FRUIT ( \R G>D54'  

,!N ! K+ LOOK$ EVILLY ON HIM & SAID1 ',ASSAY !M1 MONK6'  

,SO ! MONK TOOK & ATE !RE(1 NOR *ANG$ C\NT5ANCE ANY :IT3 & ! K+ ATE !REAFT]4  

,BUT PRES5TLY AFT]W>DS ! MONK SWELL$ & TURN$ BLUE1 & FELL D[N & DI$ BE=E ! K+3  !N WAX$ ! K+ SICK AT HE>T1 & HE ALSO SWELL$ & DI$1 & SO HE 5D$ HIS DAYS4  

,= A :ILE AFT] ! DEA? ( ,JOHN & ! ACCESSION ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I4 ! ,B>ONAGE1 /R5G!N$ BY ! GREAT ,*>T] & ) A WEAK & WAYW>D K+ ON ! ?RONE1 MADE !IR /EP =W>D 9 P[] & POPUL>ITY1 & ! FIR/ S]I\S *ECK TO ! T5D5CY TO MON>*ICAL BUREAUCRACY1 A K9D ( ELEM5T>Y >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION1 WAS IMPOS$ UPON ! WEAKNESS ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I4  ,UND] ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! B>ONS1 :O 9 !IR TURN HAD TO SEEK = ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE1 ! T[NS MADE A FRE% /EP 9 ADVANCE1 & ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T1 ! LEAD] ( :AT = WANT ( A BETT] WORD MU/ BE CALL$ ! POPUL> P>TY1 WAS =C$ BY HIS CIRCUM/ANCES TO SUMMON TO HIS ,P>LIAM5T CITIZ5S FROM ! BOR\<S4  ,E>L ,SIMON WAS ONE ( ?OSE M5 ?AT COME TO ! FRONT 9 VIOL5T TIMES1 & HE ADD$ REAL NOBILITY ( *>ACT] TO /R5G? ( WILL & P]SI/5CE4  ,HE BECAME ! H]O ( ! PEOPLE1 :O W5T NE> TO CANONIZ+ HIM AFT] HIS DEA?4  ,BUT ! MON>*Y WAS TOO /RONG = HIM & HIS REALLY ADVANC$ PROJECTS1 :I* BY NO MEANS SQU>$ ) ! HOPES ( ! ,B>ONAGE 9 G5]AL3  & :5 ,PR9CE ,$W>D1 AFT]W>DS ,$W>D ,I41 GR[N TO HIS FULL M5TAL /ATURE1 CAME TO ! HELP ( ! ,CR[N ) HIS UNSCRUPUL\S BUS9ESS ABILITY1 ! /RUGGLE WAS SOON OV]2 & ) ,EVE%AM FIELD ! MON>*Y BEGAN TO TAKE A NEW /RIDE1 & ! LONGE/ YET TAK51 T[>DS BUREAUCRACY4  

,$W>D ,I4 IS REMEMB]$ BY US *IEFLY = ! /RUGGLE HE C>RI$ ON ) ! ,SCOT* ,B>ONAGE = ! FEUDAL SUZ]A9TY ( ?AT K+DOM1 & ! C5TURIES ( ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES :I* ?AT /RUGGLE DREW ON4  ,BUT HE HAS O!R CLAIMS TO \R ATT5TION BESIDES ?IS4  

,AT FIR/1 & REMEMB]+ ! RU?LESSNESS ( MANY ( HIS ACTS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,SCOT* W>1 ONE IS APT TO LOOK UPON HIM AS A SOME:AT P$ANTIC TYRANT & A GOOD SOLDI]1 ) SOME?+ LIKE A DA% ( HYPOCRISY BEYOND HIS TIME ADD$4  ,BUT1 LIKE ! ,ANGEV9E K+S ,I WAS SPEAK+ ( JU/ N[1 HE WAS A COMPLETELY *>ACT]I/IC PRODUCT ( HIS TIME4  ,HE WAS NOT A HYPOCRITE PROBABLY1 AFT] ALL1 9 SPITE ( HIS TE>S %$ AFT] HE HAD IRRETRIEVABLY LO/ A GAME1 OR AFT] HE HAD WON ONE BY /]N CRUELTY4  ,!RE WAS A DA% ( REAL ROMANCE 9 HIM1 :I* M+L$ CURI\SLY ) HIS LAWY]-LIKE QUALITIES4  ,HE WAS1 P]HAPS1 ! MAN ( ALL M5 :O REPRES5T$ MO/ COMPLETELY ! F9I%$ FEUDAL SY/EM1 & :O TOOK IT MO/ TO HE>T4 ,HIS LAW1 HIS ROMANCE1 & HIS RELIGION1 HIS SELF-COMM&1 & HIS T]RIBLE FURY W]E ALL A P>T ( ?IS 9NATE FEUDALISM1 & EX]CIS$ )9 ITS LIMITS2 & WE MU/ SUPPOSE ?AT HE ?OR\<LY FELT HIS RESPONSIBILITY AS ! *IEF ( HIS FEUDATORIES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME HE HAD NO IDEA ( HIS HAV+ ANY RESPONSIBILITIES T[>DS ! L[] P>T ( HIS SUBJECTS4  ,SU* A MAN WAS SPECIALLY SUIT$ TO C>RY+ ON ! T5D5CY TO BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,TUDOR MON>*Y4  ,HE HAD HIS /RUGGLE ) ! ,B>ONAGE1 BUT H>D AS IT WAS1 HE WAS SURE NOT TO C>RY IT BEYOND ! DUE LIMITS ( FEUDALISM2 TO ?AT HE WAS ALWAYS LOYAL4  ,HE HAD SLA9 ,E>L ,SIMON BE=E HE WAS K+1 :ILE HE WAS BUT HIS FA!R'S G5]AL2 BUT ,E>L ,SIMON'S WORK DID NOT DIE ) HIM1 & H5CE=W>D1 :ILE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & !IR FEUDAL HI]>*Y LA/$1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = EI!R K+ OR B>ONS TO DO ANY?+ :I* W\LD S]I\SLY 9JURE EA* O!R'S POSITION2 ! /RUGGLE 5D$ 9 HIS REIGN 9 A BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,5GL& :I*1 ON ! ONE H&1 PREV5T$ ANY GREAT FEUDATORY BECOM+ A RIVAL ( ! K+1 AS HAPP5$ 9 SEV]AL 9/ANCES 9 ,FRANCE1 & ON ! O!R H& PREV5T$ ! K+ LAPS+ 9TO A M]E DESPOTIC MON>*4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT BUREAUCRACY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE 9 ,$W>D'S REIGN1 BUT IT REA*$ ITS LIMITS UND] FEUDALISM AS F> AS ! NOBLES W]E CONC]N$4  ,PEACE & ORD] WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P[]S ( ! GOV]N+ CLASSES2 H5CE=W>D1 ! /RUGGLE IS BETWE5 !M & ! GOV]N$2 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS N[ TO BECOME OBVI\S2 ! L[] TRIBE WAS RIS+ 9 IMPORTANCE2 IT WAS BECOM+ RI*] = FLEEC+1 BUT ALSO IT WAS BEG9N+ TO HAVE SOME P[]2 ?IS L$ ! K+ FIR/1 & AFT]W>DS ! B>ONS1 TO ATTACK IT DEF9ITELY2 IT WAS RI* 5\< TO PAY = ! TR\BLE ( BE+ ROBB$1 & NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO DEF5D ITSELF ) OP5 SUCCESS1 AL?\< ! SL[] & LESS %[Y SUCCESS ( GR[? DID NOT FAIL IT4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( ATTACK 9 ! H&S ( ! B>ONS WAS ! ORD9>Y FEUDAL PRIVILEGE1 ! LOGICAL C>RY+ \T ( S]FDOM2 BUT ?IS ATTACK TOOK PLACE TWO REIGNS LAT]4  ,WE %ALL COME TO ?AT FUR!R ON4  ,! ATTACK ON ! L[] TRIBE :I* WAS N[ GR[+ 9TO IMPORTANCE WAS 9 ?IS REIGN MADE BY ! K+2 & HIS 9/RUM5T WAS--,P>LIAM5T4  

,I HAVE TOLD Y\ ?AT ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T MADE SOME ATTEMPT TO GET ! BURGESSES TO SIT 9 HIS ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT IT WAS LEFT TO ,$W>D ,I4 TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS FIRMLY ( P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION1 :I* HE US$ = ! PURPOSE ( AUGM5T+ ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N & CRU%+ ! RIS+ LIB]TY ( ! T[NS1 ?\< ( C\RSE HIS DIRECT AIM WAS SIMPLY AT--MONEY4  

,! ,GREAT ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REALM WAS PURELY FEUDAL2 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ! FEUDATORIES ( ! K+1 !ORETICALLY ( ALL ( !M1 PRACTICALLY ( ! GREAT ONES ONLY4  ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ! C\NCIL ( ! CONQU]+ TRIBE ) !IR *IEF AT ITS HEAD2 ! MATT]S ( ! DUE FEUDAL TRIBUTE1 AIDS1 RELIEFS1 F9ES1 SCUTAGE1 & ! LIKE--9 %ORT1 ! K+'S REV5UE DUE FROM HIS M5--W]E SETTL$ 9 ?IS C\NCIL AT ONCE & 9 ! LUMP4  ,BUT ! 9F]IOR TRIBE1 ?\< NOT REPRES5T$ !RE1 EXI/$1 &1 AS A=ESAID1 WAS GR[+ RI*1 & ! K+ HAD TO GET !IR MONEY \T ( !IR PURSES DIRECTLY2 :I*1 AS !Y W]E NOT REPRES5T$ AT ! C\NCIL1 HE HAD TO DO BY MEANS ( HIS (FIC]S 7! %]IFFS7 DEAL+ ) !M ONE AFT] ANO!R1 :I* WAS A TR\BLESOME JOB2 = ! M5 W]E /IFF-NECK$ & QUITE DIS9CL9$ TO P>T ) !IR MONEY2 & ! ROBB]Y HAV+ TO BE DONE ON ! SPOT1 SO TO SAY1 5C\NT]$ ALL SORTS ( OPPOSITION3 &1 9 FACT1 IT WAS ! MONEY NE$S BO? ( B>ON1 BI%OP1 & K+ :I* HAD BE5 ! *IEF 9/RUM5T 9 FUR!R+ ! PROGRESS ( ! T[NS4  ,! T[NS W\LD BE PRESS$ BY !IR LORDS1 K+1 OR B>ON1 OR BI%OP1 AS IT MI<T BE1 & !Y W\LD SEE !IR ADVANTAGE & /RIKE A B>GA94  ,= Y\ >E NOT TO IMAG9E ?AT BECAUSE !RE WAS A DEAL ( VIOL5CE GO+ ON 9 ?OSE TIMES !RE WAS NO RESPECT = LAW2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE WAS A QUITE EXAGG]AT$ RESPECT = IT IF IT CAME )9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! FEUDAL FEEL+1 & ! RESULT ( ?IS FEEL+ ( RESPECT WAS ! CON/ANT /RUGGLE = ,/,A,T,U,S ON ! P>T ( ! T[N%IPS & O!R ASSOCIATIONS ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  

,WELL1 ! BUR<]S W\LD SAY1 0',TIS H>D TO PAY ?IS MONEY1 BUT WE WILL PUT \RSELVES \T TO PAY IT IF Y\ WILL DO SOME?+ = US 9 RETURN2 LET1 = EXAMPLE1 \R M5 BE TRI$ 9 \R [N C\RT1 & ! V]DICT BE ( ONE ( COMPURGATION 9/EAD ( WAG] ( BATTLE10 & SO =?1 & SO =?4  

,ALL ?IS SORT ( DETAIL$ B>GA9+ WAS1 9 FACT1 A SAFEGU>D = ! LOCAL LIB]TIES1 SO F> AS !Y W5T1 ( ! T[NS & %IRES1 & DID NOT SUIT ! K+'S VIEWS ( LAW & ORD] AT ALL2 & SO BEGAN ! CU/OM ( ! %]IFF 7! K+'S (FIC]1 :O HAD TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! E>L ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON P]IOD7 SUMMON+ ! BURGESSES TO ! C\NCIL1 :I* BURGESSES Y\ MU/ UND]/& W]E NOT ELECT$ AT ! FOLKMOTES ( ! T[N1 OR HUNDR$1 BUT 9 A SORT ( HOLE-&-CORN] WAY BY A FEW ( ! BIGG] M5 ( ! PLACE4  ,:AT ! K+ PRACTICALLY SAID WAS ?IS3  0,I WANT Y\R MONEY1 & ,I CANNOT BE = EV] WRANGL+ ) Y\ /UBBORN *URLES AT HOME !RE1 & LI/5+ TO ALL Y\R /ORIES ( H[ POOR Y\ >E1 & :AT Y\ WANT2 NO1 ,I WANT Y\ TO BE ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,$4  ,S5D ME UP FROM EA* ONE ( Y\R COMMUNES A MAN OR TWO :OM ,I CAN BULLY OR CAJOLE OR BRIBE TO SIGN AWAY Y\R SUB/ANCE = Y\40  

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS NO WOND] ?AT ! T[NS W]E NOT V]Y EAG] 9 ! CAUSE ( ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,A,T,I,O,N4  ,IT WAS NO EASY JOB TO GET !M TO COME UP TO ,LONDON M]ELY TO CONSULT AS TO ! K9D ( SAUCE ) :I* !Y W]E TO BE EAT54  ,H[EV]1 !Y DID COME 9 SOME NUMB]S1 & BY ! YE> #abie SOME?+ LIKE A %AD[ ( \R PRES5T ,P>LIAM5T WAS ON FOOT4  ,NOR NE$ !RE BE MU* MORE SAID AB\T ?IS 9/ITUTION2 AS TIME W5T ON ITS FUNCTIONS GOT GRADUALLY EXT5D$ BY ! PETITION = ! R$RESS ( GRIEVANCES ACCOMPANY+ ! GRANT+ ( MONEY1 BUT IT WAS G5]ALLY TO BE RECKON$ ON AS SUBS]VI5T TO ! WILL ( ! K+1 :O D[N TO ! LAT] ,TUDOR P]IOD PLAY$ SOME V]Y QUE] TUNES ON ?IS CON/ITUTIONAL 9/RUM5T4  

,$W>D ,I4 GAVE PLACE TO HIS SON1 :O AGA9 WAS ( ! TYPE ( K+ :O HAD HI!RTO GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO ! B>ONS = !IR TURN ( ADVANCEM5T 9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL /RUGGLE2 & 9 E>LI] TIMES NO D\BT !Y W\LD HAVE TAK5 FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES2 AS IT WAS !Y HAD LITTLE TO GA94  ,! K+ DID HIS BE/ TO ?R[ (F ! RE/RA9T ( ! FEUDAL CON/ITUTION1 & TO GOV]N SIMPLY AS AN ABSOLUTE MON>*4  ,AFT] A TIME ( APP>5T SUCCESS HE FAIL$1 ( C\RSE1 & ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 CONFIRM+ ! LEGAL RI<TS ( FEUDALISM BY BR++ AB\T HIS [N =MAL DEPOSITION AT ! H&S ( ! ,B>ONAGE1 AS A *IEF :O1 HAV+ BROK5 ! COMPACT ) HIS FEUDATORIES1 HAD NECESS>ILY =FEIT$ HIS RI<T4  ,IF WE COMP>E HIS CASE ) ?AT ( ,*>LES ,I4 WE %ALL F9D ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 IT1 BESIDES ! OBVI\S ONE ?AT ,$W>D WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE TO HIS FEUDATORIES & ,*>LES T[>DS ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! SQUIRE>*Y1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,P>LIAM5T2 ?AT ,*>LES WAS CONDEMN$ BY A LAW CREAT$ = ! PURPOSE1 SO TO SAY1 & EVOLV$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( ! REPRES5TATION ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 :ILE ,$W>D'S DEPOSITION WAS ! REAL LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! CONFIRM$ FEUDAL SY/EM1 & WAS PRACTICALLY LEGAL & REGUL>4  

,! SUCCESSOR ( ! DEPOS$ K+1 ! ?IRD ,$W>D1 U%]S 9 ! COMPLETE & C5TRAL P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 ,5GL&4  ,! FEUDAL SY/EM IS COMPLETE3  ! LIFE & SPIRIT ( ! C\NTRY HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO A CONDITION IF NOT QUITE 9DEP5D5T1 YET QUITE =GETFUL1 ON ! ONE H& ( ! IDEAS & CU/OMS ( ! ,CELTIC & ,TEUTONIC TRIBES1 & ON ! O!R ( ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4  ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAVE GR[N 9TO MANHOOD2 ?AT MANHOOD HAS AN >T ( ITS [N1 :I*1 ?\< DEVELOP$ /EP BY /EP FROM ?AT ( ,OLD ,ROME & ,NEW ,ROME1 & EMBRAC+ ! /RANGE MY/ICISM & DREAMY BEAUTY ( ! ,EA/1 HAS =GOTT5 BO? ITS FA!R & ITS MO!R1 & /&S ALONE TRIUMPHANT1 ! LOVELIE/1 BRI<TE/1 & GAYE/ ( ALL ! CREATIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D & H&4  

,IT HAS A LIT]ATURE ( ITS [N TOO1 SOME:AT AK9 TO ITS >T1 YET 9F]IOR TO IT1 & LACK+ ITS UNITY1 S9CE !RE IS A D\BLE /REAM 9 IT4  ,ON ! ONE H& IS ! C\RT POET1 ! G5TLEMAN1 ,*AUC]1 ) HIS ,ITALIANIZ+ MET]S1 & HIS =MAL RECOGNITION ( ! CLASSICAL /ORIES2 ON :I*1 9DE$1 HE BUILDS A SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! QUA9TE/ & MO/ UNADULT]AT$ M$IEVALISM1 AS GAY & BRI<T AS ! >*ITECTURE :I* HIS EYES BEHELD & HIS P5 PICTUR$ = US1 SO CLE>1 DEF9$1 & ELEGANT IT IS2 A SUNNY WORLD EV5 AMID ITS VIOL5CE & PASS+ TR\BLES1 LIKE ?OSE ( A HAPPY *ILD1 ! WOR/ ( !M AN AMUSEM5T RA!R ?AN A GRIEF TO ! ONLOOK]S2 A WORLD ?AT SC>CELY NE$$ HOPE 9 ITS EAG] LIFE ( ADV5TURE & LOVE1 AMID ! SUNLIT BLOSSOM+ MEAD[S1 & GRE5 WOODS1 & :ITE BEGILD$ MANOR-H\SES4  ,A K9DLY & HUMAN MUSE IS ,*AUC]'S1 NEV]!LESS1 9T]E/$ 9 & AMUS$ BY ALL LIFE1 BUT ( H] V]Y NATURE DEVOID ( /RONG ASPIRATIONS = ! FUTURE2 & ?AT ALL ! MORE1 S9CE1 ?\< ! /RONG DEVOTION & FI]CE PIETY ( ! RUD] ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD BY ?IS TIME WAN$1 & ! ,*UR* WAS MORE (T5 LI<TLY MOCK$ AT ?AN EI!R FE>$ OR LOV$1 /ILL ! ,H,A,B,I,T ( LOOK+ ON ?IS LIFE AS P>T ( ANO!R YET REMA9$3  ! WORLD IS FAIR & FULL ( ADV5TURE2 K9D M5 & TRUE & NOBLE >E 9 IT TO MAKE ONE HAPPY2 FOOLS ALSO TO LAU< AT1 & RASCALS TO BE RESI/$1 YET NOT :OLLY CONDEMN$2 & :5 ?IS WORLD IS OV] WE %ALL /ILL GO ON LIV+ 9 ANO!R :I* IS A P>T ( ?IS4  ,LOOK AT ALL ! PICTURE1 NOTE ALL & LIVE 9 ALL1 & BE AS M]RY AS Y\ MAY1 NEV] =GETT+ ?AT Y\ >E ALIVE & ?AT IT IS GOOD TO LIVE4  

,?AT IS ! SPIRIT ( ,*AUC]'S POETRY2 BUT ALONGSIDE ( IT EXI/$ YET ! BALLAD POETRY ( ! PEOPLE1 :OLLY UNT\*$ BY C\RTLY ELEGANCE & CLASSICAL P$ANTRY2 RUDE 9 >T BUT NEV] CO>SE1 TRUE TO ! BACKBONE2 9/9CT ) 9DIGNATION AGA9/ WRONG1 & !REBY EXPRESS+ ! HOPE ?AT WAS 9 IT2 A PROTE/ ( ! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE SONGS ( ! ,=E/]S1 :I* HAVE BE5 CALL$ ! M$IEVAL EPIC ( REVOLT2 NO MORE GLOOMY ?AN ! G5TLEMAN'S POETRY1 YET *E]FUL FROM C\RAGE1 & NOT CONT5T4  ,HALF A DOZ5 /ANZAS ( IT >E WOR? A C>TLOAD ( ! :9+ 9TROSPECTIVE LYRICS ( TO-DAY2 & HE :O1 :5 HE HAS MA/]$ ! SLI<T DIFF]5CES ( LANGUAGE FROM \R [N DAILY SPEE*1 IS NOT MOV$ BY IT1 DOES NOT UND]/& :AT TRUE POETRY MEANS NOR :AT ITS AIM IS4  

,!RE IS A ?IRD ELEM5T 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ?IS TIME :I* Y\ MAY CALL ,LOLL>D POETRY1 ! GREAT EXAMPLE ( :I* IS ,WILLIAM ,LANGL&'S 0,PI]S ,PL[MAN40  ,IT IS NO BAD CORRECTIVE TO ,*AUC]1 & 9 ,=,M AT LEA/ BELONGS :OLLY TO ! POPUL> SIDE2 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME TO %[ SYMPTOMS ( ! SPIRIT ( ! RIS+ MIDDLE CLASS1 & CA/S BE=E IT ! %AD[ ( ! NEW MA/] ?AT WAS COM+ =W>D = ! WORKMAN'S OPPRESSION4  ,BUT ,I MU/ LEAVE :AT MORE ,I HAVE TO SAY ON ?IS SUBJECT ( ! >T & LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY = ANO!R OCCASION4  ,9 :AT ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 ,I ONLY WANT$ TO PO9T \T TO Y\ ?AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD BY ?IS TIME COME TO ! FULLE/ GR[?2 & ?AT !Y C\LD EXPRESS 9 A =M :I* WAS ALL !IR [N1 ! IDEAS & LIFE ( ! TIME4  

,?AT TIME WAS 9 A S5SE BRILLIANT & PROGRESSIVE1 & ! LIFE ( ! WORK] 9 IT WAS BETT] ?AN IT EV] HAD BE51 & MI<T COMP>E ) ADVANTAGE ) :AT IT BECAME 9 AFT] P]IODS & ) :AT IT IS N[2 & 9DE$1 LOOK+ BACK UPON IT1 !RE >E SOME M9DS & SOME MOODS ?AT CANNOT HELP REGRETT+ IT1 & >E NOT P>TICUL>LY SC>$ BY ! IDEA ( ITS VIOL5CE & ITS LACK ( ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( SCI5TIFIC DETAIL4  

,H[EV]1 ONE ?+ IS CLE> TO US N[1 ! K9D ( ?+ :I* NEV] IS CLE> TO MO/ PEOPLE LIV+ 9 SU* P]IODS--NAMELY1 ?AT :ATEV] IT WAS1 IT C\LD NOT LA/1 BUT MU/ *ANGE 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4  

,! COMPLETE FEUDALISM ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY FELL1 AS SY/EMS ALWAYS FALL1 BY ITS [N CORRUPTION1 & BY DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9NATE SE$S ( *ANGE1 SOME ( :I* 9DE$ HAD LA9 ASLEEP DUR+ C5TURIES1 TO WAKE UP 9TO ACTIVITY LONG AFT] ! EV5TS :I* HAD CREAT$ !M W]E =GOTT54  

,! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS NATURALLY ONE ( OP5 W>2 & ! ALLIANCES1 M>RIAGES1 & O!R DEAL+S1 FAMILY ) FAMILY1 MADE BY ! K+ & POT5TATES1 W]E ALWAYS LEAD+ !M 9TO W> BY GIV+ !M LEGAL CLAIMS1 OR AT LEA/ CLAIMS ?AT C\LD BE LEGALLY PLEAD$1 TO ! DOMA9S ( O!R LORDS1 :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( !IR BE+ ON ! SPOT1 ( !IR /R5G? 9 M5 OR MONEY1 OR !IR POPUL>ITY ) ! ,B>ONAGE1 TO GIVE IMM$IATE EFFECT TO ,!,I,R CLAIMS4  ,SU* A W> WAS ?AT BY :I* ,$W>D ,I4 DREW ON ,5GL& ! 5MITY ( ! ,SCOT*2 & SU* AGA9 WAS ! GREAT W> :I* ,$W>D ,I,I,I4 5T]$ 9TO ) ,FRANCE4  ,Y\ MU/ NOT SUPPOSE ?AT !RE WAS ANY?+ 9 ?IS W> ( A NATIONAL1 F> LESS ( A RACE1 *>ACT]4  ,! LA/ S]IES ( W>S BE=E ?IS TIME ,I AM N[ SPEAK+ (1 9 :I* RACE FEEL+S C\NT$ = MU*1 WAS ! ,CRUSADES4  ,?IS ,FR5* W>1 ,I SAY1 WAS NEI!R NATIONAL1 RACIAL1 OR TRIBAL2 IT WAS ! PRIVATE BUS9ESS ( A LORD ( ! MANOR1 CLAIM+ :AT HE CONSID]$ HIS LEGAL RI<TS ( ANO!R LORD1 :O HAD1 AS HE ?\<T1 USURP$ !M2 & ?IS CLAIM HIS LOYAL FEUDATORIES W]E B\ND TO TAKE UP = HIM2 LOYALTY TO A FEUDAL SUP]IOR1 NOT PATRIOTISM TO A C\NTRY1 WAS ! VIRTUE :I* ,$W>D ,I,I,I4'S SOLDI]S HAD TO (F]1 IF !Y HAD ANY CALL TO BE VIRTU\S 9 ?AT RESPECT4  

,?IS W> ONCE />T$ WAS H>D TO DROP1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! SUCCESS ?AT ,$W>D HAD 9 IT1 FALL+ AS HE DID ON ,FRANCE ) ! =CE ( A C\NTRY SO MU* MORE HOMOG5E\S ?AN IT2 & NO D\BT IT WAS A W> V]Y DISA/R\S TO BO? C\NTRIES1 & SO MAY BE RECKON$ AS AMONG ! CAUSES :I* BROKE UP ! FEUDAL SY/EM4  

,BUT ! REAL CAUSES ( ?AT BREAKUP LAY MU* DEEP] ?AN ?AT4  ,! SY/EM WAS NOT CAPABLE ( EXPANSION 9 PRODUCTION2 IT WAS1 9 FACT1 AS LONG AS ITS 9TEGRITY REMA9$ UNT\*$1 AN >MY F$ BY SLAVES1 :O C\LD NOT BE PROP]LY & CLOSELY EXPLOIT$2 ITS FREE M5 PROP] MI<T DO SOME?+ ELSE 9 !IR LEISURE1 & SO PRODUCE >T & LIT]ATURE1 BUT !IR TRUE BUS9ESS AS MEMB]S ( A CONQU]+ TRIBE1 !IR CONC]T$ BUS9ESS1 WAS TO FI<T4  ,!RE WAS1 9DE$1 A FR+E ( PEOPLE BETWE5 ! S]F & ! FREE NOBLE :O PRODUC$ ! MATT]S ( H&ICRAFT :I* W]E NE$$ = ! LATT]1 BUT DELIB]ATELY1 &1 AS WE %\LD N[ ?9K1 WA/EFULLY2 & AS !SE CRAFTSM5 & TRAD]S BEGAN TO GR[ 9TO IMPORTANCE & TO PU% !MSELVES1 AS !Y C\LD NOT HELP DO+1 9TO ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 AS !Y ACQUIR$ ,/,A,T,U,S1 SO ! SICKNESS ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9CREAS$ ON IT1 & ! %AD[ ( ! COM+ COMM]CIALISM FELL UPON IT4  

,?AT ANY SET ( PEOPLE :O C\LD CLAIM TO BE O!R ?AN ! PROP]TY ( FREE M5 %\LD NOT HAVE DEF9ITE RI<TS DIFF]5TIAT$ %>PLY FROM ?OSE ( O!R GR\PS1 WAS AN IDEA ?AT DID NOT OCCUR TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 !RE=E1 AS SOON AS M5 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE ?AT W]E NOT S]FS & W]E NOT NOBLES1 !Y HAD TO /RUGGLE = /ATUS BY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES 9TO ASSOCIATIONS ?AT %\LD COME TO BE ACKN[L$G$ MEMB]S ( ! GREAT FEUDAL HI]>*Y2 = 9DEF9ITE & NEGATIVE FRE$OM WAS NOT ALL[$ TO ANY P]SON 9 ?OSE DAYS2 IF Y\ HAD NOT /ATUS Y\ DID NOT EXI/ EXCEPT AS AN \TLAW4  

,?IS IS1 BRIEFLY SPEAK+1 ! MOTIVE P[] ( NECESSITY ?AT LAY BEH9D ! /RUGGLE ( ! T[N CORPORATIONS & CRAFT-GILDS TO BE FREE1 A /RUGGLE :I*1 ?\< IT WAS TO RESULT 9 ! BREAK+ UP ( ! M$IEVAL HI]>*Y1 BEGAN BY AN APPE>ANCE ( /R5G!N+ IT BY ADD+ TO ITS MEMB]S1 9CREAS+ ITS P[] ( PRODUCTION1 & SO MAK+ IT MORE /ABLE = ! TIME BE+4  

,AB\T ?IS /RUGGLE1 & ! K9D ( LIFE :I* ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ,I MAY HAVE TO WRITE ANO!R TIME1 & SO WILL NOT SAY MORE AB\T IT H]E4 ,EXCEPT ?IS1 ?AT IT WAS MU* FUR!R$ BY ! *ANGE ?AT GRADUALLY TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! L&LORDS & ! CLASS ON :OM ALL SOCIETY RE/$1 ! S]FS4  ,!SE AT FIR/ W]E M5 :O HAD NO MORE RI<TS ?AN *ATTEL SLAVES HAD1 EXCEPT ?AT MO/LY1 AS P>T ( ! /OCK ( ! MANOR1 !Y C\LD NOT BE SOLD (F IT2 !Y HAD TO DO ALL ! WORK ( ! MANOR1 & TO E>N !IR [N LIVELIHOOD (F IT AS !Y BE/ C\LD4  ,BUT AS ! P[] ( PRODUCTION 9CREAS$1 [+ TO BETT] ME?ODS ( WORK+1 & AS ! C\NTRY GOT TO BE MORE SETTL$1 !IR TASK-WORK BECAME EASI] ( P]=MANCE & !IR [N L& MORE PRODUCTIVE TO !M2 & ?AT T5D5CY TO ! DEF9ITION & DIFF]5TIATION ( RI<TS1 MOREOV]1 WAS AT WORK = !IR B5EFIT1 & ! CU/OM ( ! MANOR DEF9$ :AT !IR S]VICES W]E1 & !Y BEGAN TO ACQUIRE RI<TS4  ,FROM ?AT TIME !Y CEAS$ TO BE PURE S]FS1 & BEGAN TO T5D T[>DS BECOM+ T5ANTS1 AT FIR/ PAY+ PURELY & SIMPLY ,S,],V,I,C,E = !IR HOLD+S1 BUT GRADUALLY COMMUT+ ?AT S]VICE = F9ES & MONEY PAYM5T--= R5T1 9 %ORT4  

,T[>DS ! CLOSE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 AFT] ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 DEPOPULAT$ BY ! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 & IMPOV]I%$ BY ! LONG W>1 ! FEUDAL LORDS ( !SE COPYHOLD]S & T5ANTS BEGAN TO REGRET ! SLACKNESS ) :I* !IR PR$ECESSORS HAD EXPLOIT$ !IR ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y1 ! S]FS1 & TO CONSID] ?AT UND] ! NEW COMM]CIAL LI<T :I* HAD BEGUN TO DAWN UPON !M ,!,Y C\LD DO IT MU* BETT] IF !Y ONLY HAD !IR PROP]TY A LITTLE MORE 9 H&2 BUT IT WAS TOO LATE1 = !IR PROP]TY HAD ACQUIR$ RI<TS1 & !RE)AL HAD GOT /RANGE VISIONS 9TO !IR HEADS ( A TIME MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT 9 :I* !Y LIV$1 :5 EV5 ?OSE RI<TS %\LD BE SUPPLANT$ BY A CONDITION ( ?+S 9 :I* ! ASS]TION ( RI<TS = ANY ONE SET ( M5 %\LD NO LONG] BE NE$$1 S9CE ALL M5 %\LD BE FREE TO 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR [N LABOR4  

,( ?AT CAME ! GREAT EPISODE ( ! ,PEASANTS' ,W>1 L$ BY M5 LIKE ,WAT ,TYL]1 ,JACK ,/RAW1 & ,JOHN ,BALL1 :O 9DE$1 ) ?OSE !Y L$1 SUFF]$ = D>+ TO BE BE=E !IR TIME1 = ! REVOLT WAS PUT D[N ) CRUELTY WOR?Y ( AN ,IRI% L&LORD OR A SWEAT+ CAPITALI/ ( ! PRES5T DAY2 BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 S]FDOM CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,5GL&1 IF NOT BECAUSE ( ! REVOLT1 YET BECAUSE ( ! EV5TS ?AT MADE IT1 & !REBY A DEA?-W\ND WAS 9FLICT$ ON ! FEUDAL SY/EM4  

,FROM ?AT TIME ONW>D ! C\NTRY1 PASS+ ?R\< ! V>I\S TR\BLES ( A NEW ,FR5* W> ( ,H5RY ,V4'S TIME1 & ! ,W> ( ! ,ROSES1 DID NOT HE$ !SE FACTION FI<TS MU*4  

,! WORKM5 GREW 9 PROSP]ITY1 BUT ALSO !Y BEGAN TO RISE 9TO A NEW CLASS1 & A CLASS B5EA? !M ( M]E LABOR]S :O W]E NOT S]FS BEGAN TO =M1 & TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION4  

,5GL& GOT C>RI$ 9TO ! RIS+ CURR5T ( COMM]CIALISM1 & ! RI* M5 & L&LORDS TO TURN !IR ATT5TION TO ! PRODUCTION ( PR(IT 9/EAD ( ! PRODUCTION ( LIVELIHOOD2 ! GILD-LESS J\RNEYMAN & ! L&LESS LABOR] SL[LY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE2 ! L&LORD GOT RID ( HIS T5ANTS ALL HE C\LD1 TURN$ TILLAGE 9TO PA/URE1 & SWEAT$ ! PA/URES TO DEA? 9 HIS EAG]NESS = WOOL1 :I* = HIM MEANT MONEY & ! BRE$+ ( MONEY2 TILL AT LA/ ! PLACE ( ! S]F1 :I* HAD /OOD EMPTY1 AS IT W]E1 DUR+ A C]TA9 TRANSITION P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* ! NON-CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION WAS EXP&+ UP TO ITS UTMO/ LIMIT1 WAS FILL$ BY ! PROLET>IAN WORK+ = ! S]VICE ( A MA/] 9 A NEW FA%ION1 A FA%ION :I* EXPLOIT$ & 7WOE WOR? ! :ILE67 EXPLOITS HIM V]Y MU* MORE COMPLETELY ?AN ! CU/OMS ( ! MANOR ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD4  

,! LIFE ( ! WORK] & ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS 9 ?IS TRANSITION P]IOD1 :5 ,FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS SICK5+ = ITS 5D1 IS A DIFFICULT & WIDE SUBJECT ?AT REQUIRES SEP>ATE TREATM5T2 AT PRES5T ,I WILL LEAVE ! M$IEVAL WORKMAN AT ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT P]IOD :I* F\ND HIM A S]F B\ND TO ! MANOR1 & :I* LEFT HIM G5]ALLY A YEOMAN OR AN >TISAN %>+ ! COLLECTIVE ,/,A,T,U,S ( HIS GILD4  

,! WORKMAN ( TO-DAY1 IF HE C\LD REALIZE ! POSITION ( HIS =]UNN]1 HAS SOME REASON TO 5VY HIM3  ! FEUDAL S]F WORK$ H>D1 & LIV$ POORLY1 & PRODUC$ A R\< LIVELIHOOD = HIS MA/]2 :]EAS ! MOD]N WORKMAN1 WORK+ H>D] /ILL1 & LIV+ LITTLE IF ANY BETT] ?AN ! S]F1 PRODUCES = HIS MA/] A /ATE ( LUXURY ( :I* ! OLD LORD ( ! MANOR NEV] DREAM$4  ,! WORKMAN'S P[]S ( PRODUCTION >E MULTIPLI$ A ?\S&FOLD2 HIS [N LIVELIHOOD REMA9S PRETTY MU* :]E IT WAS4  ,! BALANCE GOES TO HIS MA/] & ! CR[D ( USELESS1 DRAGGL$-TAIL$ KNAVES & FOOLS :O P&] TO HIS IDIOTIC %AM DESIRES1 & :O1 UND] ! PRET5TI\S TITLE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 HAVE 9 !IR TURN TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! M$IEVAL JE/]4  

,TRULY1 IF ! ,POSITIVI/ MOTTO1 0,LIVE = O!RS10 BE TAK5 9 />K LIT]ALITY1 ! MOD]N WORKMAN %\LD BE A GOOD & WISE MAN1 S9CE HE HAS NO *ANCE ( LIV+ = HIMSELF6  

,& YET1 ,I WI% HE W]E WIS] /ILL2 WISE 5\< TO MAKE AN 5D ( ! PREA*+ ( 0,LIVE ON O!RS10 :I* IS ! MOTTO SET =? BY COMM]CIALISM TO H] FAVOR$ *ILDR54  

,YET 9 ONE ?+ ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN HAS AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! M$IEVAL S]F1 & ?AT ADVANTAGE IS A WORLD 9 ITSELF4  ,MANY A C5TURY LAY BETWE5 ! S]F & SUCCESSFUL REVOLT1 & ?\< HE TRI$ IT MANY A TIME & NEV] LO/ HE>T1 YET ! COM+ *ANGE :I* HIS M>TYRDOM HELP$ ON WAS NOT TO BE = HIM YET1 BUT = ! NEW MA/]S ( HIS SUCCESSORS4  ,) US IT IS DIFF]5T4  ,A FEW YE>S ( WE>ISOME /RUGGLE AGA9/ APA?Y & IGNORANCE2 A YE> OR TWO ( GR[+ HOPE--& !N :O KN[S8  ,P]HAPS A FEW MON?S1 OR P]HAPS A FEW DAYS ( ! OP5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ BRUTE =CE1 ) ! MASK (F ITS FACE1 & ! SWORD 9 ITS H&1 & !N WE >E OV] ! B>4  

,:O KN[S1 ,I SAY8  ,YET ?IS WE KN[1 ?AT AHEAD ( US1 ) NO?+ BETWIXT US EXCEPT SU* 9CID5TS AS >E NECESS>Y TO ITS DEVELOPM5T1 LIES ! 9EVITABLE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WILL BR+ AB\T ! 5D ( MA/]Y & ! TRIUMPH ( FELL[%IP4  

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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