,REVIEW3 ,EC(ASCISM -- ,LESSONS FROM ! ,G]MAN ,EXP]I5CE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS EXCELL5T PAMPHLET CONSI/S ( TWO ESSAYS4 ,! FIR/ LOOKS AT ! PIVOTAL ROLE ( ECOLOGY 9 ! ULTRA-,RI<T & ! ,NAZI ,P>TY2 ! SECOND AT H[ GRE5 IDEAS >E HELP+ CONTEMPOR>Y FASCISM MOD]NIZE4 ,ECOLOGICAL SCI5CE ORIG9AT$ 9 N9ETE5? C5TURY ,G]MANY4 ,E>NE/ ,HACKLE CO9$ ! T]M 9 #a#h#f#g1 SYN!SIZ+ ! NATURALISM & NATIONALISM UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T IRRATIONALISM 7MY/ICISM1 OCCULTISM7 ( ! ROMANTIC TRADITION4 ,AS A ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/ HE PROJECT$ EXI/+ SOCIAL /RUCTURES SU* AS HI]>*Y ONTO NATURE1 :]E AS 'NATURAL LAWS'_/'NATURAL ORD]' !Y DICTAT$ H[ SOCIETY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$4 ,?US 'NATURE' SUPPORT$ HIS PROMOTION ( ,NORDIC RACIAL SUP]IORITY1 OPPOSITION TO MIX+ ( RACES & ADVOCACY ( RACIAL EUG5ICS4 ,SIMIL>LY ANO!R F\ND+ FA!R ( ECOLOGY1 ,]N/ ,>NDT1 :OSE /RESS ON ! 9T]-RELAT$NESS & H5CE EQUAL IMPORTANCE ( ALL LIFE WAS 5ME%$ ) RABID NATIONALISM & RACISM3 ,G]MAN SOIL1 ,G]MAN PEOPLE & ,TEUTONIC RACIAL PURITY W]E P>AM\NT4 ,WILHELM ,RIEHL OPPOS$ 9DU/RIALISM & URBANIZATION1 & GLORIFI$ RURAL PEASANT VALUES 9 OP5LY ANTI-,SEMITIC T]MS4 ,O!R ,HAEKELIAN DISCIPLES SU* AS ,H5TS*EL1 ,BOLS*E & ,WILLE 5SUR$ ?AT MU* ECOLOGICAL ?9K+1 !N & S9CE1 WAS EMB$D$ 9 REACTION>Y SOCIAL !MES4 ,! ,VOLKIS* MOVEM5T ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS A P[]FUL CULTURAL & SOCIAL T5D5CY UNIT+ E?NOC5TRIC POPULISM & NATURE MY/ICISM4 ,IT WAS A RESPONSE TO ! GREAT SOCIAL DISLOCATION CAUS$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & NATIONAL UNIFICATION3 ! ANSW] WAS A RETURN TO ! L& & ! SIMPLICITY & :OL5ESS ( ! 'NATURAL' LIFE4 ,ALI5ATION1 ROOTLESSNESS & 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION W]E CAUS$ BY RATIONALISM1 COSMOPOLITANISM & URBANISM1 O!RWISE KN[N AS ! ,JEWI% CONSPIRACY4 ,! ,W&]VOGEL 7W&]+ FREE SPIRITS7 Y\? MOVEM5T ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY BR\<T ?IS ALREADY RESPECTABLE IDEOLOGY TO PROM95CE4 ,RI<T W+ HIPPIES1 !Y MIX$ C\NT]-CULTURES1 EA/]N PHILOSOPHIES1 NEO-ROMANTICISM1 NATURE MY/ICISM & OPPOSITION TO REASON4 ,!Y S\<T A RETURN TO ! L& & AU!NTIC1 DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,LIKE MANY GRE5S & FLUFFIES ( TODAY !Y DEF9$ !MSELVES AS NONPOLITICAL3 ! *ANGES !Y WANT$ W\LD COME AB\T ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,?IS LACK ( A SOCIAL CRITIQUE1 :I* SUB/ITUT$ ROMANCE = REVOLUTION1 L$ TO ?\S&S ( ! ,W&]VOGEL JO9+ ! ,NAZIS2 A M9ORITY GRAVITAT$ TO LIB]T>IAN POLITICS4 ,! ,NAZIS MADE A RELIGION ( NATURE1 MIX+ MY/ICISM1 'SCI5TIFIC' ECOLOGY1 ANTI-HUMANISM & IDEAS ( RACIAL SALVATION ?R\< A RETURN TO ! L& -- 'BLOOD & SOIL'4 ,!IR MA9 !MES W]E NATURAL ORD]1 ORGANICI/ HOLISM & ! D5IGRATION ( HUMANITY4 ,ORGANICISM MEANT ! CO-ORD9ATION ( ALL P>TS & ORGANS = ! B5EFIT ( ! ONE & SUP]IOR TASK ( LIFE4 ,IT WAS US$ TO JU/IFY ,LEB5SRAUM3 ! CONQU]+ ( 'LIV+ SPACE' 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE = ,G]MANS1 & PROVID$ ! L9K BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL & RACIAL PURITY4 ,UNTIL #aida ! GRE5 W+ ( ! ,NAZIS WAS V]Y 9FLU5TIAL1 9CLUD+ ,HITL]1 ,HIMML]1 ,HESS1 ,ROS5B]G1 ,D>RE1 ,TODT & ,SIEF]T4 ,! GRE5 ,NAZIS 9TRODUC$ L>GE SCALE ORGANIC F>M+79 ! TEE? ( MU* RESI/ANCE FROM SOME 9 ! HI]>*Y1 ESPECIALLY ,BACKE & ,GOR+ 71 & PASS$ WIDE RANG+ PROTECTIONI/ LEGISLATION 9 #aicc & #a#i#c#e4 ,EV5 ! ,NAZI'S RAPID MOD]NIZATION ( A TE*NOCRATIC 9DU/RIAL /ATE1 :I* OBVI\SLY CONTRADICT$ ?IS CURR5T1 HAD A SIGNIFICANT GRE5 COMPON5T4 ,! GRE5 W+'S 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,P>TY WAS SUPPRESS$ AFT] ,HESS'S FLI<T TO ,BRITA9 9 #a#i#d#a4 ,ECOLOGY CAN BE SE5 TO HAVE PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! ,NAZI'S SUCCESS2 IT REFURBI%$ !IR ANTI-,SEMITISM1 & IDEAS ( RACIAL 9VIOLABILITY & REV5GE FUEL$ !IR ANTI-HUMANISM4 ,MY/ICAL ECOLOGY'S DISPLACEM5T ( ANY SOCIAL ANALYSIS ( ! CAUSES ( 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION WAS V]Y IMPORTANT4 

,! ,NEW ,RI<T 9 ,G]MANY1 & ELSE:]E1 APPEALS TO SIMIL> !MES AS ! ,VOLKIS* MOVEM5T4 ,!Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T & REPRESSION ( NATIONALITIES HAVE A COMMON ROOT 9 MONO!ISM & UNIV]SALISM4 ,RA!R ?AN ! 'MONGREL' EGALIT>IAN CULTURE ( ! ,U,S1 !Y SEEK ',EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION'1 A ',EUROPE ( ! ,FA!RL&S'4 ,FASCI/S & ! ULTRA-,RI<T SEEK AN ECOLOGIS$ HEIMAT AGA9/ ,U,S IMP]IALISM1 IMMIGRATION & =EIGN]S4 ,OPPOSITION TO ! BLACK POPULATION ( ! '?IRD WORLD' IS DISGUIS$ UND] >GUM5TS AGA9/ OV]POPULATION1 US+ ! WORD CULTURE RA!R ?AN RACES4 ,AS 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGY MAY JU/IFY MY/ICAL NATIONALISM2 FASCI/ & NEO FASCI/ IDEAS >E 9FLU5TIAL 9 SPIRITUAL1 MY/ICAL & PAGAN CIRCLES4 

,! AU?ORS CORRECTLY CONCLUDE ?AT ECOLOGICAL !MES REQUIRE AN EXPLICIT SOCIAL CONTEXT TO HAVE POLITICAL RELEVANCE2 ! FAILURE TO PROVIDE ?IS IS ! HALLM>K ( REACTION>Y ECOLOGY1 UND] BANN]S SU* AS 'BEYOND POLITICS' OR 'APOLITICAL'4 ,?IS LEADS TO IDEAS ( NATURAL LAW_/NATURAL ORD] ) ALL !IR REGRESSIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,IT IS VITAL ?AT !RE IS AN ECOLOGICAL LEFT ?AT IS LIB]T>IAN1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ & 9T]NATIONALI/1 H[EV] )\T ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALIM !Y SEEM TO ADVOCATE4 

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