,REPORT ON ,FASCISM .<,ALT]NATIVE.> 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

7,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#b7 

,FROM ,9T]NATIONAL ,PRESS ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,VOL4 #b ,NO4 #a#a#a1 #ac ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b1 PP4 #i#g-#i#a#b4 

,TRANSCRIB$ @& M>K$ UP BY ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN = ! ,M>XI/S' ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 

,I WILL DEAL ) ! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ,COMRADE ,RADEK YE/]DAY AS TO ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY T[>DS FASCISM4 

,\R COMRADE CRITICIZ$ ! ATTITUDE ( \R ,P>TY ON ! QUE/ION ( ,FASCISM1 :I* IS ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL QUE/ION 9 ,ITALY4 ,HE CRITICIZ$ \R PO9T ( VIEW - \R ALLEG$ PO9T ( VIEW - :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO CONSI/ ( A DESIRE TO HAVE A SMALL P>TY & TO LIMIT ! CONSID]ATION ( ALL QUE/IONS SOLELY TO ! ASPECT ( ,P>TY ORGANIZATION & !IR IMM$IATE IMPORTANCE1 )\T GO+ ANY F>!R 9TO ! L>G] QUE/IONS AT ISSUE4 

,I WILL TRY TO BE BRIEF1 ON ACC\NT ( ! TIME LIMIT1 ) !SE FEW REM>KS ,I WILL />T MY REPORT4 

  

,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,FASCI/ ,MOVEM5T 

,! ORIG9 ( ! ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T MAY BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! YE>S #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#e1 TO ! P]IOD :I* PREC$$ ! 9T]V5TION ( ,ITALY 9 ! WORLD W>1 :5 ! F\NDATION = ?IS MOVEM5T WAS LAID D[N BY ! GR\PS :I* SUPPORT$ 9T]V5TION4 ,FROM A POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 !SE GR\PS W]E MADE UP ( SEV]AL T5D5CIES4 ,!RE WAS A GR\P ( ! RI<T1 L$ BY ,SAL&RA & ! BIG 9DU/RIALI/S1 :I* W]E 9T]E/$ 9 ! W> & :I* HAD EV5 SUPPORT$ ! W> AGA9/ ! ,5T5TE BE=E ! DECISION TO FI<T ON ! SIDE ( ! ,5T5TE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE >E ALSO ! T5D5CIES ( ! LEFT W+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,ITALIAN RADICALS1 I4E41 ! DEMOCRATS ( ! LEFT1 ! REPUBLICANS :O HAD BE5 BY TRADITION 9 FAVOR ( LIB]AT+ ,TRIE/E & ,TR5TO4 ,F9ALLY1 ! 9T]V5TIONI/ MOVEM5T 9CLUD$ ALSO C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T3 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S ,FROM A PO9T ( VIEW ( P]SONALITIES1 IT IS WOR? M5TION+ ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS JO9$ BY ! LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,W+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ,MUSSOL9I - ! MANAG] ( ,AVANTI4 

,IT MAY BE /AT$ APPROXIMATELY1 ?AT ! ,C5T] GR\PS DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! =MATION ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T1 BUT RETURN$ TO !IR TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! ONLY GR\PS :I* REMA9$ W]E ?OSE ( ! EXTREME ,RI<T & ?OSE ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT1 I4E41 ! EX-AN>*I/S1 ! EX-SYNDICALI/S & =M] REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S4 

,!SE POLITICAL GR\PS :I* 9 ,MAY #aiae SCOR$ A BIG VICTORY 9 =C+ ,ITALY 9TO ! W>1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! C\NTRY & EV5 ( P>LIAM5T LO/ !IR 9FLU5CE :5 ! W> WAS BR\<T TO A CLOSE4 ,ALREADY DUR+ ! W> ONE C\LD =ESEE ! 9EVITABLE WAN+ ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 9T]V5TIONI/S4 

,!Y HAD REPRES5T$ ! W> AS A V]Y EASY 5T]PRISE1 & :5 ! W> BECAME PROLONG$1 !Y LO/ !IR POPUL>ITY4 ,9DE$1 ONE MI<T D\BT :E!R !Y W]E EV] POPUL>4 

,9 ! P]IOD ?AT FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! W>1 WE SAW ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE GR\PS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM4 

,FROM ! 5D ( #aiah TO ! FIR/ HALF ( #a#i#b1 ! P]IOD ( DEMOBILIZATION & SLUMP1 ?IS POLITICAL T5D5CY WAS COMPLETELY DEFEAT$ [+ TO DISCONT5T CAUS$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! W>4 

,NEV]!LESS1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 WE MAY CONNECT ! ORIG9 ( ! MOVEM5T :I* SEEM$ 9SIGNIFICANT AT FIR/ ) ! =MIDABLE MOVEM5T :I* WE SEE TO-DAY4 

,! 0FASCI DI COMBATTIM5TO0 DID NOT DISB&4 ,MUSSOL9I REMA9$ ! LEAD] ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T1 & !IR PAP] ,IL ,POPOLO D',ITALIA1 CONT9U$ TO BE PUBLI%$4 

,AT ! ELECTIONS 9 ,MILAN 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i1 ! ,FASCI/I W]E COMPLETELY DEFEAT$1 9 SPITE ( HAV+ !IR DAILY NEWSPAP] & !IR POLITICAL *IEF4 ,!Y OBTA9$ A RIDICUL\SLY L[ NUMB] ( VOTES2 NEV]!LESS1 !Y CONT9U$ !IR ACTIVITIES4 

,! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* WAS CONSID]ABLY /R5G!N$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ( ! MASSES AFT] ! W>1 DID NOT MAKE FULL USE ( ! FAVORABLE SITUATION1 = REASONS ,I NE$ NOT GO 9TO N[4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES LACK$ ! BACK+ ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & ( A P>TY ?AT W\LD L5D !M P]MAN5CE & /ABILITY1 & ?US ! FAVORABLE PSY*OLOGICAL & OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES W]E NOT UTILIZ$4 ,I DO NOT ASS]T - AS ,COMRADE ,Z9OVIEV ACCUS$ ME ( SAY+ - ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY C\LD BR+ AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ITALY1 BUT AT LEA/ IT \<T TO HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( SOLIDLY ORGANIZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,IT PROV$ UNEQUAL TO ! TASK4 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! ANTI-W> ,SOCIALI/ T5D5CY HAS LO/ POPUL>ITY :I* IT 5JOY$ 9 ,ITALY4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION & ! CRISIS 9 SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,ITALY1 ! OPPOSITE MOVEM5T ( FASCISM BEGAN TO GR[4 

,FASCISM B5EFIT$ ABOVE ALL BY ! CRISIS :I* 5SU$ 9 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION & ! 9FLU5CE ( :I* WAS BEGUN TO BE FELT 9 ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,?US ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T AT A MO/ TRY+ P]IOD F\ND SUPPORT 9 ! ,D',ANNUNZIO EXP$ITION TO ,FIUME4 ,! ,FIUME EXP$ITION 9 A S5SE GAVE TO FASCISM ITS MORAL SUPPORT1 & EV5 ! TRACK+ ( ITS ORGANIZATION & ITS >M$ =CES1 AL?\< ! ,D',ANNUNZIO MOVEM5T & ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T W]E NOT ! SAME ?+4 

,WE HAVE SPOK5 ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T2 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS REPEAT$LY CRITICIZ$ ITS MI/AKES4 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( !SE MI/AKES WAS A COMPLETE *ANGE 9 ! /ATE ( M9D ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! O!R CLASSES4 ,! PROLET>IAT BECAME DISORGANIZ$ & DEMORALIZ$4 ,9 VIEW ( ! FAILURE TO W9 ! VICTORY ?AT WAS )9 ITS GRASP1 ! /ATE ( M9D ( ! WORK+ CLASS *ANG$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT 9 #aiai & 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( #aib ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE TO A C]TA9 EXT5T BECAME RESIGN$ TO ! IDEA ( HAV+ TO SEE ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS & ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE W]E READY TO PLAY A PASSIVE P>T1 NOT 9 ! WAKE ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 ! WAKE ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* WAS TO M>* ON TO VICTORY4 

,?IS /ATE ( M9D HAS UND]GONE A COMPLETE *ANGE4 ,9/EAD ( SUBMITT+ TO A VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WE SEE ON ! CONTR>Y H[ ! B\RGEOISIE IS ORGANIZ$ = DEF5SE4 

,! MIDDLE CLASS BECAME DISCONT5T$ :5 IT SAW ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS UNABLE TO ORGANIZE 9 SU* A MANN] AS TO GA9 ! UPP] H&2 & LOS+ CONFID5CE 9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 IT TURN$ TO ! OPPOSITE SIDE4 

IT WAS !N ?AT ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE ( ! B\RGEOISIE />T$4 ,?IS (F5SIVE WAS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! RESULT ( CAPABLE EXPLOITATION ( ! /ATE ( M9D ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,FASCISM BY REASON ( ITS HET]OG5E\S *>ACT] (F]$ A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM1 & = ?IS REASON IT WAS *OS5 TO LEAD ?IS (F5SIVE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( CAPITALISM4 

,! ,ITALIAN EXAMPLE IS A CLASSICAL ONE = ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE4 ,IT REPRES5TS1 AS ,COMRADE ,RADEK TOLD US YE/]DAY FROM ?IS PLAT=M1 A COMPLEX PH5OM5ON :I* %\LD BE CONSID]$ NOT ONLY FROM ! /&PO9T ( R$UC$ WAGES & LONG] H\RS1 BUT ALSO FROM ! G5]AL /&PO9T ( POLITICAL & MILIT>Y ACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,9 ,ITALY DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,FASCISM WE SAW ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE4 

,\R ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY - FROM ! MOM5T ( ITS 9CEPTION - CONSI/5TLY CRITICIZ$ ! SITUATION & PO9T$ \T ! NECESSITY ( UNIT$ DEF5SE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS (F5SIVE4 ,IT ADVOCAT$ A UNIT$ PROLET>IAN PLAN ( DEF5SE AGA9/ ?IS (F5SIVE4 

,TO GET A FULL VIEW ( ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE2 WE MU/ EXAM9E ! SITUATION 9 ITS V>I\S ASPECTS1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL AS WELL AS 9 ! AGR>IAN FIELD4 

,9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD ! CAPITALI/ (F5SIVE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE EXPLOITS ! DIRECT EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,! ECONOMIC CRISIS CAUS$ ! %UTT+ D[N ( A NUMB] ( FACTORIES1 & ! EMPLOY]S HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( DIS*>G+ ! MORE EXTREME ELEM5TS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,! 9DU/RIAL CRISIS FURNI%$ ! EMPLOY]S ) A GOOD PRETEXT = CUTT+ D[N WAGES & TAK+ BACK ! DISCIPL9>Y & MORAL CONCESSIONS :I* !Y HAD BE5 =C$ TO MAKE TO ! FACTORY WORK]S4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS CRISIS WE SAW 9 ,ITALY ! =MATION ( A ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY1 AN ASSOCIATION ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS :I* TOOK ! LEAD 9 ?IS FI<T AGA9/ ! WORK]S & SUBMITT$ EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY] TO !IR DISCIPL9E4 ,9 ! L>GE CITIES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO />T ! FI<T AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! IMM$IATE USE ( VIOL5CE4 ,! WORK]S ( ! CITIES >E G5]ALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 GR\PS2 !Y CAN EASILY GA!R 9 A L>GE MASS & PUT UP A S]I\S RESI/ANCE4 ,! EMPLOY]S !RE=E />T$ BY PROVOK+ ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ACTIONS ?AT W]E B\ND TO 5D UNFAVORABLY = !M1 BECAUSE ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD WAS TO TRANSPORT ! ACTIVITY ( ! MOVEM5T FROM ! TRADE UNIONS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y DOMA91 UND] ! DICTATES ( A POLITICAL P>TY :I* WAS REALLY COMMUNI/2 BUT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS NO?+ ( ! SORT4 

,AT ! DECISIVE MOM5T ( ! SITUATION ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY PROV$ 9CAPABLE ( GIV+ A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD TO ! ACTION ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! P]IOD ( ! GREAT SUCCESS ( ! ,ITALIAN LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ! FI<T = ! AMELIORATION ( ! WORK]S' CONDITIONS GAVE PLACE TO ! NEW P]IOD 9 :I* ! /RIKES BECAME DEF5SIVE /RIKES ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & DEFEATS BECAME ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! AGR>IAN CLASSES & :AT IS AS GREAT IMPORTANCE1 ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & O!R PEASANT ELEM5TS :I* >E NOT COMPLETELY PROLET>IAN1 COMPELL$ ! RUL+ CLASSES TO SEEK A WAY1 A MEANS ( COMBAT+ ! 9FLU5CE ACQUIR$ BY ! ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS4 

,9 A GREAT P>T ( ,ITALY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,PO VALLEY1 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS PREVAIL$ :I* CLOSELY RESEMBL$ A LOCAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT OR ( ! GR\PS ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,! COMMUNES1 CAPTUR$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AT ! CLOSE ( #aib C>RI$ ON A POLICY ( IMPOS+ LOCAL TAXES ON ! AGR>IAN B\RGEOISIE & ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! TRADE UNIONS FL\RI%$1 V]Y IMPORTANT COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS & NUM]\S SECTIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY GREW UP4 ,EV5 9 ?OSE PLACES :]E ! MOVEM5T WAS 9 ! H&S ( M5 :O W]E RE=MI/S1 BY 9/9CT2 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS TOOK A DEF9ITE REVOLUTION>Y TR5D4 ,! EMPLOY]S W]E EV5 =C$ TO DEPOSIT SUMS ( MONEY TO GU>ANTEE ! C>RY+ \T ( ! AGREEM5TS IMPOS$ BY ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 

,A SITUATION WAS REA*$ :]E ! AGRICULTURAL B\RGEOISIE C\LD NO LONG] LIVE ON !IR E/ATES & HAD TO SEEK REFUGE 9 ! CITIES4 

,C]TA9 ]RORS W]E COMMITT$ BY ! ,ITALIAN SOCIALI/S1 ESPECIALLY ON ! QUE/ION ( OCCUPY+ ! VACAT$ L&S & ! T5D5CY ( ! SMALL F>M]S :O AFT] ! W> BEGAN TO BUY UP L& 9 ORD] TO BECOME BIG PROPRIETORS4 

,! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS COMPELL$ !SE SMALL F>M]S IO REMA9 SOME:AT ! SLAVES ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 & 9 ?IS SITUATION ! FASCI/ MOV]N5T MANAG$ TO F9D IMPORTANT SUPPORT4 

,9 ! DOMA9 ( AGRICULTURE !RE WAS NO CRISIS ( SU* DIM5SIONS ?AT W\LD 5ABLE ! L&$ PROPRIETORS TO WAGE A SUCCESSFUL C\NT]-(F5SIVE ON ! BASIS ( ! SIMPLE ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! LABOR]S4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT ! ,FASCI/I BEGAN TO 9TRODUCE !IR ME?ODS ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 ( >M$ BRUTAL =CE1 F9D+ SUPPORT 9 ! RURAL PROPRIETOR DATA & EXPLOIT+ ! DISCONT5T CREAT$ AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL MIDDLE CLASSES BY ! BLUND]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! RE=MI/S4 ,FASCISM B5EFIT$ ALSO BY ! G5]AL SITUATION :I* DAILY 9CREAS$ ! DISCONT5T AMONG ALL4 ,!SE GR\PS ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS & PETTY M]*ANTS1 ( PETTY PROPRIETORS & RETURN$ SOLDI]S1 ( EX-(FIC]S DISAPPO9T$ 9 !IR LOT AFT] ! GLORIES ( W>4 

,ALL !SE ELEM5TS W]E EXPLOIT$ & ORGANIZ$1 & ?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS MOVEM5T ( DE/RUCTION ( ! ,R$ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS ( ,ITALY4 

,! ME?OD EMPLOY$ BY ,FASCISM IS RA!R PECULI>4 ,HAV+ GOT TOGE!R ALL ! DEMOBILIZ$ ELEM5TS :I* C\LD F9D NO PLACE = !MSELVES 9 PO/W> SOCIETY1 IT MADE FULL USE ( !IR MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE4 ,FASCISM BEGAN TO =M ITS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 NOT 9 ! BIG 9DU/RIAL CITIES1 BUT 9 ?OSE :I* MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ! CAPITALS ( ,ITALIAN AGRICULTURAL REGIONS LIKE ,BOLOGNA & ,FLOR5CE1 ?ANKS TO SUPPORT ( ! ,/ATE AU?ORITIES ( :OM WE WILL YET SPEAK LAT] ON4 ,! ,FASCI/S POSSESS$ >MS1 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ASSUR$ IMMUNITY ( ! LAW1 & !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( !SE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS :ILE !Y W]E /ILL LESS NUM]\S ?AN !IR REVOLUTION>Y ADV]S>IES4 

,! MODE ( ACTION IS SOME:AT AS FOLL[S4 ,!Y 9VADE A LITTLE C\NTRY PLACE1 !Y DE/ROY ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y =CE ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL TO RESIGN AT ! PO9T ( ! BAYONET1 !Y W\LD ASSAULT OR MURD] ?OSE :O OPPOS$ !M OR1 AT BE/1 =CE !M TO QUIT ! DI/RICT4 ,! LOCAL WORK]S W]E P[]LESS TO RESI/ SU* A CONC5TRATION ( >M$ =CES BACK$ BY ! POLICE4 ,! LOCAL FASCI/ GR\PS :I* C\LD POT PREVI\SLY FI<T BY !MSELVES AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT =CES HAVE N[ BECAME ! MA/]S ( ! SITUATION1 BECAUSE ! LOCAL WORK]S & PEASANTS HAVE BE5 T]RORIZ$ & W]E AFRAID ( TAK+ ANY ACTION = FE> ?AT ! ,FASCI/ EXP$ITION MI<T RETURN ) EV5 GREAT] =CES AL !IR COMM&4 

,FASCISM ?US PROCE$$ TO ! CONQUE/ ( A DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ,ITALIAN POLITICS 9 A SORT ( T]RITORIAL CAMPAIGN1 :I* MI<T BE TRAC$ ON A MAP4 

,! ,FASCI/ CAMPAIGN />T$ \T FROM ,BOLOGNA1 :]E IS ,SEPTEMB] - ,OCTOB] #aibb A SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION WAS ! OCCASION = A GREAT MOBILIZATION ( ! R$ =CES4 

,SEV]AL 9CID5TS TOOK PLACE3 ! MEET+ ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL WAS BROK5 UP BY PROVOCATION FROM )\T4 ,%OTS W]E FIR$ AT ! B5*ES OCCUPI$ BY ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY PROBABLY BY SOME AG5TS-PROVOCATEURS4 

,?AT WAS ! FIR/ GR& ATTACK MADE BY ! ,FASCI/S4 

,FROM N[ ON MILITANT REACTION OV]RAN ! C\NTRY1 PUTT+ ! TOR* TO PROLET>IAN CLUBS & MALTREAT+ !IR LEAD]S4 ,9 !IR DA/>DLY WORK !Y 5JOY$ ! FULL BACK+ ( ! POLICE & ! AU?ORITIES4 ,! T]ROR />T$ AT ,BOLOGNA ON ! HI/ORIC DATE ( ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#i#b1 :5 ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL ( ,BOLOGNA WAS PREV5T$ BY VIOL5CE FROM ASSUM+ ITS P[]S4 

,FROM ,BOLOGNA ,FASCISM MOV$ ALONG A R\TE :I* WE CANNOT \TL9E H]E 9 DETAIL1 BUT WE MAY SAY ?AT IT W5T 9 TWO *IEF GEOGRAPHICAL DIRECTIONS1 ON ! ONE H& T[>DS ! 9DU/RIAL TRIANGLE ( ! ,NORD-,WE/1 VIZ4 ,MILAN1 ,TUR9 & ,G5OA1 & ON ! O!R H& T[>DS ,TOSCANA & ! ,C5T] ( ,ITALY1 9 ORD] TO 5CIRCLE & LAY SIEGE TO ! ,CAPITAL4 ,IT WAS CLE> FROM ! \TSET ?AT ! ,S\? ( ,ITALY C\LD NOT GIVE BIR? TO A ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T ANY MORE ?AN TO A GREAT SOCIAI/ MOVEM5T4 

,FASCISM IS SO LITTLE ( A MOVEM5T ( ! BACKW>D P>T ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT IT C\LD NOT MAKE ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 ,S\!RN ,ITALY1 BUT RA!R 9 ?OSE DI/RICTS :]E ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T WAS MORE DEVELOP$ & ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS MORE 9 EVID5CE4 

,HAV+ JU/ DESCRIB$ ! PRIME ELEM5TS ( ,FASCISM1 H[ >E WE TO 9T]PRET ! ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T8 ,IS IT PURELY AS AGR>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,?AT WE W\LD NOT SAY1 AL?\< ! MOVEM5T ORIG9AT$ 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS4 ,FASCISM C\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ AS ! 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T ( A S+LE GR\P ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! AGR>IAN 9T]E/S 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S4 ,BESIDES1 ,FASCISM HAS =M$ ITS POLITICAL AS WELL AS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION ALSO 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 EV5 9 ?OSE PROV9CES :]E IT HAD TO CONF9E ITS VIOL5T ACTIONS TO ! RURAL DI/RICTS4 

,WE HAVE SE5 IT 9 ! ,ITALIAN P>LIAM5T1 :]E ! ,FASCI/S =M$ A P>LIAM5T>Y FACTION AFT] HAV+ PRECIPITAT$ ! P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ( #a#i#b#a1 :I* DID NOT PREV5T BE =MATION ( AN AGR>IAN P>TY 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,FASCI/I4 

,DUR+ REC5T EV5TS WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL EMPLOY]S HAVE SUPPORT$ ! ,FASCI/I4 ,A DECID+ FACTOR 9 ! NEW SITUATION WAS FURNI%$ BY A REC5T DECL>ATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY 9 FAVOR ( 5TRU/+ TO ,MUSSOL9I ! =MATION ( A NEW ,CAB9ET4 

,BUT A MORE /RIK+ PH5OM5ON 9 ?IS RESPECT IS ! APPE>ANCE ( ,FASCI/ ,SYNDICALISM4 

,! ,FASCI/S HAVE TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( ! FACT1 :I* WE ALREADY M5TION$1 ?AT ! SOCIALI/S NEV] HAD AN AGR>IAN POLICY & ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE :I* >E NOT PURELY PROLET>IAN >E 9 OPPOSITION TO ?OSE ( ! SOCIALI/S4 

,FASCISM WAS AN >M$ MOVEM5T :I* EMPLOY$ ALL ME?ODS ( ! MO/ BRUTAL VIOL5CE4 ,IT ALSO KNEW H[ TO EMPLOY ! MO/ CALL\S ME?ODS ( DEMAGOGY4 ,! ,FASCI/I 5DEAVOR$ TO =M CLASS ORGANIZATIONS AMONG ! PEASANTS & EV5 AMONG ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,9 A C]TA9 S5SE IT EV5 OPPOS$ ! L&LORDS2 WE HAVE EXAMPLES ( ! SYNDICALI/ /RUGGLE1 L$ BY ,FACI/I1 :I* RESEMBL$ GREATLY ! OLD ME?ODS ( ,R$ ORGANIZATION4 

,WE CANNOT CONSID] ?IS ,FASCI/ SYNDICALISM1 :I* WORKS ?R\< ! USE ( =CE & T]ROR1 AS AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE1 BUT NEI!R CAN WE ON ! O!R H& DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,FASCISM1 9 AN IMM$IATE S5SE IS A MOVEM5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL EMPLOY]S ,! FACT IS ?AT ,FASCISM IS A GREAT UNIT$ MOVEM5T ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS1 :I* IS CAPABLE ( US+ = ITS F9AL AIMS ANY & ALL MEANS1 M>TIAL 9T]E/S1 & ! LOCAL 9T]E/S ( C]TA9 GR\PS ( EMPLOY]S1 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL4 

,! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT PROP]LY UND]/OOD ! NECESSITY ( =M+ A UNIT$ S+LE ORGANIZATION = ! COMMON /RUGGLE1 BY SACRIFIC+ ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( SMALL GR\PS4 ,IT HAS NOT YET SUCCE$$ 9 SOLV+ ?IS PROBLEM4 ,! RUL+ CLASS CREAT$ AN ORGANIZATION :I* %\LD DEF5D ITS P[]2 ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS COMPLETELY 9 ITS H&S & IT FOLL[$ ! PLAN ( ! CAPITALI/ ANTI-PROLET>IAN (F5SIVE4 

,FASCISM P>TICIPAT$ 9 UNIONISM4 ,:Y8 ,9 ORD] TO TAKE P>T 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE8 ,NEV]6 ,! ,FASCI/I TOOK P>T 9 ! UNION MOVEM5T1 SAY+ ALL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S HAVE ! RI<T TO ORGANIZE2 ONE CAN =M ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 BUS9ESS M51 CAPITALI/S1 L& [N]S1 ETC4 ,!Y CAN ORGANIZE ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT ALL ORGANIZATIONS %\LD1 9 !IR ACTIVITIES BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! NATIONAL 9T]E/1 NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 NATIONAL PRE/IGE1 ETC4 

,?IS IS NO?+ BUT A CLASS TRUCE1 & NOT A CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ALL 9T]E/S >E DIRECT$ T[>DS A C]TA9 NATIONAL UNITY1 ?IS NATIONAL UNITY - IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CONS]VATION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 ! MAKE-UP ( ,FASCISM1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN C\NT ?REE PR9CIPAL FACTORS3 ! /ATE1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! PR9CIPAL CON/ITU5T ( ,FASCISM4 

,! NEWS ( ! SUCCESSIVE GOV]NM5T CRISES 9 ,ITALY HAVE L$ ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,ITALIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS POSSESS$ A ,/ATE APP>ATUS :I* WAS SO UN/ABLE ?AT IT C\LD BE MADE TO FALL AT ONE BL[4 

,?IS IS NOT AT ALL ! CASE4 ,JU/ AT ! P]IOD :5 ITS ,/ATE APP>ATUS WAS CONSOLIDAT$1 ! ,ITALIAN B\RGEOISIE =M$ ! ,FASCI/ ORGANIZATION4 

,9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY FOL[+ ! W>1 ! ,ITALIAN ,/ATE UND]W5T A CRISIS4 ,DEMOBILIZATION WAS ! OBVI\S REASON = ?IS CRISIS4 ,NUMB]S ( ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! W> W]E SUDD5LY ?R[N 9TO ! ,LABOR M>KET1 & AT ?IS CRITICAL P]IOD1 ! ,/ATE MA*9E1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 ORGANIZ$ TO ITS HI<E/ PIT* TO RESI/ ! =EIGN 5EMY1 N[ HAD SUDD5LY TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO ! DEF5SIVE MA*9]Y GU>D+ CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S AGA9/ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS A =MIDABLE TASK = ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y C\LD NOT SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT 9 A MILIT>Y ( TE*NICAL MANN]2 IT HAD TO BE DONE BY POLITICAL MEANS4 

,!RE=E WE SEE ! RADICAL GOV]NM5T ( ! PO/W> P]IOD2 ?AT ( ,NITTI & ?AT ( ,GIOLITTI4 

,IT WAS JU/ ! POLICY ( !SE TWO POLITICIANS :I* R5D]$ ! SUBSEQU5T VICTORY ( ,FASCISM 9EVITABLE4 ,!Y />T$ BY MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! P]IOD :5 ! ,/ATE ME*ANISM HAD TO BE CONSOLIDAT$4 ,FASCISM CAME AFT]W>DS2 ! ,FASCI/ CRITICISM ( ?IS GOV]NM5T :I* !Y ACCUSE ( C[>DICE 9 ! FACE ( ! REVOLUTION>IES IS M]ELY DEMAGOGIC RHETORIC4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! ,FASCI/ VICTORY HAS BE5 POSSIBLE PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! FIR/ CAB9ETS ( ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 

,NITTI & ,GIOLITTI MADE C]TA9 CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y ACC$$ TO C]TA9 DEM&S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY3 DEMOBILIZATION1 A DEMOCRATIC REGIME & AMNE/Y = DES]T]S4 ,!Y MADE !SE CONCESSIONS1 9 ORD] TO GA9 TIME TO REE/ABLI% !IR ,/ATE ON A SOLID BASIS4 ,IT WAS ,NITTI :O ORGANIZ$ ! 0,ROYAL ,GU>D0 AN ORGANIZATION NOT PURELY ( ! POLICE TYPE BUT ( ! NEW TYPE1 ! MILIT>I/S4 ,ONE ( ! GREAT ]RORS ( !4 RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S WAS 9 NOT HAV+ CONSID]$ A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ! QUE/ION :I* !Y C\LD EV5 HAVE PRES5T$ ON CON/ITUTIONAL GR\NDS1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS =M+ AN AUXILI>Y >MY4 ,?IS PO9T WAS NOT GRASP$ BY ! SOCIALI/S :O REG>D$ ,NITTI AS ! MAN ) :OM !Y C\LD V]Y WELL COLLABORATE 9 A ,LEFT ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS ONE MORE PRO( ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 9CAPACITY ( ?IS ,P>TY TO UND]/& ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,ITALIAN POLITICS4 

,GIOLITTI COMPLET$ ! LABORS ( ,NITTI4 ,IT WAS ,BONOMI1 ,M9I/] ( ,W> 9 ! ,GIOLITTI CAB9ET1 :O FO/]$ ! BEG9N+ ( ,FASCISM1 HE PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ?IS Y\NG MOVEM5T DEMOBILIZ$ (FIC]S :O1 AL?\< RE5T]$ 9TO CIVIL LIFE1 W]E /ILL 9 RECEIPT ( A L>GE PORTION ( !IR >MY SAL>IES4 

,HE PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,FASCI/I ! ,/ATE MA*9E 9 AS L>GE A MEASURE AS POSSIBLE4 ,HE GAVE !M EV]Y POSSIBLE FACILITY = ORGANIZ+ !IR FI<T+ =CES4 

,! GOV]NM5T REALIZ$ ?AT IT W\LD BE A =MIDABLE ]ROR TO 5GAGE 9 A REAL /RUGGLE 9 ! P]IOD :5 ! >M$ PROLET>IAT OCCUPI$ ! FACTORIES & ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT %[$ SIGNS ( BE+ AB\T TO SEIZE ! ,CR[N L&S4 

,?IS GOV]NM5T :I* HAD DONE ! PRELIM9>Y ORGANIZATION WORK ( ?AT REACTION>Y =CE ) :I* !Y DESIR$ ONE DAY TO DE/ROY ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 WAS AID$ 9 ITS /RATEGY BY ! TREA*]\S LEAD]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 :O W]E !N MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,BY CONC$+ ! LAW ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 :I* HAS NEV] BE5 APPLI$ OR EV5 VOT$1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS ABLE TO REE/ABLI% ! /ABILITY ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 

,! PROLET>IAT WAS SEIZ+ ! WORKSUPS & ! L&$ E/ATES4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ONCE MORE FAIL$ TO BR+ AB\T UNIT$ ACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT & PEASANTS4 ,& IF IS PRECISELY ?IS 9ABILITY TO SECURE UNIT$ ACTION :I* 5ABL$ ! MA/] CLASS TO A*IEVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y UNITY & SO DEFEAT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S ON ! O!R4 

,AS WE SEE1 ! ,/ATE HAS PLAY$ ! PRIM>Y ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,FASCI/ ,MOVEM5T4 

,AFT] ! ,NITTI1 ,GIOLITTI & ,BONOMI GOV]NM5TS1 WEHAD ! ,FACTA ,CAB9ET4 ,?IS WAS A TYPE ( GOV]NM5T 9TRUD$ TO COV] UP ! COMPLETE LIB]TY ( ACTION ( ,FASCISM 9 ITS EXPANSION OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,DUR+ ! /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#b1 SEV]AL CONFLICTS TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! ,FASCI/I1 :I* LAT] W]E OP5LY AID$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ONE CAN QUOTE ! EXAMPLE ( ,B>I4 ,DUR+ A :OLE WEEK ( FI<T+1 ! ,FASCI/I1 9 FULL =CE1 W]E UNABLE TO DEFEAT ! ,B>I WORK]S1 :O HAD RETIR$ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS QU>T]S ( ! OLD CITY & :O DEF5D$ !MSELVES BY >M$ =CE4 ,! ,FASCI/I W]E =C$ TO RETREAT LEAV+ SEV]AL ( !IR NUMB] ON ! FIELD4 ,BUT :AT DID ! ,FACTA GOV]NM5T DO8 ,DUR+ ! NI<T !Y SURR\ND$ ! OLD T[N ) ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S & HUNDR$S ( C>RIB9E]S ( ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D4 ,9 ! H>BOR1 A TORP$O BOAT TRA9$ ITS GUNS1 >MOR$ C>S & CANNONS4 ,! WORK]S W]E TAK5 BY SURPRISE DUR+ !IR SLEEP1 ! PROLET>IAN LEAD]S W]E ASSAULT$2 LABOR HEADQU>T]S W]E OCCUPI$4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,:]EV] ,FASCISM HAD BE5 BEAT5 BACK BY ! WORK]S1 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 9T]V5$2 WORK]S :O RESI/$ W]E %OT D[N2 WORK]S1 :O W]E GUILTY ( NO?+ BUT SELF-DEF5SE1 W]E >RE/$ & S5T5C$2 :ILE ! MAGI/RATES SY/EMATICALLY ACQUITT$ ! ,FASCI/I :O W]E G5]ALLY KN[N TO HAVE COMMITT$ 9NUM]ABLE CRIMES4 

,?US1 ! ,/ATE IS ! MA9 FACTOR4 

,! SECOND FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,FASCISM IS1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ! GREAT CAPITALI/S ( 9DU/RY1 F9ANCE & COMM]CE1 & ALSO ! L>GE L&$ PROPRIETORS1 :O HAD AN OBVI\S 9T]E/ 9 ! =MATION ( A COMBATIVE ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD SUPPORT !IR ATTACK UPON ! WORK]S4 

,BUT A ?IRD FACTOR HAS ALSO HAD A V]Y IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE ON ! =MATION ( ! =CES ( ,FASCISM4 

,9 ORD] TO =M AN ILLEGAL REACTION>Y ORGANIZATION \TSIDE ( ! ,/ATE1 ONE IS COMPELL$ TO RECRUIT O!R ELEM5TS ?AN ?OSE BELONG+ M]ELY TO ! HI<E/ CIRCLES ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,!Y GA9$ ! HELP ( !SE ELEM5TS BY APPEAL+ TO ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ( :I* WE HAVE SPOK51 &1 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO !IR RANKS1 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPRESS 9T]E/S4 ,ONE MU/ CONFESS ?AT ,FASCISM HAS WELL UND]/OOD H[ TO DO ?IS1 & HAS WELL SUCCE$$ 9 SO DO+4 ,!Y GA9$ ! ASSI/ANCE ( ELEM5TS BELONG+ TO /RATA ONLY JU/ ABOVE ! PROLET>IAT1 & EV5 AMONG ?OSE SUFF]+ FROM ! EFFECTS ( ! - ALL ?OSE PETTY B\RGEOIS1 SEMI-B\RGEOIS1 TRADESM51 & ABOVE1 ALL ?OSE 9TELLECTUAL ELEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS Y\? :I*1 9 ADH]+ TO ,FASCISM DISCOV]$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 A NEW 5]GY & ! EXULTATION ( PATRIOTISM & ,ITALIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,!Y BR\<T TO ,FASCISM A CONSID]ABLE CONTRIBUTION1 9 SUPPLY+ IT ) ?OSE HUMAN ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = ITS MILIT>I/IC ORGANIZATION4 

,!SE >E ! ?REE FACTORS :I* HAVE P]MITT$ \R ADV]S>IES TO CONFRONT US ) A MOVEM5T ( :I* WE MAY D5\NCE ITS F]OCITY & BRUTALITY BUT 9 :I* WE MU/ NEV]!LESS RECOGNIZE AN ORGANIZATIONAL SOLID>ITY AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE ( ITS LEAD]S1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY NEV] UND]/OOD ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS GR[+ ANTAGONI/IC MOVEM5T4 ,! ,AVANTI NEV] UND]/OOD :AT ! B\RGEOISIE WAS PREP>+ BY PR(IT+ FROM ! CRIM9AL ]RORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS LEAD]S4 ,!Y DID NOT WI% TO D5\NCE ,MUSSOL9I1 FE>+ ?AT BY SO DO+ !Y W\LD BE GIV+ HIM PUBLICITY4 

,WE UND]/& !N1 ?AT ,FASCISM IS NOT A NEW POLITICAL DOCTR9E4 ,IT HAS1 H[EV]1 A /RONG POLITICAL & MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 A CONSID]ABLE PRESS CONDUCT$ ) A GOOD DEAL ( J\RNALI/IC ABILITY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO SEMBLANCE ( A PROGRAM2 & N[ ?AT !Y HAVE >RIV$ AT ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE1 !Y F9D !MSELVES CONFRONT$ BY CONCRETE PROBLEMS & >E =C$ TO APPLY !MSELVES TO ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,N[ ?AT !Y HAVE TO PASS FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE ACTIVITIES1 DESPITE ! /R5G? ( !IR ORGANIZATION !Y COMM5CE TO %[ !IR WEAKNESS4 

,WE HAVE EXAM9$ ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL FACTORS 9FLU5C+ ! BIR? ( ! ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T4 ,WE %ALL N[ DISCUSS ! ,FASCI/ IDEOLOGY & ! PROGRAM BY :I* ?IS MOVEM5T1 HAS DRAWN TO IT ! V>I\S ADH]5TS FOLL[+ IT4 

,\R CRITICISM LEADS US TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 9 REALITY ,FASCISM HAS ADD$ NO?+ NEW TO ! IDEOLOGY & TRADITIONAL PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,ITS SUP]IORITY & ORIG9ALLY CONSI/ ONLY 9 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS DISCIPL9E & ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,BEH9D ?IS =MIDABLE POLITICAL & MILIT>I/ APP>ATUS1 !RE LOOMS A PROBLEM :I* IT CANNOT SOLVE1 NAMELY ! ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* WILL CONT9UALLY R5EW ! REASONS = REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ,FASCISM TO REORGANIZE ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC MA*9E4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[ H[ TO F9D ! WAY \T FROM ! ECONOMIC AN>*Y ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,& !Y 5DEAVOR TO C>RY ON ANO!R FI<T1 :I* IS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ POLITICAL AN>*Y1 ! AN>*Y ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MA/] CLASS 9 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! /RATIFICATION ( ! ,ITALIAN MA/] CLASS HAS ALWAYS ?R[N UP C]TA9 POLITICAL GR\PS1 :I* DID NOT BASE !MSELVES ON S\NDLY ORGANIZ$ P>TIES1 & :I* HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY 5GAG$ 9 /RUGGLES AMONG !MSELVES ,?IS WAS ABOVE ALL ! POLITICAL REFLEX ( ! PRIVATE & LOCAL 9T]E/S1 COMPETITION BETWE5 PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS 9 ! FIELD ( P>LIAM5T>Y BACK/AIRS & 9TRIGUE4 ,! B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE HAS DICTAT$ TO ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ! NECESSITY ( A*IEV+ UNITY ( ACTION 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE & ! P>LIAM5T>Y FIELD4 ,FASCISM IS ! REALIZATION ( ?IS4 ,PLAC+ ITSELF ABOVE ALL ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 IT IS GRADUALLY SAPP+ !IR MEMB]%IP1 REPLAC+ !M 9 !IR FUNCTIONS & - ?ANKS TO ! MI/AKES ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T - IS 9CLUD+ 9 ITS POLITICAL CRUSADE ! HUMAN ELEM5TS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT IT CANNOT CON/RUCT AN IDEOLOGY1 NOR A CONCRETE PROGRAM ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 :I* %ALL SURPASS ?AT ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS POLICIES1 :I* HAVE BE5 BANKRUPT$ A ?\S& TIMES4 

,! CRITICAL P>T ( ,FASCI/ DOCTR9E HAS NO GREAT VALUE ,IT IS ANTI-SOCIALI/ & ALSO ANTI-DEMOCRATIC4 ,SO F> AS ANTI-SOCIALISM IS CONC]N$1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ,FASCISM IS ! MOVEM5T ( ALL ANTI-PROLET>IAN =CES1 & ?AT IT MU/ !RE=E DECL>E ITSELF AGA9/ ALL SOCIALI/IC OR SEMI-SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES1 )\T LIV+ ABLE TO PRES5T ANY NEW JU/IFICATION ( ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE [N]%IP UNLESS IT BE ! WELL US$ ONE ( ! ALLEG$ FAILURE ( COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT !IR CRITICISM ( ! DEMOCRATIC REGIME - ?AT IT HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO COMBAT REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-NATIONAL T5D5CIES - & ?AT !RE=E IT %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! ,FASCI/ ,/ATE1 IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A S5SELESS PHRASE4 

,FASCISM - IS NOT A T5D5CY ( ! ,RI<T W+ B\RGEOISIE1 :I*1 BAS+ ITSELF UPON ! >I/OCRATS1 ! CL]GY1 & ! HI< CIVIL & MILIT>Y FUNCTION>IES1 IS TO REPLACE ! DEMOCRACY ( A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y BY A MON>*IC DESPOTISM4 ,9 REALITY4 ,FASCISM CONDUCTS ITS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BY MEANS ( AN ALLIANCE ( ALL B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 & = ?IS REASON IT IS NOT ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = IT TO DE/ROY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FROM ! ,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW1 ?IS FACT NE$ BY NO MEANS BE CONSID]$ P>ADOXICAL1 AS WE KN[ WELL ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A SCAFFOLD+ ( FALSE GU>ANTEES1 ]ECT$ 9 ORD] TO HIDE ! DOM9ATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,FASCISM USES BO? REACTION>Y VIOL5CE & ?OSE DEMAGOGIC SOPHI/RIES BY :I* ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE HAS ALWAYS DECEIV$ ! PROLET>IAT :ILE ASSUR+ ! SUPREMACY ( CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S4 

,:5 ! ,FASCI/I TURN$ FROM !IR ALLEG$ CRITICISM ( LIB]AL ,DEMOCRACY TO PROCLAIM TO US !IR POSITIVE CONCEPTION1 9SPIR$ BY PATRIOTIC EXULTATION & A CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( !IR C\NTRY1 !Y BAS$ IT UPON AN HI/ORICAL MY? :I* HAS NO BASIS 9 FACT1 IF ONE CONSID]S ! GRAVITY ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* EXI/S 9 ?IS ,ITALY1 FALSELY CALL$ 0! VICTORI\S04 ,9 !IR ME?ODS ( 9FLU5C+ ! MOB1 WE SEE NO?+ MORE ?AN AN IMITATION ( ! CLASSICAL ATTITUDE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY3 ! CONCEPTION ?AT ALL 9T]E/S MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ?AT ( NATIONAL SUPREMACY1 :I* IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! COLLABORATION ( CLASSES1 & IS A MEANS ( PROTECT+ B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ATTACKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,A NEW FEATURE :I* ,FASCISM HAS REVEAL$1 IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E4 ,REC5T ,ITALIAN ,P>LIAM5T>Y DEVELOPM5T W\LD MAKE US BELIEVE ?AT ONE WAS 9 ! PRES5CE ( SU* A CRISIS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE MA*9E ?AT ONE MORE BL[ W\LD HAVE %ATT]$ IT4 ,9 REALITY WE W]E ONLY FAC$ BY A CRITICAL P]IOD ( *ANGE 9 B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TAL MATT]S1 DUE TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ! OLD POLITICAL GR\P+S & ( ! TRADITIONAL ,ITALIAN POLITICIANS 9 CONDUCT+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 A PR(\NDLY DI/URB+ SITUATION4 

,FASCISM HAS CON/RUCT$ ! ORGAN CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ ?IS ROLE1 IF PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( ! /ATE4 

,BUT :5 ! ,FASCI/I WI% TO PLACE1 SIDE BY SIDE ) !IR NEGATIVE ANTI-PROLET>IAN CAMPAIGN1 A POSITIVE PROGRAM & CONCRETE PROPOSALS = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,/ATE1 !Y W]E ONLY ABLE TO REPEAT ! BANAL PLATITUDES ( TRADITIONAL DEMOCRACY & EV5 ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y HAVE FURNI%$ US ) NO TRACE ( AN ORIG9AL & CO-ORD9AT$ PROGRAM4 

,= EXAMPLE1 !Y HAVE ALWAYS SAID ?AT ! ,FASCI/ PROGRAM ADVOCATES A R$UCTION ( ! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY1 />T+ FROM ABOVE1 ) A R$UCTION 9 ! NUMB] ( M9I/]S1 & EXT5D+ 9TO ALL ! BRAN*ES ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,N[ IT IS TRUE ?AT ,MUSSOL9I HAS )DRAWN ! SPECIAL TRA9 USUALLY ALLOT$ TO ! ,PREMI]1 BUT ON ! O!R H& BE HAS AUGM5T$ ! NUMB] ( CAB9ET M9I/]S & ( ! ASSI/ANT SECRET>IES ( ! ,/ATE1 9 ORD] TO GIVE JOBS TO HIS LEGION>IES4 

,FASCISM1 AFT] HAV+ TEMPOR>ILY ADOPT$ REPUBLICANISM F9ALLY RALLI$ TO ! /RICTE/ MON>*I/ LOYALISM2 & AFT] HAV+ L\DLY & CON/ANTLY CRI$1 \T AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>Y CORRUPTION1 IT HAS N[ COMPLETELY ACCEPT$ CONV5TIONAL P>LIAM5T>Y PROC$URE4 

,!Y DEP>T$ SO F> FROM ! T5D5CIES ( PURE REACTION1 ?AT !Y EV5 MADE USE ( SYNDICALISM4 ,9 !IR CONGRESS AT ,ROME 9 #a#i#b#a1 :]E !Y MADE ALMO/ RIDICUL\S ATTEMPTS AT =MULAT+ !IR DOCTR9ES1 !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPLA9 ,FASCI/ SYNDICALISM !ORETICALLY AS BE+ ! SUPREMACY ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! MORE 9TELLECTUAL CATEGORIES AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS !ORY HAS BE5 FULLY D5I$ BY !IR PRACTICE1 :I* BASES !IR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION UPON ! USE ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE & ! 0CLOS$ %OP0 SANCTION$ BY ! EMPLOY]S1 ) ! OBJECT ( BREAK+ UP ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS4 ,FASCISM HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO EXT5D ITS P[] 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS :]E !RE IS ! LEA/ AM\NT ( ?AT TE*NICAL SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR :I* FACILITATES ! CONTROL ( ! JOB4 ,!IR ME?ODS HAVE HAD SOME SUCCESS AMONG AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! LESS SKILL$ CITY WORK]S1 SU* AS = EXAMPLE1 ! DOCK WORK]S1 )\T HAV+ ATTA9$ SUCCESS 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ & 9TELLIG5T SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT HAS NOT EV5 GIV5 A NEW IMPULSE TO ! ORGANIZATION ( (FICE WORK]S & METAL WORK]S4 ,!RE IS NO SUB/ANTIAL !ORY ( ,FASCI/ SYNDICALISM4 ,! ,FASCI/ PROGRAM IS A CONFUS$ MIXTURE ( IDEAS & ( B\RGEOIS & PETTY B\RGEOIS DEM&S2 & ! SY/EMATIC USE ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT PREV5T !M FROM MAK+ USE ( ! OPPORTUNI/ ME?OD ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,ONE PRO( ( ?IS IS CONTA9$ 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,ITALIAN RE=MI/S1 :OSE POLICY1 DUR+ A C]TA9 TIME1 APPE>$ TO BE DOM9AT$ BY AN ANTI-,FASCI/ PR9CIPLE & BY ! ILLUSION ( =M+ A B\RGEOIS-PROLET>IAN COALITION GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/I1 BUT :O AT PRES5T HAVE RALLI$ TO ! SUPPORT ( TRIUMPHANT ,FASCISM4 ,?IS COMB9ATION IS NOT P>ADOXICAL2 IT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY A S]IES ( EV5TS1 & !RE W]E MANY E>LY 9CID5TS :I* MADE IT EASY TO =ESEE ?IS ALLIANCE4 ,ONE MAY M5TION = 9/ANCE1 ! D',ANNUNZIO MOVEM5T1 :I* ON ! ONE SIDE IS RELAT$ TO ,FASCISM1 & ON ! O!R1 5DEAVORS TO ATTRACT TO ITSELF WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ON ! BASIS ( ! PROGRAM ( ,VI5NA :I* CLAIM$ TO HAVE A LABOR1 OR EV5 SOCIALI/IC1 BASIS4 

,I HAVE /ILL TO DEAL ) ! REC5T EV5TS 9 ,ITALY ON :I* ! ,CONGRESS EXPECTS TO BE ?OR\<LY 9=M$4 

,REC5T EV5TS4 ,\R DELEGATION LEFT ,ITALY BE=E ! LA/ EV5TS TOOK PLACE1 & UP TILL N[ HAS NOR RECEIV$ PROP] 9=MATION AB\T !M4 

,LA/ NI<T A COMRADE DELEGAT$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 >RIV$ H]E & GAVE US ! NECESS>Y 9=MATION4 ,I V\* = 

! BONA FIDE *>ACT] ( ! NEWS :I* WE RECEIV$1 & ,I WILL PUT !M BE=E Y\4 

,AS PREVI\SLY /AT$ ! ,FACTA ,GOV]NM5T 5ABL$ ! ,FASCI/I TO C>RY \T !IR POLICY ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE4 ,I WILL ONLY GIVE ONE ILLU/RATION ( ?IS3 VIZ4 - ! FACT ?AT ! POPUL> ,ITALIAN ,CA?OLIC ,PEASANT'S ,P>TY :I* WAS /RONGLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,CAB9ETS ?AT FOLL[$ EA* O!R 9 RAPID SUCCESSION DID NOT PREV5T ! ,FASCI/I FROM CONT9U+ A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATIONS ! MEMB]S & ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS ,P>TY4 ,! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T WAS ONLY A %AM GOV]NM5T :I* DID NO?+ TO PREV5T ! ADVANCE ( ,FASCISM T[>DS P[]1 AN ADVANCE :I* WE HAVE DEF9$ AS PURELY T]RITORIAL & GEOGRAPHICAL4 

,9 FACT ! GOV]NM5T WAS PREP>+ ! GR\ND4 ,H[EV]1 ! SITUATION WAS DEVELOP+4 ,ANO!R M9I/]IAL CRISIS >OSE4 ,FACTA'S RESIGNATION WAS DEM&$4 ,! LA/ ELECTIONS HAD RESULT$ 9 A ,P>LIAM5T>Y SITUATION :I* MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO SECURE A WORK+ MAJORITY BY ! OLD ME?ODS ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS SAID ?AT ! 0,GIANT ,LIB]AL ,P>TY0 WAS 9 P[] 9 ,ITALY4 ,IT WAS NOT A ,P>TY 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 & IT NEV] EXI/$ AS AN ACTUAL ,P>TY2 IT HAD NO P>TY ORGANIZATIONS & WAS ONLY A CONGLOM]ATION ( CLIQUES GR\P$ >\ND C]TA9 POLITICIANS1 ( ! ,NOR? OR ( ! ,S\?1 OR ( CLIQUES ( ! 9DU/RIAL OR AGRICULTURAL B\RGEOISIE 9 ! H&S ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 ,! 5SEMBLE ( !SE P>LIAM5T>IANS WAS 9 FACT ! C5T] ( ALL ! P>LIAM5T>Y COMB9ATIONS4 

,WELL ! TIME HAD COME :5 ,FASCISM HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! SITUATION OR EXP]I5C+ A V]Y S]I\S 9T]NAL CRISIS4 ,! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION HAD ALSO TO BE CONSID]$4 ,MEANS HAD TO BE F\ND TO PROVIDE = ! NE$S ( ! ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T & TO KEEP IT UP F9ANCIALLY4 ,!SE MEANS W]E TO A GREAT EXT5T PROVID$ BY ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1 & AS IT SEEMS1 ALSO BY =EIGN GOV]NM5TS4 ,FRANCE HAS GIV5 MONEY TO ! ,MUSSOL9I GR\P4 ,AT A SECRET SESSION ( ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] A BUDGET WAS CONSID]$ :I* COMPRIS$ CONSID]ABLE SUMS ( MONEY H&$ OV] TO ,MUSSOL9I 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,DOCUM5TS ( ?AT K9D CAME TO ! NOTICE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 :I* DID NOT C>E TO TAKE ANY NOTICE ( !M AT ! TIME1 SAY+ ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS A BEAT5 MAN4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T HAS FACILITAT$ ! TASK ( ! ,FASCI/I1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ALL[+ ITS B&S TO USE ! RAILWAYS FREE ( *>GE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! 5ORM\S EXP5SE 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T COMPELL$ ITS LEAD]S TO ASSUME P[] AS ! REAL GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT WAIT = NEW ELECTIONS 9 SPITE ( ! C]TA9LY ( SUCCESS4 

,! ,FASCI/I HAVE ALREADY A /RONG POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ,!Y NUMB] #c1 & CLAIM EV5 L>G] NUMB]S4 ,!Y C\LD HAVE CONQU]$ ?R\< 0DEMOCRACY01 IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 OBLIG$ TO ACCEL]ATE ! PROCESS4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #b#d?1 A ,NATIONAL ,FASCI/ ,C\NCIL WAS HELD 9 ,NAPLES4 ,EV]YONE KN[S AT PRES5T ?AT ?IS EV5T1 :I* WAS ADV]TIS$ 9 ! 5TIRE B\RGEOIS PRESS1 WAS ONLY A MANEUV] TO DIV]T ! G5]AL ATT5TION FROM ! 0,C\P D',ETAT04 ,AT A GIV5 MOM5T ! P>LIAM5T>IANS W]E TOLD3 0,CUT %ORT Y\R DEBATES1 !RE >E MORE IMPORTANT ?+S TO DO1 EV]Y MAN TO HIS PO/06 ,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,FASCI/ MOBILIZATION4 ,IT WAS ,OCTOB] #b#f?1 & EV]Y?+ WAS /ILL QUIET 9 ! ,CAPITAL4 

,FACTA HAD ANN\NC$ HIS DET]M9ATION NOT TO RESIGN BE=E AT LEA/ ANO!R MEET+ ( ! ,*AMB]1 9 ORD] NOT TO (F5D AGA9/ ! TRADITIONAL PROC$URE4 ,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( ?IS DECL>ATION1 HE H&$ 9 HIS RESIGNATION TO ! ,K+4 

,NEGOTIATIONS W]E />T$ = ! PURPOSE ( =M+ A NEW ,CAB9ET4 ,! ,FASCI/I W]E M>*+ ON ,ROME1 ! C5T] ( !IR ACTIVITY4 ,!Y W]E ESPECIALLY ACTIVE 9 ! C5T]1 9 ,TUSCANY4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9T]F]$ )4 

,SAL&RA WAS SUMMON$ TO =M A NEW ,CAB9ET4 ,9 ORD] TO C\NT5ANCE ,FASCISM HE WAS EXPECT$ TO REFUSE TO =M A ,GOV]NM5T4 

,AT ?IS TIME IT WAS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,FASCI/ >MIES W\LD HAVE BEHAV$ LIKE BRIG&S & W\LD HAVE PILLAG$ & DE/ROY$ EV]Y?+ 9 ! T[NS AS WELL AS 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS EV5 AGA9/ ! WILL ( !IR *IEFS1 IF SATISFACTION HAD NOT BE5 GIV5 !M BY CALL+ ,MUSSOL9I TO P[]4 

,!N !RE CAME A P]IOD :5 PUBLIC OP9ION WAS RA!R P]TURB$4 ,! ,FACTA ,GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO PROCLAIM ,M>TIAL ,LAW4 ,M>TIAL LAW WAS PROCLAIM$1 & A COLLISION BETWE5 ! =CES ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,FASCI/ =CES WAS EXPECT$ TO TAKE PLACE4 ,= A :OLE DAY1 PUBLIC OP9ION AWAIT$ DEVELOPM5TS4 ,\R COMRADES W]E V]Y SKEPTICAL AB\T SU* A POSSIBILITY4 

,! ,FASCI/I DID NOT MEET :I* ANY S]I\S RESI/ANCE ANY:]E1 BUT !RE WAS A C]TA9 FEEL+ 9 ! >MY :I* WAS 9IMICAL TO !M4 ,! SOLDI]S W]E READY TO FIRE AT ! ,FASCI/I :ILE MO/ ( ! (FIC]S W]E = !M4 

,! ,K+ REFUS$ TO SIGN ! PROCLAMATION ( M>TIAL LAW1 :I* WAS TANTAM\NT TO ACCEPT+ ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,FASCI/I1 :O WROTE 9 ! ,POPULO ,D',ITALIA3 0,9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A LEGAL SOLUTION IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO ASK ,MUSSOL9I TO =M A NEW ,CAB9ET4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 WE %ALL M>* ON ,ROME40 ,A FEW H\RS AFT] ! DECL>ATION ( M>TIAL LAW WAS REVOK$1 IT WAS KN[N ?AT ,MUSSOL9I WAS \ ! WAY TO ,ROME4 ,! MILIT>Y DEF5SES W]E ALREADY PREP>$1 ADVANCE =CES W]E CONC5TRAT$ & ! T[N WAS SURR\ND$ ) B>B$ WIRE 5TANGLEM5TS4 ,H[EV]1 AN AGREEM5T WAS >RIV$ AT1 & ON ,OCTOB] #c#a/ ! ,FASCI/I 5T]$ ,ROME TRIUMPHANTLY & PEACEFULLY4 

,MUSSOL9I =M$ ! NEW ,CAB9ET1 :OSE COMPOSITION Y\ KN[4 ,! ,FASCI/ ,P>TY :I* HAD ONLY #cd SEATS 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 HAD AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY 9 ?IS ,GOV]NM5T4 

,MUSSOL9I RES]V$ = HIMSELF ! POSITION ( ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL & ! PORT(OLIOS ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR & ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS4 

,! O!R IMPORTANT PORTFOLIOS W]E DIVID$ AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! ,FASCI/ ,P>TY4 

,9 ! O!R ,M9I/RIES ! ,FASCI/I OCCUPI$ IMPORTANT PO/S4 

,H[EV]1 AS ! SEV]ANCE FROM ! TRADITIONAL P>TIES WAS NOT COMPLETE1 ! ,CAB9ET COMPRIS$ ALSO TWO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 VIZ4 ,LEFT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS & ALSO LIB]ALS ( ! ,RI<T & ONE ADH]5T ( ,GIOLITTI4 ,DUR+ ! W>1 WE HAD ,G5]AL ,DIAZ1 ,ADMIRAL ,?AON DE ,REVEL AT ! ,ADMIRALTY1 BO? ( !M REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MON>*Y4 

,! ,POPULI/ ,P>TY :I* E>N$ GREAT WEI<T 9 ! ,*AMB]1 WAS V]Y CLEV] 9 ITS COMPROMISE ) ,MUSSOL9I4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ! (FICIAL ORGANS ( ! ,P>TY C\LD NOT MEET 9 ,ROME1 IT DEPUT$ TO A SEMI(FICIAL ASSEMBLY ( SOME ( ! ,P>TY'S P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ! RESPONSIBILITY TO ACCEPT ,MUSSOL9I'S (F]S4 

,SOME CONCESSIONS W]E AT LEA/ OBTA9$ FROM ! LATT]1 & ! PRESS ( ! ,POPULI/ ,P>TY WAS ABLE TO ANN\NCE ?AT ! NEW ,GOV]NM5T HAD NOT PRODUC$ MANY *ANGES 9 ! ELECTORAL SY/EM & 9 P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION4 

,! COMPROMISE WAS EXT5D$ TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,AT ONE TIME IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ ,BALDAZI W\LD JO9 ! ,CAB9ET4 ,MUSSOL9I WAS CLEV] 5\< TO APPROA* HIM ?R\< ONE ( HIS LIEUT5ANTS1 & AFT] ,BALDAZI HAD DECL>$ ?AT HE W\LD BE V]Y PLEAS$ TO OCCUPY SU* A PO/1 ,MUSSOL9I REPRES5T$ ! :OLE AFFAIR AS A P]SONAL DEM>*E ( ONE ( HIS FRI5DS1 = :I* HE W\LD NOT TAKE ANY RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?IS IS H[ IT CAME AB\T ?AT ,BALDAZI DID NOT 5T] ! ,CAB9ET4 

,IF ,MUSSOL9I HAD NOT ACCEPT$ A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RE=MI/ ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 IT IS PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE ! ,RI<T ELEM5TS 9 ! ,CAB9ET >E OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,BUT ,MUSSOL9I ?9KS ?AT HE MU/ EV5TUALLY HAVE A REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 9 HIS 0GREAT ,NATIONAL ,COALITION0 N[ ?AT HE HAS BECOME 9DEP5DANT ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,WE CAN SEE 9 ?OSE EV5TS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL CLIQUES & V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 L&$ PROPRIETORS1 F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S1 :O >E RALLY+ TO ! NEW ,SLATE REGIME1 :I* HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,FASCI/I1 & ASSUR$ ( ! SUPPORT ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ,FASCISM IS1 TO SOME EXT5T1 A ME?OD ( 5SUR+1 BY EV]Y RES\RCE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 !IR MA9T5ANCE ( P[]1 EV5 BY ! UTILIZATION ( ! LESSONS ( ! FIR/ ,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 - ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:5 !RE IS A CRISIS 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 ! ,/ATE IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO PRES]VE ! P[] ( ! MA/] CLASS4 ,!RE MU/ ALSO BE A UNIT$ P>TY1 A UNIT ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,FASCI/ ,P>TY IS1 9 RELATION TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 SOME:AT LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ITS RELATION TO ! PROLET>IAT - AN ORGAN ( ! DIRECTION & CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE MA*9E1 SOLIDLY ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$4 ,! ,FASCI/ ,P>LY 9 ,ITALY HAS PLAC$ ITS POLITICAL AG5TS 9 EV]Y IMPORTANT BRAN* ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS ! B\RGEOIS ORGAN = ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ DECAD5CE4 ,?IS IS1 FROM MY PO9T ( VIEW1 A SUFFICI5T HI/ORICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ,FASCISM & ! REC5T HAPP5+S 9 ,ITALY4 

,! FIR/ MEASURES = ! NEW GOV]NM5T DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS NOT GO+ TO *ANGE ! BASES ( ,ITALIAN TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,NATURALLY1 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ! PRES5T SITUATION IS A FAVORABLE SITUATION = ! PROLET>IAN & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :5 ,I PR$ICT ?AT ,FASCISM WILL BE LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC4 ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS HAVE NEV] GIV5 ! WORK+ CLASS ANY?+ BUT PROCLAMATIONS & PROMISES4 ,= EXAMPLE ! ,MUSSOL9I ,GOV]NM5T HAS ASSUR$ US ?AT IT WILL RESPECT ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS1 BUT IT HAS BE5 C>EFUL TO ADD ?AT ! PRESS MU/ DES]VE ?IS LIB]TY4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,IT MEAN/HAT1 :ILE DECL>+ ITSELF = ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL P]MIT ! MILIT>I/ ,FASCI/1 ORGANIZATION TO PROCE$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ PAP]S1 :5 IT IS CONV5I5T = IT TO SUPPRESS !M1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 DONE4 ,ONE MU/ /ATE ?AT ! ,FASCI/ GOV]NM5T MAKES SOME CONCESSIONS TO C]TA9 B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS2 & EV5 IF WE CANNOT HAVE MU* CONFID5CE 9 ,MUSSOL9I'S ASSURANCES ?AT HE WILL TRANS=M HIS MILIT>I/ ORGANIZATION 9TO AN A?LETIC ASSOCIATION1 OR SOME?+ ( ?AT SORT1 WE HAVE NOT HE>D ( DOZ5S ( ,FASCI/I BE+ >RE/$ BECAUSE ( !IR REFUSAL TO OBEY ! DEMOBILIZATION ORD] ISSU$ BY ,MUSSOL9I4 

,:AT HAS BE5 ! EFFECT ( !SE EV5TS UPON ! PROLET>IAT8 ,! LATT] HAS BE5 REC5TLY 9 SU* A POSITION ?AT IT HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO PLAY SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE BUT HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO REMA9 ALMO/ PASSIVE4 

,SO F> AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS CONC]N$1 IT HAS ALWAYS WELL UND]/OOD ?AT ! VICTORY ( ,FASCISM MEANS ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,WE >E N[ CONFRONT$ ) ! QUE/ION3 HAVE ! TACTICS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BE5 SU* AS >E CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ ! MAXIMUM RESULTS 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,= WE HAVE NEV] HIDD5 ! ,P>TY'S IMPOT5CE TO ASSUME AN ACTUAL (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,FASCI/ REACTION4 ,IF1 9/EAD ( A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,FASCI/I1 A MILIT>Y CONFLICT OR CIVIL W> HAD RESULT$1 ! PROLET>IAT MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PLAY A C]TA9 ROLE1 RECON/RUCT+ A UNIT$ FRONT = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 & ?US IT MI<T HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S4 ,BUT 9 ! PRES5T SITUATION1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS H>DLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! MELEE4 ,IF ! IMPORTANCE ( REC5T EV5TS IS V]Y GREAT1 ONE MU/ AT ! SAME TIME REALIZE ?AT ! *ANGE 9 ! POLITICAL SC5E HAS BE5 LESS SUDD5 ?AN ONE W\LD JUDGE2 !RE HAV+ BE5 A DAILY ACCUMULATION ( EV5TS LEAD+ UP TO ! F9AL C\P ( ! ,FASCI/I4 

,! ONLY EXAMPLE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,FASCI/I WAS ! BATTLE AT ,CREMONA1 9 :I* !RE W]E SIX KILL$4 ,! WORK]S ONLY F\<T 9 ,ROME4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS =CES HURL$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/I2 MANY W]E W\ND$4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D 9VAD$ ! WORK+ CLASS QU>T]S & DEPRIV$ !M ( ALL MEANS ( DEF5SE1 P]MITT+ ! ,FASCI/I TO FALL[ & -TO %OOT D[N ! WORK]S 9 COLD BLOOD4 ,?IS IS A MO/ /RIK+ EPISODE ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 

,! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR DIS>M$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BY PROPOS+ A G5]AL /RIKE & BEGG+ ! PROLET>IAT NOT TO FOLL[ ! DANG]\S PA? 9DICAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\P4 ,AT A MOM5T :5 \R PRESS WAS PREV5T$ FROM APPE>+1 !Y EV5 PUBLI%$ ! NEWS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ON ! PO9T ( DISSOLV+4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ 9CID5T CONC]N+ \R ,P>TY 9 ,ROME1 WAS ! 9VASION BY ! ,FASCI/I ( ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ! ,COMMUNI/A4 ,ON ! #c#a/ ( ,OCTOB]1 :ILE ! CITY WAS OCCUPI$ BY #a1 ,FASCI/I1 ! PR9T+ PLANT WAS 5T]$ BY A B& ( ,FASCI/I JU/ :5 ! PAP] WAS TO COME \T4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( COMRADE ,TOGLIATTI1 \R $ITOR 9 *IEF1 ALL ! /AFF W]E ABLE TO EVADE ! ,FASCI/I BY EM]G5CY EXITS4 ,COMRADE ,TOGLIATTI WAS 9 HIS (FICE :5 ! ,FASCI/I 5T]$4 ,\R COMRADE'S ATTITUDE WAS TRULY H]OIC4 ,BOLDLY HE DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS ! *IEF $ITOR ( ! ,COMUNI/A4 ,HE WAS /OOD UP AGA9/ ! WALL TO BE %OT1 :ILE ! ,FASCI/I W]E HOLD+ BACK ! CR[D TO PROCE$ ) ! EXECUTION1 & \R COMRADE WAS ONLY ABLE TO ESCAPE FROM !M BECAUSE ! ,FASCI/I1 :O W]E 9=M$ ?AT ! O!R $ITORS W]E ESCAP+ OV] ! RO(S1 />T$ 9 !IR PURSUIT4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T \R COMRADE FROM SPEAK+ TO A MEET+ 9 ,TUR9 = ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION A FEW DAYS LAT]4 

,BUT ?IS EXAMPLE1 ( :I* ,I WI%$ TO 9=M Y\1 IS QUITE ISOLAT$4 ,ZHE ORGANIZATION ( \R P>TY IS 9 GOOD CONDITION4 ,IF ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/A IS SUSP5D$ IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! PR9T]S REFUSE TO PUBLI% IT4 ,WE HAVE PUBLI%$ IT ILLEGALLY 9 ANO!R PR9T+ PLANT4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 PUBLI%+ IT W]E NOT ( A TE*NICAL NATURE1 BUT ECONOMIC4 

,!Y SEIZ$ ! BUILD+ ( ! ,ORD9E ,NUOVO 9 ,TUR9 & CONFISCAT$ ! >MS :I* HAD BE5 KEPT ON ! PREMISES = ITS DEF5SE4 ,BUT WE >E PUBLI%+ ! PAP] ELSE:]E4 

,9 ,TRIE/E ! POLICE ALSO TOOK POSSESSION ( ! PR9T+ PLANT ( \R PAP]1 BUT WE >E /ILL PUBLI%+ IT ILLEGALLY4 ,! POSSIBILITIES ( LEGAL WORK /ILL EXI/ = \R ,P>TY & \R SITUATION IS NOT V]Y TRAGIC4 ,BUT IT IS H>D TO =ESEE FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS & IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ,I MU/ MAKE C]TA9 RES]VATIONS ) REG>D TO ! FUTURE SITUATION ( \R P>TY & ! PROGRESS ( \R WORK4 

,! COMRADE :O HAS JU/ >RIV$ IS A WORK+ MAN 9 *>GE ( AN IMPORTANT LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( \R P>TY1 & HE EXPRESSES ! 9T]E/+ OP9ION1 :I* IS %>$ BY MANY MILITANTS1 ?AT ONE CAN WORK BETT] B[ ?AN PREVI\SLY4 ,I DO NOT REG>D ?IS AS AN E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,BUT ! COMRADE :O HAS SAID ?IS IS A MILITANT WORK+ AMONG ! MASSES1 & HIS /ATEM5T HAS WEI<T4 

,I HAVE ALREADY TOLD Y\ ?AT ! OPPOSITION PRESS PUBLI%$ ! FALSE NEWS ( ! DISSOLUTION ( \R P>TY4 ,WE HAVE CONTRADICT$ ?IS4 ,\R C5TRAL POLITICAL ORGAN1 \R ILLEGAL MILIT>Y C5T]1 \R TRADE UNION C5T]1 >E WORK+ AT FULL SPE$1 ANA CONNECTIONS ) ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS HAVE BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY REE/ABLI%$4 ,WE %ALL P]HAPS SUFF] AN ORGANIZATIONAL CRISIS4 ,BUT \R COMRADES 9 ,ITALY DID NOT = A S+LE MOM5T LOSE !IR HEADS1 & !Y >E N[ MAK+ ALL NECESS>Y >RANGEM5TS4 ,! ,AVANTI WAS ALMO/ DE/ROY$ BY ! ,FASCI/I & IT TOOK SEV]AL DAYS TO SECURE ! REPUBLICATION ( ! PAP]4 ,! 9(FICIAL HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,ROME W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ BY FIRE4 ,) REG>D TO ! ATTITUDE ( DIE ,MAXIMALI/ ,P>LY & ) REG>D TO ! >GUM5T BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 WE HAVE NO /ATEM5T TO MAKE4 

,AS F> AS ! RE=MI/S >E CONC]N$1 IT IS OBVI\S BY ! LANGUAGE ( !IR PUBLICATIONS ?AT !Y WILL ALLY !MSELVES ) ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 

,REG>D+ ! TRADE UNION QUE/ION1 COMRADE ,RAPPOSI .<8.> ( \R TRADE UNION COMMITTEE ?9KS ?AT ?IS WORK WILL BE ABLE TO CONT9UE4 

,?IS IS ! LATE/ 9=MATION :I* HAS COME TO US1 & :I* DATES UP TO ! #h? ( ,NOVEMB]4 

,I %ALL NOT T\* UPON ! QUE/ION ( ! ATTITUDE ( \R P>TY DUR+ ! :OLE P]IOD ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,FASCISM1 :ILE RES]V+ MY RI<T TO DO SO AT SOME O!R /AGE 9 ! ,CONGRESS4 ,) REG>D TO ! PROSPECTS ( ! FUTURE1 WE BELIEVE ?AT ,FASCISM WILL HAVE TO C\NT ) ! DISCONT5T PROVOK$ BY ITS GOV]NM5TAL POLICIES4 

,AT ! SAME TIME WE REALIZE ?AT1 :5 ONE HAS BESIDES ! ,/ATE1 ! CONTROL ( A MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION IT IS EASI] TO TRIUMPH OV] MANIFE/ATIONS ( DISCONT5T & UNFAVORABLE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ABOVE HAS BE5 TRUE 9 A MU* BROAD] S5SE1 BECAUSE ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IS 9 \R FAVOR4 ,! ,FASCI/I >E V]Y WELL ORGANIZ$ & HAVE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( SOLID>ITY4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ONE MAY CONCLUDE ?AT ! SITUATION ( ! ,FASCI/I ,GOV]NM5T IS BY NO MEANS 9SECURE4 

,Y\ HAVE NOT$ ?AT ,I HAVE NOT EXAGG]AT$ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* \R ,P>TY HAS BE5 FI<T+4 ,?IS IS NO PLACE TO BE S5TIM5TAL4 

,! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS COMMITT$ C]TA9 ]RORS :I* WE >E 5TITL$ TO CRITICIZE2 BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ATTITUDE ( \R COMRADES AT PRES5T IS PRO( ?AT WE HAVE REALLY WORK$ T[>DS ! ORGANIZATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* WILL =M ! BASE ( WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION M ,ITALY4 

,AL?\< ONE MAY CONSID] C]TA9 /EPS :I* !Y HAVE TAK5 AS BE+ 9CORRECT1 ! ,ITALIAN COMMUNI/S >E WELL 5TITL$ TO FEEL ?AT !Y HAVE DONE NO?+ ) :I* TO REPROA* !MSELVES BE=E ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,REPORT ON ,FASCISM .<,ALT]NATIVE.> -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,REPORT ON ,FASCISM .<,ALT]NATIVE.> -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/