,*APT] #f 
,FROM ,H]E TO ,!RE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM ,H]E TO ,!RE 

  

,! DOOR ?AT CAN OP5 ! WAY TO A ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! FUTURE1 ONE ?AT EMBODIES ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ?IRTIES1 SIXTIES1 & ! DECADES ?AT HAVE FOLL[$ !M1 IS /ILL SW++ TO & FRO ON ITS H+ES4 

,IT HAS NEI!R OP5$ FULLY NOR CLOS$4 ,ITS SW+S DEP5D P>TLY UPON ! H>D REALITIES ( EV]YDAY SOCIAL LIFE -- NAMELY1 :E!R ! ECONOMY IS DEPRESS$ OR RIS+1 ! K9D ( POLITICAL CLIMATE ?AT EXI/S 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! WORLD1 EV5TS 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD AS WELL AS ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND1 ! =TUNES ( RADICAL T5D5CIES AT HOME & ABROAD1 & ! SWEEP+ 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT CONFRONT HUMANITY 9 ! YE>S ?AT LIE AHEAD4 

,ECOLOGICALLY1 HUMANITY IS FAC$ ) MAJOR CLIMATIC *ANGES1 RIS+ LEVELS ( POLLUTION1 & NEW1 5VIRONM5TALLY 9DUC$ ILLNESSES4 ,T]RIBLE HUMAN TRAG$IES 9 ! =M ( HUNG]1 FAM9E1 & MALNUTRITION >E CLAIM+ MILLIONS ( LIVES ANNUALLY4 ,AN 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( ANIMAL & PLANT SPECIES FACE EXT9CTION AS A RESULT ( DE=E/ATION FROM LUMB]+ ACTIVITIES & ACID RA94 ,! GLOBAL *ANGES ?AT >E DEGRAD+ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 & MAY EV5TUALLY R5D] IT UN9HABITABLE = COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 HAVE AN ALMO/ GEOLOGICAL MASSIV5ESS1 & !Y MAY BE OCCURR+ AT A PACE ?AT V]GES ON ! CATA/ROPHIC = MANY PLANT & ANIMAL SPECIES4 

,ONE MI<T HAVE HOP$ ?AT !SE PLANET>Y *ANGES W\LD HAVE CATAPULT$ ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9TO ! =EGR\ND ( SOCIAL ?\<T & ADD$ NEW 9SI<TS TO ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM4 ,?IS HAS NOT BE5 ! CASE4 ,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS DIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL QUE/IONABLE T5D5CIES ?AT (T5 DIRECTLY CONTRADICT EA* O!R4 ,MANY PEOPLE >E SIMPLY PRAGMATIC 5VIRONM5TALI/S4 ,!IR EF=TS >E FOCUS$ ON S+LE-ISSUE RE=MS SU* AS ! CONTROL ( TOXIC WA/ES1 OPPOSITION TO ! CON/RUCTION ( NUCLE> REACTORS1 RE/RICTIONS ON URBAN GR[?1 & ! LIKE4 ,!SE >E NECESS>Y /RUGGLES1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT CAN NEV] BE DISDA9$ SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E LIMIT$ & PIECEMEAL4 ,!Y S]VE TO SL[ D[N A HEADLONG RACE TO DISA/]S LIKE ,*]NOBYL OR ,LOVE ,CANAL4 

,BUT !Y CANNOT SUPPLANT ! NE$ TO GET TO ! ROOTS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS !Y >E RE/RICT$ M]ELY TO RE=MS1 !Y (T5 CREATE ! DANG]\S ILLUSION ?AT ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] IS CAPABLE ( RECTIFY+ ITS [N ABUSES4 ,! D5ATUR+ ( ! 5VIRONM5T MU/ ALWAYS BE SE5 AS 9H]5T TO CAPITALISM1 ! PRODUCT ( ITS V]Y LAW ( LIFE1 AS A SY/EM ( LIMITLESS EXPANSION & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,TO IGNORE ! ANTI-ECOLOGICAL CORE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] -- BE IT 9 ITS ,WE/]N CORPORATE =M OR ITS ,EA/]N BUREAUCRATIC FONN -- IS TO ALLAY PUBLIC CONC]N AB\T ! DEP? ( ! CRISIS & LA/+ MEANS TO RESOLVE IT4 

,5VIRONM5TALISM1 CONCEIV$ AS A PIECEMEAL RE=M MOVEM5T1 EASILY L5DS ITSELF TO ! LURE ( /ATECRAFT1 ?AT IS1 TO P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTORAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y1 & P>TY-ORI5T$ ACTIVITIES4 ,IT REQUIRES NO GREAT *ANGE 9 CONSCI\SNESS TO TURN A LOBBY 9TO A P>TY OR A PETITION] 9TO A P>LIAM5T>IAN4 ,BETWE5 A P]SON :O HUMBLY SOLICITS FROM P[] & ANO!R :O >ROGANTLY EX]CISES IT1 !RE EXI/S A S9I/] & DEG5]ATIVE SYMBIOSIS4 ,BO? %>E ! SAME M5TALITY ?AT *ANGE CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( P[]1 SPECIFICALLY1 ?R\< ! P[] ( A SELF-CORRUPT+ PR(ESSIONALIZ$ CORPS ( LEGISLATORS1 BUREAUCRATS1 & MILIT>Y =CES CALL$ ! ,/ATE4 ,! APPEAL TO ?IS P[] 9V>IABLY LEGITIMATES & /R5G!NS ! ,/ATE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT IT ACTUALLY DISEMP[]S ! PEOPLE4 ,P[] ALL[S = NO VACUUM 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,:ATEV] P[] ! ,/ATE GA9S1 IT ALWAYS DOES SO AT ! EXP5SE ( POPUL> P[]4 ,CONV]SELY1 :ATEV] P[] ! PEOPLE GA91 !Y ALWAYS ACQUIRE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TO LEGITIMATE ,/ATE P[]1 9 EFFECT1 IS TO DELEGITIMATE POPUL> P[]4 

,ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS ?AT 5T] 9TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES NOT ONLY LEGITIMATE ,/ATE P[] AT ! EXP5SE ( POPUL> P[]1 BUT !Y >E OBLIG$ TO FUNCTION )9 ! ,/ATE1 ULTIMATELY TO BECOME BLOOD ( ITS BLOOD & BONE ( ITS BONE4 ,!Y MU/ 0PLAY ! GAME 0 :I* MEANS ?AT !Y MU/ %APE !IR PRIORITIES ACCORD+ TO PR$ET]M9$ RULES OV] :I* !Y HAVE NO CONTROL4 ,?IS NOT ONLY 9VOLVES A GIV5 CON/ELLATION ( RELATION%IPS ?AT EM]GES ) P>TICIPATION 9 ,/ATE P[]2 IT BECOMES AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( DEG5]ATION1 A /EADY DEVOLUTION ( IDEALS1 PRACTICES1 & P>TY /RUCTURES4 ,EA* DEM& = ! 0EFFECTIVE0 EX]CISE ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[] RAISES ! NE$ = A FUR!R RETREAT FROM PRESUMABLY *]I%$ /&>DS ( BELIEF & CONDUCT4 

,IF ! ,/ATE IS A REALM ( 0EVIL10 AS ,BAKUN9 EMPHASIZ$1 ! 0>T0 ( /ATECRAFT IS ESS5TIALLY A REALM ( LESS] OR GREAT] EVILS1 NOT A REALM ( E?ICAL RI<T & WRONG4 ,E?ICS ITSELF IS RADICALLY R$EF9$ FROM ! CLASSICAL TIME-HONOR$ /UDY ( GOOD & EVIL 9TO ! MORE S9I/] CONTEMPOR>Y /UDY ( COMPROMISES BETWE5 LESS] & GREAT] EVILS -- 9 %ORT1 :AT ,I HAVE ELSE:]E CALL$ AN 0E?ICS ( EVIL40 _<#a_> ,?IS BASIC R$EF9ITION ( E?ICS HAS HAD DEADLY CONSEQU5CES OV] ! C\RSE ( REC5T HI/ORY4 ,FASCISM MADE ITS WAY TO P[] 9 ,G]MANY :5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY LIV$ 9 A DIET ( *OICES BETWE5 LIB]ALS & C5TRI/S2 LAT]1 C5TRI/S & CONS]VATIVES2 &1 F9ALLY1 BETWE5 CONS]VATIVES & ,NAZIS -- A /EADY DEVOLUTION 9 :I* A CONS]VATIVE ,PRESID5T1 ,M>%ALL VON ,H9D5B]G1 F9ALLY APPO9T$ ! ,NAZI LEAD]1 ,ADOLF ,HITL]1 TO ! POSITION ( ,REI* ,*ANCELLOR4 ,?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS ) ITS HUGE P>TIES & ITS MASSIVE TRADE UNIONS P]MITT$ ?IS APPO9TM5T TO OCCUR )\T ANY AC T ( RESI/ANCE IS AN EASILY =GOTT5 & DISMAL EV5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,NOT ONLY DID ?IS MORAL DEVOLUTION OCCUR ON ! LEVEL ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ALSO ON ! LEVEL ( ,G]MAN POPUL> MOVEM5TS !MSELVES1 9 A CRUEL DIALECTIC ( POLITICAL DEG5]ATION & MORAL DECOMPOSITION4 

,5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS HAVE NOT F>$ BETT] 9 !IR RELATION%IP TO ,/ATE P[]4 ,!Y HAVE B>T]$ AWAY 5TIRE =E/S = TOK5 RES]VES ( TREES4 ,VA/ WILD]NESS >EAS HAVE BE5 SURR5D]$ = NATIONAL P>KS4 ,HUGE /RET*ES ( COA/AL WETL&S HAVE BE5 EX*ANG$ = A FEW ACRES ( PRI/9E BEA*ES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 5VIRONM5TALI/S HAVE 5T]$ 9TO NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS AS ,GRE5S1 !Y HAVE G5]ALLY ATTA9$ LITTLE MORE ?AN PUBLIC ATT5TION = !IR SELF-S]V+ P>LIAM5T>Y DEPUTIES & A*IEV$ V]Y LITTLE TO >RE/ 5VIRONM5TAL DECAY4 

,! ,HESSE COALITION ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S ) A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T 9 ! MID-#a#i#hS 5D$ 9 IGNOM9Y4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! 0REALI/ W+0 ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5 P>TY TA9T ! MOVEM5T'S F9E/ PR9CIPLES ) COMPROMISES1 IT MADE ! P>TY MORE BUREAUCRATIC1 MANIPULATIVE1 & 0PR(ESSIONAL0 -- 9 %ORT1 V]Y MU* LIKE ! RIVALS IT ONCE D5\NC$4 

,RE=MISM & P>LIAM5T>ISM1 AT LEA/1 HAVE A TANGIBILITY AB\T !M ?AT RAISES REAL QUE/IONS ( POLITICAL !ORY & A S5SE ( SOCIAL DIRECTION4 ,! MO/ REC5T T5D5CY 9 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 IS COMPLETELY <O/LY & VAPOR\S4 ,BLUNTLY PUT3 IT CONSI/S ( ATTEMPTS TO TURN ECOLOGY 9TO A RELIGION BY PEOPL+ ! NATURAL WORLD ) GODS1 GODDESSES1 WOODSPRITES1 & ! LIKE -- ALL S]VIC$ BY A CORPS ( F9ANCIALLY A/UTE GURUS FROM ,9DIA1 !IR HOME-BR$ COMPETITORS1 A V>IETY ( WIT*ES1 & SELF-/YL$ 0WICCAN AN>*I/S10 

,! ,AM]ICAN ROOTS ( ?IS T5D5CY1 ( C\RSE1 %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS CURR5TLY ! MO/ ILL-READ1 ILL-9=M$1 &1 CULTURALLY1 ! MO/ ILLIT]ATE C\NTRY 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,! SIXTIES C\NT]CULTURE OP5$ A RUPTURE NOT ONLY ) ! PA/1 BUT ) ALL KN[L$GE ( ! PA/1 9CLUD+ ITS HI/ORY1 LIT]ATURE1 >T1 & MUSIC4 ,! Y\NG PEOPLE :O >ROGANTLY REFUS$ TO 0TRU/ ANYONE OV] ?IRTY10 TO USE A POPUL> SLOGAN ( ! DAY1 SEV]$ ALL 7HEIR TIES ) ! BE/ TRADITIONS ( ! PA/4 ,9 AN ]A ( JUNK FOOD1 ! OP5+ CREAT$ BY ?IS BREA* WAS FILL$ BY AN APPALL+ MIXTURE ( JUNK IDEAS4 ,PAT5TLY CONTRADICTORY FANTASIES W]E CONGEAL$ BY DRUGS & ROCK MUSIC 9TO A SQUALID OOZE ( A!I/IC RELIGIONS1 NATURAL SUPEMATURALISMS1 PRI VATI/IC POLITICS1 & EV5 LIB]AL REACTION>IES4 ,IF ?IS PAIR+ ( COMPLETELY OPPOS+ T]MS SEEMS IRRATIONAL1 ! READ] %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! AMALGAM WAS 0MADE 9 ,AM]ICA10 :]E EV]Y?+ IS BELIEV$ TO BE POSSIBLE & ! ABSURD IS NORMALLY ! RESULT4 

,?AT ECOLOGY1 AN EM95TLY NATURALI/IC \TLOOK & DISCIPL9E1 C\LD BE 9FE/$ ) SUP]NATURAL RUBBI%1 W\LD SEEM EXPLICABLE IF SU* NONS5SE W]E CONF9$ /RICDY TO ITS ,AM]ICAN BORD]S4 ,:AT IS A/ONI%+1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT IT HAS SPREAD LIKE A WORLDWIDE POLLUTANT TO ,EUROPE1 ESPECIALLY TO ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 & ,SC&9AVIA1 ,GIV5 TIME1 IT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9VADE ! ,M$IT]RANEAN C\NTRIES AS WELL4 

,AS A =M ( 0CULTURAL FEM9ISM10 ?IS EXT5SION ( A QUASI-!OLOGICAL ECOLOGY TO G5D] RELATION%IPS ALREADY COMM&S A GR[+1 9DE$ 5ORM\S1 FOLL[+ 9 ,5GLI% & ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES4 ,! HOPE ?AT ECOLOGY W\LD 5RI* FEM9ISM HAS TAK5 ! BIZ>RE =M ( A !I/IC 0ECO-FEM9ISM10 /RUCTUR$ >\ND WOMAN'S UNIQUELY 0NURTUR+0 ROLE 9 ! BIOSPH]E4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ?IS CRASSLY AN?ROPOMORPHIC EXT5SION ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR TO NATURE AS A :OLE1 !I/IC 0ECO-FEM9I/S0 HAVE ESS5TIALLY REV]S$ ! EM95T ROLE PATRICCNTRIC CULTURES ASSIGN TO M5 BY SIMPLY 9V]T+ ! SAME RELATION%IP 9 WOMAN'S FAVOR4 ,WOM5 >E PRIVILEG$ 9 NATURE JU/ AS M5 >E PRIVILEG$ 9 HI/ORY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT MALE *AUV9ISM IS SIMPLY REPLAC$ BY FEMALE *AUV9ISM4 

,ACCORD+LY1 PRESUMABLY 0PACIFIC0 FEMALE GODDESSES >E SUB/ITUT$ = MALE W>RIOR GODS1 AS ?\< TRAD+ ONE DEITY = ANO!R IS NOT AN EXT5SION ( RELIGION & SUP]/ITION 9TO HUMAN AFFAIRS -- :E!R !Y >E CALL$ 0IMMAN5T10 0TRANSC5D5TAL10 0PAGANI/IC10 OR 0,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN10 ,FEMALE-ORI5T$ MY?S BAS$ ON 0NURTURE0 >E SUB/ITUT$ = MALE-ORI5T$ MY?S BAS$ ON MILIT>Y CONQUE/1 AS ?\< MY?S >E NOT 9H]5TLY FICTITI\S & >BITR>Y -- :E!R !Y >E 0NATURALI/IC0 OR 0SUP]NATURALI/IC10 0E>?-BAS$10 OR 0HEAV5-BAS$40 ,! WORLD1 VIEW$ AS A COMPLEX BIOSPH]E ?AT %\LD 9VITE WOND]1 ADMIRATION1 & FO/] AN ES!TIC AS WELL AS C>+ S5SIBILITY1 IS RE-5VISION$ AS A BASICALLY FEMALE T]RA91 OCCUPI$ BY WOODSPRITES1 WIT*ES1 GODDESSES1 & REGAL$ BY RITUALS & MY/IFI$ BY CONTRIV$ MY?S -- AN 5SEMBLE ?AT IS BORNE ON A LUCRATIVE TIDAL WAVE ( BOOKS1 >TIFACTS1 & BEJEWEL$ ORNAM5TS4 

,POLITICAL ACTIVITY & SOCIAL 5GAGEM5T 9 ?IS !I/IC T]RA9 T5DS TO %RIVEL FROM ACTIVISM 9TO QUIETISM & FROM SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9TO PRIVATI/IC 5C\NT]-GR\PS4 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO COV] A P]SONAL PROBLEM ) ! PAT9A ( G5D] -- BE IT A FAIL$ LOVE AFFAIR OR A BUS9ESS MIS=TUNE -- & IT IS EASILY DESIGNAT$ AS 0POLITICAL0 OR A =M ( G5D] VICTIMIZATION4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! 0P]SONAL IS ! POLITICAL10 9 EFFECT1 IS /RET*$ TO ! FRIVOL\S PO9T :]E POLITICAL ISSUES >E CA/ 9CREAS+LY 9 A !RAPEUTIC V]NACUL>1 SO ?AT ONE'S 0MANN]0 ( PRES5T+ IDEAS IS CONSID]$ MORE IMPORTANT ?AN !IR SUB/ANCE4 ,=M IS 9CREAS+LY REPLAC+ CONT5T & ELOQU5CE IS 9CREAS+LY DECRI$ AS 0MANIPULATIVE10 ) ! RESULT ?AT A DEAD5+ M$IOCRITY ( =M & CONT5T T5DS TO BECOME ! RULE 9 POLITICAL DISC\RSE4 ,! MORAL \TRAGE ?AT ONCE /IRR$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT OV] ! AGES 9 ! ?UND]+ WORDS ( ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS IS D5\NC$ AS EVID5CE ( 0AGGRESSIV5ESS10 0DOGMATISM10 0DIVISIV5ESS10 & 0MALE BEHAVIOR40 ,:AT 0C\NTS10 TODAY1 IS NOT :AT ONE SAYS BUT H[ ONE SAYS IT -- EV5 IF /ATEM5TS >E 9SULT+LY NAIVE & VACU\S4 0,C>E0 CAN EASILY REGRESS 9TO NAIVETY & 0CONC]N0 9TO A *ILDI%NESS ?AT MAKES ONE'S POLITICS MORE 9FANTILE ?AN FEM9I/4 

,NONE ( ?IS IS TO D5Y ! FEM9I/ CLAIM ?AT WOMAN HAS BE5 ! P>IAH ( A L>GELY MALE HI/ORY1 A HI/ORY ?AT HAS NEV] PREV5T$ MALES FROM DOM9AT+1 EXPLOIT+1 TORTUR+1 & MURD]+ EA* O!R ON A SCALE ?AT BEGG>S DESCRIPTION4 ,BUT TO SEE WOMAN AS ! PROTYPICAL VICTIM ( HI]>*Y & H] OPPRESSION AS ! S\RCE ( ALL HI]>*Y1 AS SOME FEM9I/S CLAIM1 IS TO SIMPLIFY ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y 9 A V]Y R$UCTIVE MANN]4 ,! ORIG9S ( A PH5OM5ON DO NOT EXHAU/ \R UND]/&+ ( ! PH5OM5ON ANY MORE ?AN ! ORIG9S ( ! COSMOS EXHAU/ OR UND]/&+ ( ITS DEVELOPM5T FROM A COMPACT UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MASS 9TO EXTREMELY COMPLEX =MS4 ,MALE HI]>*IES >E HI<LY COMPLEX AFFAIRS4 ,!Y EMBODY SUBTLE 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 M5 AS FA!RS1 BRO!RS1 SONS1 WORK]S1 & E?NIC TYPES1 9CLUD+ !IR CULTURAL /ATUS & !IR 9DIVIDUAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,! C>+ FA!R1 :O (T5 /&S 9 A W>M RELATION%IP ) HIS DAU<T] BY COMP>ISON ) A COMPETITIVE MO!R1 %\LD REM9D US ?AT HI]>*Y IS 9TRICATE 5\< ON ! FAMILIAL LEVEL TO GIVE US PAUSE :5 WE CONSID] IT ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL4 

,NOR DOES AN?ROPOLOGY SUPPLY CONCLUSIVE SUPPORT = ! /ATUS ( WOMAN AS ! PROTYPICAL VICTIM ( HI]>*Y4 ,ELD]LY WOM51 9 FACT1 5JOY$ A HI< /ATUS TOGE!R ) ELD]LY M5 9 E>LY HI]>*ICAL G]ONTOCRACIES4 ,NOR W]E WOM5 ! SOLE1 OR NECESS>ILY ! MO/ OPPRESS$1 VICTIMS ( PATRI>*Y4 ,SONS ( PATRI>*S W]E (T5 CONFRONT$ ) UN5DURABLE DEM&S & DEALT ) F> MORE H>%LY ON MANY OCCASIONS BY !IR FA!RS ?AN W]E !IR SI/]S OR MO!RS4 ,9DE$1 ! P[] ( PATRI>*S WAS (T5 %>$ QUITE OP5LY ) !IR ELDE/ WIVES1 AS IS EVID5T 9 ! COMM&+ /ATUS ( ,S>A 9 ! ,HEBREW SCRIPTURES4 

,F9ALLY IT IS BY NO MEANS CLE> ?AT WOM5 DO NOT =M HI]>*IES AMONG !MSELVES OR ?AT ! ABOLITION ( MALE DOM9ANCE WILL REMOVE HI]>*Y AS SU*4 ,HI]>*Y EMBRACES VA/ >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 TODAY1 SU* AS BUREAUCRACIES1 E?NIC GR\PS1 NATIONALITIES1 OCCUPATIONAL CLASSES1 NOT TO M5TION DOME/IC LIFE 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,IT P]MEATES ! HUMAN UNCONSCI\S 9 WAYS ?AT (T5 HAVE NO DIRECT OR EV5 9DIRECT RELATION%IP ) WOM54 ,IT 9VOLVES WAYS ( LOOK+ AT ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT 9 NO WAY RELATE TO ! PUTATIVE ASSIGNM5T ( A PRESUMABLY 09/9CTIVE0 PROCLIVITY ( WOM5 TO BE 0C>ETAK]S0 & 0CU/ODIANS0 ( LIFE AS SU*--A PIECE ( CRUDE BIOLOGISM ?AT DEFAMES WOMAN'S ROLE 9 ! MAK+ ( A V]Y HUMAN-ORI5T$ CULTURE & ITS >TIFACTS LIKE POTT]Y1 WOV5 CLO?1 & AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 MANY PRIE/ESSES1 WIT*ES1 & %AMANESSES SEEM TO HAVE /OOD -- & /ILL /& -- 9 A DI/9CTLY HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IP ) !IR FEMALE CONGREGANTS & ACOLYTES4 

,T[>D A ,G5]AL ,HUMAN ,9T]E/ 

  

,! ANTIRATIONAL1 !I/IC1 EV5 ANTISECUL> IMPULSES ?AT >E SURFAC+ 9 ! ECOLOGY & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS RAISE AN ISSUE ( V]Y FUNDAM5TAL CONC]N = \R TIME4 ,!Y >E EVID5CE ( A S9I/]  
ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T T5D5CY ?AT IS SWEEP+ ?R\< MU* ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 

,9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 NE>LY ALL ! HI< IDEALS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T >E BE+ CURR5TLY IMPUGN$3 ITS GOALS ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 ITS BELIEF 9 PROGRESS1 ITS HI< HOPES = $UCATION1 ITS DEM&S = ! HUMAN USE ( TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 ITS COMMITM5T TO REASON1 & ITS E?ICAL BELIEF 9 HUMANITY'S P[] TO ATTA9 A MAT]IALLY & CULTURALLY VIABLE WORLD4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE D>K ATAVISMS REPLAC$ !SE GOALS AMONG C]TA9 T5D5CIES )9 ! ECOLOGY & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS2 !Y HAVE BRAN*$ \TW>D 9 ! WORLD AT L>GE 9 ! =M ( A ,YUPPIE NIHILISM CALL$ PO/MOD]NISM1 9 A MY/IFICATION ( WILD]NESS AS 0TRUE REALITY0 7TO QUOTE ONE VULG>IAN71 9 A SOCIOBIOLOGY ?AT FE/]S ) RACISM1 & 9 A CRUDE NEO-,MAL?USIANISM ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO 9DIFF]5CE TO HUMAN SUFF]+4 

,! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,5LI<T5M5T1 TO BE SURE1 HAD S]I\S LIMITATIONS -- LIMITATIONS ( :I* MANY ( ITS =EMO/ SPOKESP]SONS W]E FULLY AW>E4 ,BUT ! ,5LI<T5M5T LEFT SOCIETY & ! C5TURIES ?AT FOLL[$ IT ) H]OIC IDEALS & VALUES4 ,IT BR\<T ! HUMAN M9D FROM HEAV5 D[N TO E>?1 FROM ! REALM ( ! SUP]NATURAL TO ! NATURAL ,IT FO/]$ A CLE>-EY$ SECUL> VIEW T[>D ! D>K MY?IC WORLD ?AT FE/]$ 9 FEUDALISM1 RELIGION1 & ROYAL DESPOTISM4 ,IT *ALL5G$ NOTIONS ( POLITICAL 9EQUALITY1 ( >I/OCRATIC SUPREMACY1 ( CL]ICAL HI]>*Y -- A *ALL5GE ?AT ULTIMATELY LAID ! BASIS = MU* ( ! ANTIHI]>*ICAL S5TIM5TS ( LAT] G5]ATIONS4 

,ABOVE ALL1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRI$ TO =MULATE A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ OV] FEUDAL P>O*IALISM & TO E/ABLI% ! IDEA ( A %>$ HUMAN NATURE ?AT W\LD RESCUE HUMANITY AS A :OLE FROM A FOLK-LIKE1 TRIBALI/IC1 & NATIONALI/IC P>TICUL>ISM4 

,! ABUSE ( !SE IDEALS BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ?R\< ! COMMODIFICATION & ME*ANIZATION ( ! WORLD DOES NOT NEGATE !SE IDEALS BY ONE :IT ,9DE$1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T RECONNOIT]$ >EAS ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY ?AT >E BY NO MEANS REFLECT$ BY ! PRES5T-DAY =MS !SE A*IEVEM5TS HAVE TAK54 ,REASON1 TO ?9K]S LIKE ,HEGEL1 MEANT A DIALECTIC ( $UCTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 A PROCESS ?AT IS BE/ EXPRESS$ BY ORGANIC GR[?1 NOT SIMPLY ! D$UCTIVE 9F]5CES WE F9D 9 GEOMETRY & O!R BRAN*ES ( MA!MATICS4 ,SCI5CE1 9 ! ?9K+ ( ,LEIBNITZ1 C5T]$ ON ! ! /UDY ( ! QUALITATIVE DIM5SIONS ( PH5OM5A1 NOT SIMPLY ON ,C>TESIAN MODELS ( A MA*9E-LIKE MA!MATICAL WORLD4 ,TE*NOLOGY WAS /UDI$ BY ,DID]OT PRIM>ILY FROM AN >TISANAL VIEWPO9T1 ) A KE5 EYE = CRAFT SKILLS AS WELL AS MASS PRODUCTION4 ,9DE$1 ,F\RI]1 ! TRUE HEIR ( ?IS ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION1 WAS TO GIVE TE*NOLOGY A /RONGLY ECOLOGICAL BIAS & /RESS ! CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( NATURAL PROCESSES 9 ! SATISFACTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S4 

,?AT CAPITALISM W>P$ !SE GOALS1 R$UC+ REASON TO A H>% 9DU/RIAL RATIONALISM FOCUS$ ON EFFICI5CY RA!R ?AN A HI<-M9D$ 9TELLECTUALITY2 ?AT IT US$ SCI5CE TO QUANTIFY ! WORLD & DUALIZE ?\<T & BE+2 ?AT IT US$ TE*NOLOGY TO EXPLOIT NATURE1 9CLUD+ HUMAN NATURE -- ALL ( !SE DI/ORTIONS HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 SOCIETY & 9 IDEOLOGIES ?AT SEEK TO DOM9ATE HUMANITY AS WELL AS ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,! TR5DS ?AT D5IGRATE REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY1 TODAY1 >E P]HAPS UND]/&ABLE REACTIONS TO ! B\RGEOIS DI/ORTIONS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S GOALS4 ,!Y >E UND]/&ABLE1 TOO1 9 T]MS ( ! DISEMP[]M5T ?AT IS FELT BY ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 AN ]A ( EV]-C5TRALIZ$ & CONC5TRAT$ P[] 9 CORPORATE & ,/ATE H&S1 9 ! ANONYMITY PRODUC$ BY URBANIZATION1 MASS PRODUCTION1 & MASS CONSUMPTION1 & 9 ! FRAGILE CONDITION ( A HUMAN EGO ?AT IS BESET BY 9COMPREH5SIBLE & UNCONTROLLABLE SOCIAL =CES4 

,BUT !SE TR5DS1 AS UND]/&ABLE REACTIONS1 BECOME PR(\NDLY REACTION>Y :5 ! SUB/ITUTES !Y (F] 9VOLVE A DISSOLUTION ( ! G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ADVANC$ BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T 9TO G5D] P>O*IALISM1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( A TRIBALI/IC FOLKDOM = AN EMPHATIC HUMANISM1 & A 0RETURN TO WILD]NESS0 = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,!Y BECOME CRUDELY ATAVI/IC :5 !Y BLAME ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ON TE*NICS 9/EAD ( ! CORPORATE & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMPLOY !M4 ,& !Y RETREAT 9TO ! MY?IC D>KNESS ( A TRIBALI/IC PA/ :5 !Y EVOKE A DREAD ( ! 0\TSID]0 -- BE IT A MALE1 AN IMMIGRANT1 OR ! MEMB] ( A DIFF]5T E?NIC GR\P -- AS A ?REAT TO ! 9TEGRITY ( ! 09SID]'S0 GR\P4 

,?AT GR\PS ( PEOPLE MAY HAVE UNIQUE CULTURAL ID5TITIES--CLAIMS ?AT >E JU/IFIABLE AS LONG AS !Y >E TRULY CULTURAL & NOT 0BIOLOGICAL0 -- IS NOT 9 DISPUTE1 ESPECIALLY IF WE ACKN[L$GE ?AT !IR /RONGE/ COMMITM5T IS TO HUMANITY AS A :OLE 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 NOT TO A SPECIAL PORTION ( IT4 ,ECOLOGY'S MOTIFS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 MUTUALISM1 & NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS >E COMPLETELY DI%ONOR$ BY EVOCATIONS ( A RACIAL1 G5D]-ORI5T$1 OR NATIONAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,IF ! ,5LI<T5M5T LEFT US ANY S+LE LEGACY ?AT WE MI<T PRIZE ABOVE ALL O!RS1 IT IS ! BELIEF ?AT HUMANITY 9 A FREE SOCIETY MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS A UNITY1 A 0ONE0 ?AT IS BA!D 9 ! LI<T ( REASON & EMPA?Y4 

,R>ELY 9 HI/ORY HAVE WE BE5 CALL$ UPON TO MAKE A /RONG] /& = ?IS LEGACY ?AN TODAY1 :5 ! SLUDGE ( IRRATIONALITY1 M9DLESS GR[?1 C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATION1 & MY/ICAL RETREATS 9TO QUIETISM ?REAT5 TO OV]:ELM ! HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS ( PA/ TIMES4 ,R>ELY BE=E HAVE WE BE5 CALL$ UPON NOT ONLY TO CONTA9 ?IS SLUDGE BUT TO PU% IT BACK 9TO ! DEP?S ( A DEMONIC HI/ORY FROM :I* IT EM]G$4 

,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ,WE/]N HI/ORY HAS NOT BE5 A UNIL9E> ADVANCE FROM ONE /AGE TO ANO!R & FROM ONE 0PRECONDITION0 TO ANO!R 9 AN UNTR\BL$ ASC5T TO EV]-GREAT] CONTROL OV] A 0BL9D10 0/+Y10 & 9TRACTABLE 0FIR/ NATURE40 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 PREHI/ORY MAY HAVE ALL[$ = ALT]NATIVES BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( PATRIC5TRIC W>RIOR SOCIETIES--SOCIETIES ?AT MI<T HAVE SE5 A MORE B5IGN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AN ! ONE ?AT =M$ \R [N HI/ORY4 

,POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES W]E OP5$ 9 ! 0AGE ( CITIES10 BE=E ! NATION-/ATE =ECLOS$ ! OPPORTUNITIES OP5$ BY URBAN CONF$]ATIONS ) !IR HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES1 >TISANAL TE*NOLOGIES1 & S5SITIVE BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,AS REC5TLY AS TWO C5TURIES AGO1 9 ! 0AGE ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS10 ! ,WE/]N WORLD ) ITS MIX$ PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ECONOMY SEEM$ POIS$ = AN AN>*IC SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 

,?R\<\T1 EV]-EXP&+ IDEALS ( FRE$OM BAS$ ON ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS P>ALLEL$ ! MORE ANCI5T 0CRY = JU/ICE0 ) ITS 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 9H]IT$ CU/OM WAS ABSORB$ BY A COMM&E]+ MORALITY & BO? BECAME P>T ( A RATIONAL E?ICS1 FRE$OM BEGAN TO DEVELOP A =W>D RA!R ?AN A BACKW>D GAZE & TURN FROM A M]E LONG+ = A 0GOLD5 AGE0 TO A F]V5T HOPE = A HUMANLY CREAT$ UTOPIA4 

,! IDEALS ( FRE$OM BECAME SECUL> RA!R ?AN HEAV5LY1 WORK-A-DAY RA!R ?AN ! FANCIFUL B\NTY ( NATURE OR ! L>GESS ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,!Y BECAME S5SU\S AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALLY SOPHI/ICAT$4 ,SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES PLAC$ MAT]IAL SECURITY & ! LEISURE TIME NE$$ = A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ON ! AG5DA ( A RADICALLY NEW REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,FROM ANT9OMIES1 OR SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY CO-EXI/5T@s ( !SE ADVANCES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,EUROPE BETWE5 ! F\RTE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 V>I\S *OICES W]E POSSIBLE BETWE5 CITY & NATION1 COMMONWEAL? & /ATE1 >TISANAL PRODUCTION & MASS PRODUCTION4 

,AN>*ISM1 :I* CAME FULLY 9TO ITS [N 9 ! 0AGE ( REVOLUTIONS10 /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( *OICE2 ,M>XISM /RESS$ ! 9EXORABILITY ( SOCIAL LAWS4 ,AN>*ISM REMA9$ S5SITIVE TO ! SPONTANEITY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A SPONTANEITY1 TO BE SURE1 9=M$ BY CONSCI\SNESS & ! NE$ = A /RUCTUR$ SOCIETY4 ,M>XISM AN*OR$ ITSELF DEEPLY 9 AN 0EMBRYONIC0 !ORY ( SOCIETY1 A 0SCI5CE0 BAS$ ON 0PR]EQUISITES0 & 0PRECONDITIONS40 ,TRAGICALLY1 ,M>XISM VIRTUALLY SIL5C$ ALL E>LI] REVOLUTION>Y VOICES = MORE ?AN A C5TURY & HELD HI/ORY ITSELF 9 ! ICY GRIP ( A REM>KABLY B\RGEOIS !ORY ( DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE & ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[]4 

,WE HAVE NOT$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAS YET TO FULLY DEF9E ITSELF4 ,NO 0LA/ /AGE0 EXI/S1 AS F> AS WE CAN SEE1 ANYMORE ?AN SU* A 0/AGE10 :I* WAS GREET$ ) C]TA9TY BY REVOLUTION>IES DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ! ,SECOND1 EM]G$ 9 !IR TIME4 ,IF CAPITALISM HAS ANY LIMITS1 !Y >E NEI!R 9T]NAL1 BAS$ ON *RONIC CRISES1 NOR DEP5D5T UPON ! PROLET>IAT'S PURSUIT ( ITS P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S4 ,PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 OR ! ,OLD ,LEFT F\ND]$ ON !SE MY?S & N[ LIES 9 DEBRIS4 

,! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT MU/ N[ RE/ ON ! EM]G5CE ( A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ?AT CUTS ACROSS ! P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( CLASS1 NATIONALITY1 E?NICITY1 & G5D]4 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT1 N\RI%$ BY DAZZL+ ADVANCES 9 ! TE*NOLOGIES ( ! PO/--,WORTD ,W> ,I,I ]A & ! GRATIFICATION ( ! MO/ TRIVIAL WANTS BY UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AW$ \T ! ECONOMI/IC GRIP ( ,M>XISM & RETURN$ ! SIXTIES1 = A TIME1 TO ! E?ICAL1 9DE$ S5SU\S1 RADICALISM ( ! PRE-,M>XI/ ]A4 

,IF A G5]AL 9T]E/ CAN BE RE=MULAT$ TODAY AS A NEW LIB]T>IAN AG5DA1 IT MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! MO/ OBVI\S LIMITS CAPITALISM FACES3 ! ECOLOGICAL LIMITS TO GR[? IMPOS$ BY ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,& IF ?AT G5]AL 9T]E/ CAN BE EMBODI$ 9 A NONHI]>*ICAL DEM&1 IT IS ! DEM& RAIS$ BY WOM5 = A SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS -- ?AT IS1 ! EXPANSIVE IDEAL ( FRE$OM4 ,! QUE/ION WE N[ FACE :E!R ! ECOLOGICAL & FEM9I/ MOVEM5TS CAN LIVE UP TO ?IS /ORICAL *ALL5GE4 ,?AT IS :E!R !SE MOVEM5TS CAN BE BROAD5$ 9TO A SWEEP+ SOCIAL MOVEM5T2 9DE$1 9TO A LIB]T>IAN ,NEW ,LEFT ?AT WILL SPEAK = A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ -- OR :E!R !Y WILL %ATT] 9TO ! P>TICUL>IZ$ 9T]E/S ?AT C5T] >\ND RE=MI/ P>LIAM5T>ISM1 MY/ICISM & !ISM 9 !IR V>I\S =MS1 & G5D] *AUV9ISM4 

,F9ALLY1 :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! PROSPECT ( A*IEV+ A FREE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 ! PA/1 !RE IS NOT ! REMOTE/ *ANCE ?AT IT CAN BE A*IEV$ TODAY UNLESS HUMANITY IS FREE TO REJECT B\RGEOIS NOTIONS ( ABUNDANCE PRECISELY BECAUSE ABUNDANCE IS AVAILABLE TO ALL4 ,WE NO LONG] LIVE 9 A WORLD ?AT TREASURES GIFT-GIV+ OV] ACCUMULATION & MORAL CON/RA9TS ?AT LIMIT GR[?4 ,CAPITALISM HAS W>P$ ! VALUES ( ?AT E>LI] WORLD TO A PO9T :]E ONLY ! PROSPECT ( ABUNDANCE CAN ELIM9ATE 9S5SATE CONSUMPTION & A S5SE ( SC>CITY ?AT EXI/S AMONG ALL UND]PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE4 ,NO G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ CAN EM]GE :5 ! 0HAVES0 CON/ITUTE A /&+ REPROA* TO ! MAT]IAL D5IAL ( ! 0HAVE-NOTS0 & :5 ?OSE :O >E IDLE MOCK1 BY !IR V]Y EXI/5CE1 ! LIFETIME ( TOIL IMPOS$ ON WORK+ CLASSES4 ,NOR WILL A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY EV] BE A*IEV$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE AS LONG AS A PUBLIC LIFE IS AVAILABLE ONLY TO ?OSE :O HAVE ! FREE TIME TO P>TICIPATE 9 IT4 

,9S(> AS HUMANITY C\LD MAKE DECISIVE *OICES AB\T ! SOCIAL DIRECTION IT %\LD FOLL[1 ITS *OICES HAVE BE5 L>GELY BAD ONES4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 ?AT HUMANITY HAS G5]ALLY BE5 LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,R>ELY HAS IT FULFILL$ :AT IT C\LD BE1 GIV5 ITS POT5TIALITIES = ?\<T1 FEEL+1 E?ICAL JUDGM5TS1 & RATIONAL SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS4 

,! IDEALS ( FRE$OM >E N[ 9 PLACE1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 & !Y CAN BE DESCRIB$ ) REASONABLE CL>ITY & COH]5CE4 ,WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! NE$ NOT SIMPLY TO IMPROVE SOCIETY OR ALT] IT2 WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! NE$ TO REMAKE IT4 ,! ECOLOGICAL CRISES WE FACE & ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS ?AT HAVE TORN US AP>T & HAVE MADE \R C5TURY ! BLOODIE/ 9 HI/ORY1 CAN BE RESOLV$ ONLY IF WE CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ?AT \R PROBLEMS GO TO ! HE>T ( A DOM9E]+ CIVILIZATION1 NOT SIMPLY TO A BADLY /RUCTUR$ 5SEMBLE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,\R PRES5T CIVILIZATION IS NO?+ IF IT IS NOT ,JANUS-FAC$ & RIDDL$ ) AMBIGUITY4 ,WE CANNOT SIMPLY D5\NCE IT AS MALE-ORI5T$1 EXPLOITATIVE1 & DOM9E]+ )\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT IT ALSO FRE$ US1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 FROM ! P>O*IAL BONDS ( TRIBALISM & AN ABJECT OB$I5CE TO SUP]/ITION1 :I* ULTIMATELY MADE US VULN]ABLE TO DOM9ATION4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 WE CANNOT SIMPLY PRAISE IT = ITS GR[+ UNIV]SALITY1 ! EXT5T TO :I* IT FO/]$ 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 & ! RATIONAL SECUL>ISM IT BR\<T TO HUMAN AFFAIRS )\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !SE A*IEVEM5TS W]E G5]ALLY PUR*AS$ AT ! CO/ ( HUMAN 5SLAVEM5T1 MASS DEGRADATION1 CLASS RULE1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ONLY A DIALECTIC ?AT COMB9ES SE>*+ CRITIQUE ) SOCIAL CREATIVITY CAN DISASSEMBLE ! BE/ MAT]IALS FROM \R %ATT]$ WORLD & BR+ !M TO ! S]VICE ( REMAK+ A NEW ONE4 

,I HAVE /RESS$ ?AT \R =EMO/ NE$ IS TO CREATE A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ?AT CAN UNIFY HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,M9IMALLY1 ?IS 9T]E/ C5T]S >\ND ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A H>MONI\S BALANCE ) NATURE4 ,\R VIABILITY AS A SPECIES DEP5DS UPON \R FUTURE RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS PROBLEM CANNOT BE SETTL$ BY ! 9V5TION ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES ?AT WILL SUPPLANT NATURAL PROCESSES )\T MAK+ SOCIETY MORE TE*NOCRATIC1 MORE C5TRALIZ$1 & ULTIMATELY COMPLETELY TOTALIT>IAN4 ,= TE*NOLOGY TO REPLACE ! NATURAL CYCLES ?AT DET]M9E ! RATIO ( ATMOSPH]IC C>BON DIOXIDE TO OXYG51 TO PROVIDE A SUB/ITUTE = ! DECOMPOS+ OZONE LAY] ?AT PROTECTS ALL LIFE FROM LE?AL SOL> RADIATION1 TO SUB/ITUTE HYDROPONIC SOLUTIONS = SOIL -- ALL ( ?IS1 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE1 W\LD REQUIRE A HI<LY DISCIPL9$ SY/EM ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T ?AT IS RADICALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) DEMOCRACY & POLITICAL P>TICIPATION BY ! PEOPLE4 

,SU* AN OV]:ELM+1 9DE$ GLOBAL1 REALITY RAISES QUE/IONS AB\T ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY ON A SCALE ?AT NO HI/ORICAL P]IOD 9 DIE PA/ HAS EV] BE5 COMPELL$ TO FACE4 ,! MESSAGE RAIS$ BY AN 0ECOLOGICAL TE*NOCRACY10 IF IT CAN BE CALL$ ?AT1 IS = A DEGREE ( SOCIAL COORD9ATION ?AT BEGG>S ! MO/ C5TRALIZ$ DESPOTISMS ( HI/ORY4 ,EV5 SO1 IT REMA9S V]Y UNCLE> ?AT SU* AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NOCRACY CAN BE A*IEV$ ON SCI5TIFIC GR\NDS1 OR ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! DELICATE *ECKS & BALANCES 9VOLV$1 :E!R TE*NOLOGICAL SUB/ITUTES = NATURAL PROCESSES CAN BE SO WELL ADJU/$ ?AT !Y WILL NOT BE SUBJECT TO CATA/ROPHIC MISJUDGM5TS4 

,IF ! LIFE PROCESSES ( ! PLANET & ?OSE ( \R SPECIES >E NOT TO BE ADM9I/]$ BY A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM1 MOD]N SOCIETY MU/ FOLL[ C]TA9 BASIC ECOLOGICAL PRECEPTS4 ,I HAVE >GU$ 9 ?IS BOOK ?AT ! H>MONIZADON ( NATURE CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMAN ) HUMAN4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT \R V]Y NOTION ( :AT CON/ITUTES HUMANITY MU/ BE CL>IFI$4 ,IF WE REMA9 M]ELY CONFLICT+ CLASS BE+S1 G5D]S1 E?NIC BE+S1 & NATIONALITIES1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ANY K9D ( H>MONY BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS MEMB]S ( CLASSES1 G5D]S1 E?NIC GR\PS1 & NATIONALITIES1 WE WILL HAVE N>R[$ \R MEAN+ ( :AT IT IS TO BE HUMAN BY MEANS ( P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ?AT EXPLICITLY SET US AGA9/ EA* O!R4 

,AL?\< ECOLOGY ADVANCES A MESSAGE ( DIV]SITY1 IT DOES SO AS  
UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,ECOLOGICAL DIV]SITY1 9 ADDITION1 DOES NOT RE/ ON CONFLICT2 IT RE/S ON DIFF]5TIATION1 ON ! :OL5ESS ?AT IS 5HANC$ BY ! V>IETY ( ITS CON/ITU5TS4 ,SOCIALLY1 ?IS VIEW IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,GREEK IDEAL ?AT ! COMPLETE1 MANY-SID$ P]SON IS ! PRODUCT ( A COMPLETE1 MANY-SID$ SOCIETY4 ,CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NIC1 & NATIONAL 9T]E/S >E FE>FULLY SIMIL> 9 !IR R$UCTION ( A WIDELY EXPANSIVE VIEW ( ! WORLD TO A N>R[ ONE1 ( L>G] 9T]E/S TO SMALL] ONES1 ( COMPLEM5T>ITY TO CONFLICT4 ,TO PREA* A MESSAGE ( RECONCILIATION :5 CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NIC1 & NATIONAL 9T]E/S >E V]Y REAL & OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ 9 MAJOR CONFLICTS1 W\LD BE ABSURD1 TO BE SURE4 ,\R ,JANUS-FAC$ CIVILIZATION LOOKS T[>D A LONG PA/ ?AT HAS SE5 M]E DIFF]5CES 9 AGE1 SEX1 & K9%IP REWORK$ 9TO DOM9E]+ HI]>*IES1 HI]>*IES 9TO CLASSES1 & CLASSES 9TO /ATE /RUCTURES4 ,! BASES = CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S 9 SOCIETY MU/ !MSELVES BE CONFRONT$ & RESOLV$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,! E>? CAN NO LONG] BE [N$2 IT MU/ BE %>$4 ,ITS FRUITS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE PRODUC$ BY TE*NOLOGY & LABOR1 CAN NO LONG] BE EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! FEW2 !Y MU/ BE R5D]$ AVAILABLE TO ALL ON ! BASIS ( NE$4 ,P[]1 NO LESS ?AT MAT]IAL ?+S1 MU/ BE FRE$ FROM ! CONTROL ( ! ELITES2 IT MU/ BE R$I/RIBUT$ 9 A =M ?AT R5D]S ITS USE P>TICIPATORY4 ,UNTIL !SE BASIC PROBLEMS >E RESOLV$1 !RE CAN BE NO DEVELOPM5T ( A G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AT WILL =MULATE A POLICY TO RESOLVE ! GR[+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS & ! 9ADEQUACY ( ?IS SOCIETY TO DEAL ) IT4 

,! PO9T ,I WI% TO MAKE1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT NO G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ?IS K9D CAN BE A*IEV$ BY ! P>TICUL>I/IC MEANS ?AT M>K$ E>LI] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS POT5TIALLY CAPABLE ( MOBILIZ+ A DEGREE ( PUBLIC SUPPORT & 9VOLVEM5T ?AT IS MORE TRANSCLASS & WID] ?AN ANY ISSUE ?AT HUMANITY HAS FAC$ 9 ! PA/ ,& ) ! PASS+ ( TIME1 ?IS CRISIS WILL BECOME />K] & MORE ALL-EMBRAC+ ?AN IT IS TODAY4 ,ITS MY/IFICATION BY RELIGI\S IDEOLOGI/S & CORPORATE HIREL+S ?REAT5S TO PLACE ! V]Y FUTURE ( ! BIOSPH]E 9 ! BALANCE4 

,NOR CAN WE IGNORE ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & ! ADVANCES IT SCOR$ OV] E>LI] ONES4 ,PA/ REVOLUTIONS W]E L>GELY /RUGGLES = JU/ICE1 NOT = FRE$OM4 ,! IDEALS ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY1 SO G5]\SLY ADVANC$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 F\ND]$ ON ! FAULTY DEF9ITION ( ! T]MS !MSELVES4 ,I WILL NOT BELABOR ! FACT ?AT ! CRASSLY P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9T]PRET$ LIB]TY TO MEAN FREE TRADE2 EQUALITY TO MEAN ! RI<T TO CONTRACT LABOR2 & FRAT]NITY TO MEAN ! OB$I5CE ON AN EM]G+ PROLET>IAT TO CAPITALI/ SUPREMACY4 ,HIDD5 MORE DEEPLY 9 ?IS SLOGAN ( CLASSICAL REPUBLICANISM WAS ! FACT ?AT LIB]TY MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN ! RI<T ( ! EGO TO PURSUE ITS [N SELF 9T]E/2 EQUALITY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE2 FRAT]NITY1 TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 A MALE-C5T]$ SOCIETY ( 0BRO!RS0 H[EV] MU* SOME M5 EXPLOIT$ O!RS4 

,TAK5 AT FACE VALUE1 ! SLOGANS ( ! REVOLUTION NEV] ASC5D$ TO ! DOMA9 ( FRE$OM4 ,ON :ATEV] LEVEL WE EXAM9E ! REVOLUTION1 IT WAS A PROJECT TO A*IEVE AN 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS1 NOT TO A*IEVE AN EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,! TRAGICALLY ABORT$ ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g TRI$ TO GO BEYOND ?IS LIMIT$ PROJECT BUT IT WAS ISOLAT$4 ,ITS MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS -- ! AN>*I/S -- NEV] GA9$ ! POPUL> SUPPORT !Y NE$$ 9 ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE TO REALIZE !IR RI*LY EMANCIPATORY GOALS4 

,CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ 9 ! DECADES ?AT FOLL[$ ! ]A ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY & NATURE IS P]HAPS MORE DEVA/AT+ ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! SIXTIES1 ) ITS CALL = A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 HAS GONE F> BEYOND ! LEVEL ( ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTIONS & !IR P>TICUL>I/IC AIMS4 ,! IDEA ( 0! ,PEOPLE10 AN ILLUSORY CONCEPT ?AT 9=M$ ! EM]G5CE ( DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY JU/ AS SOCIETY WAS BEG9N+ TO DIFF]5TIATE ITSELF 9TO CLE>LY DEF9ABLE CLASSES1 HAS N[ TAK5 ON A NEW MEAN+ ) ! /EADY DECOMPOSITION ( TRADITIONAL CLASSES & ) ! EM]G5CE ( TRANSCLASS ISSUES LIKE ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & A S5SE ( CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY TO NEI<BORHOODS & COMMUNITIES4 ,MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,GRE5S 9 ,G]MANY1 & POSSIBLY O!R C\NTRIES1 OR V>I\S CITIZ5S' 9ITIATIVE MOVEM5TS 9 A GR[+ NUMB] ( CITIES & T[NS >E ADDRESS+ L>G] HUMAN ISSUES ?AN 9CREAS$ WAGES & CLASS CONFLICTS AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,) ! RISE ( ECOLOGY1 FEM9I/1 & CITIZ5S' MOVEM5TS1 NEW POSSIBILITIES EXI/ = G5]ALIZ+ ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM1 = GIV+ !M A BROADLY HUMAN & TRULY POPULI/ DIM5SION4 

,TO TALK VAGUELY ( 0! ,PEOPLE10 H[EV]1 )\T EXAM9+ ! RELATION%IP ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 TO POPULI/-TYPE GOALS1 RAISES ! DANG] ( DEAL+ ) ! K9D ( VAGUE AB/RACTIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ,M>XISM = MORE ?AN A C5TURY4 ,OV] & BEYOND ! NE$ TO %>E ! E>?1 TO DI/RIBUTE ITS FRUITS ACCORD+ TO NE$1 & TO DEVELOP A G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/ ?AT GOES BEYOND ! P>TICUL>I/IC ONES ( ! PA/1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT MU/ TAKE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM A FUNDAM5TAL LIB]T>IAN PRECEPT2 EV]Y NORMAL HUMAN BE+ IS COMPET5T TO MANAGE ! AFFAIRS ( SOCIETY &1 MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* HE OR %E IS A MEMB]4 

,?IS PRECEPT LAYS D[N A RADICAL GANTLET TO ,JACOB9 AB/RACTIONS LIKE 0! ,PEOPLE0 & ,M>XI/ AB/RACTIONS LIKE 0! ,PROLET>IAT0 BY DEM&+ ?AT SOCIETY MU/ BE EXI/5TIALLY 0PEOPL$0 BY REAL1 LIV+ BE+S :O >E FREE TO CONTROL !IR [N DE/9IES & ?AT ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,IT *ALL5GES P>LIAM5T>ISM AS A SURROGATE = AN AU!NTIC DEMOCRACY ) ,R\SSEAU'S CLASSICAL OBS]VATION3  
  

,SOV]EIGNTY1 = ! SAME REASON AS IT MAKES IT 9ALI5ABLE1 CANNOT BE REPRES5T$4 ,IT LIES ESS5TIALLY 9 ! G5]AL WILL1 & WILL DOES NOT ADMIT ( REPRES5TATION3 IT IS EI!R ! SAME1 OR O!R2 !RE IS NO 9T]M$IATE POSSIBILITY4 ,! DEPUTIES ( ! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 >E NOT & CANNOT BE ITS REPRES5TATIVES3 !Y >E M]ELY ITS /EW>DS1 & CAN C>RY ?R\< NO DEF9ITIVE ACTS4 ,EV]Y LAW ! PEOPLE HAS NOT RATIFI$ 9 P]SON IS NULL & VOID -- IS1 9 FACT1 NOT A LAW4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& REG>DS ITSELF AS FREE2 BUT IT IS GROSSLY MI/AK53 IT IS FREE ONLY DUR+ ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T4 ,AS SOON AS !Y >E ELECT$1 SLAV]Y OV]TAKES IT1 & IT IS NO?+4 .<#b#a.>  
  

,:ATEV] 9T]PRETATION ONE MAY GIVE TO ,R\SSEAU'S 0G5]AL WILL0 & O!R =MULATIONS HE ADVANCES1 ! /ATEM5T'S BASIC ?RU/ =MS AN IMP]I%ABLE & UNNEGOTIABLE IDEAL ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,IT IMPLIES ?AT NO SUB/ANTIVE DEMOCRACY IS POSSIBLE & NO CONCEPT ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION IS MEAN+FUL UNLESS ! PEOPLE CONV5E 9 OP51 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES TO =MULATE POLICIES = SOCIETY4 ,NO POLICY1 9 EFFECT1 IS DEMOCRATICALLY LEGITIMATE UNLESS IT HAS BE5 PROPOS$1 DISCUSS$1 & DECID$ UPON BY ! PEOPLE DIRECTLY -- NOT ?R\< REPRES5TATIVES OR SURROGATES ( ANY K9D4 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( !SE POLICIES CAN BE LEFT TO BO>DS1 COMMISSIONS1 OR COLLECTIVES ( QUALIFI$1 EV5 ELECT$1 9DIVIDUALS :O1 UND] CLOSE PUBLIC PURVIEW & ) FULL ACC\NTABILITY TO POLICY-MAK+ ASSEMBLIES1 MAY EXECUTE ! POPUL> M&ATE4 

,?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY & ADM9I/RATION -- ONE :I* ,M>X FAIL$ TO MAKE 9 HIS WRIT+S ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga -- IS CRUCIAL4 ,POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >E ! M9DS ( A FREE SOCIETY2 ! ADM9I/RATORS ( !IR POLICIES >E ! H&S4 ,! =M] CAN ALWAYS RECALL ! LATT] & 5D !IR OP]ATIONS1 DEP5D+ UPON NE$1 DISSATISFACTION & ! LIKE4 ,! LATT] M]ELY EFFECTS :AT ! =M] DECIDES & REMA9S TOTALLY DEP5D5T UPON !IR WILL4 

,?IS CRUCIAL DI/9CTION MAKES ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY'S EXI/5CE A L>GELY FUNCTIONAL ISSUE 9 DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES1 NOT A /RUCTURAL ONE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ASSEMBLIES CAN FUNCTION UND] ANY DEMOGRAPHIC & URBAN CONDITIONS -- ON ! BLOCK1 NEI<BORHOOD1 OR T[N LEVELS4 ,!Y HAVE ONLY TO BE COORD9AT$ BY APPROPRIATELY CONF$]AL S9EWS TO BECOME =MS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE4 ,GIV5 MOD]N LOGI/ICAL CONDITIONS1 !RE CAN BE NO EM]G5CY SO GREAT ?AT ASSEMBLIES CANNOT BE RAPIDLY CONV5$ TO MAKE IMPORTANT POLICY DECISIONS BY A MAJORITY VOTE & DIE APPROPRIATE BO>DS CONV5$ TO EXECUTE !SE DECISIONS--IRRESPECTIVE ( A COMMUNITY'S SIZE OR ! COMPLEXITY ( ITS PROBLEMS4 ,EXP]TS WILL ALWAYS BE AVAILABLE TO (F] !IR SOLUTIONS1 HOPEFULLY COMPET+ ONES ?AT WILL FO/] DISCUSSION1 TO ! MORE SPECIALIZ$ PROBLEMS A COMMUNITY MAY FACE4 

,NOR CAN POPULATIONS BE SO L>GE OR ! NUMB] ( ASSEMBLIES SO NUM]\S ?AT !Y CANNOT BE COORD9AT$ 9 A MANN] ?AT P]PETUATES !IR 9TEGRITY AS FACE-TO-FACE POLICY-MAK+ BODIES4 ,DELEGATES TO T[N1 CITY1 & REGIONAL BODIES1 CAN BE REG>D$ SIMPLY AS ! WALK+ M&ATES ( ! LOCAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE MU/ DISABUSE \RSELVES ( ! IDEA ?AT CONS5SUS CAN ALWAYS BE ATTA9$ 9 L>GE GR\PS4 ,A M9ORITY DOES NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO ABORT A DECISION ( A MAJORITY -- BE IT )9 AN ASSEMBLY OR BETWE5 ASSEMBLIES4 ,IF ,R\SSEAU'S 0G5]AL WILL0 C\LD1 9 FACT1 BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A G5]ALIZ$ WILL -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF IT C\LD BE SUPPOS$ ?AT RATIONAL PEOPLE :O HAVE NO 9T]E/S AP>T FROM ?OSE ( ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE WILL MAKE %>$ RATIONAL DECISIONS AB\T TRANSP>5TLY CLE> ISSUES -- IT MAY WELL BE ?AT CONS5SUS CAN BE A*IEV$4 

,BUT BY NO MEANS IS ?IS GOAL EV5 DESIRABLE4 ,IT IS A HIDD5 TYRANNY BAS$ ON UN?9K+ CU/OM1 9 FACT1 AN ATAVI/IC ?R[BACK TO TIMES :5 PUBLIC OP9ION WAS AS CO]CIVE AS \TRI<T VIOL5CE 7:I*1 AT LEA/1 EXI/$ 9 ! OP574 ,A TYRANNY ( CONS5SUS1 LIKE ! FAM\S 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS10 DEMEANS A FREE SOCIETY4 ,IT T5DS TO SUBV]T 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ! NAME ( COMMUNITY & DISS5T 9 ! NAME ( SOLID>ITY4 ,NEI!R TRUE COMMUNITY NOR SOLID>ITY >E FO/]$ :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL'S DEVELOPM5T IS ABORT$ BY PUBLIC DISAPPROVAL & HIS OR H] DEVIANT IDEAS >E 0NORMALIZ$0 BY ! PRESSURE ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,UND]LY+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-MANAG+1 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES >E A NUMB] ( E?ICAL1 EV5 $UCATIONAL PROBLEMS ?AT 5T] 9TO DEVELOP+ COMPET5T 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ASSEMBLY REA*$ ITS MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ =M ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 :]E1 CONTR>Y TO CURR5T CRITICISMS ( ! ,HELL5IC CITY AS 0PATRI>*AL10 MO/ ANCI5TS VIEW$ IT AS A HUGE 0MOBOCRACY40 ,IT RETA9$ ?IS PEJORATIVE REPUTATION WELL 9TO MOD]N TIMES4 ,?AT RADICALS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :O VIEW IT FROM ! H9DSI<T ( MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S1 CAN D5\NCE IT AS A 0TYRANNY0 ?AT OPPRESS$ WOM51 SLAVES1 & RESID5T ALI5S1 IS NOT )\T A C]TA9 IRONY4 ,GIV5 ! MORE MORBID ABUSES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 :I* WAS DR5*$ 9 PATRI>*Y1 SLAV]Y1 & DESPOTISM1 ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY /&S \T LIKE A BEACON ( LI<T4 ,! VIEW ?AT ,WE/]N DEMOCRACY CAN BE DISMISS$ SIMPLY AS A 0MALE0 TRADITION & ?AT WE %\LD RETURN TO 0TRIBAL0 TRADITIONS1 :ATEV] !SE MAY BE1 IS ATAVI/IC TO ! CORE4 ,9 ! POLIS1 ! ,JANUS-FAC$ NATURE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION -- ! ,EA/ (F]S NO NOTABLE IMPROVEM5TS UPON IT1 ,I MAY ADD -- ACTUALLY EXHIBITS ITS BETT] PR(ILE 9 ! HI/ORY ( FRE$OM4 

,ALL ( ?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION ( :AT CON/ITUTES ! E?ICAL BASIS ( ! ASSEMBLY & ITS TIME-HONOR$ /&>DS ( COMPET5CE4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! IDEAL ( SOLID>ITY OR FRI5D%IP 7PHILIA71 AN IDEAL 9 :I* LOYALTY TO ! COMMUNITY WAS GIV5 FLE% & BLOOD BY 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ITS MEMB]S4 ,A LIV$1 VITAL1 & DEEPLY FELT CONSOCIATION EXI/$ AMONG MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 9 ! GUILDS ( ! M$IEVAL T[NS1 & AMONG AN 5DLESS NETWORK ( SMALL SOCIETIES 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,! ,GREEK SYMPOSIUM1 9 :I* KNOTS ( FRI5DS GA!R$ TO D9E1 DR9K1 & DISCUSS1 WAS MAT*$ 9 P>T BY ! RI* NEI<BORHOOD CAFE LIFE ( ,FR5*1 ,SPANI%1 & ,ITALIAN CITIES4 ,! COMMUNITY WAS MADE UP1 9 A S5SE1 ( SMALL] 0COMMUNES10 ,! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES TURN$ ?IS LIT]ALLY 9TO COMMUNAL =MS ( LIV+4 ,! IDEAL ( A ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES WAS OP5LY ADVANC$ 9 #ahga 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCLAMATIONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE DUR+ ITS BRIEF LIFESPAN4 ,POPUL> SOCIETIES CLU/]$ >\ND ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic & PROVID$ WAYS ( ASSOCIAT+ ?AT MADE ! REVOLUTION AN 9TIMATE EX]CISE 9 CIVIC AFF9ITY4 

,/ILL ANO!R E?ICAL IDEAL WAS ! IMPORTANCE ?AT WAS ATTA*$ TO R\ND$NESS4 ,! ,GREEKS MI/RU/$ SPECIALI/S1 DESPITE ,PLATO'S FAVORABLE VIEW ( !M1 BECAUSE EXCESSIVE EXP]TIZE SEEM$ TO 9VOLVE A W>P+ ( ONE'S *>ACT] >\ND A P>TICUL> 9T]E/ OR SKILL4 ,TO KN[ A LITTLE BIT AB\T EV]Y?+ & NOT TOO MU* AB\T ONE ?+ WAS EVID5CE ( A R\ND$ P]SON :O1 AS NE$ >OSE1 C\LD =M AN 9TELLIG5T VIEW ( AN ISSUE & ADVANCE A GOOD CASE = HIS JUDGM5TS4 ,?IS EMPHASIS ON AMATEURISM1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT DID NOT PREV5T ! ,GREEKS FROM F\ND+ ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 SCI5CE1 MA!MATICS1 & DRAMA1 WAS TO BE AN ABID+ IDEAL = C5TURIES AFT] ! POLIS DISAPPE>$ 9TO HI/ORY4 

,R\ND$NESS ALSO IMPLI$ A MEASURE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY4 ,TO BE ONE'S 0[N MAN0 MEANT NOT ONLY ?AT ONE WAS COMPET5T BUT ALSO 9DEP5D5T4 ,9 E>LI] TIMES1 ?IS R\ND$ P]SON WAS EXPECT$ TO BE FREE ( A CLI5T POSITION4 ,A SPECIAL 9T]E/ MI<T R5D] AN 9DIVIDUAL VULN]ABLE TO & DEP5D5T UPON ! WI%ES ( A MA/]4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL :O C\LD P]=M MANY DIFF]5T TASKS1 IT WAS SUPPOS$1 C\LD UND]/& A WIDE >RAY ( PROBLEMS4 ,IF HE WAS 9DEP5D5T MAT]IALLY1 SAY1 LIKE A F>M] :O [N$ ! L& HE WORK$1 & C\LD MEET MO/ ( HIS NE$S BY HIS [N EF=TS & SKILLS1 HE WAS PRESUMABLY CAPABLE ( =M+ AN OBJECTIVE JUDGM5T1 FREE ( UNDUE 9FLU5CE BY ! OP9IONS ( O!RS4 ,! ,GREEKS BELIEV$ 9 [N+ PROP]TY NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E ACQUISITIVE2 9DE$1 TO GIVE G5]\SLY TO ONE'S FRI5DS & NEI<BORS E>N$ ! HI<E/ E/EEM 9 ,GREEK SOCIETY4 ,BUT A MODE/ PIECE ( L& ?AT C\LD PROVIDE ! F>M] & HIS FAMILY ) ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE FRE$ HIM FROM MANIPULATION BY L&$ >I/OCRACIES & M]*ANTS4 

,TO GIVE ( ONE'S FREE TIME & S]VICES TO ! POLIS WAS SE5 AS ANO!R IDEAL ?AT (T5 L$ TO AGONI/IC EF=TS TO GA9 PUBLIC RECOGNITION1 A ,GREEK *>ACT] TRAIT ?AT HAS BE5 %>PLY REPROA*$ BUT (T5 GROSSLY MISUND]/OOD4 ,! ZEAL ) :I* ! ,GREEKS S]V$ !IR COMMUNITIES1 9 FACT1 WAS IDEALIZ$ AS A =M ( CIVIC D$ICATION UP TO \R [N TIME4 ,CIVIC RECOGNITION (T5 REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE P]SONAL SACRIFICES1 & ! ZEAL EXHIBIT$ BY LEAD+ ,GREEKS /EMM$ FROM A DESIRE = SOCIAL IMMORTALITY4 ,9DE$1 TO DE/ROY A ,GREEK CITY MEANT TO EFFACE ! MEMORY & IMMORTALITY ( ITS MORE H]OIC FIGURES AS WELL AS TO DE/ROY ! V]Y ID5TITY ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 

,IF CIVIC ZEALOTRY ?REAT5$ TO UPSET ! RELATIVELY DELICATE BALANCES ( A CLASS SOCIETY ?AT C\LD EASILY PLUNGE 9TO 9SURRECTION1 ! ,GREEKS =MULAT$ AN IDEAL ( 0LIMIT0 -- ! 0GOLD5 MEAN0 :I* MEANT 0NO?+ 9 EXCESS0--?AT WAS TO BE C>RI$ DEEPLY 9TO ,WE/]N E?ICS4 ,! NOTION ( LIMIT WAS TO APPE> 9 M$IEVAL T[NS & CITIES & EV5 WELL 9TO ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,B5EA? ! CLAMOR ?AT M>K$ ! ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES ( ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !RE W]E UN/AT$ RULES ( CIVIC BEHAVIOR ?AT PLAC$ CON/RA9TS ON EXCESSIVE ZEALOTRY & FRACTI\S BEHAVIOR1 DESPITE ! ULTIMATE EM]G5CE ( OLIG>*IES & ONE-MAN RULE4 

,AS ,M4,I4 ,F9LEY HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS -- &1 ,I W\LD CONT5D1 MANY DEMOCRATIC T[NS ?AT FOLL[$ IT 9 TIME -- ESS5TIALLY E/ABLI%$ A SY/EM ( CIVIC ETIQUETTE ?AT KEPT EXCESSIVE AMBITION UND] A MEASURE ( CONTROL4 ,M$IEVAL ,ITALIAN CITIES1 = EXAMPLE1 CREAT$ REM>KABLE *ECKS & BALANCES TO PREV5T ONE 9T]E/ 9 ! CITY FROM GA9+ TOO MU* ASC5DANCY OV] ANO!R1 A BALANCE ?AT ! ,GREEK  
POLIS HAD E/ABLI%$ E>LI] 9 ANTIQUITY4 ,SELF-RE/RA9T1 DIGNITY1 C\RTESY1 & A /RONG COMMITM5T TO CIVIC DECORUM W]E P>T ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES ?AT MANY PRECAPITALI/ CITIES1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ASSEMBLIES1 ACTUALLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONS 9 A SY/EM ( *ECKS ?AT FO/]$ H>MONY1 H[EV] T5TATIVE !Y MAY SEEM4 ,P[] WAS (T5 DIVID$ & SUBDIVID$ SO ?AT C\NT]VAIL+ =CES EXI/$ TO PREV5T ! ASC5DANCY ( ANY ONE 9/ITUTION1 & ! 9T]E/S IT REPRES5T$1 FROM BECOM+ EXCESSIVELY P[]FUL4 

,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ?IS E?ICAL 5SEMBLE WAS P]SONIFI$ 9 A NEW K9D ( 9DIVIDUAL -- A CITIZ54 ,! CITIZ5 WAS NEI!R A TRIBAL P]SON NOR ! MEMB] ( A K9 GR\P1 AL?\< /RONG FAMILY RELATION%IPS EXI/$ 9 ! PRECAPITALI/ CITIES ( ! PA/ & K9%IP TIES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 POLITICAL CONFLICTS4 ,BUT TO BE A CITIZ5 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 ONE HAD TO BE MORE ?AN A K9SMAN4 ,! PRIM>Y ALLEGIANCES ( ! CITIZ5 W]E TO ! POLIS1 T[N1 OR CITY -- AT LEA/1 BE=E ! NATION-/ATE TURN$ CITIZ5%IP 9TO A P>ODY ( ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+4 

,CITIZ5S1 9 TURN1 W]E CREAT$ ?R\< TRA9+1 A PROCESS ( *>ACT]-BUILD+ ?AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ PAIDAIA4 :I* IS NOT QUITE PROP]LY TRANSLAT$ BY ! WORD 0$UCATION40 ,ONE HAD TO LE>N CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY1 TO REASON \T ONE'S VIEWS ) SCRUPUL\S C>E1 TO CONFRONT OPPOS+ >GUM5TS ) CL>ITY1 &1 HOPEFULLY1 TO ADVANCE TE/$ PR9CIPLES ?AT EXHIBIT$ HI< E?ICAL /&>DS4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 A CITIZ5 WAS EXPECT$ TO LE>N M>TIAL >TS1 TO WORK TOGE!R ) FELL[ CITIZ5S 9 MILITIA DETA*M5TS2 9DE$1 9 MANY CASES1 TO LE>N H[ TO COMM& PROP]LY DUR+ MILIT>Y 5GAGEM5TS4 

,! CITIZ5 ( A PRECAPITALI/ DEMOCRATIC CITY1 9 %ORT1 WAS NOT ! 0CON/ITU5T0 ( A P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVE1 OR A M]E 0TAXPAY]10 TO USE MOD]N CIVIC J>GON4 ,HE WAS1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 A KN[L$GEABLE1 CIVICALLY D$ICAT$1 ACTIVE1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 SELF-GOV]N+ BE+ :O EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9N] DISCIPL9E & MADE ! WELF>E ( HIS COMMUNITY -- ITS G5]AL 9T]E/ -- HIS PRIM>Y 9T]E/ TO ! EXCLUSION ( HIS [N SELF-9T]E/4 

,?IS CON/ELLATION ( E?ICAL PRECEPTS =M$ A UNIFI$ :OLE1 )\T :I* CIVIC DEMOCRACY & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,R\SSEAU'S REM>KABLE /ATEM5T ?AT CITIZ5S MAKE CITIES1 NOT M]ELY BUILD+S1 CANNOT BE RE/AT$ (T5 5\<4 ,)\T CITIZ5S1 VIEW$ 9 ?IS CLASSICAL S5SE1 CITIES W]E M]E CLU/]S ( BUILD+S :I* T5D$ TO DEG5]ATE 9TO OLIG>*IES OR BECOME ABSORB$ 9TO NATION-/ATES4 

,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 

  

,FROM ! =EGO+1 IT %\LD BE OBVI\S ?AT ! ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE F\ND ITS AU!NTIC HOME 9 ! CITY -- & 9 CITIES ( A V]Y SPECIAL K9D4 ,! ,JANUS-FAC$ *>ACT] ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION OBLIGES US TO SIFT ! UNSAVORY FEATURES ( ! CITY -- ! LEGITIMATION IT GAVE TO ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY1 CLASSES1 PATRIC5TRICITY1 & ! ,/ATE -- FROM ! GREAT CIVILIZ$ ADVANCES IT SCOR$ AS A NEW T]RA9 = A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,TODAY1 AT A TIME :5 ANTI-CITY BIASES HAVE CA/ ! CITY 9 AN UGLY SOCIAL LI<T1 IT MAY BE WELL TO EMPHASIZE ! MAJOR ADVANCE ! CITY SCOR$ 9 PROVID+ A %>$ DOMA9 = PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T E?NIC BACKGR\NDS1 OCCUPATIONS1 & /ATUS GR\PS4 0,CIVILIZATION10 A T]M ?AT IS D]IV$ FROM ! ,LAT9 WORD = CITY1 WAS NOT SIMPLY A 0SLAU<T] B5*10 TO USE ,HEGEL'S DRAMATIC PHRASE4 ,IT WAS LIT]ALLY ,JANUS-FAC$ 7AS ,HEGEL ONLY TOO WELL APPRECIAT$7 9 ITS LOOK T[>D ! PROSPECT ( A COMMON HUMANITY AS WELL AS 9 ITS LOOK T[>D B>B>ITIES ?AT W]E TO BE JU/IFI$ 9 ! NAME ( PROGRESS & CULTURAL ADVANCES4 

,P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACIES & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 TO BE SURE1 ORIG9AT$ 9 TRIBAL & VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT BECOME  
SELF-CONSCI\S =MS ( CONSOCIATION :I* PEOPLE REG>D$ AS 5DS 9 !MSELVES UNTIL ! CITY EM]G$4 ,!RE IS SOME EVID5CE ?AT !Y EXI/$ AS E>LY AS ,SUM]IAN TIMES 9 ! CITIES ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,BUT IT WAS ! ,GREEK POLIS & LAT] M$IEVAL T[NS ?AT MADE !SE DEMOCRACIES & ASSEMBLIES ACUTELY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E A WAY ( LIFE1 NOT SIMPLY A TE*NIQUE = MANAG+ SOCIETY1 & ?AT !Y %\LD BE CON/RUCT$ ALONG E?ICAL & RATIONAL L9ES ?AT MET C]TA9 IDEALS ( JU/ICE & ! GOOD LIFE1 NOT M]ELY 9/ITUTIONS SANCTIFI$ BY CU/OM4 ,CITIES COMPRIS$ A DECISIVE /EP =W>D 9 SOCIAL LIFE &1 = ALL !IR LIMITATIONS1 GAVE US WORKS LIKE ,PLATO'S  
,REPUBLIC & ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS1 WORKS ?AT HAVE BE5 AN ABID+ PRES5CE 9 ! ,WE/]N IMAG9ATION = C5TURIES4 

,! SELF-REFLECTIVE NATURE ( ! CITY TURN$ IT 9TO A REM>KABLY UNIQUE & CREATIVE HUMAN 9/ITUTION4 ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 ! CITY -- MORE PROP]LY1 ! POLIS1 :I* WAS A HI<LY SELF-CONSCI\S E?ICAL 5TITY -- HAD TO CON=M TO C]TA9 /RUCTURAL /&>DS IF IT WAS TO FULFILL ITS E?ICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,IT HAD TO BE L>GE 5\< SO ?AT ITS CITIZ5S C\LD MEET MO/ ( !IR MAT]IAL NE$S1 YET NOT SO L>GE ?AT !Y W]E UNABLE TO GA9 A FAMILI>ITY ) EA* O!R & MAKE POLICY DECISIONS 9 OP51 FACE-TO-FACE DISC\RSE4 ,/RUCTURE & E?ICS1 FUNCTION & IDEALS ( FRE$OM1 W]E 9SEP>ABLE FROM EA* O!R4 ,= ALL HIS FAULTS1 ,>I/OTLE TRI$ -- AS DID SO MANY ( ! ,A!NIANS AMONG :OM HE LIV$ -- TO BR+ =M 9TO ! S]VICE ( CONT5T ,HE OPPOS$ ANY SEP>ATION ( ! TWO1 EV5 9 DETAIL$ DISCUSSIONS ( CITY PLANN+4 

,?IS APPROA* BECAME A CORN]/ONE ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,IT MAY HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! M9DS ( FIGURES LIKE ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS 9 ANCI5T ,ROME1 ,COLA DI ,RI5ZI 9 M$IEVAL ,ROME1 & ,ETI5NE ,M>CEL 9 ! ,P>IS ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY2 M5 :O L$ ! URBAN MASSES 9 DRAMATIC REVOLTS TO A*IEVE CITY CONF$]ATIONS & E/ABLI% CIVIC DEMOCRACIES4 ,IT WAS RAIS$ BY ,SPANI% CITIES ?AT REVOLT$ AGA9/ C5TRALIZ$ RULE 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY &1 AGA91 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,IT EXI/S 9 \R [N TIME 9 ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S1 MANY ( :I* /ILL VIGILANTLY GU>D !IR LOCALI/ RI<TS4 

,! CITY1 9 EFFECT1 OP5$ A NEW T]RA9 = SOCIAL MANAGEM5T ?AT 9VOLVES NEI!R ! USE ( /ATE 9/ITUTIONS -- ?AT IS1 /ATECRAFT--NOR A /RICTLY PRIVATE DOMA9 ?AT 9VOLVES ONE'S HOME1 WORKPLACE1 S*OOLS1 RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 & CIRCLES ( FRI5DS4 ,TAK5 LIT]ALLY FROM ! ,GREEK T]M 9 :I* IT ORIG9ATES1 ! CITY CREAT$ POLITICS1 A V]Y UNIQUE WORLD 9 :I* CITIZ5S GA!R TOGE!R TO RATIONALLY DISCUSS !IR PROBLEMS AS A COMMUNITY & ADM9I/] !IR AFFAIRS 9 A FACE-TO-FACE MANN]4 

,:E!R A MUNICIPALITY CAN BE ADM9I/]$ BY ALL ITS CITIZ5S 9 A S+LE ASSEMBLY OR HAS TO BE SUBDIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL CONF$]ALLY RELAT$ ASSEMBLIES DEP5DS V]Y MU* UPON ITS SIZE1 H5CE ,>I/OTLE'S 9JUNCTION ?AT A POLIS %\LD NOT BE SO L>GE ?AT ONE C\LD NOT HE> A CRY = HELP FROM ! CITY WALLS4 ,AL?\< ASSEMBLIES CAN FUNCTION AS NETWORKS ON A BLOCK1 NEI<BORHOOD1 OR T[N LEVEL1 !Y FULFILL TRADITIONAL IDEALS ( CIVIC DEMOCRACY :5 ! CITIES 9 :I* !Y >C LOCAT$ >E DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,! AN>*IC VISION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 UNIT$ 9 FREE CONF$]ATIONS OR NETWORKS = COORD9AT+ ! COMMUNITIES ( A REGION1 REFLECTS ! TRADITIONAL IDEALS ( A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY 9 A MOD]N RADICAL CONTEXT4 

,TODAY1 9 ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL CONDITION ?AT CA/S A D>K %AD[ OV] ! FUTURE ( ! PRES5T ]A1 WE >E LOS+ SI<T ( ! V]Y IDEA ( A CITY1 ( CITIZ5%IP1 & ( POLITICS AS A DOMA9 ( MUNICIPAL SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,CITIES >E BE+ CONFUS$ ) HUGE URBAN BELTS ?AT %\LD PROP]TY BE DESCRIB$ AS A SEEM+LY UN5D+ PROCESS ( 0URBANIZATION 0 ,VA/ /RET*ES ( CONCRETE & HI<-RISE BUILD+S >E 5GULF+ ! DEF9ABLE1 HUMANLY SCAL$ 5TITIES WE ONCE CALL$ CITIES & !Y >E SWEEP+ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 CITIZ5S >E %RIVEL+ TO ! /ATUS ( ANONYM\S 0CON/ITU5TS0 ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!IR PR9CIPAL FUNCTION IS TO PAY TAXES1 TO DO ! ON]\S WORK-A-DAY JOB ( MA9TA9+ ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 TO REPRODUCE1 & TO DECOR\SLY )DRAW FROM ALL POLITICAL LIFE -- A DOMA9 ?AT IS RES]V$ = ! ,/ATE & ITS (FICIALDOM4 ,\R W>P$ DISC\RSE BLURS ! CRUCIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 CITIFICATION & URBANIZATION1 CITIZ5S & CON/ITU5TS1 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT4 

,! CITY1 AS A HUMANLY SCAL$1 SELF-GOV]N+ MUNICIPALITY FREELY & CON F$]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) O!R HUMANLY SCAL$1 SELF-GOV]N+ MUNICIPALITIES1 IS DISSOLV+ 9TO HUGE URBAN BELTS4 ,! CITIZ51 AS AN ACTIVE =MULATOR ( POLICIES1 IS BE+ R$UC$ TO A PASSIVE TAXPAY]1 ! M]E RECIPI5T ( PUBLIC S]VICES PROVID$ BY BUREAUCRATIC AG5CIES4 ,POLITICS IS BE+ DEGRAD$ 9TO /ATECRAFT1 AN >T PRACTIC$ BY CYNICAL1 PR(ESSIONAL MANIPULATORS ( P[]4 

,! 5TIRE 5SEMBLE IS MANAG$ LIKE A BUS9ESS4 ,IT IS REG>D$ AS SUCCESSFUL IF IT E>NS FISCAL 0SURPLUSES0 & PROVIDES NE$$ S]VICES1 OR1 IT IS A FAILURE IF IT IS BURD5$ BY FISCAL 0DEFICITS0 & OP]ATES 9EFFICI5TLY4 ,! E?ICAL CONT5T ( CITY LIFE AS AN >5A = ! 9CULCATION ( CIVIC VIRTUE1 DEMOCRATIC IDEALS1 & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS SIMPLY ]AS$ & ITS PLACE IS TAK5 BY AN 5TREPR5EURIAL M5TALITY ?AT EMPHASIZES 9COME1 EXP5SES1 GR[?1 & EMPLOYM5T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 P[] IS ?OR\<LY BUREAUCRATIZ$1 C5TRALIZ$1 & CONC5TRAT$ 9TO FEW] & FEW] H&S4 ,! P[] ?AT %\LD BE CLAIM$ BY ! PEOPLE IS PREEMPT$ BY ! ,/ATE & BY SEMI-MONOPOLI/IC ECONOMIC 5TITIES4 ,DEMOCRACY1 F> FROM ACQUIR+ A P>TICIPATORY *>ACT]1 BECOMES PURELY =MAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,9DE$1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS AN EXPRESSION ( A DEEPLY FELT DESIRE = REEMP[]M5T ?AT HAS CONT9U$ UNABAT$LY S9CE ! SIXTIES -- A DESIRE TO REGA9 CITIZ5%IP1 TO 5D ! DEGRADATION ( POLITICS 9TO /ATECRAFT3 ! NE$ TO REVIVE PUBLIC LIFE4 

,!SE ISSUES /ILL REMA9 AT ! TOP ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL AG5DA4 ,! RISE ( CITIZ5S 9ITIATIVE MOVEM5TS 9 ,G]MANY1 ( MUNICIPAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( ATTEMPTS TO REVIVE CIVIC IDEALS 9 V>I\S ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ,FRANCE'S RECOV]Y ( WORDS LIKE  
DEC5TRALIZATION1 H[EV] MU* ?IS T]M IS HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*1 >E EVID5CE ( POPUL> ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE REEMP[]M5T OV] SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 MANY PLACES1 ! ,/ATE1 ) ITS EXT5SIVE CUTBACKS ( SOCIAL S]VICES1 HAS LEFT A VACUUM ?AT CITIES >E OBLIG$ TO ,FILL M]ELY TO REMA9 FUNCTIONAL4 ,TRANSPORTATION1 H\S+1 & WELF>E NE$S >E BE+ MET MORE BY LOCALITIES ?AN !Y HAVE BE5 9 ! PA/4 ,URBAN RESID5TS1 OBLIG$ TO F5D = !MSELVES1 >E LE>N+ ! >TS ( TEAMWORK & COOP]ATION4 

,A GAP1 IDEOLOGICAL AS WELL AS PRACTICAL1 IS OP5+ UP BETWE5 NATION-/ATE1 :I* IS BECOM+ MORE ANONYM\S1 BUREAUCRATIC1 REMOTE1 & ! MUNICIPALITY1 :I* IS ! ONE DOMA9 \TSIDE P]SONAL LIFE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ DEAL ) ON A V]Y DIRECT BASIS4 

,WE DO NOT GO TO ! NATION-/ATE TO F9D SUITABLE S*OOLS = \R *ILDR5 = JOBS1 CULTURE1 & DEC5T PLACES 9 :I* TO LIVE4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ! ILL ! MO/ IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T :I* WE 5C\NT] & :I* WE >E OBLIG$ TO DEAL1 BEYOND ! SPH]E ( FAMILY & 9 ORD] TO SATISFY \R NE$S AS SOCIAL BE+S4 

,POT5TIALLY1 ! S5SE ( DISEMP[]M5T ?AT HAS BECOME ! POPUL> MALAISE ( \R TIME C\LD ALSO BECOME A S\RCE ( DUAL P[] 9 ! GREAT NATION-/ATES ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,CONSCI\S MOVEM5TS HAVE YET TO >ISE ?AT SE>* = WAYS TO GET FROM A C5TRALIZ$1 /ATI/ 0H]E0 TO A CIVICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ & CONF$]AL 0!RE10 MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN RAISE ! DEM& = COMMUNAL CONF$]ATION AS A POPUL> ALT]NATIVE TO ! MOD]N-DAY C5TRALIZATION ( P[]4 ,UNLESS WE TRY -- VA9LY1 ,I BELIEVE -- TO REVIVE MY?S ( PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTIONS1 ( A FEEBLE >M$ CONFRONTATION ) ! VA/ NUCLE> >MAM5T>IUM ( ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO SEEK \T C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS ?AT /& OPPOS$ TO ! P[] ( ! NATION-/ATE4 

,COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & V>I\S VOCATIONAL COLLECTIVES1 TO BE SURE1 MAY BE EXCELL5T S*OOLS = TEA*+ PEOPLE H[ TO ADM9I/] SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT !Y >E USUALLY M>G9AL PROJECTS1 (T5 V]Y %ORT-LIV$1 & MORE USEFUL AS EXAMPLES ?AN AS WORK+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NO COOP]ATIVE WILL EV] REPLACE A GIANT SUP]M>KET *A9 M]ELY BY COMPET+ ) IT1 H[EV] MU* GOOD WILL IT MAY E>N1 NOR WILL A ,PR\DHONIAN 0,PEOPLE'S ,BANK0 REPLACE A MAJOR ,F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTION1 H[EV] MANY SUPPORT]S IT MAY HAVE4 

,WE HAVE O!R ?+S WE CAN LE>N FROM A ,PR\DHON1 :O SAW 9 ! MUNICIPALITY AN IMPORTANT >5A ( POPUL> ACTIVITY4 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO USE ! WORD POLITICS1 H]E1 IF IT IS UND]/OOD 9 ITS ,HELL5IC MEAN+ AS ! MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY OR POLIS BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 NOT AS /ATECRAFT & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY4 ,EV]Y SOCIETY CONTA9S VE/IGES ( ! PA/--( E>LI]1 (T5 MORE LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 9CORPORAT$ 9TO PRES5T ONES4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLIC1 = EXAMPLE1 /ILL HAS ELEM5TS ( A DEMOCRACY LIKE ! T[N MEET+1 :I* ,TOCQUEVILLE DESCRIB$ 9 HIS BOOK1 ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,ITALIAN CITIES /ILL HAVE VITAL NEI<BORHOODS ?AT CAN =M A BASIS = NEW COMMUNITY RELATION%IPS4 ,FR5* T[NS /ILL RETA9 MA9LY HUMANLY SCAL$ FEATURES ?AT CAN BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO NEW POLITICAL 5TITIES4 ,SU* OBS]VATIONS CAN BE MADE AB\T COMMUNITIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD -- COMMUNITIES :OSE SOLID>ITY OP5S ! PROSPECT ( A NEW POLITICS BAS$ ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM -- :I* EV5TUALLY C\LD BECOME A C\NT]P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 

,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS APPROA* PRESUPPOSES ?AT WE >E TALK+ AB\T A MOVEM5T1 NOT ISOLAT$ 9/ANCES :]E PEOPLE 9 A S+LE COMMUNITY ASSUME CONTROL ( !IR MUNICIPALITY & RE/RUCTURE IT ON ! BASIS ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES ?AT A MOVEM5T WILL EXI/ ?AT ALT]S ONE COMMUNITY AFT] ANO!R & E/ABLI%ES A SY/EM ( CONF$]AL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 MUNICIPALITIES2 ONE ?AT WILL =M A REGIONAL P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,H[ F> WE CAN TAKE ?IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* IS IMPOSSIBLE TO JUDGE )\T KN[+ 9 DETAIL ! LIV$ TRADITIONS ( A REGION1 ! CIVIC RES\RCES IT POSSESSES1 & ! PROBLEMS IT FACES4 ,GIV5 ?IS WRIT]'S EXP]I5CE ) ! ISSUE ( LOCAL CONTROL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?IS MU* CAN BE SAID3 NO DEM&1 :5 IT HAS BE5 RAIS$1 HAS BE5 MET ) GREAT] RESI/ANCE BY ! ,/ATE P[]4 ,! NATION-/ATE KN[S1 F> BETT] ?AN ITS OPPON5TS 9 RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 H[ DE/ABILIZ+ TO ITS AU?ORITY DEM&S = LOCAL CONTROL CAN BE4 

,YET ! IDEA ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM HAS A P$IGREE ?AT DATES BACK TO ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS & TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 9 :I* CONF$]ALISM WAS A VIABLE PROPOSAL TO L>GE MASSES ( PEOPLE4 ,DRAMATIC AS ! *ANGES HAVE BE5 S9CE ?AT TIME1 !RE IS NO REASON 9 PR9CIPLE TO D\BT :Y LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CANNOT BE RAIS$ TODAY1 :5 SQUATT]S' MOVEM5TS1 NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS1 & COMMUNITY WELF>E GR\PS HAVE RIS5 & FALL5 -- ONLY TO RISE AGA9 AS EVID5CE ( A *RONIC IMPULSE ?AT ! NATION-/ATE HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO EXORCIZE4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION & ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS ADD$ A UNIQUE1 9DE$ URG5T1 DIM5SION TO ! NE$ = A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T & ! ISSUES IT FACES4 ,! NE$ TO RESCALE COMMUNITIES TO FIT ! NATURAL C>RY+ CAPACITY ( ! REGIONS 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$ & TO CREATE A NEW BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY -- ALL TRADITIONAL DEM&S ( ! GREAT UTOPIAN & AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! LA/ C5TURY -- HAVE BECOME ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES TODAY4 ,NOT ONLY >E !Y ! SEEM+LY UTOPIAN VISIONS ( YE/]-YE>1 ! DREAMS & DESID]ATA ( LONELY ?9K]S2 !Y HAVE COMPELL+ NECESSITIES IF WE >E TO REMA9 A VIABLE SPECIES & LIVE 9 H>MONY ) A COMPLEX NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS ?REAT5$ ) DE/RUCTION4 ,ECOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 HAS ESS5TIALLY ADVANC$ ! %>P ALT]NATIVES3 EI!R WE WILL TURN TO SEEM+LY 0UTOPIAN0 SOLUTIONS BAS$ ON DEC5TRALIZATION1 A NEW EQUILIBRIUM ) NATURE1 & ! H>MONIZATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 OR WE FACE ! V]Y REAL SUBV]SION ( ! MAT]IAL & NATURAL BASIS = HUMAN LIFE ON ! PLANET4 _<#b_> 

,URBANIZATION ?REAT5S TO EFFACE NOT ONLY ! CITY BUT ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! FAM\S CONTRADICTION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY :I* FIGUR$ SO SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL ?\<T HAS N[ BECOME MEAN+LESS4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION IS N[ BE+ EFFAC$ BY ! SPREAD ( CONCRETE OV] IRR$EEMABLE >EAS ( AGRICULTURAL L& & HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE AGR>IAN COMMUNITIES4 ,! HOMOG5IZATION ( RURAL CULTURES BY ! MASS M$IA1 URBAN LIFE/YLES1 & AN ALL-P]VASIVE CONSUM]I/ M5TALITY ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY NOT ONLY REGIONALLY UNIQUE & COLORFUL LIFEWAYS2 IT IS TOTALLY DEGRAD+ ! NATURAL L&SCAPE4 ,:AT >GIBUS9ESS HAS NOT ALREADY POISON$ ) ITS PE/ICIDES1 *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 & HEAVY MA*9ES ?AT COMPACT ! SOIL1 ACID RA9 & SOCIALLY 9DUC$ CLIMATIC *ANGES >E DE/ROY+ 9 ! =M ( DE=E/ATION & >IDITY4 ,! URBANIZATION ( ! PLANET IS SIMPLIFY+ COMPLEX ECOSY/EMS1 ELIM9AT+ SOIL ?AT WAS 9 ! MAK+ = AGES1 R$UC+ WILD]NESS TO FRAGILE 0RES]VES10 &1 :E!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 PR(\NDLY ALT]+ REGIONAL CLIMATIC ZONES = ! WOR/4 

,! TE*NOLOGY WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM E>LI] 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS1 ! 9S5SATE USE ( PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES1 ! CONC5TRATION ( MASSIVE 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES NE> WAT]WAYS1 ! MASSIVE USE ( FOSSIL & NUCLE> FUELS1 & AN ECONOMIC SY/EM :OSE LAW ( LIFE IS GR[? ALL >E PRODUC+ 9 ONLY A FEW DECADES A DEGREE ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION ?AT HUMAN HABITATION DID NOT PRODUCE FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 ,NE>LY ALL \R WAT]WAYS >E ODI\S SEW]S4 0,DEAD SEAS0 HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 OCEANIC WAT]S ?AT EXT5D OV] HUNDR$S ( MILES 9 ONCE ?RIV+ AQUATIC >EAS4 ,I DO NOT HAVE TO ELABORATE ON ?IS D>K LITANY ( WIDESPREAD1 POSSIBLY DEADLY1 W\NDS ?AT >E BE+ 9FLICT$ ON EV]Y P>T ( ! PLANET4 ,IT IS ONLY TOO WELL-KN[N :AT IS BE+ DONE TO \R ATMOSPH]E1 TO ! OZONE LAY] ?AT PROTECTS LIFE ON ! PLANET1 EV5 TO MORE REMOTE >EAS ( ! GLOBE LIKE ! ,>CTIC &1 MORE REC5TLY1 ,ANT>CTICA1 RA9 =E/S &1 ( C\RSE1 TEMP]ATE =E/S4 

,\R ULTIMATE SURVIVAL ON ! PLANET1 NOT ONLY \R COMMITM5T TO LIVE FULLY HUMAN LIVES & FULFILL \R MORE LIB]T>IAN VISIONS1 DICTATES ?AT WE RE-ASSESS \R NOTIONS ( URBANISM & ! RELATION%IP ( CITIES TO ! ECOLOGICAL SUB/RATE4 ,IT ALSO DICTATES ?AT WE RE-ASSESS \R TE*NOLOGIES & ! GOODS !Y PRODUCE1 9DE$1 \R 5TIRE VIEW T[>D NATURE4 

,WE NE$ SMALL] CITIES NOT ONLY TO REALIZE *]I%$ IDEAS ( FRE$OM BUT ALSO TO MEET ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y NE$S TO LIVE 9 SOME K9D ( BALANCE ) NATURE4 ,GIANT CITIES1 MORE PRECISELY1 SPRAWL+ URBAN BELTS1 NOT ONLY MAKE = CULTURAL HOMOG5EITY1 9DIVIDUAL ANONYMITY1 & C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 !Y PLACE AN IMPOSSIBLE BURD5 ON LOCAL WAT] RES\RCES1 ! AIR WE BREA!1 & ALL ! NATURAL FEATURES ( ! >EAS :I* !Y OCCUPY4 ,CONGE/ION1 NOISE1 & ! /RESSES 9TRODUC$ BY MOD]N URBAN LIV+ >C BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY 9TOL]ABLE1 PSY*ICALLY AS WELL AS PHYSICALLY4 ,CITIES :I* HI/ORICALLY S]V$ TO BR+ PEOPLE ( DIV]SE BACKGR\ND TOGE!R1 & MADE = COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY1 >E N[ ATOMIZ+ !M4 ,! CITY IS ! PLACE 9 :I* TO HIDE1 AS IT W]E1 NOT TO SEEK HUMAN PROP9QUITY4 ,FE> T5DS TO REPLACE SOCIALITY1 RUD5ESS EATS AWAY AT SOLID>ITY1 ! H]D+ ( PEOPLE 9TO OV]CR[D$ DWELL+S1 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 (FICES1 & %OPP+ C5T]S SUBV]TS !IR S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY & FO/]S 9DIFF]5CE TO ! OV]ALL HUMAN CONDITION4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION ( L>GE CITIES 9TO HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES IS NEI!R A ROMANTIC MY/IFICATION ( A NATURE-LOV+ SOLOI/ NOR IS IT A REMOTE AN>*IC IDEAL4 ,IT HAS BECOME 9DISP5SABLE TO AN ECOLOGICALLY S\ND SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS N[ AT /AKE 9 !SE SEEM+LY 0UTOPIAN0 DEM&S IS A *OICE BETWE5 A RAPIDLY DEGRAD+ 5VIRONM5T & A SOCIETY ?AT WILL LIVE 9 BALANCE ) NATURE 9 A VIABLE & ON A SU/A9ABLE BASIS4 

,! SAME CAN BE SAID = RECONSID]+ ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,PRODUCTION CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A S\RCE ( PR(IT & ! REALIZATION ( ONE'S SELF-9T]E/4 ,! F9I%$ GOODS HUMAN BE+S NE$ TO MA9TA9 !IR V]Y LIVES AS WELL AS !IR CULTURAL & PHYSICAL WELL-BE+1 >E MORE HALL[$ ?AN ! MY/IFI$ FETI%ES ?AT HAVE BE5 US$ BY V>I\S RELIGIONS & SUP]/ITI\S CULTS TO DAZZLE !M4 ,BREAD1 IF Y\ PLEASE1 IS MORE 0SACR$0 ?AN A PRIE/LY B5$ICTION2 EV]YDAY CLO?+ IS MORE 0HOLY0 ?AN CL]ICAL VE/M5TS2 P]SONAL DWELL+S >E MORE SPIRITUALLY MEAN+FUL ?AN *UR*ES & TEMPLES2 ! GOOD LIFE ON E>? IS MORE SANCTIFY+ ?AN ! PROMIS$ ONE 9 HEAV54 ,! MEANS ( LIFE MU/ BE TAK5 = :AT !Y LIT]ALLY >E3  
MEANS )\T :I* LIFE IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,TO D5Y !M TO PEOPLE IS MORE ?AN 0!FT0 7TO USE ,PR\DHON'S *OICE WORD = PROP]TY72 IT IS \TRI<T HOMICIDE4 

,NO ONE HAS A RI<T TO [N PROP]TY ON :I* ! LIVES ( O!RS DEP5D1 -- EI!R MORALLY1 SOCIALLY1 OR ECOLOGICALLY4 ,NOR DOES ANYONE HAVE A RI<T TO DESIGN1 EMPLOY1 OR IMPOSE PRIVATELY [N$ TE*NOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T ON SOCIETY ?AT DAMAGES HUMAN HEAL? & ! HEAL? ( ! PLANET4 

,H]E1 ECOLOGY COMPLETELY DOVETAILS ) SOCIETY TO YIELD A SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT EMPHASIZES ! CLOSE 9T]CONNECTION BETWE5 ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,TE*NOLOGY -- ! K9D SOCIETY USES TO MA9TA9 HUMAN PLANET>Y LIFE & ! K9D ?AT UND]M9ES BO? -- IS ONE ( ! SOCIAL VALUES & ECOLOGICAL VALUES4 ,AT A TIME ( SWEEP+ ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION1 WE CAN NO LONG] RETA9 TE*NIQUES ?AT WANTONLY DAMAGE HUMAN BE+S & ! PLANET ALIKE -- & IT IS H>D TO ?9K ?AT DAMAGE CAN BE 9FLICT$ ON ! ONE )\T BE+ 9FLICT$ ON ! O!R4 

,A MAJOR TRAG$Y ( \R TIMES IS ?AT WE NO LONG] LOOK AT TE*NICS AS AN E?ICAL RELATION%IP1 ,GREEK ?\<T MA9TA9$ ?AT TO PRODUCE AN OBJECT ( HI< QUALITY & >TI/RY WAS A MORAL CALL+ ?AT 9VOLV$ A SPECIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN >TISAN & ! OBJECT HE OR %E PRODUC$4 ,9DE$1 TO MANY TRIBAL PEOPLES1 TO CRAFT A ?+ WAS TO ACTUALIZE ! RAW MAT]IAL'S POT5TIALITIES1 TO GIVE SOAP/ONE1 M>BLE4 BRONZE1 & O!R MAT]IALS1 A 0VOICE10 AS IT W]E1 AN EXPRESSION ?AT REALIZ$ ITS LAT5T CAPACITY = =M4 

,CAPITALISM ELIM9AT$ ?IS \TLOOK COMPLETELY4 ,9DE$1 IT SEV]$ ! RELATION%IP ( ! PRODUC] TO ! CONSUM]1 ELIM9AT+ ANY S5SE ( E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY ( ! =M] TO ! LATT]1 LEAV+ ALL O!R E?ICAL OR MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES ASIDE4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY MORAL DIM5SION TO CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 IT WAS ! CLAIM ?AT SELF 9T]E/ WAS GUID$ BY AN 09VISIBLE H&0 -- ! 9T]PLAY ( M>KET =CES -- SO ?AT PRODUCTION = PR(IT & P]SONAL GA9 W\LD ULTIMATELY S]VE ! 0G5]AL GOOD40 

,BUT EV5 ?IS %ABBY APOLOGIA HAS ALL BUT DISAPPE>$ TODAY1 ABAT$ GRE$1 ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ! E?ICS ( EVIL1 HAS REPLAC$ ANY S5SE ( ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,A CORPORATION IS LAUD$ SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS LESS GRE$Y ?AN ANO!R -- NOT BECAUSE ITS OP]ATIONS >E 9TR9SICALLY GOOD4 ,AL?\< IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO BLAME ON TE*NICS :AT IS REALLY ! RESULT ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/1 TE*NICS1 :5 DIVE/$ ( ANY MORAL CON/RA9TS CAN ALSO BECOME DEMONIC UND] CAPITALISM4 ,A NUCLE> P[] PLANT1 = EXAMPLE IS 9TR9SICALLY EVIL2 IT CAN HAVE NO JU/IFICATION = EXI/5CE4 ,?AT 9CREAS$ NUCLE> REACTORS WILL EV5TUALLY TURN ! 5TIRE PLANET 9TO A HUGE NUCLE> BOMB IF 5\< ,*]NOBYL ACCID5TS OCCUR -- & ) MORE PLANTS1 !Y CEASE TO BE A MATT] ( M]E ACCID5T & BECOME ONE ( PROBABILITY -- IS NO LONG] D\BT$ BY ANY 9=M$ P]SON TODAY4 

,GR[+ ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS >E MAK+ :AT W]E ONCE CONV5TIONAL 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS EQUALLY PROBLEMATIC4 ,AGRIBUS9ESS1 AT ONE TIME M>G9AL TO DIE FAMILY-TYPE F>M1 HAS BECOME SO WIDESPREAD 9 REC5T DECADES ?AT ITS PE/ICIDES & SYN!TIC F]TILIZ]S >E BECOM+ GLOBAL PROBLEMS4 ,SMOKE-BEL*+ 9/ALLATIONS & ! WANTON USE ( AUTOMOBILES >E *ANG+ ! 5TIRE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE ( NATURE1 P>TICUL>LY ! E>?'S ATMOSPH]E1 = ! WORSE4 ,IF ONE SURVEYS ! L&SCAPE ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE A PR(\ND NE$ TO ALT] IT 5ORM\SLY4 ,NOT ONLY ECOLOGICAL 9T]E/S1 BUT HUMAN SELF-9T]E/ REQUIRES ?AT WE MOVE T[>D ECOLOGICAL TE*NOLOGIES & R5D] \R TE*NOLOGICAL 9T]ACTION ) NATURE CREATIVE RA!R ?AN DE/RUCTIVE4 

,LET ME EMPHASIZE AGA9 ?AT SU* A *ANGE CANNOT BE MADE )\T DO+ ! SAME = \R 9T]ACTION ) EA* O!R & =MULAT+ A G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AT \TWEI<S ! P>TICUL>IZ$ 9T]E/S ( HI]>*Y1 CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NIC BACKGR\NDS1 & ! ,/ALE4 ,! PRECONDITION = A H>MONI\S RELATION%IP ) NATURE IS SOCIAL3 A H>MONI\S RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN4 ,?IS 9VOLVES ! ABOLITION ( HI]>*Y 9 ALL ITS =MS -- PSY*OLOGICAL & CULTURAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL -- & ( CLASSES1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! ,/ATE4 

,! MOVE FROM 0H]E TO !RE0 WILL NOT BE A SUDD5 EXPLOSION ( *ANGE )\T A LONG P]IOD ( 9TELLECTUAL & E?ICAL PREP>ATION4 ,! WORLD HAS TO BE $UCAT$ AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE IF PEOPLE >E TO *ANGE !IR LIVES1 NOT M]ELY HAVE IT *ANG$ = !M BY SELF-ANO9T$ ELITES :O WILL EV5TUALLY BECOME SELF-SEEK+ OLIG>*IES4 ,S5SIBILITY1 E?ICS1 WAYS ( VIEW+ REALITY1 & SELFHOOD HAVE TO BE *ANG$ BY $UCATIONAL MEANS1 BY A POLITICS ( REASON$ DISC\RSE1 EXP]IM5TATION1 & ! EXPECTATION ( REPEAT$ FAILURES FROM :I* WE HAVE TO LE>N1 IF HUMANITY IS TO A*IEVE ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IT NE$S TO F9ALLY 5GAGE 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,NO LONG] CAN RADICAL MOVEM5TS AF=D TO PLUNGE UN?9K+LY 9TO ACTION = ITS [N SAKE4 ,WE HAVE NEV] BE5 9 GREAT] NE$ ( !ORETICAL 9SI<T & /UDY ?AN WE >E TODAY1 :5 POLITICAL ILLIT]ACY HAS REA*$ APPALL+ PROPORTIONS & ACTION HAS BECOME A FETI% AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,WE >E ALSO 9 DIRE NE$ ( ORGANIZATION--NOT ! NIHILI/IC *AOS ( SELF-9DULG5T EGOTI/S 9 :I* /RUCTURE ( ANY K9D IS DECRI$ AS 0ELITI/0 & 0C5TRALI/10 ,PATI5CE1 ! H>D WORK ( RESPONSIBLE COMMITM5T 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY WORK ( BUILD+ A MOVEM5T1 IS TO BE PRIZ$ OV] ! !ATRICS ( PRIMA DONNAS :O >E ALWAYS WILL+ TO 0DIE0 ON ! B>RICADES ( A DI/ANT 0REVOLUTION0 BUT :O >E TOO HI<-M9D$ TO 5GAGE 9 ! HUMDRUM TASKS ( SPREAD+ IDEAS & MA9TA9+ AN ORGANIZATION4 

,TO MOVE FROM 0H]E TO !RE0 IS A DEM&+ PROCESS1 NOT A DRAMATIC GE/URE4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS BE M>K$ BY UNC]TA9TIES1 FAILURES1 DIGRESSIONS1 & DISPUTES BE=E IT F9DS ITS S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY C]TA9TY ?AT BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE WILL SUCCE$ 9 ONE'S LIFETIME4 ,REVOLUTION>IES TODAY MU/ DRAW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ! HI< IDEALI/S ( ! PA/ LIKE ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! LA/ C5TURY :O HAD LITTLE HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD WITNESS ! GREAT UPHEAVALS ?AT CONFRONT$ LAT] G5]ATIONS BUT TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUT$ ! EXAMPLE ( !IR LIVES1 D$ICATION1 & CONVICTIONS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y COMMITM5T IS NOT ONLY A CALL+ ?AT SEEKS TO *ANGE ! WORLD2 IT IS ALSO AN 9W>D IMP]ATIVE TO SAVE ONE'S [N ID5TITY & 9DIVIDUALITY FROM A CORRUPTIVE SOCIETY ?AT DEGRADES ONE'S V]Y P]SONALITY ) ! LURE ( *EAP EMOLUM5TS & ! PROMISE ( /ATUS 9 A TOTALLY MEAN+LESS WORLD4 

,A NEW POLITICS MU/ BE CREAT$ ?AT ES*EWS ! SN>ES ( P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION ( A M$IA-CONTRIV$ 0=UM10 :I* IS MORE SELF-AGGR&IZ+ ?AN $UCATIONAL4 ,MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S >E ALREADY FILL$ ) SELF-S]V+ />S :O >E UND]M9+ ! 9TEGRITY1 E?ICAL \TLOOK1 & ELAN ( !IR MORE H]OIC DAYS4 ,NEW PROGRAMS & A NEW POLITICS MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- HIS OR H] H\S+ CONDITIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD PROBLEMS1 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES1 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 POLLUTION ISSUES1 & WORKPLACE CONDITIONS4 ,P[] MU/ BE /EADILY %IFT$ TO NEI<BORHOODS & MUNICIPALITIES 9 ! =M ( COMMUNITY C5T]S1 COOP]ATIVES1 OCCUPATIONAL C5T]S1 & ULTIMATELY1 CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES4 

,SUCCESS CANNOT BE MEASUR$ BY ! IMM$IATE & CON/ANT SUPPORT A MOVEM5T ( ?IS K9D GA9S4 ,ONLY A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE WILL 9ITIALLY WORK ) SU* A MOVEM5T & ONLY A RELATIVELY FEW >E LIKELY TO P>TICIPATE 9 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS -- EXCEPT P]HAPS :5 V]Y IMPORTANT ISSUES EM]GE ?AT COMM& WIDE PUBLIC ATT5TION4 ,OLD IDEAS & ME?ODS :I* HAVE BECOME R\T9E 9 EV]Y DAY LIFE DIE V]Y SL[LY2 NEW ONES >E LIKELY TO GR[ V]Y SL[LY4 ,CITIZ5 9ITIATIVES' GR\PS MAY SPR+ UP SUDD5LY ) F]VOR & ELAN :5 A COMMUNITY IS CONFRONT$ )1 SAY1 ! SIT+ ( A NUCLE> P[] PLANT 9 ITS MID/ OR ! DISCOV]Y ( A TOXIC DUMP 9 ITS 5VIRONS4 ,AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T MU/ NEV] DELUDE ITSELF ?AT SU* MASS ACTIVITIES >E NECESS>ILY LA/+ ONES4 ,!Y CAN FADE AWAY AS QUICKLY AS !Y EM]GE4 ,ONE CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT !Y E/ABLI% A TRADITION ?AT CAN BE 9VOK$ 9 ! FUTURE & ?AT ! POPUL> $UCATION !Y PROVIDE HAS NOT BE5 LO/ ON ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 TRULY COMMITT$ MEMB]S ( SU* A MOVEM5T MU/ ADVANCE ) A VISION ( :AT SOCIETY %\LD BE LIKE 9 ! LONG RUN4 ,!Y MU/ GO V]Y F> 9 !IR GOALS SO ?AT O!RS 9CREAS+LY GO F> 5\< 9 !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,SU* A CORE ( PEOPLE MU/ ADVANCE HI/ORIC SOLUTIONS AS WELL AS IMM$IATELY PRACTICAL ONES4 ,! PRES5T SOCIETY MAKES ALL ! RULES ( ! GAME BY :I* EV5 ! MO/ WELL-9T5TION$ REBELS PLAY4 ,IF ?IS ALL-IMPORTANT FACT IS NOT CLE>LY SE51 MORALLY DEBILITAT+ COMPROMISES WILL1 9 FACT1 BECOME ! RULE ?AT WILL LEAD TO AN E?ICS ( EVIL BAS$ ON LESS] EVILS ?AT EV5TUALLY YIELD ! WOR/ ( EVILS4 ,NO RADICAL MOVEM5T1 9 EFFECT1 CAN LOSE SI<T ( ITS ULTIMATE VISION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY )\T LOS+1 BIT BY BIT1 ALL ! CON/ITU5TS ?AT GIVE IT ITS [N ID5TITY4 

,?IS VISION MU/ BE /AT$ CLE>LY SO ?AT IT CAN NEV] BE COMPROMIS$4 ,! VAGU5ESS ( SOCIALI/ & ,M>XI/ 5DS HAS DONE IRREP>ABLE DAMAGE 9 DEGRAD+ !SE 5DS BY ! EXIG5CIES ( A 0PRAGMATIC0 POLITICS & BY MANIPULATIVE COMPROMISES -- ULTIMATELY1 ! SURR5D] ( A MOVEM5T'S V]Y REASON = EXI/+4 ,A MOVEM5T MU/ GIVE A VISUAL *>ACT] TO ITS IDEALS SO ?AT IT 5T]S 9TO ! IMAG9ATION ( A NEW POLITICS1 NOT M]ELY PRES5T ITS IDEAS 9 PROGRAMMATIC /ATEM5TS4 ,SU* ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE ) CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS 9 ! PA/ BY GR\PS LIKE ,PEOPLE'S ,>*ITECTURE1 :I* TOOK ! PA9S TO REPLAN 5TIRE NEI<BORHOODS 9 ,B]KELEY1 ,CALI=NIA1 & VISUALLY DEMON/RATE H[ !Y C\LD BECOME MORE HABITABLE1 COMMUNAL1 & ES!TICALLY ATTRACTIVE4 

,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

  

,TODAY1 WE HAVE A MAGNIFIC5T REP]TOIRE ( NEW IDEAS1 PLANS1 TE*NOLOGICAL DESIGNS1 & WORK+ DATA ?AT CAN GIVE US A GRAPHIC PICTURE ( AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY & A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,VALUABLE AS !SE MAT]IALS MAY BE 9 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT WE CAN F9ALLY BUILD SU/A9ABLE COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON R5EWABLE RES\RCES1 !Y %\LD NOT BE SE5 SIMPLY AS NEW SY/EMS ( 5G9E]+ SOCIETY 9TO A BALANC$ RELATION%IP ) A GIV5 NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,!Y ALSO HAVE F>-REA*+ E?ICAL IMPLICATIONS ?AT CAN ONLY BE IGNOR$ BY FO/]+ AN ECO-TE*NOCRATIC M5TALITY T[>D SO-CALL$ APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGIES1 A T]M ?AT IS TOO AMBIGU\S TO BE US$ 9 A L>G] ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT ( IDEAS4 ,?AT ORGANIC G>D5+ CAN MEET \R BASIC REQUIREM5TS = *EMICALLY UNTREAT$ FOOD1 PROVIDE US ) A SUP]IOR 9V5TORY ( NUTRI5TS1 & IMPROVE \R SOIL RA!R ?AN DE/ROY IT >E ! CONV5TIONAL >GUM5TS = %IFT+ FROM AGRIBUS9ESS TO ECOLOGICAL =MS ( FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,BUT ORGANIC F>M+ DOES MU* MORE ?AN ?IS4 ,IT BR+S US 9TO ! CULTIVATION ( FOOD1 NOT M]ELY ITS CONSUMPTION4 ,WE 5T] 9TO ! FOOD *A9 ITSELF ?AT HAS ITS BEG9N+S 9 ! SOIL1 A *A9 ( :I* WE >E A LIV+ COMPON5T & PLAY A TRANS=MATIVE ROLE4 ,IT BR+S US CLOS] TO ! NATURAL WORLD AS A :OLE FROM :I* WE HAVE BE5 ALI5AT$4 ,WE GR[ P>T OR ALL ( \R FOOD & USE \R BODIES >TFULLY TO PLANT1 WE$1 & H>VE/ CROPS4 ,WE 5GAGE 9 AN ECOLOGICAL 0BALLET10 IF Y\ LIKE1 ?AT GREATLY IMPROVES UPON ! CURR5T FAD = JOGG+ ON ASPHALT ROADS & CONCRETE SIDEWALKS4 ,AS ONE OCCUPATION AMONG MANY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN PRACTICE 9 ! C\RSE ( A DAY 7TO FOLL[ ,F\RI]'S ADVICE71 ORGANIC G>D5+ 5RI*ES ! DIV]SITY ( \R EV]YDAY LIVES1 %>P5S \R NATURAL S5SIBILITIES TO GR[? & DECAY1 & ATTUNES US TO NATURAL RHY?MS4 ,H5CE1 ORGANIC G>D5+1 TO TAKE ONLY ONE CASE 9 PO9T1 W\LD BE SE5 9 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY AS MORE ?AN ! SOLUTION TO \R NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,IT W\LD BECOME P>T ( \R 5TIRE BE+ AS SOCIALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & BIOLOGICALLY AW>E BE+S4 

,! SAME IS TRUE IF WE 5GAGE 9 AQUA-CULTURE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 MONITOR+ SELF-SU/A9+ SY/EMS DEVELOP$ AT ! PIONE]+ ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 ,V]MONT1 :]E ! V]Y WA/ES ( H]BIVOR\S FI% W]E RECYCL$ BY AQUATIC PLANTS TO PROVIDE FOOD = ! FI% !MSELVES1 ?US CREAT+ A FAIRLY CLOS$1 SELF-SUFFICI5T ECOLOGICAL CYCLE 9 PROVID+ HUMAN COMMUNITIES ) $IBLE PROTE9S4 ,! USE ( SOL> P[]1 A TE*NOLOGY ?AT HAS REA*$ AN EXTRAORD9>ILY HI< DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION & EFFICI5CY1 CAN BE REG>D$ AS ECOLOGICAL NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON A R5EWABLE 5]GY RES\RCE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT BR+S ! SUN1 *ANG+ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS1 9DE$ ! HEAV5S1 AS IT W]E1 9TO \R EV]YDAY LIVES 9 A V]Y PALPABLE WAY4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID = W9DP[]1 ! PRES5CE ( LIVE/OCK 9 A COMMUNITY1 MIX$ F>M+1 COMPO/+ TE*NIQUES ?AT RECYCLE A COMMUNITY'S WA/ES 9TO SOIL NUTRI5TS2 9DE$1 AN 5TIRE ECOLOGICAL 5SEMBLE OR PATT]N 9 :I* ONE COMPON5T IS US$ TO 9T]ACT ) O!RS TO PRODUCE A HUMANLY MODIFI$ ECOSY/EM ?AT MEETS HUMAN NE$S :ILE 5RI*+ ! NATURAL ECOSY/EM AS A :OLE4 _<#c_> 

,AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND A CONF$]AL ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES1 EA* ( :I* IS %AP$ TO CON=M ) ! ECOSY/EM & BIOREGION 9 :I* IT LOCAT$1 W\LD DEPLOY ?IS 5SEMBLE ( TE*NOLOGIES 9 AN >TI/IC WAY4 ,IT W\LD MAKE USE ( LOCAL RES\RCES1 MANY ( :I* HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ BECAUSE ( MASS PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES4 

,H[ W\LD PROP]TY & ! CONTROL ( PROP]TY BE DEALT ) 9 SU* A SOCIETY8 ,HI/ORICALLY1 MOD]N RADICALISM HAS EMPHASIZ$ NATIONALIZATION ( L& & 9DU/RY OR WORK]S' CONTROL ( !SE RES\RCES4 ,A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY1 AS AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 QUICK TO PO9T \T1 PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS S+LE FACT W\LD BE 5\< TO REJECT IT \TRI<T4 ,:AT IS NO LESS DISQUIET+ IS ?AT A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY IS ! BRE$+ GR\ND = P>ASITIC ECONOMIC BUREAUCRACIES ?AT HAVE LEFT EV5 ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES ( ! ,EA/ 9 AN ECONOMIC1 CRISIS-RIDD5 LIMBO4 ,WE NO LONG] HAVE TO QUE/ION ITS OP]ATIONAL VALIDITY ON /RICTLY !ORETICAL GR\NDS AS A S\RCE ( /ATISM1 EV5 TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,ITS [N ACOLYTES HAVE BE5 AB&ON+ IT1 IRONICALLY1 = A RELATIVELY 0FREE-M>KET0 SOLUTION4 

,WORK]S' CONTROL1 LONG FAVOR$ BY SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES 9 OPPOSITION TO NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMIES1 HAS S]I\S LIMITATIONS ( ITS [N4 ,EXCEPT = ,SPA91 :]E AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS LIKE ! ,C,N,T MA9TA9$ A TI<T GRIP ON ANY WAYW>D 5T]PRISES ?AT MI<T EASILY HAVE TURN$ 9TO COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/ CONC]NS1 A COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISE IS NOT NECESS>ILY A COMMUNE -- NOR IS IT NECESS>ILY COMMUNI/IC 9 ITS \TLOOK4 ,MORE ?AN ONE WORK]S' CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISE HAS FUNCTION$ 9 A CAPITALI/IC MANN]1 COMPET+ ) LIKE CONC]NS = RES\RCES1 CU/OM]S1 PRIVILEGES1 & EV5 PR(ITS4 ,PUBLICLY [N$1 OR WORK]S'-CONTROLL$ COOP]ATIVES ALL TOO (T5 TURN 9TO OLIG>*IC CORPORATIONS1 A TR5D WIDELY EXP]I5C$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SC&9AVIA4 ,:AT S+LES \T MANY ( !SE 5T]PRISES IS ! FACT ?AT !Y BECOME A P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/1 MORE OR LESS B5IGN4 ,BUT !Y >E NO DIFF]5T 9 K9D FROM CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISES & >E SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME SOCIAL PRESSURES BY ! M>KET 9 :I* !Y MU/ FUNCTION4 ,?IS P>TICUL>ISM T5DS 9CREAS+LY TO 5CROA* ON !IR HI<] E?ICAL GOALS -- G5]ALLY1 9 ! NAME ( 0EFFICI5CY10 ! NE$ TO 0GR[0 IF !Y >E TO SURVIVE1 & ! OV]:ELM+ TEMPTATION TO ACQUIRE L>G] E>N+S4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ADVANCES A HOLI/IC APPROA* TO AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ ECONOMY4 ,POLICIES & CONCRETE DECISIONS ?AT DEAL ) AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION W\LD BE MADE BY CITIZ5S 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES--AS CITIZ5S1 NOT SIMPLY AS WORK]S1 F>M]S1 OR PR(ESSIONALS :O1 9 ANY CASE1 W\LD !MSELVES BE 9VOLV$ 9 ROTAT+ PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR PR(ESSIONAL EXP]TIZE4 ,AS CITIZ5S1 !Y W\LD FUNCTION 9 SU* ASSEMBLIES AT !IR HI<E/ LEVEL -- !IR HUMAN LEVEL -- RA!R ?AN AS SOCIALLY <ETTOIZ$ BE+S4 ,!Y W\LD EXPRESS !IR G5]AL HUMAN 9T]E/S1 NOT !IR P>TICUL> /ATUS 9T]E/S4 

,9/EAD ( NATIONALIZ+ & COLLECTIVIZ+ L&1 FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 & DI/RIBUTION C5T]S1 AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY W\LD  
MUNICIPALIZE ITS ECONOMY & JO9 ) O!R MUNICIPALITIES 9 9TEGRAT+ ITS RES\RCES 9TO A REGIONAL CONF$]AL SY/EM4 ,L&1 FACTORIES1 & WORK%OPS W\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( FREE COMMUNITIES1 NOT BY A NATION-/ATE OR BY WORK]-PRODUC]S :O MI<T V]Y WELL DEVELOP A PROPRIET>Y 9T]E/ 9 !M4 ,EV]YONE1 9 A S5SE1 W\LD FUNCTION AS A CITIZ51 NOT AS A SELF-9T]E/$ EGO1 A CLASS BE+1 OR PAN ( A P>TICUL>IZ$ 0COLLECTIVE40 ,! CLASSICAL IDEAL ( ! RATIONAL CITIZ51 5GAG$ 9 A DISCURSIVE1 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IP ) O!R MEMB]S ( HIS OR H] COMMUNITY1 W\LD ACQUIRE ECONOMIC UND]P9N+S AS WELL AS P]VADE EV]Y ASPECT ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL1 PRESUMABLY FREE ( A P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/ 9 A COMMUNITY :]E EA* CONTRIBUTES TO ! :OLE TO ! BE/ ( HIS OR H] ABILITY & TAKES FROM ! COMMON FUND ( PRODUCE :AT HE OR %E NE$S1 W\LD GIVE CITIZ5%IP A BROAD1 9DE$ UNPREC$5T$1 MAT]IAL SOLIDITY ?AT GOES BEYOND ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY4 

,IT IS NOT TOO FANCIFUL TO SUPPOSE ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD ULTIMATELY CONSI/ ( MOD]ATELY SIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES1 EA* A COMMUNE ( SMALL] H\SEHOLD COMMUNES OR PRIVATE DWELL+S ?AT W\LD BE DELICATELY ATTUN$ TO ! NATURAL ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,! WISDOM ( LIV+ COMMUNALLY OR 9DIVIDUALLY IS AN ISSUE ?AT CAN ONLY BE LEFT TO DECISIONS MADE BY FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 9DIVIDUAL BY 9DIVIDUAL1 JU/ AS IT IS MADE TODAY4 

,COMMUNAL 9TIMACY W\LD BE CONSCI\SLY FO/]$4 ,NO MUNICIPALITY W\LD BE SO F> FROM ANO!R ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE )9 REASONABLE WALK+ DI/ANCE FROM ITS NEI<BORS4 ,TRANSPORTATION W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! COLLECTIVE USE ( VEHICLES1 BE !Y MONORAILS1 RAILROADS1 BICYCLES1 AUTOMOBILES1 & ! LIKE1 NOT S+LE DRIV]S :O CLUTT] HUGE HI<WAY SY/EMS ) !IR L>GELY EMPTY VEHICLES4 

,WORK W\LD BE ROTAT$ BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY & BETWE5 EV]YDAY TASKS4 ,F\RI]'S IDEAL ( A HI<LY V>IEGAT$ WORKDAY MI<T WELL BE HONOR$ 9 APPORTION+ ! WORK+ DAY 9TO G>D5+1 ! CRAFT+ ( OBJECTS1 READ+1 RECITATIONS1 & A FAIR PORTION ( TIME = MANUFACTUR+ 9/ALLATIONS4 ,L& W\LD BE US$ ECOLOGICALLY SU* ?AT =E/S W\LD GR[ 9 >EAS ?AT >E MO/ SUITABLE = ABOREAL FLORA & WIDELY MIX$ FOOD PLANTS 9 >EAS ?AT >E MO/ SUITABLE = CROPS4 ,OR*>DS & H$GES W\LD AB\ND TO PROVIDE NI*ES = A WIDE DIV]SITY ( LIFE-=MS & !REBY REMOVE ! NE$ = PE/ICIDES ?R\< A SY/EM ( BIOLOGICAL *ECKS & BALANCES4 ,/ILL O!R >EAS W\LD BE SET ASIDE1 P]HAPS MORE EXT5SIVELY ?AN !Y >E TODAY1 = WILDLIFE4 ,! PHYSICAL USE ( ! BODY W\LD BE FO/]$ AS P>T ( A DIV]SIFI$ WORK PROCESS & GREAT] A?LETICISM4 ,SOL> & W9D P[] W\LD BE US$ EXT5SIVELY & WA/ES W\LD BE COLLECT$1 COMPO/$1 & RECYCL$4 ,PRODUCTION W\LD EMPHASIZE QUALITY OV] QUANTITY3 HOMES1 FURNI%+S1 UT5SIL1 & CLO?+ W\LD BE MADE TO LA/ = YE>S1 9 SOME CASES1 = G5]ATIONS4 ,! 5TIRE MUNICIPAL PATT]N ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ W\LD BE PLANN$ ) A DEEP S5SITIVITY = A GIV5 REGION TO PRES]VE ITS NATURAL FEATURES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ) A CONC]N = NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS & ! BALANCE ( NATURE4 

,9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS1 BAS$ ON SMALL1 MULTIPURPOSE MA*9ES1 ! LATE/ 9NOVATIONS 9 HUMANLY SCAL$ TE*NOLOGIES1 ! PRODUCTION ( QUALITY GOODS1 & A M9IMAL EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY1 W\LD BE PLAC$ )9 REGIONS TO S]VE AS MANY COMMUNITIES AS POSSIBLE )\T ! M9DLESS DUPLICATION ( ! SAME FACILITIES & PRODUCTS ?AT OCCURS 9 A M>KET ECONOMY4 

,LET ME /ATE FLATLY ?AT A HI< PREMIUM W\LD BE PLAC$ ON LABOR-SAV+ DEVICES -- BE !Y COMPUT]S OR AUTOMATIC MA*9]Y -- ?AT W\LD FREE HUMAN BE+S FROM NE$LESS TOIL & GIVE !M UN/RUCTUR$ LEISURE TIME = !IR SELF-CULTIVATION AS 9DIVIDUALS & CITIZ5S4 ,! REC5T EMPHASIS ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ON LABOR-9T5SIVE TE*NOLOGIES1 PRESUMABLY TO 0SAVE0 5]GY BY EXHAU/+ ! WORK+ CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 IS A SC&AL\S1 (T5 SELF-9DULG5T1 MIDDLE-CLASS AFFECTATION4 ,! SALAD ( ACADEMICS1 /UD5TS1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & !IR LIKE1 :O HAVE EXPRESS$ !SE VIEWS >E (T5 PEOPLE :O HAVE NEV] BE5 OBLIG$ TO DO A DAY ( ON]\S TOIL 9 !IR LIVES 91 SAY1 A F\NDRY OR ON AN AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY L9E4 ,!IR [N LABOR-9T5SIVE ACTIVITIES HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 C5T]$ >\ND !IR 0HOBBIES10 :I* MAY 9CLUDE JOGG+1 SPORTS1 & ELEVAT+ HIKES 9 NATIONAL P>KS & =E/S4 ,A FEW WEEKS DUR+ A HOT SUMM] 9 A /EEL F\NDRY W\LD QUICKLY DISABUSE !M ( ! VIRTUES ( LABOR-9T5SIVE 9DU/RIES & TE*NOLOGIES4 

,BETWE5 A H]E ?AT IS TOTALLY IRRATIONAL1 WA/EFUL1 BAS$ ON GIANT 9DU/RIAL & URBAN BELTS1 A HI<LY *EMICAL AGRIBUS9ESS1 C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC P[]1 A /AGG]+ >MAM5TS ECONOMY1 MASSIVE POLLUTION1 & M9DLESS LABOR ON ! ONE H&1 & ! ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ,I HAVE TRI$ TO DESCRIBE ON ! O!R1 LIES AN 9DEF9ABLE ZONE ( HI<LY COMPLEX TRANSITIONS1 ONE ?AT 9VOLVES ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW S5SIBILITY AS WELL AS NEW POLITICS4 ,!RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = ! ROLE ( CONSCI\SNESS & ! SUPPORT ( HI/ORY TO M$IATE ?IS TRANSITION4 ,NO  
DEUS EX MA*9A CAN BE 9VOK$ TO MAKE ! LEAP FROM 0H]E TO !RE10 NOR %\LD WE DESIRE ONE4 ,:AT PEOPLE CANNOT %APE = !MSELVES1 !Y WILL NEV] CONTROL4 ,IT CAN BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M AS READILY AS IT IS BE/[$ UPON !M4 

,ULTIMATELY1 EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT RE/S ON ! HOPE ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL DEVELOP A NEW CONSCI\SNESS IF !Y >E EXPOS$ TO ?\<TFUL IDEAS ?AT PAT5TLY MEET !IR NE$S & IF OBJECTIVE REALITY -- BE IT HI/ORY1 NATURE1 OR BO?--R5D]S !M SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! NE$ = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,)\T ! OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT FAVOR A NEW CONSCI\SNESS & ! ORGANIZ$ MEANS TO ADVANCE IT PUBLICLY1 !RE WILL BE NO LONG-RANGE *ANGE OR EV5 ! MEASUR$ /EPS NE$$ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 AN $UCATIONAL ONE4 ,! RE/ MU/ COME FROM ! REAL WORLD 9 :I* PEOPLE LIVE & ! *ANGES ?AT OCCUR 9 IT4 

,AN $UCATIONAL PROCESS ?AT DOES NOT RETA9 CONTACT ) ?AT REAL WORLD1 ITS TRADITIONS AS WELL AS EV]YDAY REALITIES1 WILL P]=M ONLY A P>T ( ITS TASK4 ,EV]Y PEOPLE HAS ITS [N LIB]T>IAN BACKGR\ND1 TO REPEAT A CLAIM ,I MADE E>LI]1 & ITS [N LIB]T>IAN DREAMS1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY BE CONFUS$ ) M$IA-G5]AT$ PROPAG&A & ! IMAGES ?AT DI/ORT !M4 

,! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM10 SO MU* 9 FA%ION TODAY1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS AN>*I/IC COMPON5TS AS WELL AS B\RGEOIS ONES & HAS TAK5 MANY DIFF]5T =MS4 ,ONE /R& CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ,PURITANS :O CROSS$ ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN TO E/ABLI% A QUASI-COMMUNI/IC 0,NEW ,J]USALEM40 ,= ALL !IR FAIL+S1 !Y PRODUC$ COH]5T BASICALLY EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES :I* GOV]N$ !MSELVES 9 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC T[N-MEET+S4 ,ANO!R 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 WAS %AP$ BY ! S\?WE/ C[BOY CULTURE 9 :I* ! ,NEW ,5GL& DOME/IC HE>? WAS REPLAC$ BY ! LONELY CAMPFIRE4 ,ITS H]OES W]E FI]CELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC GUN-SL+]S ?AT >E CELEBRAT$ 9 ,S]GIO ,LEONE'S SO-CALL$ SPA<ETTI WE/]NS SU* AS ! MOVIE1 0,! ,GOOD1 ! ,BAD1 & ! ,UGLY 0 ,/ILL ANO!R ?AT EM]G$ AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY WAS ! IMPOV]I%$ IMMIGRANT 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM10 ! MY? ?AT ,AM]ICAN /REETS >E 0PAV$ ( GOLD10 9 %ORT1 A DREAM ( UNLIMIT$ MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES = BETT]M5T & ! NOTION ?AT 0EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,I HAVE ADDUC$ !SE QUASI-UTOPIAN VISIONS1 EA* UNIQUELY NATIONAL :5 ONE TRIES TO F]RET \T A V>IETY ( 0DREAMS0 9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT MU/ MAKE CONTACT ) !SE POPUL> LONG+S & F9D WAYS TO REWORK !M 9TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y IDEALS ( FRE$OM4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT A PRODUCT ( ! LABORS ( A G5IUS :O SP5T MO/ ( HIS LIFE 9 ! ,LONDON ,MUSEUM & DELIV]$ A SOCIALI/ 0SCI5CE0 TO ! WORLD ( HIS T9I] ,EI!R IT IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT--SOPHI/ICAT$1 TO BE SURE1 BY ABLE !ORI/S1 BUT ONE ?AT /EMS FROM ! DEEPE/1 MO/ G5]\S1 & LIB]TY LOV+ ASPIRATIONS ( A PEOPLE -- OR IT IS NO?+4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ,SPANI% AN>*ISM BETWE5 ! #a#h#hS & ! LATE #a#i#cS OR ,ITALIAN & ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM BE=E ! RISE ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,/AL91 :5 ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,MALATE/A GAVE !ORETICAL EXPRESSION TO DEEPLY FELT ASPIRATIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE4 ,:]EV] AN>*ISM TOOK ROOT1 IT DID SO BECAUSE IT LIT]ALLY BECAME A VOICE ( FRE$OM = A YE>N+ PEOPLE & SPOKE 9 !IR LANGUAGE -- NOTABLY1 !IR MO/ *]I%$ IDEALS1 MO/ F]V5T HOPES1 & 9 ! IDIOM ( !IR SPECIFIC TONGUES4 ,IT IS ?IS DEEPLY POPUL> ATTRIBUTE1 ITS ROOT$NESS 9 ! SOCIAL LIFE ( A PEOPLE & !IR COMMUNITIES1 ?AT HAS MADE AN>*I/ IDEAS PR(\NDLY ECOLOGICAL 9 NATURE & ?AT HAS MADE AN>*I/ !ORI/S ! AU!NTIC RADICAL 9ITIATORS ( ECOLOGICAL IDEAS 9 \R [N DAY4 

,T[>D A ,FREE ,NATURE 

  

,AN>*ISM & SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- ?AT IS1 ECO-AN>*ISM -- MU/ C\NT ON ! PROBABILITY ?AT NORMAL PEOPLE HAVE ! UNTAPP$ P[] TO REASON ON A LEVEL ?AT DOES NOT DIFF] FROM ?AT ( HUMANITY'S MO/ BRILLIANT 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ECO-AN>*ISM MU/ WORK ) ! SUPPOSITION ?AT HUMANITY AS A :OLE IS HI<LY DI/9CTIVE4 ,IT OCCUPIES A V]Y UNIQUE PLACE 9 EVOLUTION1 :I*1 TO BE SURE1 DOES NOT JU/IFY ! NOTION ?AT IT %\LD1 MU* LESS CAN1 0DOM9ATE0 NATURE4 ,:AT MAKES HUMAN BE+S UNIQUE 9 CONTRA/ TO ALL NONHUMAN =MS ( LIFE IS ?AT !Y HAVE EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S ( CONCEPTUAL ?\<T1 V]BAL COMMUNICATION /RUCTUR$ >\ND A =MIDABLE >RAY ( CONCEPTS1 & SWEEP+ P[]S TO ALT] ! NATURAL WORLD 9 WAYS ?AT C\LD BE UTT]LY DE/RUCTIVE OR MAGNIFIC5TLY CREATIVE4 

,CAN WE DISMISS !SE REM>KABLE P[]S AS M]E ACCID5TS OR 9CID5TS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE1 9DE$1 ( NATURE AS A :OLE8 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO DISPROVE ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL'S FAM\S LAM5T ?AT HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS IS ! M]E ACCID5TAL PRODUCT ( UN=ESEEABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 A %ORT-LIV$ SP>K ( LI<T 9 A BLACK1 MEAN+LESS1 & LIFELESS COSMOS ?AT EM]G$ \T ( ! NO?+NESS ( REALITY & MU/ EV5TUALLY DISAPPE> 9TO IT )\T LEAV+ A TRACE4 ,P]HAPS -- BUT EV]Y PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA* ?AT RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! 0MEAN+0 ( HUMANITY MU/ BE D]IV$ FROM UNPROVABLE PRESUPPOSITIONS4 ,9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 PHYSICS MADE ! ALL-IMPORTANT PRESUPPOSITION ?AT MOTION IS AN 0ATTRIBUTE0 ( MATT] & PROCE$$ TO ]ECT A HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ BODY ( T5ABLE IDEAS ON ?IS UNPROVABLE NOTION4 ,! ABILITY ( !SE PRESUPPOSITIONS TO CL>IFY REALITY MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! BE/ 0PRO(0 PHYSICS NE$$ TO VALIDATE ! ROLE ( PRESUPPOSITIONS AS SU*4 

,MOD]N ECOLOGY1 SPECIFICALLY SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 IS ALSO 9 NE$ ( PRESUPPOSITIONS IF IT IS TO BECOME A COH]5T \TLOOK ?AT TRIES TO EXPLA9 HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,A NUMB] ( FRIVOL\S ECOLOGICAL !ORIES HAVE EM]G$ ?AT ESS5TIALLY D5Y HUMANITY ANY UNIQUE PLACE 9 NATURE1 SAY1 ONE ?AT IS DIFF]5T FROM ! 09TR9SIC WOR?0 ( A SNAIL4 ,?IS VIEW1 AS ,I HAVE OBS]V$1 HAS A NAME -- 0BIOC5TRICITY0 -- & IT ADVANCES ! VIEW ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E NEI!R MORE NOR LESS 0WOR?Y0 ?AN SNAILS 9 ! NATURAL WORLD 7H5CE ! MY? ( A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY074 ,9 ! NATURAL S*EME ( ?+S ! TWO >E M]ELY 0DIFF]5T40 ,?AT !Y >E 0DIFF]5T0 IS A RA!R TRITE FACT1 BUT ONE ?AT TELLS US NO?+ :ATEV] AB\T ! WAY !Y >E DIFF]5T & !  
SIGNIFICANCE ( ?AT DIFF]5CE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,WE >E ?US FAC$ ) AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION4 ,:AT IS HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 NATURE8 ,LOOK+ BACK ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY OV] ! EVOLUTION ( ! UNIV]SE1 WE CAN SEE -- AS NO O!R ANIMAL CAN -- AN OV]ALL T5D5CY ( ACTIVE1 TURBUL5T SUB/ANCE TO DEVELOP FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 FROM ! RELATIVELY HOMOG5E\S TO ! RELATIVELY HET]OG5E\S1 FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! V>IEGAT$ & DIFF]5TIAT$4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ ATTRIBUTE ( SUB/ANCE -- A T]M ,I BELIEVE WE REQUIRE TO S+LE \T ! DYNAMIC & CREATIVE NOTION ( A SEEM+LY 0DEAD10 /ATIC 0MATT]0 -- IS A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY DEVELOPM5T1 ,I DO NOT MEAN A M]E *ANGE ( PLACE OR LOCATION2 RA!R ,I REF] TO AN UNFOLD+ ( ! LAT5T POT5TIALITIES ( A PH5OM5ON1 ! ACTUALIZATION ( POSSIBILITY & UNDEVELOP$ =M 9 ! FULLNESS ( BE+4 ,)9 SUB/ANCE AT ITS MO/ PRIMAL LEVEL IS A G]M9AL UNFOLD+ OV] V>Y+ GRADATIONS ( DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* EA* :OLE IS A POT5TIALITY = A MORE DIFF]5TIAT$ :OLE1 ( T5D5CY T[>D EV]-GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 NOT ( A PREORDA9$ TELEOLOGY OR A PR$ET]M9$ 5D ?AT M>KS ! COMPLETION ( AN 9EXORABLE DEVELOPM5T4 ,RA!R1 :AT ,I AM TRY+ TO EXPLORE IS AN 9H]5T /RIV+ OR NISUS & T5D5CY T[>D GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION1 COMPLEXITY1 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY 7:I* IS NOT YET 9TELLECTUALITY UNTIL WE 5C\NT] IT 9 HUMAN BE+S71 & PHYSICAL FLEXIBILITY4 

,!SE >E PRESUPPOSITIONS1 & BASIC ONES4 ,BUT APP>5TLY1 AT A C]TA9 PO9T1 ! T5D5CY ( ! 9ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T T[>D COMPLEXITY DOES REA* A VISIBLE & CLE> ?RE%OLD AT :I* PO9T LIFE EM]GES4 ,! DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 ! TWO DOMA9S CONSI/S ( A PH5OM5ON CALL$ METABOLISM1 9 :I* PROTE9S1 =M$ FROM AM9O ACIDS1 DEVELOP$ ! PROP]TY ( ACTIVE SELF-MA9T5ANCE &1 ) IT1A VAGUE S5SE ( SELF-ID5TITY4 ,ROCKS & ! RUNN+ WAT] ?AT ]ODES !M >E PASSIVE4 ,WAT] SIMPLY ]ODES & DISSOLVES ! M9]AL MAT]IAL 9 ROCKS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 A M]E AMOEBA IS 9T5SELY ACTIVE4 ,IT IS LIT]ALLY OCCUPI$ ) BE+ ITSELF BY MA9TA9+ A DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! BUILD+-UP & BREAK+-D[N PROCESS ?AT DET]M9ES ITS EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY PASSIVE 9 ITS RELATION%IP TO ITS 5VIRONM5T3 IT IS AN 9CIPI5T SELF1 AN ID5TIFIABLE BE+1 ?AT IS 5GAG$ 9 IMMAN5TLY PRES]V+ ITS ID5TITY4 ,9DE$1 IT EXHIBITS A DIM S5SE ( SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS1 ! G]M ( :AT EV5TUALLY APPE>S AS PURPOSIV5ESS1 WILL1 & 9T5TIONALITY :5 WE EXAM9E MORE COMPLEX & MORE SUBJECTIVELY DEVELOP$ LIFE-=MS AT LAT] P]IODS ( EVOLUTION4 

,! FUR!R DIFF]5TIATION ( UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS LIKE ! AMOEBA 9TO MULTICELLUL> ONES LIKE ! SPONGE & EV5TUALLY HI< COMPLEX ONES LIKE MAMMALS YIELDS AN EV]-GREAT] SPECIALIZATION ( ORGANS & ORGAN-SY/EMS4 ,A PO9T >RIVES 9 ?IS PROCESS :]E WE BEG9 TO CLE>LY WITNESS ! EM]G5CE ( N]VE NETWORKS1 AUTONOMIC N]V\S SY/EMS1 LAY]$ BRA9S1 & F9ALLY1 SELF-CONSCI\S BE+S OV] A LONG EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,?IS IS SIMPLY EVID5CE ( A TR5D 9 NATURE ITSELF ?AT REA*ES BACK TO ! 9T]ACTIVITY ( ATOMS TO =M COMPLEX MOLECULES1 AM9O ACIDS1 & PROTE9S4 ,LIFE ACQUIRES GREAT] FLEXIBILITY ) W>M-BLOOD$NESS1 A DEVELOPM5T ?AT R5D]S SPECIFIC LIFE-=MS MORE ADAPTABLE TO DIFF]5T CLIMATES4 ,SPECIES 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R & !IR 5VIRONM5T1 MOREOV]1 TO PRODUCE 9CREAS+LY MORE DIV]SIFI$ ECOSY/EMS1 MANY ( :I* OP5 NEW AV5UES = EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & GREAT] SUBJECTIVITY ?AT LEADS TO ELEM5T>Y *OICES 9 FOLL[+1 EV5 DEVELOP+1 NEW EVOLUTION>Y PA?WAYS4 ,LIFE1 AT !SE LEVELS ( COMPLEXITY1 BEG9S TO PLAY AN 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE ROLE 9 ITS [N EVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT ! M]E PASSIVE OBJECT ( 0NATURAL SELECTION02 IT P>TICIPATES 9 ITS EVOLUTION SO ?AT WE >E OBLIG$ TO *ANGE \R T]M9OLOGY FROM ,D>W9'S DAY & SPEAK ( 0P>TICIPATORY EVOLUTION40 

,IF WE SURVEY ! EVOLUTION>Y UNFOLD+ ( ?IS EV]-CUMULATIVE PROCESS -- 9 :I* LIFE-=MS REABSORB E>LY DEVELOPM5TS 9TO !IR [N DEVELOPM5T1 BE IT E>LY N]VE NETWORKS ?AT COV] SK91 N]VE GANGLIA ?AT =M \R SP9AL CORD1 0REPTILE0 BRA9S & ! LIKE -- WE CAN MORE ?AN HYPO!SIZE ?AT NATURE EXHIBITS A T5D5CY T[>DS ITS [N SELF-DIRECTIVE EVOLUTION1 A DRIFT T[>D A MORE CONSCI\S DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* *OICE1 H[EV] DIM1 REVEALS ?AT BIOTIC EVOLUTION CONTA9S A POT5TIAL = FRE$OM4 ,TO SPEAK ( NATURE SIMPLY AS A 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 IS TO OV]LOOK ITS FECUNDITY1 TR5D T[>D DIV]SITY1 MATRIX AS A DEVELOPM5T ( SUBJECTIVITY1 SELF-ID5TITY1 RUDIM5T>Y *OICE1 & CONSCI\S 9T5TIONALITY1 9 %ORT1 A REALM ( POT5TIAL FRE$OM 9 :I* LIFE1 AT LEA/1 EM]GES FROM ITS LONG EVOLUTION AS ! BASIS = G5U9E SELFHOOD & SELF-DIRECTIV5ESS4 ,IT IS 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES ?AT WE F9D ?IS DEVELOPM5T FULLY ACTUALIZ$1 AT LEA/ )9 ! LIMITS CREAT$ BY SOCIAL LIFE & ! APPLICATION ( REASON TO ! CONDUCT ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,HUMANITY1 9 EFFECT1 BECOMES ! POT5TIAL VOICE ( A NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S & SELF-=MATIVE4 

,WE CAN ?US SPEAK ( PREHUMAN NATURE AS 0FIR/ NATURE0 9 ! S5SE ?AT SELFHOOD1 CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! BASES = FRE$OM >E /ILL TOO DIM & RUDIM5T>Y TO BE REG>D$ AS FULLY SELF-DIRECTIVE4 ,WE MAY EV5 5C\NT] MANY APPROXIMATIONS ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 PRIM>ILY 9 ! PRIMATE WORLD4 ,BUT IT IS NOT UNTIL WE REA* HUMANITY ?AT ?IS POT5TIALITY ACQUIRES A NEW SOCIAL OR 0SECOND NATURE0 ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO FULL REALIZATION3 A PRODUCT ( EVOLUTION ?AT HAS ! FULLNESS ( M9D1 ( EXTRAORD9>Y COMMUNICATIVE ABILITIES1 ( CONSCI\S ASSOCIATION1 & ! ABILITY TO KN[+LY ALT] ITSELF & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO D5Y !SE EXTRAORD9>Y HUMAN ATTRIBUTES :I* MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 REAL LIFE1 TO SUBM]GE !M 9 NOTIONS LIKE A 0BIOC5TRIC DEMOCRACY0 ?AT R5D]S HUMAN BE+S & SNAILS 0EQUAL0 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC WOR?0 7:ATEV] ?AT PHRASE MAY MEAN7 IS SIMPLY FRIVOL\S4 

,MOREOV] -- & V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY--?IS 0BIOC5TRIC0 APPROA* IS MEANT TO DILUTE ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC TRAIT ( HUMANK9D3 ITS CAPACITY TO 5GAGE 9 PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY4 ,IT D5IES HUMANITY'S P[] TO *ANGE ! WORLD &1 9 GREAT P>T1 TO *ANGE ITSELF4 ,9/EAD1 DIS>M$ BY A DEAD5+ GOSPEL ( PASSIVITY & RECEPTIVITY1 ! TR5D ( ?IS 0BIOC5TRIC0 MODE ( ?9K+ IS L>GELY ADAPTIVE & BASICALLY NONCRITICAL4 ,ONE HE>S SU* QUIETI/IC T5ETS FROM ,TAOISM & FROM ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHIES ( 0,BE+0 ?AT RANGE FROM ! /ATIC VIEWS ( ,P>M5I$ES UP TO1 ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG]1 :OSE \TLOOK1 9 MY VIEW1 CAN BE EASILY BR\<T 9TO CON=MITY ) ! IDEAS ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM1 A MOVEM5T TO :I* HE BELONG$ = MORE ?AN A DECADE4 

,! GREAT PRECEPTS ( E>LY RADICALS1 FROM ,ROB]T ,[51 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 & ,K>L ,M>X1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 TO \R [N TIME1 PLAC$ A CRUCIAL EMPHASIS ON ! BELIEF ?AT HUMANITY MU/ BE AN ACTIVE AG5T 9 ! WORLD4 ,!SE PRECEPTS LIE AT ! CORE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT & ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM4 ,?AT V>I\S S*OOLS ( ECOLOGY HAVE EM]G$ ?AT PREA* ! NE$ = A PASSIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE2 9DE$1 = AN ABJECT OB$I5CE ( HUMAN BE+S TO ! 0LAWS ( NATURE10 :I* PRESUMABLY PRODUCE FAM9ES AS 0*ECKS ON POPULATION10 MAY WELL E>N ECOLOGY A REPUTATION EV5 WORSE ?AN ?AT ( ECONOMICS4 ,IF ECONOMICS ONCE ACQUIR$ A REPUTATION AS ! 0DISMAL SCI5CE10 ECOLOGY1 9 ITS MORE REACTION>Y =MS1 MAY WELL DES]VE ! SOBRIQUET ( ! 0CRUEL SCI5CE40 

,HUMANITY1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 IS /ILL LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,GIV5 ! PRES5T COMPETITIVE1 DIVID$1 & UNFEEL+ SOCIETY1 IT HAS A LONG WAY TO GO 9 ORD] TO FULFILL ITS POT5TIALITY = REASON1 C>E1 & SYMPA?Y4 ,BUT ?AT POT5TIALITY EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 C\NTLESS WAYS ?AT HAVE NO EQUAL 9 O!R LIFE-=MS & ITS ACTUALIZATION DEP5DS UPON BASIC SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT HAVE YET TO BE MADE4 ,! MO/ HE9\S CRIME ( C]TA9 ECOLOGI/S 9 DEAL+ ) !SE SOCIAL IMP]ATIVES /EMS FROM ! EASE ) :I* !Y HAVE DROPP$ ! HUMAN SOCIAL CONDITION FROM ! V]Y DISC\RSE ( !IR CONC]NS4 ,?IS TREATM5T ( PEOPLE M]ELY AS A 0SPECIES0 BR+S ALL HUMAN BE+S 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N DEGRADATION BY ELITES1 CLASSES1 & ! ,/ATE1 NOT ONLY ! DEGRADATION ( NATURE BY A GR[-OR-DIE SOCIETY4 

,VIEW$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( :AT HUMANITY CAN BE1 WE HAVE REASON TO SPEAK ( A RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN & BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE ?AT WILL TRANSC5D ! PRI/9E 0FIR/ NATURE0 FROM :I* A SOCIAL 0SECOND NATURE0 EM]GES & WILL OP5 ! WAY TO A RADICALLY NEW 0FREE NATURE0 9 :I* AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY WILL BECOME ! VOICE1 9DE$ ! EXPRESSION1 ( A NATURAL EVOLUTION R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S1 C>+1 & SYMPA!TIC TO ! PA91 SUFF]+1 & 9COH]5T ASPECTS ( AN EVOLUTION LEFT TO ITS [N1 (T5 WAYW>D1 UNFOLD+4 ,NATURE1 DUE TO HUMAN RATIONAL 9T]V5TION1 WILL !NCE ACQUIRE ! 9T5TIONALITY1 P[] ( DEVELOP+ MORE COMPLEX LIFE=MS1 & CAPACITY TO DIFF]5TIATE ITSELF4 ,WE 5C\NT] AT ?IS PO9T ! F>-REA*+ QUE/IONS ( DEVELOP+ AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS4 ,HUMAN 9T]V5TION 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD IS NOT A SICK AB]RATION ( EVOLUTION4 ,HUMAN BE+S CAN NO MORE BE SEP>AT$ FROM NATURE & !IR [N ANIMALITY ?AN LEMM+S CAN ?RIVE )\T !IR SK9S4 ,:AT MAKES ! HUMAN ANIMAL A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION IS NOT ONLY ITS PHYSICAL PRIMATE *>ACT]I/ICS2 IT IS ALSO ! EXT5T TO :I* HUMANITY ACTUALIZES A DEEP-SEAT$ NISUS 9 EVOLUTION T[>D SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & FRE$OM4 ,H]E9 LIES ! GR\ND+ = A TRULY OBJECTIVE E?ICS1 CONCEIV$ 9 T]MS ( A PHILOSOPHY ( POT5TIALITY & ACTUALITY1 NOT A ME*ANICAL CAUSE-&-EFFECT RELATION%IP OR ! CAUSAL AGNO/ICISM ( ,HUME & HIS MOD]N-DAY POSITIVI/ FOLL[]S4 

,REALITY IS ALWAYS =MATIVE4 ,IT IS NOT A M]E 0H]E0 & 0N[0 ?AT EXI/S NO FUR!R ?AN :AT WE CAN P]CEIVE ) \R EYES & NOSES4 ,CONCEIV$ AS =MATIVE1 REALITY IS ALWAYS A PROCESS ( ACTUALIZATION ( POT5TIALITIES4 ,IT IS NO LESS 0REAL0 OR 0OBJECTIVE0 9 T]MS ( :AT IT C\LD BE AS WELL AS :AT IT IS AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 

,HUMANITY1 CONCEIV$ FROM ?IS DIALECTICAL NOTION ( CAUSALITY1 IS MORE ?AN IT IS TODAY2 IT IS ALSO :AT IT C\LD BE -- & P]HAPS WILL BE TOMORR[ OR G5]ATIONS FROM N[4 ,9S(> AS WE 5C\NT] A T5D5CY1 EV5 A POT5TIALITY1 ?AT C\LD YIELD FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS >E NO LESS REAL 7OR1 9 ,HEGEL'S MORE PRECISE T]M1 0ACTUAL07 9 SOCIETY ?AN !Y >E AS POT5TIALITIES 9 NATURE4 

,:AT ALSO MAKES ! HUMAN ANIMAL A PRODUCT ( NATURE IS NOT ONLY ! VOICE IT GIVES TO NATURE1 BUT ! FACT ?AT IT CAN 9T]V5E 9TO NATURE PRECISELY AS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION2 9DE$1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 ORGANIZ$ OV] EONS ( ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T TO DO PRECISELY ?AT1 9S(> AS IT HAS ANY PLACE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:AT IS W>P$ AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION IS NOT ?AT PEOPLE ACTIVELY 9T]V5E 9 NATURE & ALT] IT1 BUT ?AT !Y 9T]V5E ACTIVELY TO DE/ROY IT BECAUSE HUM ANITY'S  
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 W>P$4 ,TO REACT M9DLESSLY TO ! COMPELL+ FACT ?AT HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS W>P$ BY DEM&+ ?AT HUMAN BE+S 0M9IMIZE0 !IR 9T]V5TION 9 NATURE OR P]HAPS EV5 T]M9ATE IT1 AS SO MANY CONC]N$ ECOLOGI/S HAVE DONE1 TODAY1 IS AS NAIVE AS ! BEHAVIOR ( A *ILD ?AT FURI\SLY LUCKS ! *AIR OV] :I* IT HAS /UMBL$4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVANCES A MESSAGE ?AT CALLS NOT ONLY = A SOCIETY FREE ( HI]>*Y & HI]>*ICAL S5SIBILITIES1 BUT = AN E?ICS ?AT PLACES HUMANITY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD AS AN AG5T = R5D]+ EVOLUTION -- SOCIAL & NATURAL -- FULLY SELF-CONSCI\S & AS FREE AS POSSIBLE 9 ITS ABILITY TO MAKE EVOLUTION AS RATIONAL AS POSSIBLE 9 MEET+ NONHUMAN & HUMAN NE$S4 ,I AM NOT ADVANC+ A VIEW ?AT APPROVES ( 0NATURAL 5G9E]+40 ,! NATURAL WORLD1 AS ,I HAVE /RESS$ REPEAT$LY 9 E>LI] WRIT+S1 IS MU* TOO COMPLEX TO BE 0CONTROLL$0 BY HUMAN +5UITY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY4 ,MY [N AN>*I/ PROCLIVITIES HAVE FO/]$ 9 MY ?9K+ A LOVE ( SPONTANEITY1 BE IT 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR OR 9 NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! IMAG9ATION HAS A MAJOR PLACE BESIDE ! RATIONAL2 ! 9TUITIVE1 ES!TIC1 & A S5SE ( WOND] = ! M>VEL\S1 BELONG AS MU* TO ! HUMAN SPIRIT AS DOES ! 9TELLECTUAL4 ,NATURAL EVOLUTION CAN NOT BE D5I$ ITS [N SPONTANEITY & FECUNDITY ANY MORE ?AN CAN SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,BUT WE CANNOT REJECT ! PLACE ( RATIONALITY 9 LIFE & ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS NO LESS A PRODUCT ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ?AN IT IS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T ,WE /& AT A CROSSROADS ( CONFLICT+ PA?WAYS3 EI!R WE WILL SURR5D] TO A M9DLESS IRRATIONALISM ?AT MY/IFIES SOCIAL EVOLUTION ) MY?S1 DEITIES1 & A CRUDE P>TICUL>ISM 9 ! NAME ( G5D] OR HIDD5 ELITES -- ONE ?AT R5D]S SOCIAL EVOLUTION AIMLESS1 ) GRIM RESULTS = HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE ALIKE -- OR WE WILL REGA9 ! ACTIVISM1 ?AT IS D5IGRAT$ TODAY1 & TURN ! WORLD 9TO AN EV]-BROAD] DOMA9 ( FRE$OM & RATIONALITY4 ,?IS 5TAILS A NEW =M ( RATIONALITY1 A NEW TE*NOLOGY1 A NEW SCI5CE1 A NEW S5SIBILITY & SELF -- &1 ABOVE ALL1 A TRULY LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/