,P>T #b 
,WORK ,& ,PAY1 ,GOV]NM5T ,& ,LAW1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,RELATIONS1 ,SCI5CE ,& ,>T ,UND] ,SOCIALISM1 ,! ,WORLD ,AS ,IT ,C\LD ,BE ,MADE 

#aiahaiah 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,PROPOS$ ,ROADS 
,TO ,FRE$OM 

,BY 
,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,P,>,T ,I,I -  

,P,R,O,B,L,E,M,S ,( ,! ,F,U,T,U,R,E 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

 ,W,O,R,K ,& ,P,A,Y 

  

,! MAN :O SEEKS TO CREATE A BETT] ORD] ( 
SOCIETY HAS TWO RESI/ANCES TO CONT5D )3 ONE ?AT 
( ,NATURE1 ! O!R ?AT ( HIS FELL[-M54 ,BROADLY 
SPEAK+1 IT IS SCI5CE ?AT DEALS ) ! RESI/ANCE 
( ,NATURE1 :ILE POLITICS & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION >E 
! ME?ODS ( OV]COM+ ! RESI/ANCE ( M54 

,! ULTIMATE FACT 9 ECONOMICS IS ?AT ,NATURE ONLY 
YIELDS COMMODITIES AS ! RESULT ( LABOR4 ,! NECESSITY 
( ,S,O,M,E LABOR = ! SATISFACTION ( \R WANTS 
IS NOT IMPOS$ BY POLITICAL SY/EMS OR BY ! EXPLOITATION 
( ! WORK+ CLASSES2 IT IS DUE TO PHYSICAL 
LAWS1 :I* ! RE=M]1 LIKE EV]YONE ELSE1 MU/ 
ADMIT & /UDY4 ,BE=E ANY OPTIMI/IC ECONOMIC 
PROJECT CAN BE ACCEPT$ AS FEASIBLE1 WE MU/ EXAM9E 
:E!R ! PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION IMPOSE 
AN UNALT]ABLE VETO1 OR :E!R !Y >E CAPABLE ( 
BE+ SUFFICI5TLY MODIFI$ BY SCI5CE & ORGANIZATION4 
,TWO CONNECT$ DOCTR9ES MU/ BE CONSID]$ 
9 EXAM9+ ?IS QUE/ION3 ,FIR/1 ,MAL?US' DOCTR9E 
( POPULATION2 & SECOND1 ! VAGU]1 BUT V]Y 
PREVAL5T1 VIEW ?AT ANY SURPLUS ABOVE ! B>E 
NECESS>IES ( LIFE CAN ONLY BE PRODUC$ IF MO/ M5 
WORK LONG H\RS AT MONOTON\S OR PA9FUL TASKS1 
LEAV+ LITTLE LEISURE = A CIVILIZ$ EXI/5CE OR 
RATIONAL 5JOYM5T4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT EI!R 
( !SE OB/ACLES TO OPTIMISM WILL SURVIVE A CLOSE 
SCRUT9Y4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5T 
9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 SO 
GREAT ?AT1 AT ANY RATE = C5TURIES TO COME1 !RE 
WILL BE NO 9EVITABLE B>RI] TO PROGRESS 9 ! G5]AL 
WELL-BE+ BY ! SIMULTANE\S 9CREASE ( COMMODITIES 
& DIM9UTION ( H\RS ( LABOR4 

,?IS SUBJECT HAS BE5 SPECIALLY /UDI$ BY ,KROPOTK91 
:O1 :ATEV] MAY BE ?\<T ( HIS G5]AL 
!ORIES ( POLITICS1 IS REM>KABLY 9/RUCTIVE1 CONCRETE 
& CONV9C+ 9 ALL ?AT HE SAYS AB\T ! 
POSSIBILITIES ( AGRICULTURE4 ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S 
9 ! MA9 >E PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE1 & 
FEW AMONG !M HAVE ANY PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ON ! 
SUBJECT ( FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ,KROPOTK9 IS AN 
EXCEPTION4 ,HIS TWO BOOKS1 ^*^*,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD'' 
& ^*^*,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1'' >E V]Y 
FULL ( DETAIL$ 9=MATION1 &1 EV5 MAK+ GREAT 
ALL[ANCES = AN OPTIMI/IC BIAS1 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT 
CAN BE D5I$ ?AT !Y DEMON/RATE POSSIBILITIES 9 
:I* FEW ( US W\LD O!RWISE HAVE BELIEV$4 

,MAL?US CONT5D$1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT POPULATION 
ALWAYS T5DS TO 9CREASE UP TO ! LIMIT ( SUBSI/5CE1 
?AT ! PRODUCTION ( FOOD BECOMES MORE EXP5SIVE 
AS ITS AM\NT IS 9CREAS$1 & ?AT !RE=E1 AP>T 
FROM %ORT EXCEPTIONAL P]IODS :5 NEW DISCOV]IES 
PRODUCE TEMPOR>Y ALLEVIATIONS1 ! BULK ( MANK9D 
MU/ ALWAYS BE AT ! L[E/ LEVEL CONSI/5T ) 
SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION4 ,AS APPLI$ TO ! CIVILIZ$ 
RACES ( ! WORLD1 ?IS DOCTR9E IS BECOM+ 
UNTRUE ?R\< ! RAPID DECL9E 9 ! BIR?RATE2 
BUT1 AP>T FROM ?IS DECL9E1 !RE >E MANY O!R 
REASONS :Y ! DOCTR9E CANNOT BE ACCEPT$1 AT ANY 
RATE AS REG>DS ! NE> FUTURE4 ,! C5TURY :I* 
ELAPS$ AFT] ,MAL?US WROTE1 SAW A V]Y GREAT 
9CREASE 9 ! /&>D ( COM=T ?R\<\T ! 
WAGE-E>N+ CLASSES1 &1 [+ TO ! 5ORM\S 
9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 A F> GREAT] 
RISE 9 ! /&>D ( COM=T C\LD HAVE BE5 
EFFECT$ IF A MORE JU/ SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION HAD 
BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,9 =M] TIMES1 :5 ONE MAN'S 
LABOR PRODUC$ NOT V]Y MU* MORE ?AN WAS NE$$ 
= ONE MAN'S SUBSI/5CE1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE EI!R 
GREATLY TO R$UCE ! NORMAL H\RS ( LABOR1 OR 
GREATLY TO 9CREASE ! PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION 
:O 5JOY$ MORE ?AN ! B>E NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 
,BUT ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS HAS BE5 OV]COME BY MOD]N 
ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 
NOT ONLY DO MANY PEOPLE 5JOY A COM=TABLE 9COME 
D]IV$ FROM R5T OR 9T]E/1 BUT AB\T HALF ! 
POPULATION ( MO/ ( ! CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES 9 ! 
WORLD IS 5GAG$1 NOT 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 
BUT 9 FI<T+ OR 9 MANUFACTUR+ MUNITIONS 
( W>4 ,9 A TIME ( PEACE ! :OLE ( ?IS 
HALF MI<T BE KEPT 9 IDL5ESS )\T MAK+ ! 
O!R HALF POOR] ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 IF ! 
W> HAD CONT9U$1 & IF1 9/EAD ( BE+ IDLE1 !Y 
W]E PRODUCTIVELY EMPLOY$1 ! :OLE ( :AT !Y 
W\LD PRODUCE W\LD BE A DIVISIBLE SURPLUS OV] & 
ABOVE PRES5T WAGES4 ,! PRES5T PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W\LD SUFFICE TO PRODUCE AN 
9COME ( AB\T #a P\ND P] DAY = EA* FAMILY1 EV5 
)\T ANY ( ?OSE IMPROVEM5TS 9 ME?ODS :I* 
>E OBVI\SLY IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE4 

,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID1 AS POPULATION 9CREASES1 ! 
PRICE ( FOOD MU/ ULTIMATELY 9CREASE ALSO AS 
! S\RCES ( SUPPLY 9 ,CANADA1 ! ,>G5T9E1 
,AU/RALIA & ELSE:]E >E MORE & MORE US$ UP4 
,!RE MU/ COME A TIME1 SO PESSIMI/S WILL URGE1 :5 
FOOD BECOMES SO DE> ?AT ! ORD9>Y WAGE-E>N] 
WILL HAVE LITTLE SURPLUS = EXP5DITURE UPON O!R 
?+S4 ,IT MAY BE ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS W\LD BE TRUE 
9 SOME V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE IF ! POPULATION W]E TO 
CONT9UE TO 9CREASE )\T LIMIT4 ,IF ! :OLE 
SURFACE ( ! WORLD W]E AS D5SELY POPULAT$ AS 
,LONDON IS N[1 IT W\LD1 NO D\BT1 REQUIRE ALMO/ 
! :OLE LABOR ( ! POPULATION TO PRODUCE ! 
NECESS>Y FOOD FROM ! FEW SPACES REMA9+ = 
AGRICULTURE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT 
! POPULATION WILL CONT9UE TO 9CREASE 9DEF9ITELY1 
& 9 ANY CASE ! PROSPECT IS SO REMOTE ?AT IT MAY 
BE IGNOR$ 9 ALL PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 

,RETURN+ FROM !SE DIM SPECULATIONS TO ! 
FACTS SET =? BY ,KROPOTK91 WE F9D IT PROV$ 9 
HIS WRIT+S ?AT1 BY ME?ODS ( 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION1 
:I* >E ALREADY 9 ACTUAL OP]ATION1 ! AM\NT ( 
FOOD PRODUC$ ON A GIV5 >EA CAN BE 9CREAS$ F> 
BEYOND ANY?+ ?AT MO/ UN9=M$ P]SONS SUPPOSE 
POSSIBLE4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! M>KET-G>D5]S 9 
,GREAT ,BRITA91 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,P>IS1 & 9 
O!R PLACES1 HE SAYS3-- 

,!Y HAVE CREAT$ A TOTALLY NEW AGRICULTURE4 ,!Y 
SMILE :5 WE BOA/ AB\T ! ROTATION SY/EM HAV+ 
P]MITT$ US TO TAKE FROM ! FIELD ONE CROP EV]Y YE>1 
OR F\R CROPS EA* ?REE YE>S1 BECAUSE !IR AMBITION IS 
TO HAVE SIX & N9E CROPS FROM ! V]Y SAME PLOT ( 
L& DUR+ ! TWELVE MON?S4 ,!Y DO NOT UND]/& 
\R TALK AB\T GOOD & BAD SOILS1 BECAUSE !Y MAKE 
! SOIL !MSELVES1 & MAKE IT 9 SU* QUANTITIES AS TO 
BE COMPELL$ YE>LY TO SELL SOME ( IT2 O!RWISE IT W\LD 
RAISE UP ! LEVEL ( !IR G>D5S BY HALF AN 9* EV]Y 
YE>4 ,!Y AIM AT CROPP+1 NOT FIVE OR SIX TONS ( 
GRASS ON ! ACRE1 AS WE DO1 BUT FROM #e TO #a TONS ( 
V>I\S VEGETABLES ON ! SAME SPACE2 NOT #e P\ND SWOR? ( 
HAY1 BUT #a P\NDS WOR? ( VEGETABLES1 ( ! PLA9E/ DESCRIPTION1 
CABBAGE & C>ROTS4.<#c#h.> 

,AS REG>DS CATTLE1 HE M5TIONS ?AT ,MR4 ,*AMPION 
AT ,:ITBY GR[S ON EA* ACRE ! FOOD ( TWO OR 
?REE HEAD ( CATTLE1 :]EAS UND] ORD9>Y HI< 
F>M+ IT TAKES TWO OR ?REE ACRES TO KEEP EA* HEAD 
( CATTLE 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,EV5 MORE A/ONI%+ 
>E ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,CULTURE ,M>AI*]ES 
R\ND ,P>IS4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SUMM>IZE !SE 
A*IEVEM5TS1 BUT WE MAY NOTE ! G5]AL 
CONCLUSION3-- 

,!RE >E N[ PRACTICAL ,M>AI*]S :O V5TURE TO 
MA9TA9 ?AT IF ALL ! FOOD1 ANIMAL & VEGETABLE1 
NECESS>Y = ! #c1#e1 9HABITANTS ( ! ,DEP>TM5TS 
( ,SE9E & ,SE9E-ET-,OISE HAD TO BE GR[N ON 
!IR [N T]RITORY 7#c#b#e SQU>E MILES71 IT C\LD BE 
GR[N )\T RESORT+ TO ANY O!R ME?ODS ( CULTURE 
?AN ?OSE ALREADY 9 USE--ME?ODS ALREADY TE/$ ON A 
L>GE SCALE & PROV$ SUCCESSFUL4.<#c#i.> 

,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT !SE TWO DEP>TM5TS 
9CLUDE ! :OLE POPULATION ( ,P>IS4 

,KROPOTK9 PROCE$S TO PO9T \T ME?ODS BY 
:I* ! SAME RESULT C\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T LONG 
H\RS ( LABOR4 ,9DE$1 HE CONT5DS ?AT ! GREAT 
BULK ( AGRICULTURAL WORK C\LD BE C>RI$ ON BY 
PEOPLE :OSE MA9 OCCUPATIONS >E S$5T>Y1 & 
) ONLY SU* A NUMB] ( H\RS AS W\LD S]VE TO 
KEEP !M 9 HEAL? & PRODUCE A PLEASANT DIV]SIFICATION4 
,HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! !ORY ( EXCESSIVE DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,:AT HE WANTS IS ,9,T,E,G,R,A,T,I,O,N1 
^*^*A SOCIETY :]E EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS A PRODUC] ( 
BO? MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL WORK2 :]E EA* ABLE- 
BODI$ HUMAN BE+ IS A WORK]1 & :]E EA* 
WORK] WORKS BO? 9 ! FIELD & 9 ! 9DU/RIAL 
WORK%OP4''.<#d.> 

,!SE VIEWS AS TO PRODUCTION HAVE NO ESS5TIAL 
CONNECTION ) ,KROPOTK9'S ADVOCACY ( ,AN>*ISM4 
,!Y W\LD BE EQUALLY POSSIBLE UND] ,/ATE 
,SOCIALISM1 & UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES !Y 
MI<T EV5 BE C>RI$ \T 9 A CAPITALI/IC REGIME4 
,!Y >E IMPORTANT = \R PRES5T PURPOSE1 NOT 
FROM ANY >GUM5T :I* !Y AF=D 9 FAVOR ( ONE 
ECONOMIC SY/EM AS AGA9/ ANO!R1 BUT FROM ! 
FACT ?AT !Y REMOVE ! VETO UPON \R HOPES :I* 
MI<T O!RWISE RESULT FROM A D\BT AS TO ! PRODUCTIVE 
CAPACITY ( LABOR4 ,I HAVE DWELT UPON AGRICULTURE 
RA!R ?AN 9DU/RY1 S9CE IT IS 9 REG>D 
TO AGRICULTURE ?AT ! DIFFICULTIES >E *IEFLY SUPPOS$ 
TO >ISE4 ,BROADLY SPEAK+1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION 
T5DS TO BE *EAP] :5 IT IS C>RI$ ON ON 
A L>GE SCALE1 & !RE=E !RE IS NO REASON 9 
9DU/RY :Y AN 9CREASE 9 ! DEM& %\LD LEAD 
TO AN 9CREAS$ CO/ ( SUPPLY4 

,PASS+ N[ FROM ! PURELY TE*NICAL & MAT]IAL 
SIDE ( ! PROBLEM ( PRODUCTION1 WE COME 
TO ! HUMAN FACTOR1 ! MOTIVES LEAD+ M5 TO 
WORK1 ! POSSIBILITIES ( EFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ( 
PRODUCTION1 & ! CONNECTION ( PRODUCTION ) 
DI/RIBUTION4 ,DEF5D]S ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM 
MA9TA9 ?AT EFFICI5T WORK W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T 
! ECONOMIC /IMULUS1 & ?AT IF ! WAGE 
SY/EM W]E ABOLI%$ M5 W\LD CEASE TO DO 5\< 
WORK TO KEEP ! COMMUNITY 9 TOL]ABLE COM=T4 
,?R\< ! ALLEG$ NECESSITY ( ! ECONOMIC MOTIVE1 
! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 
BECOME 9T]TW9$4 ,! DESIRE = A MORE JU/ 
DI/RIBUTION ( ! WORLD'S GOODS IS ! MA9 9SPIRATION 
( MO/ ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM4 ,WE MU/1 
!RE=E1 CONSID] :E!R ! SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION 
:I* !Y PROPOSE W\LD BE LIKELY TO LEAD TO 
A DIM9I%$ PRODUCTION4 

,!RE IS A FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,SOCIALISM 
& ,AN>*ISM AS REG>DS ! QUE/ION ( DI/RIBUTION4 
,SOCIALISM1 AT ANY RATE 9 MO/ ( ITS 
=MS1 W\LD RETA9 PAYM5T = WORK DONE OR = 
WILL+NESS TO WORK1 &1 EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( P]SONS 
9CAPACITAT$ BY AGE OR 9FIRMITY1 W\LD MAKE 
WILL+NESS TO WORK A CONDITION ( SUBSI/5CE1 OR AT 
ANY RATE ( SUBSI/5CE ABOVE A C]TA9 V]Y L[ 
M9IMUM4 ,AN>*ISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 AIMS AT 
GRANT+ TO EV]YONE1 )\T ANY CONDITIONS :ATEV]1 
JU/ AS MU* ( ALL ORD9>Y COMMODITIES AS 
HE OR %E MAY C>E TO CONSUME1 :ILE ! R>] COMMODITIES1 ( :I* ! SUPPLY CANNOT EASILY BE 
9DEF9ITELY 9CREAS$1 W\LD BE RATION$ & DIVID$ 
EQUALLY AMONG ! POPULATION4 ,?US ,AN>*ISM 
W\LD NOT IMPOSE ANY ,O,B,L,I,G,A,T,I,O,N,S ( WORK1 ?\< 
,AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT ! NECESS>Y WORK C\LD BE 
MADE SUFFICI5TLY AGREEABLE = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( 
! POPULATION TO UND]TAKE IT VOLUNT>ILY4 ,SOCIALI/S1 
ON ! O!R H&1 W\LD EXACT WORK4 ,SOME ( 
!M W\LD MAKE ! 9COMES ( ALL WORK]S EQUAL1 
:ILE O!RS W\LD RETA9 HI<] PAY = ! WORK 
:I* IS CONSID]$ MORE VALUABLE4 ,ALL !SE DIFF]5T 
SY/EMS >E COMPATIBLE ) ! COMMON [N]%IP 
( L& & CAPITAL1 ?\< !Y DIFF] GREATLY 
AS REG>DS ! K9D ( SOCIETY :I* !Y W\LD 
PRODUCE4 

,SOCIALISM ) 9EQUALITY ( 9COME W\LD NOT 
DIFF] GREATLY AS REG>DS ! ECONOMIC /IMULUS TO 
WORK FROM ! SOCIETY 9 :I* WE LIVE4 ,SU* DIFF]5CES 
AS IT W\LD 5TAIL W\LD UND\BT$LY BE TO ! 
GOOD FROM \R PRES5T PO9T ( VIEW4 ,UND] ! 
EXI/+ SY/EM MANY PEOPLE 5JOY IDL5ESS & 
AFFLU5CE ?R\< ! M]E ACCID5T ( 9H]IT+ L& 
OR CAPITAL4 ,MANY O!RS1 ?R\< !IR ACTIVITIES 9 
9DU/RY OR F9ANCE1 5JOY AN 9COME :I* IS C]TA9LY 
V]Y F> 9 EXCESS ( ANY?+ TO :I* !IR 
SOCIAL UTILITY 5TITLES !M4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT 
(T5 HAPP5S ?AT 9V5TORS & DISCOV]]S1 :OSE 
WORK HAS ! V]Y GREATE/ SOCIAL UTILITY1 >E ROBB$ 
( !IR REW>D EI!R BY CAPITALI/S OR BY ! FAILURE 
( ! PUBLIC TO APPRECIATE !IR WORK UNTIL TOO 
LATE4 ,! BETT] PAID WORK IS ONLY OP5 TO ?OSE :O 
HAVE BE5 ABLE TO AF=D AN EXP5SIVE TRA9+1 & 
!SE M5 >E SELECT$ 9 ! MA9 NOT BY M]IT BUT 
BY LUCK4 ,! WAGE E>N] IS NOT PAID = HIS WILL+NESS 
TO WORK1 BUT ONLY = HIS UTILITY TO ! EMPLOY]4 
,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE MAY BE PLUNG$ 9TO DE/ITUTION BY 
CAUSES OV] :I* HE HAS NO CONTROL4 ,SU* DE/ITUTION 
IS A CON/ANT FE>1 & :5 IT OCCURS IT PRODUCES 
UNDES]V$ SUFF]+1 & (T5 DET]IORATION 
9 ! SOCIAL VALUE ( ! SUFF]]4 ,!SE >E A FEW 
AMONG ! EVILS ( \R EXI/+ SY/EM FROM ! 
/&PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,ALL !SE EVILS WE MI<T 
EXPECT TO SEE REM$I$ UND] ANY SY/EM ( ,SOCIALISM4 

,!RE >E TWO QUE/IONS :I* NE$ TO BE CONSID]$ 
:5 WE >E DISCUSS+ H[ F> WORK REQUIRES 
! ECONOMIC MOTIVE4 ,! FIR/ QUE/ION IS3 ,MU/ 
SOCIETY GIVE HI<] PAY = ! MORE SKILL$ OR SOCIALLY 
MORE VALUABLE WORK1 IF SU* WORK IS TO BE DONE 9 
SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES8 ,! SECOND QUE/ION IS3 ,C\LD 
WORK BE MADE SO ATTRACTIVE ?AT 5\< ( IT W\LD 
BE DONE EV5 IF IDL]S RECEIV$ JU/ AS MU* ( ! 
PRODUCE ( WORK8 ,! FIR/ ( !SE QUE/IONS CONC]NS 
! DIVISION BETWE5 TWO S*OOLS ( ,SOCIALI/S3 
! MORE MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S SOMETIMES CONC$E ?AT 
EV5 UND] ,SOCIALISM IT W\LD BE WELL TO RETA9 
UNEQUAL PAY = DIFF]5T K9DS ( WORK1 :ILE ! 
MORE ?OR\<GO+ ,SOCIALI/S ADVOCATE EQUAL 
9COMES = ALL WORK]S4 ,! SECOND QUE/ION1 ON ! 
O!R H&1 =MS A DIVISION BETWE5 ,SOCIALI/S & 
,AN>*I/S2 ! LATT] W\LD NOT DEPRIVE A MAN ( 
COMMODITIES IF HE DID NOT WORK1 :ILE ! =M] 9 
G5]AL W\LD4 

,\R SECOND QUE/ION IS SO MU* MORE FUNDAM5TAL 
?AN \R FIR/ ?AT IT MU/ BE DISCUSS$ AT ONCE1 & 
9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DISCUSSION :AT NE$S TO BE SAID 
ON \R FIR/ QUE/ION WILL F9D ITS PLACE NATURALLY4 

,WAGES OR ,FREE ,%>+8--^*^*,ABOLITION ( ! 
WAGES SY/EM'' IS ONE ( ! WAT*WORDS COMMON 
TO ,AN>*I/S & ADVANC$ ,SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT 9 ITS 
MO/ NATURAL S5SE IT IS A WAT*WORD TO :I* ONLY 
! ,AN>*I/S HAVE A RI<T4 ,9 ! ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTION 
( SOCIETY ALL ! COMMON] COMMODITIES WILL 
BE AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE )\T /9T1 9 ! K9D 
( WAY 9 :I* WAT] IS AVAILABLE AT PRES5T4.<#d#a.> ,ADVOCATES ( ?IS SY/EM PO9T \T ?AT IT APPLIES ALREADY 
TO MANY ?+S :I* =M]LY HAD TO BE PAID =1 
E4G41 ROADS & BRIDGES4 ,!Y PO9T \T ?AT IT 
MI<T V]Y EASILY BE EXT5D$ TO TRAMS & LOCAL 
TRA9S4 ,!Y PROCE$ TO >GUE--AS ,KROPOTK9 DOES 
BY MEANS ( HIS PRO(S ?AT ! SOIL MI<T BE MADE 
9DEF9ITELY MORE PRODUCTIVE--?AT ALL ! COMMON] 
K9DS ( FOOD C\LD BE GIV5 AWAY TO ALL :O DEM&$ 
!M1 S9CE IT W\LD BE EASY TO PRODUCE !M 9 QUANTITIES 
ADEQUATE TO ANY POSSIBLE DEM&4 ,IF ?IS SY/EM 
W]E EXT5D$ TO ALL ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 
EV]YONE'S B>E LIVELIHOOD W\LD BE SECUR$1 QUITE 
REG>DLESS ( ! WAY 9 :I* HE MI<T *OOSE TO 
SP5D HIS TIME4 ,AS = COMMODITIES :I* CANNOT 
BE PRODUC$ 9 9DEF9ITE QUANTITIES1 SU* AS LUXURIES 
& DELICACIES1 !Y ALSO1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 
>E TO BE DI/RIBUT$ )\T PAYM5T1 BUT ON A SY/EM 
( RATIONS1 ! AM\NT AVAILABLE BE+ DIVID$ 
EQUALLY AMONG ! POPULATION4 ,NO D\BT1 ?\< 
?IS IS NOT SAID1 SOME?+ LIKE A PRICE WILL HAVE 
TO BE PUT UPON !SE LUXURIES1 SO ?AT A MAN MAY 
BE FREE TO *OOSE H[ HE WILL TAKE HIS %>E3 ONE MAN 
WILL PREF] GOOD W9E1 ANO!R ! F9E/ ,HAVANA 
CIG>S1 ANO!R PICTURES OR BEAUTIFUL FURNITURE4 ,PRESUMABLY1 
EV]Y MAN WILL BE ALL[$ TO TAKE SU* LUXURIES 
AS >E HIS DUE 9 :ATEV] =M HE PREF]S1 ! 
RELATIVE PRICES BE+ FIX$ SO AS TO EQUALIZE ! 
DEM&4 ,9 SU* A WORLD AS ?IS1 ! ECONOMIC /IMULUS 
TO PRODUCTION WILL HAVE :OLLY DISAPPE>$1 & 
IF WORK IS TO CONT9UE IT MU/ BE FROM O!R MOTIVES4.<#d#b.> 

,IS SU* A SY/EM POSSIBLE8 ,FIR/1 IS IT TE*NICALLY 
POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE 9 SU* 
L>GE QUANTITIES AS W\LD BE NE$$ IF EV]Y MAN & 
WOMAN C\LD TAKE AS MU* ( !M FROM ! PUBLIC 
/ORES AS HE OR %E MI<T DESIRE8 

,! IDEA ( PUR*ASE & PAYM5T IS SO FAMILI> 
?AT ! PROPOSAL TO DO AWAY ) IT MU/ BE ?\<T 
AT FIR/ FANTA/IC4 ,YET ,I DO NOT BELIEVE IT IS NE>LY 
SO FANTA/IC AS IT SEEMS4 ,EV5 IF WE C\LD ALL HAVE 
BREAD = NO?+1 WE %\LD NOT WANT MORE ?AN 
A QUITE LIMIT$ AM\NT4 ,AS ?+S >E1 ! CO/ ( 
BREAD TO ! RI* IS SO SMALL A PROPORTION ( !IR 
9COME AS TO AF=D PRACTICALLY NO *ECK UPON !IR 
CONSUMPTION2 YET ! AM\NT ( BREAD ?AT !Y CONSUME 
C\LD EASILY BE SUPPLI$ TO ! :OLE POPULATION 
BY IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE 7,I AM NOT SPEAK+ 
( W>-TIME74 ,! AM\NT ( FOOD ?AT PEOPLE 
DESIRE HAS NATURAL LIMITS1 & ! WA/E ?AT W\LD 
BE 9CURR$ W\LD PROBABLY NOT BE V]Y GREAT4 ,AS 
! ,AN>*I/S PO9T \T1 PEOPLE AT PRES5T 5JOY 
AN UNLIMIT$ WAT] SUPPLY BUT V]Y FEW LEAVE ! 
TAPS RUNN+ :5 !Y >E NOT US+ !M4 ,& 
ONE MAY ASSUME ?AT PUBLIC OP9ION W\LD BE OPPOS$ 
TO EXCESSIVE WA/E4 ,WE MAY LAY IT D[N1 ,I ?9K1 
?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( UNLIMIT$ SUPPLY C\LD BE 
ADOPT$ 9 REG>D TO ALL COMMODITIES = :I* ! 
DEM& HAS LIMITS ?AT FALL %ORT ( :AT CAN BE 
EASILY PRODUC$4 ,& ?IS W\LD BE ! CASE1 IF PRODUCTION 
W]E EFFICI5TLY ORGANIZ$1 ) ! NECESS>IES 
( LIFE1 9CLUD+ NOT ONLY COMMODITIES1 BUT ALSO 
SU* ?+S AS $UCATION4 ,EV5 IF ALL $UCATION W]E 
FREE UP TO ! HI<E/1 Y\NG PEOPLE1 UNLESS !Y W]E 
RADICALLY TRANS=M$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ REGIME1 
W\LD NOT WANT MORE ?AN A C]TA9 AM\NT ( IT4 
,& ! SAME APPLIES TO PLA9 FOODS1 PLA9 CLO!S1 
& ! RE/ ( ! ?+S ?AT SUPPLY \R ELEM5T>Y 
NE$S4 

,I ?9K WE MAY CONCLUDE ?AT !RE IS NO TE*NICAL 
IMPOSSIBILITY 9 ! ,AN>*I/ PLAN ( FREE 
%>+4 

,BUT W\LD ! NECESS>Y WORK BE DONE IF ! 9DIVIDUAL 
W]E ASSUR$ ( ! G5]AL /&>D ( COM=T 
EV5 ?\< HE DID NO WORK8 

,MO/ PEOPLE WILL ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION UNHESITAT+LY 
9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,?OSE EMPLOY]S 9 P>TICUL> 
:O >E 9 ! HABIT ( D5\NC+ !IR 
EMPLOYES AS A SET ( LAZY1 DRUNK5 L\TS1 WILL FEEL QUITE 
C]TA9 ?AT NO WORK C\LD BE GOT \T ( !M EXCEPT 
UND] ?REAT ( DISMISSAL & CONSEQU5T />VATION4 
,BUT IS ?IS AS C]TA9 AS PEOPLE >E 9CL9$ TO SUPPOSE AT FIR/ SI<T8 ,IF WORK W]E TO REMA9 :AT 
MO/ WORK IS N[1 NO D\BT IT W\LD BE V]Y H>D TO 
9DUCE PEOPLE TO UND]TAKE IT EXCEPT FROM FE> ( 
DE/ITUTION4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y WORK %\LD 
REMA9 ! DRE>Y DRUDG]Y 9 HORRIBLE CONDITIONS 
?AT MO/ ( IT IS N[4.<#d#c.> ,IF M5 HAD TO BE TEMPT$ TO 
WORK 9/EAD ( DRIV5 TO IT1 ! OBVI\S 9T]E/ ( 
! COMMUNITY W\LD BE TO MAKE WORK PLEASANT4 ,SO 
LONG AS WORK IS NOT MADE ON ! :OLE PLEASANT1 IT 
CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ANY?+ LIKE A GOOD /ATE ( 
SOCIETY HAS BE5 REA*$4 ,IS ! PA9FULNESS ( WORK 
UNAVOIDABLE8 

,AT PRES5T1 ! BETT] PAID WORK1 ?AT ( ! 
BUS9ESS & PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 IS = ! MO/ P>T 
5JOYABLE4 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT EV]Y SEP>ATE 
MOM5T IS AGREEABLE1 BUT ?AT ! LIFE ( A MAN :O 
HAS WORK ( ?IS SORT IS ON ! :OLE HAPPI] ?AN 
?AT ( A MAN :O 5JOYS AN EQUAL 9COME )\T 
DO+ ANY WORK4 ,A C]TA9 AM\NT ( EF=T1 & 
SOME?+ 9 ! NATURE ( A CONT9U\S C>E]1 >E 
NECESS>Y TO VIGOR\S M5 IF !Y >E TO PRES]VE 
!IR M5TAL HEAL? & !IR ZE/ = LIFE4 ,A CONSID]ABLE 
AM\NT ( WORK IS DONE )\T PAY4 ,PEOPLE 
:O TAKE A ROSY VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE MI<T HAVE 
SUPPOS$ ?AT ! DUTIES ( A MAGI/RATE W\LD BE 
AMONG DISAGREEABLE TRADES1 LIKE CLEAN+ SEW]S2 BUT 
A CYNIC MI<T CONT5D ?AT ! PLEASURES ( V9DICTIV5ESS 
& MORAL SUP]IORITY >E SO GREAT ?AT !RE IS 
NO DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ WELL-TO-DO ELD]LY G5TLEM5 
:O >E WILL+1 )\T PAY1 TO S5D HELPLESS WRET*ES 
TO ! TORTURE ( PRISON4 ,& AP>T FROM 5JOYM5T 
( ! WORK ITSELF1 DESIRE = ! GOOD OP9ION ( 
NEI<BORS & = ! FEEL+ ( EFFECTIV5ESS IS QUITE 
SUFFICI5T TO KEEP MANY M5 ACTIVE4 

,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID1 ! SORT ( WORK ?AT A MAN 
W\LD VOLUNT>ILY *OOSE MU/ ALWAYS BE EXCEPTIONAL3 
! GREAT BULK ( NECESS>Y WORK CAN NEV] BE ANY?+ 
BUT PA9FUL4 ,:O W\LD *OOSE1 IF AN EASY LIFE 
W]E O!RWISE OP5 TO HIM1 TO BE A COAL-M9]1 OR A 
/OK] ON AN ,ATLANTIC L9]8 ,I ?9K IT MU/ BE CONC$$ 
?AT MU* NECESS>Y WORK MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 
DISAGREEABLE OR AT LEA/ PA9FULLY MONOTON\S1 & 
?AT SPECIAL PRIVILEGES WILL HAVE TO BE ACCORD$ TO 
?OSE :O UND]TAKE IT1 IF ! ,AN>*I/ SY/EM IS EV] 
TO BE MADE WORKABLE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION 
( SU* SPECIAL PRIVILEGES W\LD SOME:AT M> ! 
R\ND$ LOGIC ( ,AN>*ISM1 BUT IT NE$ NOT1 
,I ?9K1 MAKE ANY REALLY VITAL BREA* 9 ITS SY/EM4 
,MU* ( ! WORK ?AT NE$S DO+ C\LD BE R5D]$ 
AGREEABLE1 IF ?\<T & C>E W]E GIV5 
TO ?IS OBJECT4 ,EV5 N[ IT IS (T5 ONLY LONG H\RS 
?AT MAKE WORK IRKSOME4 ,IF ! NORMAL H\RS ( 
WORK W]E R$UC$ TO1 SAY1 F\R1 AS !Y C\LD BE BY 
BETT] ORGANIZATION & MORE SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS1 A 
V]Y GREAT DEAL ( WORK :I* IS N[ FELT AS A BURD5 
W\LD QUITE CEASE TO BE SO4 ,IF1 AS ,KROPOTK9 SUGGE/S1 
AGRICULTURAL WORK1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! LIFELONG 
DRUDG]Y ( AN IGNORANT LABOR] LIV+ V]Y 
NE> ! V]GE ( ABJECT POV]TY1 W]E ! OCCASIONAL 
OCCUPATION ( M5 & WOM5 NORMALLY EMPLOY$ 9 
9DU/RY OR BRA9-WORK2 IF1 9/EAD ( BE+ CONDUCT$ 
BY ANCI5T TRADITIONAL ME?ODS1 )\T ANY 
POSSIBILITY ( 9TELLIG5T P>TICIPATION BY ! WAGE- 
E>N]1 IT W]E ALIVE ) ! SE>* = NEW ME?ODS 
& NEW 9V5TIONS1 FILL$ ) ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM1 
& 9VIT+ ! M5TAL AS WELL AS ! PHYSICAL COOP]ATION 
( ?OSE :O DO ! WORK1 IT MI<T BECOME 
A JOY 9/EAD ( A WE>9ESS1 & A S\RCE ( HEAL? 
& LIFE TO ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 IT4 

,:AT IS TRUE ( AGRICULTURE IS SAID BY ,AN>*I/S 
TO BE EQUALLY TRUE ( 9DU/RY4 ,!Y MA9TA9 
?AT IF ! GREAT ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS :I* 
>E N[ MANAG$ BY CAPITALI/S1 )\T CONSID]ATION 
= ! LIVES ( ! WAGE-E>N]S BEYOND 
:AT ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E ABLE TO EXACT1 W]E TURN$ 
GRADUALLY 9TO SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES1 9 :I* 
! PRODUC]S C\LD DECIDE ALL QUE/IONS ( ME?ODS1 
CONDITIONS1 H\RS ( WORK1 & SO =?1 !RE W\LD 
BE AN ALMO/ B\NDLESS *ANGE = ! BETT]3 GRIME 
& NOISE MI<T BE NE>LY ELIM9AT$1 ! HIDE\SNESS 
( 9DU/RIAL REGIONS MI<T BE TURN$ 9TO BEAUTY1 ! 
9T]E/ 9 ! SCI5TIFIC ASPECTS ( PRODUCTION MI<T 
BECOME DIFFUS$ AMONG ALL PRODUC]S ) ANY NATIVE 
9TELLIG5CE1 & SOME?+ ( ! >TI/'S JOY 9 CREATION 
MI<T 9SPIRE ! :OLE ( ! WORK4 ,ALL ?IS1 
:I* IS AT PRES5T UTT]LY REMOTE FROM ! REALITY1 
MI<T BE PRODUC$ BY ECONOMIC SELF-GOV]NM5T4 
,WE MAY CONC$E ?AT BY SU* MEANS A V]Y L>GE 
PROPORTION ( ! NECESS>Y WORK ( ! WORLD C\LD 
ULTIMATELY BE MADE SUFFICI5TLY AGREEABLE TO BE PREF]R$ 
BE=E IDL5ESS EV5 BY M5 :OSE B>E LIVELIHOOD 
W\LD BE ASSUR$ :E!R !Y WORK$ OR NOT4 
,AS TO ! RESIDUE LET US ADMIT ?AT SPECIAL REW>DS1 
:E!R 9 GOODS OR HONORS OR PRIVILEGES1 W\LD HAVE 
TO BE GIV5 TO ?OSE :O UND]TOOK IT4 ,BUT ?IS NE$ 
NOT CAUSE ANY FUNDAM5TAL OBJECTION4 

,!RE W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE A C]TA9 PROPORTION 
( ! POPULATION :O W\LD PREF] IDL5ESS4 ,PROVID$ 
! PROPORTION W]E SMALL1 ?IS NE$ NOT MATT]4 
,& AMONG ?OSE :O W\LD BE CLASS$ AS IDL]S 
MI<T BE 9CLUD$ >TI/S1 WRIT]S ( BOOKS1 M5 
DEVOT$ TO AB/RACT 9TELLECTUAL PURSUITS--9 %ORT1 
ALL ?OSE :OM SOCIETY DESPISES :ILE !Y >E ALIVE 
& HONORS :5 !Y >E DEAD4 ,TO SU* M51 ! 
POSSIBILITY ( PURSU+ !IR [N WORK REG>DLESS 
( ANY PUBLIC RECOGNITION ( ITS UTILITY W\LD BE 
9VALUABLE4 ,:OEV] WILL OBS]VE H[ MANY ( \R 
POETS HAVE BE5 M5 ( PRIVATE MEANS WILL REALIZE H[ 
MU* POETIC CAPACITY MU/ HAVE REMA9$ UNDEVELOP$ 
?R\< POV]TY2 = IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO 
SUPPOSE ?AT ! RI* >E BETT] 5D[$ BY NATURE 
) ! CAPACITY = POETRY4 ,FRE$OM = SU* M51 
FEW AS !Y >E1 MU/ BE SET AGA9/ ! WA/E ( 
! M]E IDL]S4 

,SO F>1 WE HAVE SET =? ! >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR 
( ! ,AN>*I/ PLAN4 ,!Y >E1 TO MY M9D1 SUFFICI5T 
TO MAKE IT SEEM POSSIBLE ?AT ! PLAN MI<T 
SUCCE$1 BUT NOT SUFFICI5T TO MAKE IT SO PROBABLE ?AT 
IT W\LD BE WISE TO TRY IT4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! FEASIBILITY ( ! ,AN>*I/ 
PROPOSALS 9 REG>D TO DI/RIBUTION IS1 LIKE SO MANY 
O!R QUE/IONS1 A QUANTITATIVE ONE4 ,! ,AN>*I/ 
PROPOSALS CONSI/ ( TWO P>TS3 7#a7 ,?AT ALL ! COMMON 
COMMODITIES %\LD BE SUPPLI$ AD LIB4 TO ALL 
APPLICANTS2 7#b7 ,?AT NO OBLIGATION TO WORK1 OR ECONOMIC 
REW>D = WORK1 %\LD BE IMPOS$ ON ANYONE4 
,!SE TWO PROPOSALS >E NOT NECESS>ILY 9SEP>ABLE1 
NOR DOES EI!R 5TAIL ! :OLE SY/EM ( ,AN>*ISM1 
?\< )\T !M ,AN>*ISM W\LD H>DLY BE 
POSSIBLE4 ,AS REG>DS ! FIR/ ( !SE PROPOSALS1 IT 
CAN BE C>RI$ \T EV5 N[ ) REG>D TO SOME 
COMMODITIES1 & IT C\LD BE C>RI$ \T 9 NO V]Y 
DI/ANT FUTURE ) REG>D TO MANY MORE4 ,IT IS A 
FLEXIBLE PLAN1 S9CE ?IS OR ?AT >TICLE ( CONSUMPTION 
C\LD BE PLAC$ ON ! FREE LI/ OR TAK5 ( AS 
CIRCUM/ANCES MI<T DICTATE4 ,ITS ADVANTAGES >E 
MANY & V>I\S1 & ! PRACTICE ( ! WORLD T5DS 
TO DEVELOP 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,I ?9K WE MAY CONCLUDE 
?AT ?IS P>T ( ! ,AN>*I/S' SY/EM MI<T 
WELL BE ADOPT$ BIT BY BIT1 REA*+ GRADUALLY ! 
FULL EXT5SION ?AT !Y DESIRE4 

,BUT AS REG>DS ! SECOND PROPOSAL1 ?AT !RE 
%\LD BE NO OBLIGATION TO WORK1 & NO ECONOMIC 
REW>D = WORK1 ! MATT] IS MU* MORE D\BTFUL4 
,AN>*I/S ALWAYS ASSUME ?AT IF !IR S*EMES W]E 
PUT 9TO OP]ATION PRACTICALLY EV]YONE W\LD WORK2 
BUT AL?\< !RE IS V]Y MU* MORE TO BE SAID 
= ?IS VIEW ?AN MO/ PEOPLE W\LD CONC$E AT FIR/ 
SI<T1 YET IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R !RE IS 5\< 
TO BE SAID TO MAKE IT TRUE = PRACTICAL PURPOSES4 
,P]HAPS1 9 A COMMUNITY :]E 9DU/RY HAD BECOME 
HABITUAL ?R\< ECONOMIC PRESSURE1 PUBLIC OP9ION 
MI<T BE SUFFICI5TLY P[]FUL TO COMPEL MO/ M5 
TO WORK2.<#d#d.> BUT IT IS ALWAYS D\BTFUL H[ F> SU* 
A /ATE ( ?+S W\LD BE P]MAN5T4 ,IF PUBLIC 
OP9ION IS TO BE REALLY EFFECTIVE1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y 
TO HAVE SOME ME?OD ( DIVID+ ! COMMUNITY 9TO 
SMALL GR\PS1 & TO ALL[ EA* GR\P TO CONSUME 
ONLY ! EQUIVAL5T ( :AT IT PRODUCES4 ,?IS WILL 
MAKE ! ECONOMIC MOTIVE OP]ATIVE UPON ! GR\P1 
:I*1 S9CE WE >E SUPPOS+ IT SMALL1 WILL FEEL ?AT 
ITS COLLECTIVE %>E IS APPRECIABLY DIM9I%$ BY EA* 
IDLE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,SU* A SY/EM MI<T BE FEASIBLE1 BUT 
IT W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO ! :OLE SPIRIT ( ,AN>*ISM 
& W\LD DE/ROY ! MA9 L9ES ( ITS ECONOMIC 
SY/EM4 

,! ATTITUDE ( OR?ODOX ,SOCIALISM ON ?IS QUE/ION 
IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,AN>*ISM4.<#d#e.> 
,AMONG ! MORE IMM$IATE MEASURES ADVOCAT$ 9 ! 
^*^*,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O'' IS ^*^*EQUAL LIABILITY ( ALL 
TO LABOR4 ,E/ABLI%M5T ( 9DU/RIAL >MIES1 ESPECIALLY 
= AGRICULTURE4'' ,! ,SOCIALI/ !ORY IS ?AT1 
9 G5]AL1 WORK ALONE GIVES ! RI<T TO ! 5JOYM5T 
( ! PRODUCE ( WORK4 ,TO ?IS !ORY !RE 
WILL1 ( C\RSE1 BE EXCEPTIONS3 ! OLD & ! V]Y 
Y\NG1 ! 9FIRM & ?OSE :OSE WORK IS TEMPOR>ILY 
NOT REQUIR$ ?R\< NO FAULT ( !IR [N4 
,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION ( ,SOCIALISM1 9 REG>D 
TO \R PRES5T QUE/ION1 IS ?AT ALL :O CAN 
%\LD BE COMPELL$ TO WORK1 EI!R BY ! ?REAT 
( />VATION OR BY ! OP]ATION ( ! CRIM9AL 
LAW4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! ONLY K9D ( WORK RECOGNIZ$ 
WILL BE SU* AS COMM5DS ITSELF TO ! AU?ORITIES4 
,WRIT+ BOOKS AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM1 OR AGA9/ 
ANY !ORY EMBODI$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY1 
W\LD C]TA9LY NOT BE RECOGNIZ$ AS WORK4 ,NO MORE 
W\LD ! PA9T+ ( PICTURES 9 A DIFF]5T /YLE 
FROM ?AT ( ! ,ROYAL ,ACADEMY1 OR PRODUC+ PLAYS 
UNPLEAS+ TO ! C5SOR4 ,ANY NEW L9E ( ?\<T 
W\LD BE BANN$1 UNLESS BY 9FLU5CE OR CORRUPTION 
! ?9K] C\LD CRAWL 9TO ! GOOD GRACES ( ! 
PUNDITS4 ,!SE RESULTS >E NOT =ESE5 BY ,SOCIALI/S1 
BECAUSE !Y IMAG9E ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE 
WILL BE GOV]N$ BY M5 LIKE ?OSE :O N[ ADVOCATE 
IT4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 A DELUSION4 ,! RUL]S ( ! 
,/ATE !N WILL BE> AS LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO ! PRES5T ,SOCIALI/S AS ! DIGNIT>IES ( ! ,*UR* AFT] 
! TIME ( ,CON/ANT9E BORE TO ! ,APO/LES4 ,! 
M5 :O ADVOCATE AN UNPOPUL> RE=M >E EXCEPTIONAL 
9 DIS9T]E/$NESS & ZEAL = ! PUBLIC 
GOOD2 BUT ?OSE :O HOLD P[] AFT] ! RE=M 
HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T >E LIKELY TO BELONG1 9 ! MA91 
TO ! AMBITI\S EXECUTIVE TYPE :I* HAS 9 ALL AGES 
POSSESS$ ITSELF ( ! GOV]NM5T ( NATIONS4 ,& 
?IS TYPE HAS NEV] %[N ITSELF TOL]ANT ( OPPOSITION 
OR FRI5DLY TO FRE$OM4 

,IT W\LD SEEM1 !N1 ?AT IF ! ,AN>*I/ PLAN 
HAS ITS DANG]S1 ! ,SOCIALI/ PLAN HAS AT LEA/ EQUAL 
DANG]S4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! EVILS WE HAVE BE5 =ESEE+ 
UND] ,SOCIALISM EXI/ AT PRES5T1 BUT ! PURPOSE 
( ,SOCIALI/S IS TO CURE ! EVILS ( ! WORLD 
AS IT IS2 !Y CANNOT BE CONT5T ) ! >GUM5T 
?AT !Y W\LD MAKE ?+S NO WORSE4 

,AN>*ISM HAS ! ADVANTAGE AS REG>DS LIB]TY1 
,SOCIALISM AS REG>DS ! 9DUCEM5TS TO WORK4 ,CAN 
WE NOT F9D A ME?OD ( COMB9+ !SE TWO ADVANTAGES8 
,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT WE CAN4 

,WE SAW ?AT1 PROVID$ MO/ PEOPLE WORK 9 
MOD]ATION1 & !IR WORK IS R5D]$ AS PRODUCTIVE 
AS SCI5CE & ORGANIZATION CAN MAKE IT1 !RE IS NO 
GOOD REASON :Y ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE %\LD NOT BE 
SUPPLI$ FREELY TO ALL4 ,\R ONLY S]I\S D\BT WAS 
AS TO :E!R1 9 AN ,AN>*I/ REGIME1 ! MOTIVES = 
WORK W\LD BE SUFFICI5TLY P[]FUL TO PREV5T A DANG]\SLY L>GE AM\NT ( IDL5ESS4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE 
EASY TO DECREE ?AT1 ?\< NECESS>IES %\LD BE FREE 
TO ALL1 :ATEV] W5T BEYOND NECESS>IES %\LD ONLY 
BE GIV5 TO ?OSE :O W]E WILL+ TO WORK--NOT1 AS 
IS USUAL AT PRES5T1 ONLY TO ?OSE 9 WORK AT ANY 
MOM5T1 BUT ALSO TO ALL ?OSE :O1 :5 !Y HAPP5$ 
NOT TO BE WORK+1 W]E IDLE ?R\< NO FAULT 
( !IR [N4 ,WE F9D AT PRES5T ?AT A MAN :O 
HAS A SMALL 9COME FROM 9VE/M5TS1 JU/ SUFFICI5T 
TO KEEP HIM FROM ACTUAL WANT1 ALMO/ ALWAYS PREF]S 
TO F9D SOME PAID WORK 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO AF=D 
LUXURIES4 ,SO IT W\LD BE1 PRESUMABLY1 9 SU* A 
COMMUNITY AS WE >E IMAG9+4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! 
MAN :O FELT A VOCATION = SOME UNRECOGNIZ$ WORK 
( >T OR SCI5CE OR ?\<T W\LD BE FREE TO FOLL[ HIS 
DESIRE1 PROVID$ HE W]E WILL+ TO ^*^*SCORN DELI<TS 
& LIVE LABORI\S DAYS4'' ,& ! COMP>ATIVELY 
SMALL NUMB] ( M5 ) AN 9V9CIBLE HORROR ( 
WORK--! SORT ( M5 :O N[ BECOME TRAMPS-- 
MI<T LEAD A H>MLESS EXI/5CE1 )\T ANY GRAVE 
DANG] ( !IR BECOM+ SUFFICI5TLY NUM]\S TO BE 
A S]I\S BURD5 UPON ! MORE 9DU/RI\S4 ,9 ?IS 
WAYS ! CLAIMS ( FRE$OM C\LD BE COMB9$ ) 
! NE$ ( SOME ECONOMIC /IMULUS TO WORK4 ,SU* 
A SY/EM1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 W\LD HAVE A F> GREAT] 
*ANCE ( SUCCESS ?AN EI!R PURE ,AN>*ISM OR PURE 
OR?ODOX ,SOCIALISM4 

,/AT$ 9 MORE FAMILI> T]MS1 ! PLAN WE >E 
ADVOCAT+ AM\NTS ESS5TIALLY TO ?IS3 ?AT A C]TA9 
SMALL 9COME1 SUFFICI5T = NECESS>IES1 %\LD BE 
SECUR$ TO ALL1 :E!R !Y WORK OR NOT1 & ?AT A 
L>G] 9COME1 AS MU* L>G] AS MI<T BE W>RANT$ 
BY ! TOTAL AM\NT ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$1 %\LD 
BE GIV5 TO ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO 5GAGE 9 SOME 
WORK :I* ! COMMUNITY RECOGNIZES AS USEFUL4 ,ON 
?IS BASIS WE MAY BUILD FUR!R4 ,I DO NOT ?9K IT 
IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y TO PAY MORE HI<LY WORK :I* 
IS MORE SKILL$ OR REG>D$ AS SOCIALLY MORE USEFUL1 
S9CE SU* WORK IS MORE 9T]E/+ & MORE RESPECT$ 
?AN ORD9>Y WORK1 & WILL !RE=E (T5 BE 
PREF]R$ BY ?OSE :O >E ABLE TO DO IT4 ,BUT WE 
MI<T1 = 9/ANCE1 GIVE AN 9T]M$IATE 9COME TO 
?OSE :O >E ONLY WILL+ TO WORK HALF ! USUAL 
NUMB] ( H\RS1 & AN 9COME ABOVE ?AT ( MO/ 
WORK]S TO ?OSE :O *OOSE A SPECIALLY DISAGREEABLE 
TRADE4 ,SU* A SY/EM IS P]FECTLY COMPATIBLE ) 
,SOCIALISM1 ?\< P]HAPS H>DLY ) ,AN>*ISM4 
,( ITS ADVANTAGES WE %ALL HAVE MORE TO SAY AT A 
LAT] /AGE4 ,= ! PRES5T ,I AM CONT5T TO URGE 
?AT IT COMB9ES FRE$OM ) JU/ICE1 & AVOIDS 
?OSE DANG]S TO ! COMMUNITY :I* WE HAVE F\ND 
TO LURK BO? 9 ! PROPOSALS ( ! ,AN>*I/S & 
9 ?OSE ( OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V 

,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T ,& ,L,A,W 

,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T & ,LAW1 9 !IR V]Y ESS5CE1 CONSI/ 
( RE/RICTIONS ON FRE$OM1 & FRE$OM IS ! 
GREATE/ ( POLITICAL GOODS4.<#d#f.> ,A HA/Y REASON] MI<T 
CONCLUDE )\T FUR!R ADO ?AT ,LAW & GOV]NM5T 
>E EVILS :I* MU/ BE ABOLI%$ IF FRE$OM 
IS \R GOAL4 ,BUT ?IS CONSEQU5CE1 TRUE OR FALSE1 CANNOT 
BE PROV$ SO SIMPLY4 ,9 ?IS *APT] WE %ALL 
EXAM9E ! >GUM5TS ( ,AN>*I/S AGA9/ LAW & 
! ,/ATE4 ,WE %ALL PROCE$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT 
FRE$OM IS ! SUPREME AIM ( A GOOD SOCIAL SY/EM2 
BUT ON ?IS V]Y BASIS WE %ALL F9D ! ,AN>*I/ 
CONT5TIONS V]Y QUE/IONABLE4 

,RESPECT = ! LIB]TY ( O!RS IS NOT A NATURAL 
IMPULSE ) MO/ M53 5VY & LOVE ( P[] LEAD 
ORD9>Y HUMAN NATURE TO F9D PLEASURE 9 9T]F]5CES 
) ! LIVES ( O!RS4 ,IF ALL M5'S ACTIONS 
W]E :OLLY UN*ECK$ BY EXT]NAL AU?ORITY1 WE 
%\LD NOT OBTA9 A WORLD 9 :I* ALL M5 W\LD BE 
FREE4 ,! /RONG W\LD OPPRESS ! WEAK1 OR ! 
MAJORITY W\LD OPPRESS ! M9ORITY1 OR ! LOV]S 
( VIOL5CE W\LD OPPRESS ! MORE PEACEABLE PEOPLE4 
,I FE> IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT !SE BAD IMPULSES >E 
,:,O,L,L,Y DUE TO A BAD SOCIAL SY/EM1 ?\< IT MU/ 
BE CONC$$ ?AT ! PRES5T COMPETITIVE ORGANIZATION 
( SOCIETY DOES A GREAT DEAL TO FO/] ! WOR/ 
ELEM5TS 9 HUMAN NATURE4 ,! LOVE ( P[] IS AN 
IMPULSE :I*1 ?\< 9NATE 9 V]Y AMBITI\S M51 
IS *IEFLY PROMOT$ AS A RULE BY ! ACTUAL EXP]I5CE 
( P[]4 ,9 A WORLD :]E NONE C\LD ACQUIRE 
MU* P[]1 ! DESIRE TO TYRANNIZE W\LD BE MU* 
LESS /RONG ?AN IT IS AT PRES5T4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,I 
CANNOT ?9K ?AT IT W\LD BE :OLLY ABS5T1 & 
?OSE 9 :OM IT W\LD EXI/ W\LD (T5 BE M5 ( 
UNUSUAL 5]GY & EXECUTIVE CAPACITY4 ,SU* M51 
IF !Y >E NOT RE/RA9$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ WILL ( 
! COMMUNITY1 MAY EI!R SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ 
A DESPOTISM1 OR1 AT ANY RATE1 MAKE SU* A VIGOR\S 
ATTEMPT AS CAN ONLY BE DEFEAT$ ?R\< A P]IOD 
( PROLONG$ DI/URBANCE4 ,& AP>T FROM ! LOVE 
OR POLITICAL P[]1 !RE IS ! LOVE ( P[] OV] 
9DIVIDUALS4 ,IF ?REATS & T]RORISM W]E NOT PREV5T$ 
BY LAW1 IT CAN H>DLY BE D\BT$ ?AT CRUELTY W\LD 
BE RIFE 9 ! RELATIONS ( M5 & WOM51 & ( 
P>5TS & *ILDR54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! HABITS ( 
A COMMUNITY CAN MAKE SU* CRUELTY R>E1 BUT !SE 
HABITS1 ,I FE>1 >E ONLY TO BE PRODUC$ ?R\< ! 
PROLONG$ REIGN ( LAW4 ,EXP]I5CE ( BACKWOODS 
COMMUNITIES1 M9+ CAMPS & O!R SU* PLACES 
SEEMS TO %[ ?AT UND] NEW CONDITIONS M5 EASILY 
REV]T TO A MORE B>B>\S ATTITUDE & PRACTICE4 
,IT W\LD SEEM1 !RE=E1 ?AT1 :ILE HUMAN NATURE 
REMA9S AS IT IS1 !RE WILL BE MORE LIB]TY = ALL 9 A 
COMMUNITY :]E SOME ACTS ( TYRANNY BY 9DIVIDUALS 
>E =BIDD51 ?AN 9 A COMMUNITY :]E ! LAW 
LEAVES EA* 9DIVIDUAL FREE TO FOLL[ HIS EV]Y IMPULSE4 
,BUT1 AL?\< ! NECESSITY ( SOME =M ( GOV]NM5T 
& LAW MU/ = ! PRES5T BE CONC$$1 IT IS 
IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT ALL LAW & GOV]NM5T 
IS 9 ITSELF 9 SOME DEGREE AN EVIL1 ONLY JU/IFIABLE :5 
IT PREV5TS O!R & GREAT] EVILS4 ,EV]Y USE ( ! 
P[] ( ! ,/ATE NE$S1 !RE=E1 TO BE V]Y CLOSELY 
SCRUT9IZ$1 & EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( DIM9I%+ ITS 
P[] IS TO BE WELCOM$ PROVID$ IT DOES NOT LEAD TO 
A REIGN ( PRIVATE TYRANNY4 

,! P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS P>TLY LEGAL1 P>TLY 
ECONOMIC3 ACTS ( A K9D :I* ! ,/ATE DISLIKES CAN 
BE PUNI%$ BY ! CRIM9AL LAW1 & 9DIVIDUALS :O 
9CUR ! DISPLEASURE ( ! ,/ATE MAY F9D IT H>D 
TO E>N A LIVELIHOOD4 

,! VIEWS ( ,M>X ON ! ,/ATE >E NOT V]Y 
CLE>4 ,ON ! ONE H& HE SEEMS WILL+11 LIKE ! 
MOD]N ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S1 TO ALL[ GREAT P[] TO ! 
,/ATE1 BUT ON ! O!R H& HE SUGGE/S ?AT :5 
! ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION HAS BE5 CONSUMMAT$1 ! 
,/ATE1 AS WE KN[ IT1 WILL DISAPPE>4 ,AMONG ! 
MEASURES :I* >E ADVOCAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,MANIFE/O AS IMM$IATELY DESIRABLE1 !RE >E SEV]AL 
:I* W\LD V]Y GREATLY 9CREASE ! P[] ( 
! EXI/+ ,/ATE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ^*^*,C5TRALIZATION 
( CR$IT 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 BY MEANS ( A 
NATIONAL BANK ) ,/ATE CAPITAL & AN EXCLUSIVE 
MONOPOLY2'' & AGA91 ^*^*,C5TRALIZATION ( ! 
MEANS ( COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORT 9 ! H&S 
( ! ,/ATE4'' ,BUT ! ,MANIFE/O GOES ON TO SAY3 

,:51 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T1 CLASS DI/9CTIONS 
HAVE DISAPPE>$1 & ALL PRODUCTION HAS BE5 CONC5TRAT$ 
9 ! H&S ( A VA/ ASSOCIATION ( ! :OLE 
NATION1 ! PUBLIC P[] WILL LOSE ITS POLITICAL *>ACT]4 
,POLITICAL P[]1 PROP]LY SO CALL$1 IS M]ELY ! ORGANIZ$ 
P[] ( ONE CLASS = OPPRESS+ ANO!R4 ,IF ! 
PROLET>IAT DUR+ ITS CONTE/ ) ! B\RGEOISIE IS 
COMPELL$1 BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ORGANIZE 
ITSELF AS A CLASS1 IF1 BY MEANS ( A REVOLUTION1 IT MAKES 
ITSELF ! RUL+ CLASS1 &1 AS SU*1 SWEEPS AWAY BY 
=CE ! OLD CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 !N IT WILL1 
ALONG ) !SE CONDITIONS1 HAVE SWEPT AWAY ! CONDITIONS 
= ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 & ( 
CLASSES G5]ALLY1 & WILL !REBY HAVE ABOLI%$ ITS 
[N SUPREMACY AS A CLASS4 

,9 PLACE ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ) ITS CLASSES 
& CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 WE %ALL HAVE AN ASSOCIATION1 9 
:I*2 ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = 
! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL4.<#d#g.> 

,?IS ATTITUDE ,M>X PRES]V$ 9 ESS5TIALS 
?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT IS NOT TO BE 
WOND]$ AT ?AT HIS FOLL[]S1 SO F> AS REG>DS !IR 
IMM$IATE AIMS1 HAVE 9 ! MA9 BECOME \T-&-\T 
,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,SYNDICALI/S1 
:O ACCEPT FROM ,M>X ! DOCTR9E ( ! CLASS 
W>1 :I* !Y REG>D AS :AT IS REALLY VITAL 9 HIS 
TEA*+1 REJECT ! ,/ATE ) ABHORR5CE & WI% 
TO ABOLI% IT :OLLY1 9 :I* RESPECT !Y >E AT ONE 
) ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S1 ?\< 
SOME P]SONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY REG>D !M AS EXTREMI/S1 
REALLY REPRES5T ! ,5GLI% LOVE ( COMPROMISE4 
,! ,SYNDICALI/ >GUM5TS AS TO ! DANG]S 9H]5T 
9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE HAVE MADE !M DISSATISFI$ 
) ! OLD ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 BUT !Y >E 
UNABLE TO ACCEPT ! ,AN>*I/ VIEW ?AT SOCIETY CAN 
DISP5SE ALTOGE!R ) A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 
,ACCORD+LY !Y PROPOSE ?AT !RE %\LD BE TWO 
CO-EQUAL 9/RUM5TS ( ,GOV]NM5T 9 A COMMUNITY1 
! ONE GEOGRAPHICAL1 REPRES5T+ ! CONSUM]S1 
& ESS5TIALLY ! CONT9UATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC 
,/ATE2 ! O!R REPRES5T+ ! PRODUC]S1 ORGANIZ$1 
NOT GEOGRAPHICALLY1 BUT 9 GUILDS1 AFT] ! 
MANN] ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,!SE TWO AU?ORITIES WILL DEAL ) DIFF]5T CLASSES ( QUE/IONS4 
,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S DO NOT REG>D ! 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY 
AS =M+ P>T ( ! ,/ATE1 = !Y CONT5D 
?AT IT IS ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE TO BE GEOGRAPHICAL2 
BUT ! 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY WILL RESEMBLE ! PRES5T 
,/ATE 9 ! FACT ?AT IT WILL HAVE CO]CIVE P[]S1 
& ?AT ITS DECREES WILL BE 5=C$1 :5 NECESS>Y4 
,IT IS TO BE SUSPECT$ ?AT ,SYNDICALI/S ALSO1 MU* AS 
!Y OBJECT TO ! EXI/+ ,/ATE1 W\LD NOT OBJECT 
TO CO]CION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 AN 9DU/RY BY ! 
,TRADE ,UNION 9 ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,GOV]NM5T )9 
! ,TRADE ,UNION W\LD PROBABLY BE QUITE AS /RICT 
AS ,/ATE GOV]NM5T IS N[4 ,9 SAY+ ?IS WE >E 
ASSUM+ ?AT ! !ORETICAL ,AN>*ISM ( ,SYNDICALI/ 
LEAD]S W\LD NOT SURVIVE ACCESSION TO P[]1 
BUT ,I AM AFRAID EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT ?IS IS NOT A 
V]Y HAZ>D\S ASSUMPTION4 

,AMONG ALL !SE DIFF]5T VIEWS1 ! ONE :I* 
RAISES ! DEEPE/ ISSUE IS ! ,AN>*I/ CONT5TION 
?AT ALL CO]CION BY ! COMMUNITY IS UNNECESS>Y4 
,LIKE MO/ ( ! ?+S ?AT ,AN>*I/S SAY1 !RE 
IS MU* MORE TO BE URG$ 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS VIEW 
?AN MO/ PEOPLE W\LD SUPPOSE AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,KROPOTK91 
:O IS ITS ABLE/ EXPON5T1 PO9TS \T H[ 
MU* HAS BE5 A*IEV$ ALREADY BY ! ME?OD ( FREE 
AGREEM5T4 ,HE DOES NOT WI% TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T 
9 ! S5SE ( COLLECTIVE DECISIONS3 :AT HE DOES WI% 
TO ABOLI% IS ! SY/EM BY :I* A DECISION IS 5- 
=C$ UPON ?OSE :O OPPOSE IT4.<#d#h.> ,! :OLE SY/EM 
( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T & MAJORITY RULE IS 
TO HIM A BAD ?+4.<#d#i.> ,HE PO9TS TO SU* 9/ANCES 
AS ! AGREEM5TS AMONG ! DIFF]5T RAILWAY SY/EMS 
( ! ,CONT95T = ! RUNN+ ( ?R\< 
EXPRESSES & = COOP]ATION G5]ALLY4 ,HE PO9TS 
\T ?AT 9 SU* CASES ! DIFF]5T COMPANIES OR 
AU?ORITIES CONC]N$ EA* APPO9T A DELEGATE1 & ?AT 
! DELEGATES SUGGE/ A BASIS ( AGREEM5T1 :I* HAS 
TO BE SUBSEQU5TLY RATIFI$ BY EA* ( ! BODIES AP- 
PO9T+ !M4 ,! ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES HAS NO 
CO]CIVE P[] :ATEV]1 & A MAJORITY CAN DO 
NO?+ AGA9/ A RECALCITRANT M9ORITY4 ,YET ?IS HAS 
NOT PREV5T$ ! CONCLUSION ( V]Y ELABORATE SY/EMS 
( AGREEM5TS4 ,BY SU* ME?ODS1 SO ,AN>*I/S 
CONT5D1 ! ,U,S,E,F,U,L FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T CAN BE 
C>RI$ \T )\T ANY CO]CION4 ,!Y MA9TA9 
?AT ! USEFULNESS ( AGREEM5T IS SO PAT5T AS TO 
MAKE COOP]ATION C]TA9 IF ONCE ! PR$ATORY 
MOTIVES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRIVATE 
PROP]TY W]E REMOV$4 

^*^*,IT SEEMS TO ME1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,/ATE & GOV]NM5T REPRES5T 
TWO IDEAS ( A DIFF]5T K9D4 ,! ,/ATE IDEA IMPLIES QUITE 
ANO!R IDEA TO ?AT ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT NOT ONLY 9CLUDES ! 
EXI/5CE ( A P[] PLAC$ ABOVE SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO A T]RITORIAL 
CONC5TRATION & A CONC5TRATION ( MANY FUNCTIONS ( ! LIFE 
( SOCIETY 9 ! H&S ( A FEW OR EV5 ( ALL4 ,IT IMPLIES NEW 
RELATIONS AMONG ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 

^*^*,?IS *>ACT]I/IC DI/9CTION1 :I* P]HAPS ESCAPES 
NOTICE AT FIR/ SI<T1 APPE>S CLE>LY :5 ! ORIG9 ( ! ,/ATE 
IS /UDI$4'' ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,! ,/ATE4'' P4 #d4 

,ATTRACTIVE AS ?IS VIEW IS1 ,I CANNOT RESI/ ! 
CONCLUSION ?AT IT RESULTS FROM IMPATI5CE & 
REPRES5TS ! ATTEMPT TO F9D A %ORT-CUT T[>D ! 
IDEAL :I* ALL HUMANE PEOPLE DESIRE4 

,LET US BEG9 ) ! QUE/ION ( PRIVATE CRIME4.<#e.> 
,AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT ! CRIM9AL IS MANUFACTUR$ 
BY BAD SOCIAL CONDITIONS & W\LD DISAPPE> 
9 SU* A WORLD AS !Y AIM AT CREAT+4.<#e#a.> ,NO D\BT 
!RE IS A GREAT MEASURE ( TRU? 9 ?IS VIEW4 ,!RE 
W\LD BE LITTLE MOTIVE TO ROBB]Y1 = EXAMPLE1 9 AN 
,AN>*I/ WORLD1 UNLESS IT W]E ORGANIZ$ ON A L>GE 
SCALE BY A BODY ( M5 B5T ON UPSETT+ ! ,AN>*I/ 
REGIME4 ,IT MAY ALSO BE CONC$$ ?AT IMPULSES 
T[>D CRIM9AL VIOL5CE C\LD BE V]Y L>GELY ELIM9AT$ 
BY A BETT] $UCATION4 ,BUT ALL SU* CONT5TIONS1 
IT SEEMS TO ME1 HAVE !IR LIMITATIONS4 ,TO TAKE 
AN EXTREME CASE1 WE CANNOT SUPPOSE ?AT !RE W\LD 
BE NO LUNATICS 9 AN ,AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 & SOME 
( !SE LUNATICS W\LD1 NO D\BT1 BE HOMICIDAL4 
,PROBABLY NO ONE W\LD >GUE ?AT !Y \<T TO BE 
LEFT AT LIB]TY4 ,BUT !RE >E NO %>P L9ES 9 NATURE2 
FROM ! HOMICIDAL LUNATIC TO ! SANE MAN 
( VIOL5T PASSIONS !RE IS A CONT9U\S GRADATION4 
,EV5 9 ! MO/ P]FECT COMMUNITY !RE WILL BE 
M5 & WOM51 O!RWISE SANE1 :O WILL FEEL AN 
IMPULSE TO COMMIT MURD] FROM JEAL\SY4 ,!SE >E 
N[ USUALLY RE/RA9$ BY ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 
BUT IF ?IS FE> W]E REMOV$1 SU* MURD]S W\LD 
PROBABLY BECOME MU* MORE COMMON1 AS MAY BE 
SE5 FROM ! PRES5T BEHAVIOR ( C]TA9 SOLDI]S 
ON LEAVE4 ,MOREOV]1 C]TA9 K9DS ( CONDUCT >\SE 
PUBLIC HO/ILITY1 & W\LD ALMO/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO 
LYN*+1 IF NO O!R RECOGNIZ$ ME?OD ( PUNI%M5T 
EXI/$4 ,!RE IS 9 MO/ M5 A C]TA9 NATURAL 
V9DICTIV5ESS1 NOT ALWAYS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! WOR/ 
MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SP9OZA 
WAS V]Y NE>LY MURD]$ BY ! MOB BECAUSE HE WAS 
SUSPECT$ ( UNDUE FRI5DL9ESS TO ,FRANCE AT A TIME 
:5 ,HOLL& WAS AT W> ) ?AT C\NTRY4 ,AP>T 
FROM SU* CASES1 !RE W\LD BE ! V]Y REAL DANG] 
( AN ORGANIZ$ ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY ,AN>*ISM 
& REVIVE ANCI5T OPPRESSIONS4 ,IS IT TO BE SUPPOS$1 
= EXAMPLE1 ?AT ,NAPOLEON1 IF HE HAD BE5 BORN 9TO 
SU* A COMMUNITY AS ,KROPOTK9 ADVOCATES1 W\LD 
HAVE ACQUIESC$ TAMELY 9 A WORLD :]E HIS G5IUS 
C\LD F9D NO SCOPE8 ,I CANNOT SEE :AT %\LD PREV5T 
A COMB9ATION ( AMBITI\S M5 =M+ !MSELVES 
9TO A PRIVATE >MY1 MANUFACTUR+ !IR [N 
MUNITIONS1 & AT LA/ 5SLAV+ ! DEF5SELESS CITIZ5S1 
:O HAD RELI$ UPON ! 9H]5T ATTRACTIV5ESS 
( LIB]TY4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE CONSI/5T ) ! PR9CIPLES 
( ,AN>*ISM = ! COMMUNITY TO 9T]F]E 
) ! DRILL+ ( A PRIVATE >MY1 NO MATT] :AT 
ITS OBJECTS MI<T BE 7?\<1 ( C\RSE1 AN OPPOS+ 
PRIVATE >MY MI<T BE =M$ BY M5 ) DIFF]5T 
VIEWS74 ,9DE$1 ,KROPOTK9 9/ANCES ! OLD VOLUNTE]S 
9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 AS AN EXAMPLE ( A MOVEM5T 
ON ,AN>*I/ L9ES4.<#e#b.> ,EV5 IF A PR$ATORY >MY W]E 
NOT =M$ FROM )91 IT MI<T EASILY COME FROM A 
NEI<BOR+ NATION1 OR FROM RACES ON ! BORD]L& 
( CIVILIZATION4 ,SO LONG AS ! LOVE ( P[] EXI/S1 
,I DO NOT SEE H[ IT CAN BE PREV5T$ FROM F9D+ AN 
\TLET 9 OPPRESSION EXCEPT BY MEANS ( ! ORGANIZ$ 
=CE ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,! CONCLUSION1 :I* APPE>S TO BE =C$ UPON 
US1 IS ?AT ! ,AN>*I/ IDEAL ( A COMMUNITY 9 
:I* NO ACTS >E =BIDD5 BY LAW IS NOT1 AT ANY 
RATE = ! PRES5T1 COMPATIBLE ) ! /ABILITY ( 
SU* A WORLD AS ! ,AN>*I/S DESIRE4 ,9 ORD] TO 
OBTA9 & PRES]VE A WORLD RESEMBL+ AS CLOSELY 
AS POSSIBLE ?AT AT :I* !Y AIM1 IT WILL /ILL BE 
NECESS>Y ?AT SOME ACTS %\LD BE =BIDD5 BY 
LAW4 ,WE MAY PUT ! *IEF ( !SE UND] ?REE 
HEADS3 

,!FT4 

,CRIMES ( VIOL5CE4 

,! CREATION ( ORGANIZATIONS 9T5D$ TO SUBV]T 
! ,AN>*I/ REGIME BY =CE4 

,WE WILL BRIEFLY RECAPITULATE :AT HAS BE5 SAID 
ALREADY AS TO ! NECESSITY ( !SE PROHIBITIONS4 

,!FT4--,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 AN ,AN>*I/ WORLD 
!RE WILL BE NO DE/ITUTION1 & !RE=E NO !FTS 
MOTIVAT$ BY />VATION4 ,BUT SU* !FTS >E AT PRES5T 
BY NO MEANS ! MO/ CONSID]ABLE OR ! MO/ 
H>MFUL4 ,! SY/EM ( RATION+1 :I* IS TO BE 
APPLI$ TO LUXURIES1 WILL LEAVE MANY M5 ) FEW] 
LUXURIES ?AN !Y MI<T DESIRE4 ,IT WILL GIVE 
OPPORTUNITIES = PECULATION BY ?OSE :O >E 9 CONTROL 
( ! PUBLIC /ORES1 & IT WILL LEAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( 
APPROPRIAT+ SU* VALUABLE OBJECTS ( >T AS W\LD 
NATURALLY BE PRES]V$ 9 PUBLIC MUSEUMS4 ,IT MAY 
BE CONT5D$ ?AT SU* =MS ( !FT W\LD BE PREV5T$ 
BY PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,BUT PUBLIC OP9ION IS NOT 
GREATLY OP]ATIVE UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL UNLESS IT IS ! 
OP9ION ( HIS [N GR\P4 ,A GR\P ( M5 COMB9$ 
= PURPOSES ( !FT MI<T READILY DEFY ! PUBLIC 
OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY UNLESS ?AT PUBLIC OP9ION 
MADE ITSELF EFFECTIVE BY ! USE ( =CE AGA9/ !M4 
,PROBABLY1 9 FACT1 SU* =CE W\LD BE APPLI$ 
?R\< POPUL> 9DIGNATION1 BUT 9 ?AT CASE WE 
%\LD REVIVE ! EVILS ( ! CRIM9AL LAW ) ! 
ADD$ EVILS ( UNC]TA9TY1 HA/E & PASSION1 :I* 
>E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! PRACTICE ( LYN*+4 ,IF1 
AS WE HAVE SUGGE/$1 IT W]E F\ND NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE 
AN ECONOMIC /IMULUS TO WORK BY ALL[+ FEW] 
LUXURIES TO IDL]S1 ?IS W\LD AF=D A NEW MOTIVE = 
!FT ON !IR P>T & A NEW NECESSITY = SOME =M 
( CRIM9AL LAW4 

,CRIMES ( ,VIOL5CE4--,CRUELTY TO *ILDR51 
CRIMES ( JEAL\SY1 RAPE1 & SO =?1 >E ALMO/ 
C]TA9 TO OCCUR 9 ANY SOCIETY TO SOME EXT5T4 ,! 
PREV5TION ( SU* ACTS IS ESS5TIAL TO ! EXI/5CE 
( FRE$OM = ! WEAK4 ,IF NO?+ W]E DONE TO 
H9D] !M1 IT IS TO BE FE>$ ?AT ! CU/OMS ( A 
SOCIETY W\LD GRADUALLY BECOME R\<]1 & ?AT 
ACTS :I* >E N[ R>E W\LD CEASE TO BE SO4 ,IF 
,AN>*I/S >E RI<T 9 MA9TA9+ ?AT ! EXI/5CE 
( SU* AN ECONOMIC SY/EM AS !Y DESIRE W\LD 
PREV5T ! COMMISSION ( CRIMES ( ?IS K9D1 ! 
LAWS =BIDD+ !M W\LD NO LONG] COME 9TO 
OP]ATION1 & W\LD DO NO H>M TO LIB]TY4 ,IF1 ON 
! O!R H&1 ! IMPULSE TO SU* ACTIONS P]SI/$1 
IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y ?AT /EPS %\LD BE TAK5 TO 
RE/RA9 M5 FROM 9DULG+ IT4 

,! ?IRD CLASS ( DIFFICULTIES IS MU* ! MO/ 
S]I\S & 9VOLVES MU* ! MO/ DRA/IC 9T]F]5CE 
) LIB]TY4 ,I DO NOT SEE H[ A PRIVATE >MY 
C\LD BE TOL]AT$ )9 AN ,AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 
& ,I DO NOT SEE H[ IT C\LD BE PREV5T$ EXCEPT BY 
A G5]AL PROHIBITION ( C>RY+ >MS4 ,IF !RE 
W]E NO SU* PROHIBITION1 RIVAL P>TIES W\LD ORGANIZE 
RIVAL =CES1 & CIVIL W> W\LD RESULT4 ,YET1 IF !RE 
IS SU* A PROHIBITION1 IT CANNOT WELL BE C>RI$ \T 
)\T A V]Y CONSID]ABLE 9T]F]5CE ) 9DIVIDUAL 
LIB]TY4 ,NO D\BT1 AFT] A TIME1 ! IDEA ( 
US+ VIOL5CE TO A*IEVE A POLITICAL OBJECT MI<T DIE 
D[N1 AS ! PRACTICE ( DUEL+ HAS DONE4 ,BUT SU* 
*ANGES ( HABIT & \TLOOK >E FACILITAT$ BY LEGAL 
PROHIBITION1 & W\LD H>DLY COME AB\T )\T 
IT4 ,I %ALL NOT SPEAK YET ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ASPECT 
( ?IS SAME PROBLEM1 = ,I PROPOSE TO DEAL ) ?AT 
9 ! NEXT *APT]1 BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ! SAME 
CONSID]ATIONS APPLY ) EV5 GREAT] =CE TO ! 
RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS4 

,IF WE ADMIT1 H[EV] RELUCTANTLY1 ?AT A CRIM9AL 
LAW IS NECESS>Y & ?AT ! =CE ( ! COMMUNITY 
MU/ BE BR\<T TO BE> TO PREV5T C]TA9 K9DS ( 
ACTIONS1 A FUR!R QUE/ION >ISES3 ,H[ IS CRIME TO BE 
TREAT$8 ,:AT IS ! GREATE/ MEASURE ( HUMANITY 
& RESPECT = FRE$OM ?AT IS COMPATIBLE ) ! 
RECOGNITION ( SU* A ?+ AS CRIME8 ,! FIR/ ?+ 
TO RECOGNIZE IS ?AT ! :OLE CONCEPTION ( GUILT OR 
S9 %\LD BE UTT]LY SWEPT AWAY4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! 
CRIM9AL IS VISIT$ ) ! DISPLEASURE ( ! COMMUNITY3 
! SOLE ME?OD APPLI$ TO PREV5T ! OCCURR5CE 
( CRIME IS ! 9FLICTION ( PA9 UPON ! 
CRIM9AL4 ,EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE IS DONE TO BREAK HIS 
SPIRIT & DE/ROY HIS SELF-RESPECT4 ,EV5 ?OSE 
PLEASURES :I* W\LD BE MO/ LIKELY TO HAVE A CIVILIZ+ 
EFFECT >E =BIDD5 TO HIM1 M]ELY ON ! GR\ND 
?AT !Y >E PLEASURES1 :ILE MU* ( ! SUFF]+ 
9FLICT$ IS ( A K9D :I* CAN ONLY BRUTALIZE & 
DEGRADE /ILL FUR!R4 ,I AM NOT SPEAK+1 ( C\RSE1 
( ?OSE FEW P5AL 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAVE MADE A 
S]I\S /UDY ( RE=M+ ! CRIM9AL4 ,SU* 
9/ITUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,AM]ICA1 HAVE BE5 PROV$ 
CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ ! MO/ REM>KABLE RESULTS1 BUT 
!Y REMA9 EV]Y:]E EXCEPTIONAL4 ,! BROAD RULE 
IS /ILL ?AT ! CRIM9AL IS MADE TO FEEL ! DISPLEASURE 
( SOCIETY4 ,HE MU/ EM]GE FROM SU* A TREATM5T 
EI!R DEFIANT & HO/ILE1 OR SUBMISSIVE & CR++1 
) A BROK5 SPIRIT & A LOSS ( SELF-RESPECT4 
,NEI!R ( !SE RESULTS IS ANY?+ BUT EVIL4 ,NOR 
CAN ANY GOOD RESULT BE A*IEV$ BY A ME?OD ( TREATM5T 
:I* EMBODIES REPROBATION4 

,:5 A MAN IS SUFF]+ FROM AN 9FECTI\S DISEASE 
HE IS A DANG] TO ! COMMUNITY1 & IT IS NECESS>Y 
TO RE/RICT HIS LIB]TY ( MOVEM5T4 ,BUT NO ONE 
ASSOCIATES ANY IDEA ( GUILT ) SU* A SITUATION4 
,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE IS AN OBJECT ( COMMIS]ATION TO 
HIS FRI5DS4 ,SU* /EPS AS SCI5CE RECOMM5DS >E 
TAK5 TO CURE HIM ( HIS DISEASE1 & HE SUBMITS AS 
A RULE )\T RELUCTANCE TO ! CURTAILM5T ( LIB]TY 
9VOLV$ MEAN:ILE4 ,! SAME ME?OD 9 SPIRIT \<T 
TO BE %[N 9 ! TREATM5T ( :AT IS CALL$ 
^*^*CRIME4'' ,IT IS SUPPOS$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! CRIM9AL 
IS ACTUAT$ BY CALCULATIONS ( SELF-9T]E/1 & 
?AT ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 BY SUPPLY+ A CONTR>Y 
MOTIVE ( SELF-9T]E/ AF=DS ! BE/ DET]R5T1 

 ,! DOG1 TO GA9 SOME PRIVATE 5D1 
 ,W5T MAD & BIT ! MAN4 

,?IS IS ! POPUL> VIEW ( CRIME2 YET NO DOG GOES 
MAD FROM *OICE1 & PROBABLY ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! 
GREAT MAJORITY ( CRIM9ALS1 C]TA9LY 9 ! CASE 
( CRIMES ( PASSION4 ,EV5 9 CASES :]E SELF-9T]E/ 
IS ! MOTIVE1 ! IMPORTANT ?+ IS TO PREV5T 
! CRIME1 NOT TO MAKE ! CRIM9AL SUFF]4 ,ANY 
SUFF]+ :I* MAY BE 5TAIL$ BY ! PROCESS ( 
PREV5TION \<T TO BE REG>D$ AS REGRETTABLE1 LIKE ! 
PA9 9VOLV$ 9 A SURGICAL OP]ATION4 ,! MAN :O 
COMMITS A CRIME FROM AN IMPULSE TO VIOL5CE \<T 
TO BE SUBJECT$ TO A SCI5TIFIC PSY*OLOGICAL TREATM5T1 
DESIGN$ TO ELICIT MORE B5EFICIAL IMPULSES4 ,! 
MAN :O COMMITS A CRIME FROM CALCULATIONS ( SELF-9T]E/ \<T TO BE MADE TO FEEL ?AT SELF-9T]E/ 
ITSELF1 :5 IT IS FULLY UND]/OOD1 CAN BE BETT] S]V$ 
BY A LIFE :I* IS USEFUL TO ! COMMUNITY ?AN BY ONE 
:I* IS H>MFUL4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE IT IS *IEFLY NECESS>Y 
TO WID5 HIS \TLOOK & 9CREASE ! SCOPE ( HIS 
DESIRES4 ,AT PRES5T1 :5 A MAN SUFF]S FROM 9SUFFICI5T 
LOVE = HIS FELL[-CREATURES1 ! ME?OD ( 
CUR+ HIM :I* IS COMMONLY ADOPT$ SEEMS SC>CELY 
DESIGN$ TO SUCCE$1 BE+1 9DE$1 9 ESS5TIALS1 ! 
SAME AS HIS ATTITUDE T[>D !M4 ,! OBJECT ( 
! PRISON ADM9I/RATION IS TO SAVE TR\BLE1 NOT TO 
/UDY ! 9DIVIDUAL CASE4 ,HE IS KEPT 9 CAPTIVITY 9 
A CELL FROM :I* ALL SI<T ( ! E>? IS %UT \T3 HE 
IS SUBJECT$ TO H>%NESS BY W>D]S1 :O HAVE TOO 
(T5 BECOME BRUTALIZ$ BY !IR OCCUPATION4.<#e#c.> ,HE IS 
SOLEMNLY D5\NC$ AS AN 5EMY TO SOCIETY4 ,HE IS 
COMPELL$ TO P]=M ME*ANICAL TASKS1 *OS5 = 
!IR WE>ISOM5ESS4 ,HE IS GIV5 NO $UCATION & NO 
9C5TIVE TO SELF-IMPROVEM5T4 ,IS IT TO BE WOND]$ 
AT IF1 AT ! 5D ( SU* A C\RSE ( TREATM5T1 HIS 
FEEL+S T[>D ! COMMUNITY >E NO MORE FRI5DLY 
?AN !Y W]E AT ! BEG9N+8 

,SEV]ITY ( PUNI%M5T >OSE ?R\< V9DICTIV5ESS 
& FE> 9 AN AGE :5 MANY CRIM9ALS ESCAP$ 
JU/ICE ALTOGE!R1 & IT WAS HOP$ ?AT SAVAGE 
S5T5CES W\LD \TWEI< ! *ANCE ( ESCAPE 9 ! 
M9D ( ! CRIM9AL4 ,AT PRES5T A V]Y L>GE P>T 
( ! CRIM9AL LAW IS CONC]N$ 9 SAFEGU>D+ ! 
RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 ?AT IS TO SAY--AS ?+S >E 
N[--! UNJU/ PRIVILEGES ( ! RI*4 ,?OSE :OSE 
PR9CIPLES LEAD !M 9TO CONFLICT ) GOV]NM5T1 
LIKE ,AN>*I/S1 BR+ A MO/ =MIDABLE 9DICTM5T 
AGA9/ ! LAW & ! AU?ORITIES = ! UNJU/ 
MANN] 9 :I* !Y SUPPORT ! /ATUS QUO4 ,MANY 
( ! ACTIONS BY :I* M5 HAVE BECOME RI* >E F> 
MORE H>MFUL TO ! COMMUNITY ?AN ! OBSCURE 
CRIMES ( POOR M51 YET !Y GO UNPUNI%$ BECAUSE 
!Y DO NOT 9T]F]E ) ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,IF ! 
P[] ( ! COMMUNITY IS TO BE BR\<T TO BE> TO 
PREV5T C]TA9 CLASSES ( ACTIONS ?R\< ! AG5CY 
( ! CRIM9AL LAW1 IT IS AS NECESS>Y ?AT !SE 
ACTIONS %\LD REALLY BE ?OSE :I* >E H>MFUL TO 
! COMMUNITY1 AS IT IS ?AT ! TREATM5T ( ^*^*CRIM9ALS'' 
%\LD BE FRE$ FROM ! CONCEPTION ( GUILT 
& 9SPIR$ BY ! SAME SPIRIT AS IS %[N 9 ! 
TREATM5T ( DISEASE4 ,BUT1 IF !SE TWO CONDITIONS 
W]E FULFILL$1 ,I CANNOT HELP ?9K+ ?AT A SOCIETY 
:I* PRES]V$ ! EXI/5CE ( LAW W\LD BE PREF]ABLE 
TO ONE CONDUCT$ ON ! UNADULT]AT$ PR9CIPLES 
( ,AN>*ISM4 

,SO F> WE HAVE BE5 CONSID]+ ! P[] :I* 
! ,/ATE D]IVES FROM ! CRIM9AL LAW4 ,WE HAVE 
EV]Y REASON TO ?9K ?AT ?IS P[] CANNOT BE 
5TIRELY ABOLI%$1 ?\< IT CAN BE EX]CIS$ 9 A 
:OLLY DIFF]5T SPIRIT1 )\T ! V9DICTIV5ESS & 
! MORAL REPROBATION :I* N[ =M ITS ESS5CE4 

,WE COME NEXT TO ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ECONOMIC 
P[] ( ! ,/ATE & ! 9FLU5CE :I* IT 
CAN EX]T ?R\< ITS BUREAUCRACY4 ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S 
>GUE AS IF !RE W\LD BE NO DANG] TO LIB]TY 9 A 
,/ATE NOT BAS$ UPON CAPITALISM4 ,?IS SEEMS TO ME AN 
5TIRE DELUSION4 ,GIV5 AN (FICIAL CA/E1 H[EV] SELECT$1 
!RE >E B\ND TO BE A SET ( M5 :OSE :OLE 
9/9CTS WILL DRIVE !M T[>D TYRANNY4 ,TOGE!R 
) ! NATURAL LOVE ( P[]1 !Y WILL HAVE A ROOT$ 
CONVICTION 7VISIBLE N[ 9 ! HI<] RANKS ( ! 
,CIVIL ,S]VICE7 ?AT !Y ALONE KN[ 5\< TO BE ABLE 
TO JUDGE :AT IS = ! GOOD ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,LIKE 
ALL M5 :O ADM9I/] A SY/EM1 !Y WILL COME TO 
FEEL ! SY/EM ITSELF SACROSANCT4 ,! ONLY *ANGES 
!Y WILL DESIRE WILL BE *ANGES 9 ! DIRECTION ( 
FUR!R REGULATIONS AS TO H[ ! PEOPLE >E TO 
5JOY ! GOOD ?+S K9DLY GRANT$ TO !M BY !IR 
B5EVOL5T DESPOTS4 ,:OEV] ?9KS ?IS PICTURE OV]DRAWN 
MU/ HAVE FAIL$ TO /UDY ! 9FLU5CE & 
ME?ODS ( ,CIVIL ,S]VANTS AT PRES5T4 ,ON EV]Y MATT] 
?AT >ISES1 !Y KN[ F> MORE ?AN ! G5]AL 
PUBLIC AB\T ALL ! ,D,E,F,9,I,T,E FACTS 9VOLV$2 ! ONE 
?+ !Y DO NOT KN[ IS ^*^*:]E ! %OE P9*ES4'' 
,BUT ?OSE :O KN[ ?IS >E PROBABLY NOT SKILL$ 9 
/AT+ !IR CASE1 NOT ABLE TO SAY (F-H& EXACTLY 
H[ MANY %OES >E P9*+ H[ MANY FEET1 OR :AT 
IS ! PRECISE REM$Y REQUIR$4 ,! ANSW] PREP>$ 
= ,M9I/]S BY ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE IS ACCEPT$ BY ! 
^*^*RESPECTABLE'' PUBLIC AS IMP>TIAL1 & IS REG>D$ 
AS DISPOS+ ( ! CASE ( MALCONT5TS EXCEPT ON A 
FIR/-CLASS POLITICAL QUE/ION ON :I* ELECTIONS MAY 
BE WON OR LO/4 ,?AT AT LEA/ IS ! WAY 9 :I* 
?+S >E MANAG$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,& !RE IS EV]Y 
REASON TO FE> ?AT UND] ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM ! P[] 
( (FICIALS W\LD BE VA/LY GREAT] ?AN IT IS AT 
PRES5T4 

,?OSE :O ACCEPT ! OR?ODOX DOCTR9E ( DEMOCRACY 
CONT5D ?AT1 IF EV] ! P[] ( CAPITAL W]E 
REMOV$1 REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS W\LD SUFFICE TO 
UNDO ! EVILS ?REAT5$ BY BUREAUCRACY4 ,AGA9/ 
?IS VIEW1 ,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S HAVE DIRECT$ 
A M]CILESS CRITICISM4 ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/S ESPECIALLY1 
LIV+1 AS !Y DO1 9 A HI<LY DEMOCRATIZ$ C\NTRY1 
HAVE HAD BITT] EXP]I5CE ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! 
P[] ( ! ,/ATE CAN BE EMPLOY$ AGA9/ A 
PROGRESSIVE M9ORITY4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE HAS L$ !M TO 
AB&ON ALTOGE!R ! BELIEF 9 ! DIV9E RI<T ( 
MAJORITIES4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ?AT !Y W\LD DESIRE 
W\LD BE ONE :I* ALL[$ SCOPE = VIGOR\S M9ORITIES1 
CONSCI\S ( !IR AIMS & PREP>$ TO WORK 
= !M4 ,IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT1 TO ALL :O C>E = 
PROGRESS1 ACTUAL EXP]I5CE ( DEMOCRATIC REPRES5TATIVE 
,GOV]NM5T IS V]Y DISILLUSION+4 ,ADMITT+-- 
AS ,I ?9K WE MU/--?AT IT IS PREF]ABLE TO ANY 
,P,R,E,V,I,\,S =M ( ,GOV]NM5T1 WE MU/ YET ACKN[L$GE 
?AT MU* ( ! CRITICISM DIRECT$ AGA9/ IT BY 
,AN>*I/S & ,SYNDICALI/S IS ?OR\<LY JU/IFI$4 

,SU* CRITICISM W\LD HAVE HAD MORE 9FLU5CE IF 
ANY CLE> IDEA ( AN ALT]NATIVE TO P>LIAM5T>Y 
DEMOCRACY HAD BE5 G5]ALLY APPREH5D$4 ,BUT IT 
MU/ BE CONFESS$ ?AT ,SYNDICALI/S HAVE NOT PRES5T$ 
!IR CASE 9 A WAY :I* IS LIKELY TO ATTRACT 
! AV]AGE CITIZ54 ,MU* ( :AT !Y SAY AM\NTS 
TO ?IS3 ?AT A M9ORITY1 CONSI/+ ( SKILL$ WORK]S 
9 VITAL 9DU/RIES1 CAN1 BY A /RIKE1 MAKE ! ECONOMIC 
LIFE ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY IMPOSSIBLE1 & CAN 9 
?IS WAY =CE !IR WILL UPON ! NATION4 ,! ACTION 
AIM$ AT IS COMP>$ TO ! SEIZURE ( A P[] 
/ATION1 BY :I* A :OLE VA/ SY/EM CAN BE P>ALYZ$4 
,SU* A DOCTR9E IS AN APPEAL TO =CE1 & 
IS NATURALLY MET BY AN APPEAL TO =CE ON ! O!R 
SIDE4 ,IT IS USELESS = ! ,SYNDICALI/S TO PROTE/ ?AT 
!Y ONLY DESIRE P[] 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE LIB]TY3 
! WORLD :I* !Y >E SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% DOES NOT1 
AS YET1 APPEAL TO ! EFFECTIVE WILL ( ! COMMUNITY1 
& CANNOT BE /ABLY 9AUGURAT$ UNTIL IT DOES DO SO4 
,P]SUASION IS A SL[ PROCESS1 & MAY SOMETIMES 
BE ACCEL]AT$ BY VIOL5T ME?ODS2 TO ?IS EXT5T SU* 
ME?ODS MAY BE JU/IFI$4 ,BUT ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( 
ANY RE=M] :O AIMS AT LIB]TY CAN ONLY BE REA*$ 
?R\< P]SUASION4 ,! ATTEMPT TO ?RU/ LIB]TY 
BY =CE UPON ?OSE :O DO NOT DESIRE :AT WE CONSID] 
LIB]TY MU/ ALWAYS PROVE A FAILURE2 & ,SYNDICALI/S1 
LIKE O!R RE=M]S1 MU/ ULTIMATELY RELY 
UPON P]SUASION = SUCCESS4 

,BUT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO CONFUSE AIMS ) 
ME?ODS3 H[EV] LITTLE WE MAY AGREE ) ! PROPOSAL 
TO =CE ! MILL5NIUM ON A RELUCTANT COMMUNITY 
BY />VATION1 WE MAY YET AGREE ?AT MU* ( 
:AT ! ,SYNDICALI/S DESIRE TO A*IEVE IS DESIRABLE4 

,LET US DISMISS FROM \R M9DS SU* CRITICISMS ( 
P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T AS >E B\ND UP ) ! 
PRES5T SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & CONSID] 
ONLY ?OSE :I* W\LD REMA9 TRUE 9 A COLLECTIVI/ 
COMMUNITY4 ,C]TA9 DEFECTS SEEM 9H]5T 9 ! 
V]Y NATURE ( REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE IS 
A S5SE ( SELF-IMPORTANCE1 9SEP>ABLE FROM SUCCESS 
9 A CONTE/ = POPUL> FAVOR4 ,!RE IS AN ALL-BUT 
UNAVOIDABLE HABIT ( HYPOCRISY1 S9CE EXP]I5CE 
%[S ?AT ! DEMOCRACY DOES NOT DETECT 9S9C]ITY 
9 AN ORATOR1 & WILL1 ON ! O!R H&1 BE %OCK$ 
BY ?+S :I* EV5 ! MO/ S9C]E M5 MAY ?9K 
NECESS>Y4 ,H5CE >ISES A TONE ( CYNICISM AMONG 
ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES1 & A FEEL+ ?AT NO MAN 
CAN RETA9 HIS POSITION 9 POLITICS )\T DECEIT4 
,?IS IS AS MU* ! FAULT ( ! DEMOCRACY AS ( ! 
REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT IT SEEMS UNAVOIDABLE SO LONG AS 
! MA9 ?+ ?AT ALL BODIES ( M5 DEM& ( !IR 
*AMPIONS IS FLATT]Y4 ,H[EV] ! BLAME MAY BE 
APPORTION$1 ! EVIL MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ONE :I* 
IS B\ND TO OCCUR 9 ! EXI/+ =MS ( DEMOCRACY4 
,ANO!R EVIL1 :I* IS ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE 9 L>GE 
,/ATES1 IS ! REMOT5ESS ( ! SEAT ( GOV]NM5T 
FROM MANY ( ! CON/ITU5CIES--A REMOT5ESS :I* 
IS PSY*OLOGICAL EV5 MORE ?AN GEOGRAPHICAL4 ,! 
LEGISLATORS LIVE 9 COM=T1 PROTECT$ BY ?ICK WALLS 
& 9NUM]ABLE POLICEM5 FROM ! VOICE ( ! 
MOB2 AS TIME GOES ON !Y REMEMB] ONLY DIMLY ! 
PASSIONS & PROMISES ( !IR ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN2 
!Y COME TO FEEL IT AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( /ATESMAN%IP 
TO CONSID] :AT >E CALL$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY 
AS A :OLE1 RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( SOME DISCONT5T$ 
GR\P2 BUT ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS 
A :OLE >E SUFFICI5TLY VAGUE TO BE EASILY SE5 TO 
CO9CIDE ) SELF-9T]E/4 ,ALL !SE CAUSES LEAD 
,P>LIAM5TS TO BETRAY ! PEOPLE1 CONSCI\SLY OR 
UNCONSCI\SLY2 & IT IS NO WOND] IF !Y HAVE PRODUC$ 
A C]TA9 ALO(NESS FROM DEMOCRATIC !ORY 9 ! 
MORE VIGOR\S *AMPIONS ( LABOR4 

,MAJORITY RULE1 AS IT EXI/S 9 L>GE ,/ATES1 IS 
SUBJECT TO ! FATAL DEFECT ?AT1 9 A V]Y GREAT NUMB] 
( QUE/IONS1 ONLY A FRACTION ( ! NATION HAVE 
ANY DIRECT 9T]E/ OR KN[L$GE1 YET ! O!RS HAVE 
AN EQUAL VOICE 9 !IR SETTLEM5T4 ,:5 PEOPLE HAVE 
NO DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 A QUE/ION !Y >E V]Y APT 
TO BE 9FLU5C$ BY IRRELEVANT CONSID]ATIONS2 ?IS IS 
%[N 9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y RELUCTANCE TO GRANT AUTONOMY 
TO SUBORD9ATE NATIONS OR GR\PS4 ,= ?IS 
REASON1 IT IS V]Y DANG]\S TO ALL[ ! NATION AS A 
:OLE TO DECIDE ON MATT]S :I* CONC]N ONLY A SMALL 
SECTION1 :E!R ?AT SECTION BE GEOGRAPHICAL OR 
9DU/RIAL OR DEF9$ 9 ANY O!R WAY4 ,! BE/ 
CURE = ?IS EVIL1 SO F> AS CAN BE SE5 AT PRES5T1 
LIES 9 ALL[+ SELF-GOV]NM5T TO EV]Y IMPORTANT 
GR\P )9 A NATION 9 ALL MATT]S ?AT AFFECT ?AT 
GR\P MU* MORE ?AN !Y AFFECT ! RE/ ( ! 
COMMUNITY4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( A GR\P1 *OS5 BY 
! GR\P1 WILL BE F> MORE 9 T\* ) ITS CON/ITU5TS1 
F> MORE CONSCI\S ( !IR 9T]E/S1 ?AN A 
REMOTE ,P>LIAM5T NOM9ALLY REPRES5T+ ! :OLE 
C\NTRY4 ,! MO/ ORIG9AL IDEA 9 ,SYNDICALISM-- 
ADOPT$ & DEVELOP$ BY ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S--IS ! 
IDEA ( MAK+ 9DU/RIES SELF-GOV]N+ UNITS SO F> 
AS !IR 9T]NAL AFFAIRS >E CONC]N$4 ,BY ?IS 
ME?OD1 EXT5D$ ALSO TO SU* O!R GR\PS AS HAVE 
CLE>LY SEP>ABLE 9T]E/S1 ! EVILS :I* HAVE %[N 
!MSELVES 9 REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY CAN1 ,I BELIEVE1 
BE L>GELY OV]COME4 

,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAVE ANO!R 
SUGGE/ION1 GR[+ NATURALLY \T ( ! AUTONOMY 
( 9DU/RIAL GUILDS1 BY :I* !Y HOPE TO LIMIT ! 
P[] ( ! ,/ATE & HELP TO PRES]VE 9DIVIDUAL 
LIB]TY4 ,!Y PROPOSE ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO ,P>LIAM5T1 
ELECT$ 7AS AT PRES5T7 ON A T]RITORIAL BASIS 
& REPRES5T+ ! COMMUNITY AS CONSUM]S1 !RE 
%ALL ALSO BE A ^*^*,GUILD ,CONGRESS1'' A GLORIFI$ SUCCESSOR 
( ! PRES5T ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS1 :I* 
%ALL CONSI/ ( REPRES5TATIVES *OS5 BY ! ,GUILDS1 
& %ALL REPRES5T ! COMMUNITY AS PRODUC]S4 

,?IS ME?OD ( DIM9I%+ ! EXCESSIVE P[] 
( ! ,/ATE HAS BE5 ATTRACTIVELY SET =? BY ,MR4 
,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE 9 HIS ^*^*,SELF-,GOV]NM5T 9 ,9DU/RY4''.<#e#d.> 
^*^*,:]E N[1'' HE SAYS1 ^*^*! ,/ATE PASSES A ,FACTORY 
,ACT1 OR A ,COAL ,M9ES ,REGULATION ,ACT1 ! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS 
( ! FUTURE WILL PASS SU* ,ACTS1 & ITS P[] 
( 5=C+ !M WILL BE ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! 
,/ATE'' 7P4 #i#h74 ,HIS ULTIMATE GR\ND = ADVOCAT+ 
?IS SY/EM IS ?AT1 9 HIS OP9ION1 IT WILL T5D TO PRES]VE 
9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY3 ^*^*,! FUNDAM5TAL REASON 
= ! PRES]VATION1 9 A DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY1 ( BO? 
! 9DU/RIAL & ! POLITICAL =MS ( ,SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 
IS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AT ONLY BY DIVID+ ! 
VA/ P[] N[ WIELD$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM CAN 
! 9DIVIDUAL HOPE TO BE FREE'' 7P4 #i#a74 

,WILL ! SY/EM SUGGE/$ BY ,MR4 ,COLE HAVE ?IS 
RESULT8 ,I ?9K IT IS CLE> ?AT IT W\LD1 9 ?IS 
RESPECT1 BE AN IMPROVEM5T ON ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 
,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CANNOT BUT BE IMPROV$ 
BY ANY ME?OD :I* BR+S ! REPRES5TATIVES 9TO 
CLOS] T\* ) ! 9T]E/S CONC]N$ 9 !IR 
LEGISLATION2 & ?IS ADVANTAGE PROBABLY W\LD BE 
SECUR$ BY H&+ OV] QUE/IONS ( PRODUCTION TO 
! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS4 ,BUT IF1 9 SPITE ( ! SAFEGU>DS 
PROPOS$ BY ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S1 ! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS 
BECAME ALL-P[]FUL 9 SU* QUE/IONS1 IF RESI/ANCE 
TO ITS WILL BY A ,GUILD :I* FELT ILL-US$ BECAME PRACTICALLY 
HOPELESS1 ,I FE> ?AT ! EVILS N[ CONNECT$ 
) ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,/ATE W\LD SOON REAPPE>4 
,TRADE ,UNION (FICIALS1 AS SOON AS !Y BECOME 
P>T ( ! GOV]N+ =CES 9 ! C\NTRY1 T5D TO 
BECOME AUTOCRATIC & CONS]VATIVE2 !Y LOSE T\* 
) !IR CON/ITU5TS & GRAVITATE1 BY A PSY*OLOGICAL 
SYMPA?Y1 9TO COOP]ATION ) ! P[]S 
?AT BE4 ,!IR =MAL 9/ALLATION 9 AU?ORITY 
?R\< ! ,GUILDS ,CONGRESS W\LD ACCEL]ATE ?IS 
PROCESS4 ,!Y W\LD SOON T5D TO COMB9E1 9 EFFECT 
IF NOT OBVI\SLY1 ) ?OSE :O WIELD AU?ORITY 9 
,P>LIAM5T4 ,AP>T FROM OCCASIONAL CONFLICTS1 COMP>ABLE 
TO ! RIVALRY ( OPPOS+ F9ANCI]S :I* 
N[ SOMETIMES DI/URBS ! H>MONY ( ! CAPITALI/ 
WORLD1 !RE W\LD1 AT MO/ TIMES1 BE AGREEM5T 
BETWE5 ! DOM9ANT P]SONALITIES 9 ! TWO 
,H\SES4 ,& SU* H>MONY W\LD FIL* AWAY FROM 
! 9DIVIDUAL ! LIB]TY :I* HE HAD HOP$ TO 
SECURE BY ! QU>RELS ( HIS MA/]S4 

,!RE IS NO ME?OD1 IF WE >E NOT MI/AK51 BY 
:I* A BODY REPRES5T+ ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 
:E!R AS PRODUC]S OR CONSUM]S OR BO?1 CAN 
ALONE BE A SUFFICI5T GU>DIAN ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 
,! ONLY WAY ( PRES]V+ SUFFICI5T LIB]TY 7& 
EV5 ?IS WILL BE 9ADEQUATE 9 ! CASE ( V]Y SMALL 
M9ORITIES7 IS ! ORGANIZATION ( CITIZ5S ) SPECIAL 
9T]E/S 9TO GR\PS1 DET]M9$ TO PRES]VE AUTONOMY 
AS REG>DS !IR 9T]NAL AFFAIRS1 WILL+ TO 
RESI/ 9T]F]5CE BY A /RIKE IF NECESS>Y1 & 
SUFFICI5TLY P[]FUL 7EI!R 9 !MSELVES OR ?R\< 
!IR P[] ( APPEAL+ TO PUBLIC SYMPA?Y7 TO BE 
ABLE TO RESI/ ! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( GOV]NM5T 
SUCCESSFULLY :5 !IR CAUSE IS SU* AS MANY M5 
?9K JU/4 ,IF ?IS ME?OD IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL WE 
MU/ HAVE NOT ONLY SUITABLE ORGANIZATIONS BUT ALSO 
A DIFFUS$ RESPECT = LIB]TY1 & AN ABS5CE ( 
SUBMISSIV5ESS TO GOV]NM5T BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE4 
,SOME RISK ( DISORD] !RE MU/ BE 9 SU* A 
SOCIETY1 BUT ?IS RISK IS AS NO?+ COMP>$ TO ! 
DANG] ( /AGNATION :I* IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM AN 
ALL-P[]FUL C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

,WE MAY N[ SUM UP \R DISCUSSION ( ! P[]S 
( ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,/ATE1 9 SPITE ( :AT ,AN>*I/S URGE1 SEEMS 
A NECESS>Y 9/ITUTION = C]TA9 PURPOSES4 ,PEACE 
& W>1 T>IFFS1 REGULATION ( SANIT>Y CONDITIONS 
& ( ! SALE ( NOXI\S DRUGS1 ! PRES]VATION ( 
A JU/ SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION3 !SE1 AMONG O!RS1 
>E FUNCTIONS :I* C\LD H>DLY BE P]=M$ 9 
A COMMUNITY 9 :I* !RE WAS NO C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 
,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! LIQUOR TRAFFIC1 OR 
! OPIUM TRAFFIC 9 ,*9A4 ,IF ALCOHOL C\LD BE 
OBTA9$ AT CO/ PRICE )\T TAXATION1 /ILL MORE 
IF IT C\LD BE OBTA9$ = NO?+1 AS ,AN>*I/S 
PRESUMABLY DESIRE1 CAN WE BELIEVE ?AT !RE W\LD NOT 
BE A GREAT & DISA/R\S 9CREASE ( DRUNK5NESS8 
,*9A WAS BR\<T TO ! V]GE ( RU9 BY OPIUM1 
& EV]Y PATRIOTIC ,*9AMAN DESIR$ TO SEE ! TRAFFIC 
9 OPIUM RE/RICT$4 ,9 SU* MATT]S FRE$OM IS 
NOT A PANACEA1 & SOME DEGREE ( LEGAL RE/RICTION 
SEEMS IMP]ATIVE = ! NATIONAL HEAL?4 

,BUT GRANT+ ?AT ! ,/ATE1 9 SOME =M1 MU/ 
CONT9UE1 WE MU/ ALSO GRANT1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT ITS P[]S 
\<T TO BE V]Y /RICTLY LIMIT$ TO :AT IS ABSOLUTELY 
NECESS>Y4 ,!RE IS NO WAY ( LIMIT+ ITS 
P[]S EXCEPT BY MEANS ( GR\PS :I* >E JEAL\S 
( !IR PRIVILEGES & DET]M9$ TO PRES]VE !IR 
AUTONOMY1 EV5 IF ?IS %\LD 9VOLVE RESI/ANCE TO 
LAWS DECRE$ BY ! ,/ATE1 :5 !SE LAWS 9T]F]E 9 
! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( A GR\P 9 WAYS NOT W>RANT$ 
BY ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,! GLORIFICATION ( ! ,/ATE1 
& ! DOCTR9E ?AT IT IS EV]Y CITIZ5'S DUTY TO S]VE 
! ,/ATE1 >E RADICALLY AGA9/ PROGRESS & AGA9/ 
LIB]TY4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?\< AT PRES5T A S\RCE ( 
MU* EVIL1 IS ALSO A MEANS TO C]TA9 GOOD ?+S1 
& WILL BE NE$$ SO LONG AS VIOL5T & DE/RUCTIVE 
IMPULSES REMA9 COMMON4 ,BUT IT IS ,M,],E,L,Y A MEANS1 
& A MEANS :I* NE$S TO BE V]Y C>EFULLY & 
SP>+LY US$ IF IT IS NOT TO DO MORE H>M ?AN GOOD4 
,IT IS NOT ! ,/ATE1 BUT ! COMMUNITY1 ! WORLDWIDE 
COMMUNITY ( ALL HUMAN BE+S PRES5T & 
FUTURE1 ?AT WE \<T TO S]VE4 ,& A GOOD COMMUNITY 
DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ! GLORY ( ! ,/ATE1 
BUT FROM ! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS3 
FROM HAPP9ESS 9 DAILY LIFE1 FROM CONG5IAL WORK 
GIV+ OPPORTUNITY = :ATEV] CON/RUCTIV5ESS 
EA* MAN OR WOMAN MAY POSSESS1 FROM FREE P]SONAL 
RELATIONS EMBODY+ LOVE & TAK+ AWAY ! ROOTS 
( 5VY 9 ?W>T$ CAPACITY FROM AFFECTION1 & 
ABOVE ALL FROM ! JOY ( LIFE & ITS EXPRESSION 9 
! SPONTANE\S CREATIONS ( >T & SCI5CE4 ,IT IS 
!SE ?+S ?AT MAKE AN AGE OR A NATION WOR?Y 
( EXI/5CE1 & !SE ?+S >E NOT TO BE SECUR$ 
BY B[+ D[N BE=E ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS ! 9DIVIDUAL 
9 :OM ALL ?AT IS GOOD MU/ BE REALIZ$1 & ! 
FREE GR[? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE ! SUPREME 5D 
( A POLITICAL SY/EM :I* IS TO RE-FA%ION ! WORLD4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I 

,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,R,E,L,A,T,I,O,N,S 

,! MA9 OBJECTS :I* %\LD BE S]V$ BY 9T]NATIONAL 
RELATIONS MAY BE TAK5 TO BE TWO3 ,FIR/1 ! 
AVOIDANCE ( W>S1 &1 SECOND1 ! PREV5TION ( ! 
OPPRESSION ( WEAK NATIONS BY /RONG ONES4 ,!SE 
TWO OBJECTS DO NOT BY ANY MEANS NECESS>ILY LEAD 9 
! SAME DIRECTION1 S9CE ONE ( ! EASIE/ WAYS ( 
SECUR+ ! WORLD'S PEACE W\LD BE BY A COMB9ATION 
( ! MO/ P[]FUL ,/ATES = ! EXPLOITATION & 
OPPRESSION ( ! REMA9D]4 ,?IS ME?OD1 H[EV]1 
IS NOT ONE :I* ! LOV] ( LIB]TY CAN FAVOR4 ,WE 
MU/ KEEP ACC\NT ( BO? AIMS & NOT BE CONT5T 
) EI!R ALONE4 

,ONE ( ! COMMONPLACES ( BO? ,SOCIALISM & 
,AN>*ISM IS ?AT ALL MOD]N W>S >E DUE TO CAPITALISM1 
& W\LD CEASE IF CAPITALISM W]E ABOLI%$4 
,?IS VIEW1 TO MY M9D1 IS ONLY A HALF-TRU?2 ! HALF 
?AT IS TRUE IS IMPORTANT1 BUT ! HALF ?AT IS UNTRUE 
IS P]HAPS EQUALLY IMPORTANT :5 A FUNDAM5TAL 
RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY IS BE+ CONSID]$4 

,SOCIALI/ & ,AN>*I/ CRITICS ( EXI/+ SOCIETY 
PO9T1 ) P]FECT TRU?1 TO C]TA9 CAPITALI/IC FACTORS 
:I* PROMOTE W>4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS ! 
DESIRE ( F9ANCE TO F9D NEW FIELDS ( 9VE/M5T 9 
UNDEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,MR4 ,J4 ,A4 ,HOBSON1 AN AU?OR 
:O IS BY NO MEANS EXTREME 9 HIS VIEWS1 HAS WELL 
/AT$ ?IS PO9T 9 HIS BOOK ON ^*^*,! ,EVOLUTION ( 
,MOD]N ,CAPITALISM4''.<#e#e.> ,HE SAYS3 

,! ECONOMIC TAP-ROOT1 ! *IEF DIRECT+ MOTIVE ( 
ALL ! MOD]N IMP]IALI/IC EXPANSION1 IS ! PRESSURE ( 
CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIES = M>KETS1 PRIM>ILY M>KETS = 
9VE/M5T1 SECOND>ILY M>KETS = SURPLUS PRODUCTS ( 
HOME 9DU/RY4 ,:]E ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL HAS 
GONE FUR!/1 & :]E A RIGOR\S PROTECTIVE SY/EM PREVAILS1 
?IS PRESSURE IS NECESS>ILY /RONGE/4 ,NOT M]ELY 
DO ! TRU/S & O!R MANUFACTUR+ TRADES ?AT RE/RICT 
!IR \TPUT = ! HOME M>KET MORE URG5TLY REQUIRE 
=EIGN M>KETS1 BUT !Y >E ALSO MORE ANXI\S TO SECURE 
PROTECT$ M>KETS1 & ?IS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY EXT5D+ 
! >EA ( POLITICAL RULE4 ,?IS IS ! ESS5TIAL 
SIGNIFICANCE ( ! REC5T *ANGE 9 ,AM]ICAN =EIGN 
POLICY AS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,W>1 ! ,PHILIPP9E 
ANNEXATION1 ! ,PANAMA POLICY1 & ! NEW APPLICATION 
( ! ,MONROE DOCTR9E TO ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,/ATES4 
,S\? ,AM]ICA IS NE$$ AS A PREF]5TIAL M>KET = 
9VE/M5T ( TRU/ ^*^*PR(ITS'' & SURPLUS TRU/ PRODUCTS3 
IF 9 TIME !SE /ATES CAN BE BR\<T )9 A ,ZOLLV]E9 
UND] ! SUZ]A9TY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! F9ANCIAL 
>EA ( OP]ATIONS RECEIVES A NOTABLE ACCESSION4 ,*9A 
AS A FIELD ( RAILWAY 5T]PRISE & G5]AL 9DU/RIAL 
DEVELOPM5T ALREADY BEG9S TO LOOM L>GE 9 ! EYES ( 
=ESI<T$ ,AM]ICAN BUS9ESS M52 ! GR[+ TRADE 
9 ,AM]ICAN COTTON & O!R GOODS 9 ?AT C\NTRY WILL 
BE A SUBORD9ATE CONSID]ATION TO ! EXPANSION ( ! 
>EA = ,AM]ICAN 9VE/M5TS4 ,DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE1 
>M$ =CE1 &1 :]E DESIRABLE1 SEIZURE ( T]RITORY = 
POLITICAL CONTROL1 WILL BE 5G9E]$ BY ! F9ANCIAL MAGNATES 
:O CONTROL ! POLITICAL DE/9Y ( ,AM]ICA4 ,! 
/RONG & EXP5SIVE ,AM]ICAN NAVY N[ BEG9N+ TO 
BE BUILT 9CID5TALLY S]VES ! PURPOSE ( AF=D+ 
PR(ITABLE CONTRACTS TO ! %IPBUILD+ & METAL 9DU/RIES3 
ITS REAL MEAN+ & USE IS TO =W>D ! AGGRESSIVE 
POLITICAL POLICY IMPOS$ UPON ! NATION BY ! ECONOMIC 
NE$S ( ! F9ANCIAL CAPITALI/S4 

,IT %\LD BE CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS CON/ANT 
PRESSURE TO EXT5D ! >EA ( M>KETS IS NOT A NECESS>Y 
IMPLICATION ( ALL =MS ( ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RY4 ,IF COMPETITION 
WAS DISPLAC$ BY COMB9ATIONS ( A G5U9ELY 
COOP]ATIVE *>ACT] 9 :I* ! :OLE GA9 ( IMPROV$ 
ECONOMIES PASS$1 EI!R TO ! WORK]S 9 WAGES1 
OR TO L>GE BODIES ( 9VE/ORS 9 DIVID5DS1 ! EXPANSION 
( DEM& 9 ! HOME M>KETS W\LD BE SO GREAT 
AS TO GIVE FULL EMPLOYM5T TO ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( 
CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL1 & !RE W\LD BE NO SELF-ACCUMULAT+ 
MASSES ( PR(IT EXPRESS+ !MSELVES 9 NEW 
CR$IT & DEM&+ EXT]NAL EMPLOYM5T4 ,IT IS ! 
^*^*MONOPOLY'' PR(ITS ( TRU/S & COMB9ES1 TAK5 EI!R 
9 CON/RUCTION1 F9ANCIAL OP]ATION1 OR 9DU/RIAL WORK+1 
?AT =M A GA!R+ FUND ( SELF-ACCUMULAT+ CR$IT 
:OSE POSSESSION BY ! F9ANCIAL CLASS IMPLIES A CONTRACT$ 
DEM& = COMMODITIES & A CORRESPOND+LY 
RE/RICT$ EMPLOYM5T = CAPITAL 9 ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIES4 
,)9 C]TA9 LIMITS RELIEF CAN BE F\ND BY /IMULATION 
( ! EXPORT TRADE UND] COV] ( A HI< PROTECTIVE 
T>IFF :I* =BIDS ALL 9T]F]5CE ) MONOPOLY ( 
! HOME M>KETS4 ,BUT IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = 
TRU/S ADAPT$ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( A PR(ITABLE TI$ 
M>KET AT HOME TO ADJU/ !IR ME?ODS ( FREE COMPETITION 
9 ! WORLD M>KETS UPON A PR(ITABLE BASIS ( 
/EADY TRAD+4 ,MOREOV]1 SU* A MODE ( EXPANSION IS 
ONLY APPROPRIATE TO C]TA9 MANUFACTUR+ TRU/S3 ! 
[N]S ( RAILROAD1 F9ANCIAL & O!R TRU/S MU/ LOOK 
ALWAYS MORE TO =EIGN 9VE/M5TS = !IR SURPLUS 
PR(ITS4 ,?IS EV]-GR[+ NE$ = FRE% FIELDS ( 9VE/M5T 
= !IR PR(ITS IS ! GREAT CRUX ( ! F9ANCIAL 
SY/EM1 & ?REAT5S TO DOM9ATE ! FUTURE ECONOMICS 
& ! POLITICS ( ! GREAT ,REPUBLIC4 

,! F9ANCIAL ECONOMY ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM EXHIBITS 
9 MORE DRAMATIC %APE A T5D5CY COMMON TO ! 
F9ANCE ( ALL DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL NATIONS4 ,! L>GE1 
EASY FL[ ( CAPITAL FROM ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 
,FRANCE1 ETC41 9TO ,S\? ,AFRICAN OR ,AU/RALIAN M9ES1 
9TO ,EGYPTIAN BONDS1 OR ! PREC>I\S SECURITIES ( ,S\? 
,AM]ICAN REPUBLICS1 ATTE/S ! SAME G5]AL PRESSURE 
:I* 9CREASES ) EV]Y DEVELOPM5T ( F9ANCIAL MA*9]Y 
& ! MORE PR(ITABLE CONTROL ( ?AT MA*9]Y 
BY ! CLASS ( PR(ESSIONAL F9ANCI]S 

,! K9D ( WAY 9 :I* SU* CONDITIONS T5D 
T[>D W> MI<T HAVE BE5 ILLU/RAT$1 IF ,MR4 ,HOBSON 
HAD BE5 WRIT+ AT A LAT] DATE1 BY V>I\S MORE 
REC5T CASES4 ,A HI<] RATE ( 9T]E/ IS OBTA9ABLE 
ON 5T]PRISES 9 AN UNDEVELOP$ C\NTRY ?AN 9 A 
DEVELOP$ ONE1 PROVID$ ! RISKS CONNECT$ ) AN 
UNSETTL$ GOV]NM5T CAN BE M9IMIZ$4 ,TO M9IMIZE 
!SE RISKS ! F9ANCI]S CALL 9 ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! 
MILIT>Y & NAVAL =CES ( ! C\NTRY :I* !Y 
>E MOM5T>ILY ASS]T+ TO BE !IRS4 ,9 ORD] TO 
HAVE ! SUPPORT ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ?IS DEM& 
!Y HAVE REC\RSE TO ! P[] ( ! ,PRESS4 

,! ,PRESS IS ! SECOND GREAT FACTOR TO :I* 
CRITICS ( CAPITALISM PO9T :5 !Y WI% TO PROVE 
?AT CAPITALISM IS ! S\RCE ( MOD]N W>4 ,S9CE 
! RUNN+ ( A BIG NEWSPAP] REQUIRES A L>GE CAPITAL1 
! PROPRIETORS ( IMPORTANT ORGANS NECESS>ILY 
BELONG TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & IT WILL BE A R>E 
& EXCEPTIONAL EV5T IF !Y DO NOT SYMPA?IZE ) 
!IR [N CLASS 9 OP9ION & \TLOOK4 ,!Y >E 
ABLE TO DECIDE :AT NEWS ! GREAT MASS ( NEWSPAP] 
READ]S %ALL BE ALL[$ TO HAVE4 ,!Y CAN 
ACTUALLY FALSIFY ! NEWS1 OR1 )\T GO+ SO F> 
AS ?AT1 !Y CAN C>EFULLY SELECT IT1 GIV+ SU* ITEMS 
AS WILL /IMULATE ! PASSIONS :I* !Y DESIRE TO 
/IMULATE1 & SUPPRESS+ SU* ITEMS AS W\LD PROVIDE 
! ANTIDOTE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! PICTURE ( ! 
WORLD 9 ! M9D ( ! AV]AGE NEWSPAP] READ] 
IS MADE TO BE NOT A TRUE PICTURE1 BUT 9 ! MA9 
?AT :I* SUITS ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS IS 
TRUE 9 MANY DIRECTIONS1 BUT ABOVE ALL 9 :AT CONC]NS ! RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,! MASS ( ! 
POPULATION ( A C\NTRY CAN BE L$ TO LOVE OR HATE 
ANY O!R C\NTRY AT ! WILL ( ! NEWSPAP] PROPRIETORS1 
:I* IS (T51 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 9FLU5C$ 
BY ! WILL ( ! GREAT F9ANCI]S4 ,SO LONG AS 
5MITY BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA WAS DESIR$1 
\R NEWSPAP]S W]E FULL ( ! CRUEL TREATM5T MET$ 
\T TO ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ! OPPRESSION ( 
,F9L& & ,RUSSIAN ,POL&1 & O!R SU* TOPICS4 
,AS SOON AS \R =EIGN POLICY *ANG$1 !SE ITEMS 
DISAPPE>$ FROM ! MORE IMPORTANT NEWSPAP]S1 
& WE HE>D 9/EAD ( ! MISDE$S ( ,G]MANY4 
,MO/ M5 >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY CRITICAL TO BE ON !IR 
GU>D AGA9/ SU* 9FLU5CES1 & UNTIL !Y >E1 ! 
P[] ( ! ,PRESS WILL REMA94 

,BESIDES !SE TWO 9FLU5CES ( CAPITALISM 9 
PROMOT+ W>1 !RE IS ANO!R1 MU* LESS EMPHASIZ$ 
BY ! CRITICS ( CAPITALISM1 BUT BY NO MEANS LESS 
IMPORTANT3 ,I MEAN ! PUGNACITY :I* T5DS TO BE 
DEVELOP$ 9 M5 :O HAVE ! HABIT ( COMM&4 
,SO LONG AS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY P]SI/S1 AN UNDUE MEASURE 
( P[] WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :O HAVE 
ACQUIR$ WEAL? & 9FLU5CE ?R\< A GREAT POSITION 
9 9DU/RY OR F9ANCE4 ,SU* M5 >E 9 ! 
HABIT1 9 PRIVATE LIFE1 ( F9D+ !IR WILL SELDOM 
QUE/ION$2 !Y >E SURR\ND$ BY OBSEQUI\S SATELLITES 
& >E NOT 9FREQU5TLY 5GAG$ 9 CONFLICTS 
) ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,AMONG !IR FRI5DS & 
ACQUA9TANCES >E 9CLUD$ ?OSE :O HOLD HI< POSITIONS 
9 GOV]NM5T OR ADM9I/RATION1 & !SE M5 
EQUALLY >E LIABLE TO BECOME AUTOCRATIC ?R\< ! 
HABIT ( GIV+ ORD]S4 ,IT US$ TO BE CU/OM>Y TO 
SPEAK ( ! ^*^*GOV]N+ CLASSES1'' BUT NOM9AL DEMOCRACY 
HAS CAUS$ ?IS PHRASE TO GO \T ( FA%ION4 
,NEV]!LESS1 IT /ILL RETA9S MU* TRU?2 !RE >E 
/ILL 9 ANY CAPITALI/ COMMUNITY ?OSE :O COMM& 
& ?OSE :O AS A RULE OBEY4 ,! \TLOOK ( !SE 
TWO CLASSES IS V]Y DIFF]5T1 ?\< 9 A MOD]N 
SOCIETY !RE IS A CONT9U\S GRADATION FROM ! EXTREME 
( ! ONE TO ! EXTREME ( ! O!R4 ,! 
MAN :O IS ACCU/OM$ TO F9D SUBMISSION TO HIS WILL 
BECOMES 9DIGNANT ON ! OCCASIONS :5 HE F9DS 
OPPOSITION4 ,9/9CTIVELY HE IS CONV9C$ ?AT OPPOSITION 
IS WICK$ & MU/ BE CRU%$4 ,HE IS !RE=E 
MU* MORE WILL+ ?AN ! AV]AGE CITIZ5 TO RESORT 
TO W> AGA9/ HIS RIVALS4 ,ACCORD+LY WE F9D1 
?\<1 ( C\RSE1 ) V]Y NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS1 
?AT 9 ! MA9 ?OSE :O HAVE MO/ P[] >E 
MO/ W>LIKE1 & ?OSE :O HAVE LEA/ P[] >E 
LEA/ DISPOS$ TO HATR$ ( =EIGN NATIONS4 ,?IS IS 
ONE ( ! EVILS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! CONC5TRATION 
( P[]4 ,IT WILL ONLY BE CUR$ BY ! ABOLITION ( 
CAPITALISM IF ! NEW SY/EM IS ONE :I* ALL[S V]Y 
MU* LESS P[] TO S+LE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT WILL NOT BE 
CUR$ BY A SY/EM :I* SUB/ITUTES ! P[] ( 
,M9I/]S OR (FICIALS = ! P[] ( CAPITALI/S 
,?IS IS ONE REASON1 ADDITIONAL TO ?OSE M5TION$ 9 
! PREC$+ *APT]1 = DESIR+ TO SEE A DIM9UTION 
9 ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 

,NOT ONLY DOES ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] T5D 
TO CAUSE W>S1 BUT1 EQUALLY1 W>S & ! FE> ( !M 
BR+ AB\T ! NECESSITY = ! CONC5TRATION ( 
P[]4 ,SO LONG AS ! COMMUNITY IS EXPOS$ TO 
SUDD5 DANG]S1 ! POSSIBILITY ( QUICK DECISION IS 
ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,! CUMBR\S 
MA*9]Y ( DELIB]ATIVE DECISIONS BY ! 
PEOPLE IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 A CRISIS1 & !RE=E SO LONG 
AS CRISES >E LIKELY TO OCCUR1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ABOLI% 
! ALMO/ AUTOCRATIC P[] ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,9 ?IS 
CASE1 AS 9 MO/ O!RS1 EA* ( TWO CORRELATIVE EVILS 
T5DS TO P]PETUATE ! O!R4 ,! EXI/5CE ( M5 
) ! HABIT ( P[] 9CREASES ! RISK ( W>1 
& ! RISK ( W> MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% 
A SY/EM :]E NO MAN POSSESSES GREAT P[]4 

,SO F> WE HAVE BE5 CONSID]+ :AT IS TRUE 9 
! CONT5TION ?AT CAPITALISM CAUSES MOD]N W>S4 
,IT IS TIME N[ TO LOOK AT ! O!R SIDE1 & TO ASK 
\RSELVES :E!R ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM W\LD1 
BY ITSELF1 BE SUFFICI5T TO PREV5T W>4 

,I DO NOT MYSELF BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS ! CASE4 ,! 
\TLOOK ( BO? ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S SEEMS TO 
ME1 9 ?IS RESPECT AS 9 SOME O!RS1 TO BE UNDULY 
DIVORC$ FROM ! FUNDAM5TAL 9/9CTS ( HUMAN 
NATURE4 ,!RE W]E W>S BE=E !RE WAS CAPITAL- 
ISM1 & FI<T+ IS HABITUAL AMONG ANIMALS4 ,! 
P[] ( ! ,PRESS 9 PROMOT+ W> IS 5TIRELY DUE 
TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS ABLE TO APPEAL TO C]TA9 
9/9CTS4 ,MAN IS NATURALLY COMPETITIVE1 ACQUISITIVE1 
&1 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE1 PUGNACI\S4 ,:5 
! ,PRESS TELLS HIM ?AT SO-&-SO IS HIS 5EMY1 A :OLE 
SET ( 9/9CTS 9 HIM RESPONDS TO ! SUGGE/ION4 ,IT 
IS NATURAL TO MO/ M5 TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y HAVE 
5EMIES & TO F9D A C]TA9 FULFILLM5T ( !IR NATURE 
:5 !Y EMB>K UPON A CONTE/4 ,:AT A MAN 
BELIEVES UPON GROSSLY 9SUFFICI5T EVID5CE IS AN 9DEX 
TO HIS DESIRES--DESIRES ( :I* HE HIMSELF IS (T5 
UNCONSCI\S4 ,IF A MAN IS (F]$ A FACT :I* GOES 
AGA9/ HIS 9/9CTS1 HE WILL SCRUT9IZE IT CLOSELY1 & 
UNLESS ! EVID5CE IS OV]:ELM+1 HE WILL REFUSE TO 
BELIEVE IT4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE IS (F]$ SOME?+ 
:I* AF=DS A REASON = ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE 
) HIS 9/9CTS1 HE WILL ACCEPT IT EV5 ON ! SL5D]E/ 
EVID5CE4 ,! ORIG9 ( MY?S IS EXPLA9$ 9 ?IS 
WAY1 & MU* ( :AT IS CURR5TLY BELIEV$ 9 
9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS IS NO BETT] ?AN MY?4 ,AL?\< 
CAPITALISM AF=DS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY ! *ANNEL BY 
:I* ! 9/9CT ( PUGNACITY F9DS ITS \TLET1 !RE 
IS REASON TO FE> ?AT1 IF ?IS *ANNEL W]E CLOS$1 
SOME O!R W\LD BE F\ND1 UNLESS $UCATION & 
5VIRONM5T W]E SO *ANG$ AS 5ORM\SLY TO DIM9I% 
! /R5G? ( ! COMPETITIVE 9/9CT4 ,IF AN 
ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION CAN EFFECT ?IS IT MAY PROVIDE A REAL SAFEGU>D AGA9/ W>1 BUT IF NOT1 IT IS 
TO BE FE>$ ?AT ! HOPES ( UNIV]SAL PEACE WILL 
PROVE DELUSIVE4 

,! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM MI<T1 & V]Y LIKELY 
W\LD1 GREATLY DIM9I% ! 9C5TIVES TO W> :I* 
>E D]IV$ FROM ! ,PRESS & FROM ! DESIRE ( 
F9ANCE TO F9D NEW FIELDS = 9VE/M5T 9 UNDEVELOP$ 
C\NTRIES1 BUT ?OSE :I* >E D]IV$ FROM ! 
9/9CT ( COMM& & ! IMPATI5CE ( OPPOSITION 
MI<T REMA91 ?\< P]HAPS 9 A LESS VIRUL5T 
=M ?AN AT PRES5T4 ,A DEMOCRACY :I* HAS P[] 
IS ALMO/ ALWAYS MORE BELLICOSE ?AN ONE :I* IS 
EXCLUD$ FROM ITS DUE %>E 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! 
9T]NATIONALISM ( ,M>X IS BAS$ UPON ! ASSUMPTION 
?AT ! PROLET>IAT EV]Y:]E >E OPPRESS$ BY 
! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,! LA/ WORDS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,MANIFE/O EMBODY ?IS IDEA-- 

,LET ! RUL+ CLASSES TREMBLE AT A ,COMMUNI/IC 
REVOLUTION4 ,! PROLET>IANS HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT 
!IR *A9S4 ,!Y HAVE A WORLD TO W94 ,WORK+ M5 
( ALL C\NTRIES1 UNITE6 

,SO LONG AS ! PROLET>IANS HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE 
BUT !IR *A9S1 IT IS NOT LIKELY ?AT !IR 5MITY 
WILL BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ O!R PROLET>IANS4 ,IF ! 
WORLD HAD DEVELOP$ AS ,M>X EXPECT$1 ! K9D ( 
9T]NATIONALISM :I* HE =ESAW MI<T HAVE 9SPIR$ 
A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,RUSSIA1 :I* DEVELOP$ MORE NE>LY ?AN ANY O!R C\NTRY UPON ! 
L9ES ( HIS SY/EM1 HAS HAD A REVOLUTION ( ! K9D 
:I* HE EXPECT$4 ,IF ! DEVELOPM5T 9 O!R C\NTRIES 
HAD BE5 SIMIL>1 IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT ?IS 
REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! CIVILIZ$ 
WORLD4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES MI<T HAVE 
UNIT$ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S AS !IR COMMON 
5EMY1 & 9 ! BOND ( AN ID5TICAL HATR$ !Y 
MI<T = ! MOM5T HAVE BE5 FREE FROM HATR$ 
T[>D EA* O!R4 ,EV5 !N1 ?IS GR\ND ( UNION 
W\LD HAVE CEAS$ ) !IR VICTORY1 & ON ! MORR[ 
( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ! OLD NATIONAL RIVALRIES 
MI<T HAVE REVIV$4 ,!RE IS NO AL*EMY BY :I* 
A UNIV]SAL H>MONY CAN BE PRODUC$ \T ( HATR$4 
,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ TO ACTION BY ! DOCTR9E 
( ! CLASS W> WILL HAVE ACQUIR$ ! HABIT 
( HATR$1 & WILL 9/9CTIVELY SEEK NEW 5EMIES 
:5 ! OLD ONES HAVE BE5 VANQUI%$4 

,BUT 9 ACTUAL FACT ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! WORK+ 
MAN 9 ANY ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES IS TOTALLY 
UNLIKE ?AT :I* IS ASSUM$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,MANIFE/O4 ,HE DOES NOT BY ANY MEANS FEEL ?AT HE 
HAS NO?+ TO LOSE BUT HIS *A9S1 NOR 9DE$ IS ?IS 
TRUE4 ,! *A9S :I* B9D ,ASIA & ,AFRICA 9 
SUBJECTION TO ,EUROPE >E P>TLY RIVET$ BY HIM4 ,HE IS 
HIMSELF P>T ( A GREAT SY/EM ( TYRANNY & 
EXPLOITATION4 ,UNIV]SAL FRE$OM W\LD REMOVE1 NOT ONLY 
HIS [N *A9S1 :I* >E COMP>ATIVELY LI<T1 BUT 
! F> HEAVI] *A9S :I* HE HAS HELP$ TO FA/5 
UPON ! SUBJECT RACES ( ! WORLD4 

,NOT ONLY DO ! WORK+ M5 ( A C\NTRY LIKE 
,5GL& HAVE A %>E 9 ! B5EFIT ACCRU+ FROM ! 
EXPLOITATION ( 9F]IOR RACES1 BUT MANY AMONG !M 
ALSO HAVE !IR P>T 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! 
FUNDS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETIES >E 
9VE/$ 9 ORD9>Y UND]TAK+S1 SU* AS RAILWAYS2 
MANY ( ! BETT]-PAID WAGE-E>N]S HAVE PUT !IR 
SAV+S 9TO GOV]NM5T SECURITIES2 & ALMO/ ALL 
:O >E POLITICALLY ACTIVE FEEL !MSELVES P>T ( ! 
=CES ?AT DET]M9E PUBLIC POLICY1 ?R\< ! 
P[] ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY & ! GREAT] UNIONS4 
,[+ TO !SE CAUSES !IR \TLOOK ON LIFE HAS BECOME 
TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T IMPREGNAT$ ) CAPITALISM 
& AS !IR S5SE ( P[] HAS GR[N1 !IR 
NATIONALISM HAS 9CREAS$4 ,?IS MU/ CONT9UE TO 
BE TRUE ( ANY 9T]NATIONALISM :I* IS BAS$ UPON 
HATR$ ( ! CAPITALI/ & ADH]5CE TO ! DOCTR9E 
( ! CLASS W>4 ,SOME?+ MORE POSITIVE 
& CON/RUCTIVE ?AN ?IS IS NE$$ IF GOV]N+ 
DEMOCRACIES >E NOT TO 9H]IT ! VISES ( GOV]N+ 
CLASSES 9 ! PA/4 

,I DO NOT WI% TO BE ?\<T TO D5Y ?AT CAPITALISM 
DOES V]Y MU* TO PROMOTE W>S1 OR ?AT W>S 
W\LD PROBABLY BE LESS FREQU5T & LESS DE/RUCTIVE 
IF PRIVATE PROP]TY W]E ABOLI%$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 
,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( 
L& & CAPITAL IS A NECESS>Y /EP T[>D ANY 
WORLD 9 :I* ! NATIONS >E TO LIVE AT PEACE ) 
ONE ANO!R4 ,I AM ONLY >GU+ ?AT ?IS /EP1 NECESS>Y 
AS IT IS1 WILL NOT ALONE SUFFICE = ?IS 5D1 BUT ?AT 
AMONG ! CAUSES ( W> !RE >E O!RS ?AT GO 
DEEP] 9TO ! ROOTS ( HUMAN NATURE ?AN ANY ?AT 
OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S >E WONT TO ACKN[L$GE4 

,LET US TAKE AN 9/ANCE4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA & ,CALI=NIA 
!RE IS AN 9T5SE DISLIKE & FE> T[>D ! 
YELL[ RACES4 ,! CAUSES ( ?IS >E COMPLEX2 ! 
*IEF AMONG !M >E TWO1 LABOR COMPETITION & 
9/9CTIVE RACE-HATR$4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT1 IF RACEHATR$ DID NOT EXI/1 ! DIFFICULTIES ( LABOR COMPETITION 
C\LD BE OV]COME4 ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ALSO 
COMPETE1 BUT !Y >E NOT EXCLUD$4 ,9 A SP>SELY 
POPULAT$ C\NTRY1 9DU/RI\S *EAP LABOR C\LD1 
) A LITTLE C>E1 BE SO UTILIZ$ AS TO 5RI* ! EXI/+ 
9HABITANTS2 IT MI<T1 = EXAMPLE1 BE CONF9$ TO 
C]TA9 K9DS ( WORK1 BY CU/OM IF NOT BY LAW4 ,BUT 
RACE-HATR$ OP5S M5'S M9DS TO ! EVILS ( 
COMPETITION & CLOSES !M AGA9/ ! ADVANTAGES ( 
COOP]ATION2 IT MAKES !M REG>D ) HORROR ! 
SOME:AT UNFAMILI> VISES ( ! ALI5S1 :ILE \R 
[N VISES >E VIEW$ ) MILD TOL]ATION4 ,I CANNOT 
BUT ?9K ?AT1 IF ,AU/RALIA W]E COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$1 
!RE W\LD /ILL REMA9 ! SAME POPUL> OBJECTION 
AS AT PRES5T TO ANY L>GE 9FLUX ( ,*9ESE OR 
,JAPANESE LABOR4 ,YET IF ,JAPAN ALSO W]E TO BECOME A 
,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE1 ! ,JAPANESE MI<T WELL CONT9UE TO 
FEEL ! PRESSURE ( POPULATION & ! DESIRE = AN 
\TLET4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ALL ! PASSIONS & 
9T]E/S REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE A W> W\LD EXI/1 9 
SPITE ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,SOCIALISM 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 
,ANTS >E AS COMPLETELY ,SOCIALI/IC AS ANY COMMUNITY 
CAN POSSIBLY BE1 YET !Y PUT TO DEA? ANY 
ANT :I* /RAYS AMONG !M BY MI/AKE FROM A 
NEI<BOR+ ANT-HEAP4 ,M5 DO NOT DIFF] MU* FROM 
ANTS1 AS REG>DS !IR 9/9CTS 9 ?IS RESPECT1 :]E- 
EV] !RE IS A GREAT DIV]G5CE ( RACE1 AS BETWE5 
:ITE M5 & YELL[ M54 ,( C\RSE ! 9/9CT ( 
RACE-HO/ILITY CAN BE OV]COME BY SUITABLE CIRCUM/ANCES2 
BUT 9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* CIRCUM/ANCES IT 
REMA9S A =MIDABLE M5ACE TO ! WORLD'S PEACE4 

,IF ! PEACE ( ! WORLD IS EV] TO BECOME SECURE1 
,I BELIEVE !RE WILL HAVE TO BE1 ALONG ) O!R 
*ANGES1 A DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEA :I* 9SPIRES ! 
PROJECT ( A ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS4 ,AS TIME GOES ON1 ! 
DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( W> GR[S GREAT] & ITS PR(ITS 
GR[ LESS3 ! RATIONAL >GUM5T AGA9/ W> ACQUIRES 
MORE & MORE =CE AS ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY 
( LABOR MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO DEVOTE A GREAT] 
& GREAT] PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION TO ! WORK 
( MUTUAL SLAU<T]4 ,9 QUIET TIMES1 OR :5 A GREAT 
W> HAS JU/ 5D$1 M5'S MOODS >E AM5ABLE TO 
! RATIONAL GR\NDS 9 FAVOR ( PEACE1 & IT IS 
POSSIBLE TO 9AUGURATE S*EMES DESIGN$ TO MAKE W>S 
LESS FREQU5T4 ,PROBABLY NO CIVILIZ$ NATION W\LD 
EMB>K UPON AN AGGRESSIVE W> IF IT W]E FAIRLY 
C]TA9 9 ADVANCE ?AT ! AGGRESSOR MU/ BE DEFEAT$4 
,?IS C\LD BE A*IEV$ IF MO/ GREAT NATIONS 
CAME TO REG>D ! PEACE ( ! WORLD AS ( SU* 
IMPORTANCE ?AT !Y W\LD SIDE AGA9/ AN AGGRESSOR 
EV5 9 A QU>REL 9 :I* !Y HAD NO DIRECT 9T]E/4 
,IT IS ON ?IS HOPE ?AT ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS IS BAS$4 

,BUT ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS1 LIKE ! ABOLITION ( 
PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WILL BE BY NO MEANS SUFFICI5T IF IT 
IS NOT ACCOMPANI$ OR QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY O!R 
RE=MS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT SU* RE=MS1 IF !Y >E 
TO BE EFFECTIVE1 MU/ BE 9T]NATIONAL2 ! WORLD MU/ 
MOVE AS A :OLE 9 !SE MATT]S1 IF IT IS TO MOVE AT 
ALL4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ OBVI\S NECESSITIES1 IF PEACE IS TO 
BE SECURE1 IS A MEASURE ( DIS>MAM5T4 ,SO LONG AS 
! PRES5T VA/ >MIES & NAVIES EXI/1 NO SY/EM 
CAN PREV5T ! RISK ( W>4 ,BUT DIS>MAM5T1 IF IT 
IS TO S]VE ITS PURPOSE1 MU/ BE SIMULTANE\S & BY 
MUTUAL AGREEM5T AMONG ALL ! ,GREAT ,P[]S4 ,& 
IT IS NOT LIKELY TO BE SUCCESSFUL SO LONG AS HATR$ & 
SUSPICION RULE BETWE5 NATIONS1 = EA* NATION WILL 
SUSPECT ITS NEI<BOR ( NOT C>RY+ \T ! B>GA9 
FAIRLY4 ,A DIFF]5T M5TAL & MORAL ATMOSPH]E 
FROM ?AT TO :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$ 9 9T]NATIONAL 
AFFAIRS WILL BE NECESS>Y IF AGREEM5TS BETWE5 NATIONS 
>E TO SUCCE$ 9 AV]T+ CATA/ROPHES4 ,IF ONCE SU* 
AN ATMOSPH]E EXI/$ IT MI<T BE P]PETUAT$ & 
/R5G!N$ BY WISE 9/ITUTIONS2 BUT IT CANNOT BE 
,C,R,E,A,T,$ BY 9/ITUTIONS ALONE4 ,9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION 
REQUIRES MUTUAL GOOD WILL1 & GOOD WILL1 H[EV] 
IT HAS >IS51 IS ONLY TO BE ,P,R,E,S,],V,$ BY COOP]ATION4 
,! 9T]NATIONAL FUTURE DEP5DS UPON ! POSSIBILITY 
( ! 9ITIAL CREATION ( GOOD WILL BETWE5 NATIONS4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS SORT ( MATT] ?AT REVOLUTIONS >E 
MO/ USEFUL4 ,IF ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 
ACCOMPANI$ BY A REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY1 ! DRAMATIC 
SUDD5NESS ( ! *ANGE MI<T HAVE %AK5 
,EUROPE1 = ! MOM5T1 \T ( ITS HABITS ( ?\<T3 
! IDEA ( FRAT]NITY MI<T HAVE SEEM$1 9 ! 
TW9KL+ ( AN EYE1 TO HAVE 5T]$ ! WORLD ( 
PRACTICAL POLITICS2 & NO IDEA IS SO PRACTICAL AS ! 
IDEA ( ! BRO!RHOOD ( MAN1 IF ONLY PEOPLE CAN BE 
/>TL$ 9TO BELIEV+ 9 IT4 ,IF ONCE ! IDEA ( 
FRAT]NITY BETWE5 NATIONS W]E 9AUGURAT$ ) ! 
FAI? & VIGOR BELONG+ TO A NEW REVOLUTION1 ALL ! 
DIFFICULTIES SURR\ND+ IT W\LD MELT AWAY1 = ALL 
( !M >E DUE TO SUSPICION & ! TYRANNY ( 
ANCI5T PREJUDICE4 ,?OSE :O 7AS IS COMMON 9 ! 
,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD7 REJECT REVOLUTION AS A 
ME?OD1 & PRAISE ! GRADUAL PIECEMEAL DEVELOPM5T 
:I* 7WE >E TOLD7 CON/ITUTES SOLID PROGRESS1 
OV]LOOK ! EFFECT ( DRAMATIC EV5TS 9 *ANG+ 
! MOOD & ! BELIEFS ( :OLE POPULATIONS4 ,A 
SIMULTANE\S REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA 
W\LD NO D\BT HAVE HAD SU* AN EFFECT1 & W\LD 
HAVE MADE ! CREATION ( A NEW WORLD POSSIBLE H]E 
& N[4 

,DIS ALIT] VISUM3 ! MILL5NIUM IS NOT = \R 
TIME4 ,! GREAT MOM5T HAS PASS$1 & = \RSELVES 
IT IS AGA9 ! DI/ANT HOPE ?AT MU/ 9SPIRE 
US1 NOT ! IMM$IATE BREA?LESS LOOK+ = ! 
DELIV]ANCE4.<#e#f.> ,BUT WE HAVE SE5 :AT MI<T HAVE BE51 
& WE KN[ ?AT GREAT POSSIBILITIES DO >ISE 9 TIMES 
( CRISIS4 ,9 SOME SU* S5SE AS ?IS1 IT MAY WELL 
BE TRUE ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS ! ROAD TO 
UNIV]SAL PEACE1 & ?AT :5 IT HAS BE5 TRAV]S$ 
ALL ! O!R CONDITIONS = ! CESSATION ( 
W>S WILL GR[ ( !MSELVES \T ( ! *ANG$ 
M5TAL & MORAL ATMOSPH]E4 

,!RE IS A C]TA9 CLASS ( DIFFICULTIES :I* SURR\NDS 
! SOB] IDEALI/ 9 ALL SPECULATIONS AB\T ! 
NOT TOO DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,!SE >E ! CASES :]E 
! SOLUTION BELIEV$ BY MO/ IDEALI/S TO BE UNIV]SALLY 
APPLICABLE IS = SOME REASON IMPOSSIBLE1 & IS1 
AT ! SAME TIME1 OBJECT$ TO = BASE OR 9T]E/$ 
MOTIVES BY ALL UPHOLD]S ( EXI/+ 9EQUALITIES4 ,! 
CASE ( ,TROPICAL ,AFRICA WILL ILLU/RATE :AT ,I MEAN4 
,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT S]I\SLY TO ADVOCATE ! IMM$IATE 
9TRODUCTION ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T = 
! NATIVES ( ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD1 EV5 IF IT W]E 
ACCOMPANI$ BY WOM5'S SUFFRAGE & PROPORTIONAL 
REPRES5TATION4 ,SO F> AS ,I KN[1 NO ONE SUPPOSES 
! POPULATIONS ( !SE REGIONS CAPABLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION1 EXCEPT ,MR4 ,LLOYD ,GEORGE4 ,!RE CAN 
BE NO D\BT ?AT1 :ATEV] REGIME MAY BE 9TRODUC$ 
9 ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICAN NEGROES WILL = A LONG TIME TO 
COME BE GOV]N$ & EXPLOIT$ BY ,EUROPEANS4 ,IF 
! ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES BECAME ,SOCIALI/IC1 & REFUS$1 
UND] A ,QUIXOTIC IMPULSE1 TO 5RI* !MSELVES AT ! 
EXP5SE ( ! DEF5SELESS 9HABITANTS ( ,AFRICA1 
?OSE 9HABITANTS W\LD NOT !REBY GA92 ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 !Y W\LD LOSE1 = !Y W\LD BE H&$ 
OV] TO ! T5D] M]CIES ( 9DIVIDUAL TRAD]S1 
OP]AT+ ) >MIES ( REPROBATE BRAVOS1 & COMMITT+ 
EV]Y ATROCITY TO :I* ! CIVILIZ$ B>B>IAN 
IS PRONE4 ,! ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5TS CANNOT DIVE/ 
!MSELVES ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 REG>D TO ,AFRICA4 
,!Y MU/ GOV]N !RE1 & ! BE/ ?AT CAN BE 
HOP$ IS ?AT !Y %\LD GOV]N ) A M9IMUM 
( CRUELTY & RAPACITY4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 
PRES]V+ ! PEACE ( ! WORLD1 ! PROBLEM IS TO 
P>CEL \T ! ADVANTAGES :I* :ITE M5 D]IVE 
FROM !IR POSITION 9 ,AFRICA 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO 
NATION %ALL FEEL A S5SE ( 9JU/ICE4 ,?IS PROBLEM 
IS COMP>ATIVELY SIMPLE1 & MI<T NO D\BT BE SOLV$ 
ON ! L9ES ( ! W> AIMS ( ! ,9T]-,ALLI$ ,SOCIALI/S4 
,BUT IT IS NOT ?IS PROBLEM :I* ,I WI% TO DISCUSS4 
,:AT ,I WI% TO CONSID] IS1 H[ C\LD A ,SOCIALI/ 
OR AN ,AN>*I/ COMMUNITY GOV]N & ADM9I/] 
AN ,AFRICAN REGION1 FULL ( NATURAL WEAL?1 BUT 
9HABIT$ BY A QUITE UNCIVILIZ$ POPULATION8 ,UNLESS 
GREAT PRECAUTIONS W]E TAK5 ! :ITE COMMUNITY1 
UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 W\LD ACQUIRE ! 
POSITION & ! 9/9CTS ( A SLAVE-[N]4 ,IT 
W\LD T5D TO KEEP ! NEGROES D[N TO ! B>E LEVEL 
( SUBSI/5CE1 :ILE US+ ! PRODUCE ( !IR 
C\NTRY TO 9CREASE ! COM=T & SPL5DOR ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ COMMUNITY4 ,IT W\LD DO ?IS ) ?AT 
C>EFUL UNCONSCI\SNESS :I* N[ *>ACT]IZES ALL 
! WOR/ ACTS ( NATIONS4 ,ADM9I/RATORS W\LD BE 
APPO9T$ & W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO KEEP SIL5CE AS 
TO !IR ME?ODS4 ,BUSYBODIES :O REPORT$ HORRORS 
W\LD BE DISBELIEV$1 & W\LD BE SAID TO BE ACTUAT$ 
BY HATR$ T[>D ! EXI/+ REGIME & BY A P]V]SE 
LOVE = EV]Y C\NTRY BUT !IR [N4 ,NO D\BT1 
9 ! FIR/ G5]\S 5?USIASM ACCOMPANY+ ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( ! NEW REGIME AT HOME1 !RE W\LD 
BE EV]Y 9T5TION ( MAK+ ! NATIVES HAPPY1 BUT 
GRADUALLY !Y W\LD BE =GOTT51 & ONLY ! 
TRIBUTE COM+ FROM !IR C\NTRY W\LD BE 
REMEMB]$4 ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ALL !SE EVILS >E 
UNAVOIDABLE2 ,I SAY ONLY ?AT !Y WILL NOT BE AVOID$ 
UNLESS !Y >E =ESE5 & A DELIB]ATE CONSCI\S 
EF=T IS MADE TO PREV5T !IR REALIZATION4 ,IF ! 
:ITE COMMUNITIES %\LD EV] REA* ! PO9T ( 
WI%+ TO C>RY \T AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! PR9CIPLES 
UND]LY+ ! REVOLT AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 !Y WILL 
HAVE TO F9D A WAY ( E/ABLI%+ AN ABSOLUTE 
DIS9T]E/$NESS 9 !IR DEAL+S ) SUBJECT RACES4 ,IT 
WILL BE NECESS>Y TO AVOID ! FA9TE/ SUGGE/ION ( 
CAPITALI/IC PR(IT 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,AFRICA1 & 
TO SP5D 9 ! C\NTRIES !MSELVES :ATEV] !Y 
W\LD BE ABLE TO SP5D IF !Y W]E SELF-GOV]N+4 
,MOREOV]1 IT MU/ ALWAYS BE REMEMB]$ ?AT BACKW>DNESS 
9 CIVILIZATION IS NOT NECESS>ILY 9CURABLE1 
& ?AT ) TIME EV5 ! POPULATIONS ( ,C5TRAL 
,AFRICA MAY BECOME CAPABLE ( DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]NM5T1 
PROVID$ ,EUROPEANS B5D !IR 5]GIES TO 
?IS PURPOSE4 

,! PROBLEM ( ,AFRICA IS1 ( C\RSE1 A P>T ( ! 
WID] PROBLEMS ( ,IMP]IALISM1 BUT IT IS ?AT P>T 9 
:I* ! APPLICATION ( ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES IS MO/ 
DIFFICULT4 ,9 REG>D TO ,ASIA1 & MORE P>TICUL>LY 
9 REG>D TO ,9DIA & ,P]SIA1 ! APPLICATION ( 
PR9CIPLES IS CLE> 9 !ORY ?\< DIFFICULT 9 POLITICAL 
PRACTICE4 ,! OB/ACLES TO SELF-GOV]NM5T :I* 
EXI/ 9 ,AFRICA DO NOT EXI/ 9 ! SAME MEASURE 9 
,ASIA4 ,:AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( FRE$OM ( ,ASIATIC 
POPULATIONS IS NOT !IR LACK ( 9TELLIG5CE1 BUT ONLY 
!IR LACK ( MILIT>Y PR[ESS1 :I* MAKES !M AN 
EASY PREY TO \R LU/ = DOM9ION4 ,?IS LU/ W\LD 
PROBABLY BE 9 TEMPOR>Y ABEYANCE ON ! MORR[ ( 
A ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 & AT SU* A MOM5T A NEW 
DEP>TURE 9 ,ASIATIC POLICY MI<T BE TAK5 ) 
P]MAN5TLY B5EFICIAL RESULTS4 ,I DO NOT MEAN1 ( 
C\RSE1 ?AT WE %\LD =CE UPON ,9DIA ?AT =M 
( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T :I* WE HAVE DEVELOP$ 
= \R [N NE$S4 ,I MEAN RA!R ?AT WE %\LD 
LEAVE ,9DIA TO *OOSE ITS [N =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ITS 
[N MANN] ( $UCATION & ITS [N TYPE ( CIVILIZATION4 
,9DIA HAS AN ANCI5T TRADITION1 V]Y DIFF]5T 
FROM ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 A TRADITION HI<LY 
VALU$ BY $UCAT$ ,H9DUS1 BUT NOT LOV$ BY \R 
S*OOLS & COLLEGES4 ,! ,H9DU ,NATIONALI/ FEELS 
?AT HIS C\NTRY HAS A TYPE ( CULTURE CONTA9+ ELEM5TS 
( VALUE ?AT >E ABS5T1 OR MU* LESS M>K$1 
9 ! ,WE/2 HE WI%ES TO BE FREE TO PRES]VE ?IS1 
& DESIRES POLITICAL FRE$OM = SU* REASONS RA!R 
?AN = ?OSE ?AT W\LD MO/ NATURALLY APPEAL TO 
AN ,5GLI%MAN 9 ! SAME SUBJECT POSITION4 ,! 
BELIEF ( ! ,EUROPEAN 9 HIS [N ,KULTUR T5DS TO BE 
FANATICAL & RU?LESS1 & = ?IS REASON1 AS MU* AS 
= ANY O!R1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( EXTRA-,EUROPEAN 
CIVILIZATION IS ( REAL IMPORTANCE TO ! WORLD1 = IT IS 
NOT BY A DEAD UNI=MITY ?AT ! WORLD AS A :OLE IS 
MO/ 5RI*$4 

,I HAVE SET =? /RONGLY ALL ! MAJOR DIFFICULTIES 
9 ! WAY ( ! PRES]VATION ( ! WORLD'S PEACE1 
NOT BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE !SE DIFFICULTIES TO BE 9SUP]ABLE1 
BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y 
CAN BE OV]COME IF !Y >E RECOGNIZ$4 ,A CORRECT 
DIAGNOSIS IS NECESS>ILY ! FIR/ /EP T[>D A CURE4 
,! EXI/+ EVILS 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS SPR+1 
AT BOTTOM1 FROM PSY*OLOGICAL CAUSES1 FROM MOTIVES 
=M+ P>T ( HUMAN NATURE AS IT IS AT PRES5T4 
,AMONG !SE ! *IEF >E COMPETITIV5ESS1 LOVE ( 
P[]1 & 5VY1 US+ 5VY 9 ?AT BROAD S5SE 9 
:I* IT 9CLUDES ! 9/9CTIVE DISLIKE ( ANY GA9 
TO O!RS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY AN AT LEA/ EQUAL GA9 
TO \RSELVES4 ,! EVILS >IS+ FROM !SE ?REE 
CAUSES CAN BE REMOV$ BY A BETT] $UCATION & A 
BETT] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM4 

,COMPETITIV5ESS IS BY NO MEANS :OLLY AN EVIL4 
,:5 IT TAKES ! =M ( EMULATION 9 ! S]VICE 
( ! PUBLIC1 OR 9 DISCOV]Y OR ! PRODUCTION ( 
WORKS ( >T1 IT MAY BECOME A V]Y USEFUL /IMULUS1 
URG+ M5 TO PR(ITABLE EF=T BEYOND :AT !Y 
W\LD O!RWISE MAKE4 ,IT IS ONLY H>MFUL :5 IT 
AIMS AT ! ACQUISITION ( GOODS :I* >E LIMIT$ 
9 AM\NT1 SO ?AT :AT ONE MAN POSSESSES HE HOLDS AT 
! EXP5SE ( ANO!R4 ,:5 COMPETITIV5ESS TAKES 
?IS =M IT IS NECESS>ILY ATT5D$ BY FE>1 & \T 
( FE> CRUELTY IS ALMO/ 9EVITABLY DEVELOP$4 ,BUT A 
SOCIAL SY/EM PROVID+ = A MORE JU/ DI/RIBUTION 
( MAT]IAL GOODS MI<T CLOSE TO ! 9/9CT ( 
COMPETITIV5ESS ?OSE *ANNELS 9 :I* IT IS H>MFUL1 
& CAUSE IT TO FL[ 9/EAD 9 *ANNELS 9 :I* IT 
W\LD BECOME A B5EFIT TO MANK9D4 ,?IS IS ONE GREAT 
REASON :Y ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL 
W\LD BE LIKELY TO HAVE A B5EFICIAL EFFECT UPON 
HUMAN NATURE1 = HUMAN NATURE1 AS IT EXI/S 9 ADULT 
M5 & WOM51 IS BY NO MEANS A FIX$ DATUM1 BUT 
A PRODUCT ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 $UCATION & OPPORTUNITY 
OP]AT+ UPON A HI<LY MALLEABLE NATIVE 
DISPOSITION4 

,:AT IS TRUE ( COMPETITIV5ESS IS EQUALLY TRUE 
( LOVE ( P[]4 ,P[]1 9 ! =M 9 :I* IT IS 
N[ USUALLY S\<T1 IS P[] ( COMM&1 P[] ( 
IMPOS+ ONE'S WILL UPON O!RS BY =CE1 OP5 OR 
CONCEAL$4 ,?IS =M ( P[] CONSI/S1 9 ESS5CE1 9 
?W>T+ O!RS1 = IT IS ONLY DISPLAY$ :5 O!RS 
>E COMPELL$ TO DO :AT !Y DO NOT WI% TO DO4 
,SU* P[]1 WE HOPE1 ! SOCIAL SY/EM :I* IS TO 
SUP]S$E CAPITALI/ WILL R$UCE TO A M9IMUM BY ! 
ME?ODS :I* WE \TL9$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]4 
,!SE ME?ODS CAN BE APPLI$ 9 9T]NATIONAL NO 
LESS ?AN 9 NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS 
! SAME =MULA ( F$]ALISM WILL APPLY3 SELF-DET]M9ATION = EV]Y GR\P 9 REG>D TO MATT]S :I* 
CONC]N IT MU* MORE VITALLY ?AN !Y CONC]N 
O!RS1 & GOV]NM5T BY A NEUTRAL AU?ORITY EMBRAC+ 
RIVAL GR\PS 9 ALL MATT]S 9 :I* CONFLICT+ 
9T]E/S ( GR\PS COME 9TO PLAY2 L\T ALWAYS 
) ! FIX$ PR9CIPLE ?AT ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T 
>E TO BE R$UC$ TO ! B>E M9IMUM COMPATIBLE 
) JU/ICE & ! PREV5TION ( PRIVATE 
VIOL5CE4 ,9 SU* A WORLD ! PRES5T H>MFUL \TLETS 
= ! LOVE ( P[] W\LD BE CLOS$4 ,BUT ! 
P[] :I* CONSI/S 9 P]SUASION1 9 TEA*+1 9 
LEAD+ M5 TO A NEW WISDOM OR ! REALIZATION ( 
NEW POSSIBILITIES ( HAPP9ESS--?IS K9D ( P[]1 
:I* MAY BE :OLLY B5EFICIAL1 W\LD REMA9 UNT\*$1 
& MANY VIGOR\S M51 :O 9 ! ACTUAL 
WORLD DEVOTE !IR 5]GIES TO DOM9ATION1 W\LD 9 
SU* A WORLD F9D !IR 5]GIES DIRECT$ TO ! CREATION 
( NEW GOODS RA!R ?AN ! P]PETUATION ( 
ANCI5T EVILS4 

,5VY1 ! ?IRD ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL CAUSES TO 
:I* WE ATTRIBUT$ :AT IS BAD 9 ! ACTUAL WORLD1 
DEP5DS 9 MO/ NATURES UPON ?AT K9D ( FUNDAM5TAL 
DISCONT5T :I* SPR+S FROM A LACK ( 
FREE DEVELOPM5T1 FROM ?W>T$ 9/9CT1 & 
FROM ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ AN IMAG9$ 
HAPP9ESS4 ,5VY CANNOT BE CUR$ BY PREA*+2 
PREA*+1 AT ! BE/1 WILL ONLY ALT] ITS MANIFE/ATIONS 
& LEAD IT TO ADOPT MORE SUBTLE =MS ( CONCEALM5T4 
,EXCEPT 9 ?OSE R>E NATURES 9 :I* 
G5]OSITY DOM9ATES 9 SPITE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 
ONLY CURE = 5VY IS FRE$OM & ! JOY ( LIFE4 
,FROM POPULATIONS L>GELY DEPRIV$ ( ! SIMPLE 
9/9CTIVE PLEASURES ( LEISURE & LOVE1 SUN%9E & 
GRE5 FIELDS1 G5]OSITY ( \TLOOK & K9DL9ESS 
( DISPOSITIONS >E H>DLY TO BE EXPECT$4 ,9 SU* 
POPULATIONS !SE QUALITIES >E NOT LIKELY TO BE F\ND1 
EV5 AMONG ! =TUNATE FEW1 = !SE FEW >E 
AW>E1 H[EV] DIMLY1 ?AT !Y >E PR(IT+ BY AN 
9JU/ICE1 & ?AT !Y CAN ONLY CONT9UE TO 5JOY 
!IR GOOD =TUNE BY DELIB]ATELY IGNOR+ ?OSE 
) :OM IT IS NOT %>$4 ,IF G5]OSITY & K9DL9ESS 
>E TO BE COMMON1 !RE MU/ BE MORE C>E 
?AN !RE IS AT PRES5T = ! ELEM5T>Y WANTS ( 
HUMAN NATURE1 & MORE REALIZATION ?AT ! DIFFUSION 
( HAPP9ESS AMONG ALL :O >E NOT ! VICTIMS ( 
SOME PECULI> MIS=TUNE IS BO? POSSIBLE & IMP]ATIVE4 
,A WORLD FULL ( HAPP9ESS W\LD NOT WI% TO 
PLUNGE 9TO W>1 & W\LD NOT BE FILL$ ) ?AT 
GRUDG+ HO/ILITY :I* \R CRAMP$ & N>R[ 
EXI/5CE =CES UPON AV]AGE HUMAN NATURE4 ,A WORLD 
FULL ( HAPP9ESS IS NOT BEYOND HUMAN P[] TO 
CREATE2 ! OB/ACLES IMPOS$ BY 9ANIMATE NATURE 
>E NOT 9SUP]ABLE4 ,! REAL OB/ACLES LIE 9 ! 
HE>T ( MAN1 & ! CURE = !SE IS A FIRM HOPE1 
9=M$ & =TIFI$ BY ?\<T4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I 

,S,C,I,5,C,E ,& ,>,T ,U,N,D,] ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M 

,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY MO/ ( ITS 
*AMPIONS *IEFLY AS A MEANS ( 9CREAS+ ! WELF>E 
( ! WAGE E>N+ CLASSES1 & MORE P>TICUL>LY 
!IR MAT]IAL WELF>E4 ,IT HAS SEEM$ ACCORD+LY1 
TO SOME M5 :OSE AIMS >E NOT MAT]IAL1 AS 
IF IT HAS NO?+ TO (F] T[>D ! G5]AL 
ADVANCEM5T ( CIVILIZATION 9 ! WAY ( >T & 
?\<T4 ,SOME ( ITS ADVOCATES1 MOREOV]--& 
AMONG !SE ,M>X MU/ BE 9CLUD$--HAVE WRITT51 
NO D\BT NOT DELIB]ATELY1 AS IF ) ! ,SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION ! MILL5NIUM W\LD HAVE >RIV$1 & 
!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ ( FUR!R PROGRESS = ! 
HUMAN RACE4 ,I DO NOT KN[ :E!R \R AGE IS MORE 
RE/LESS ?AN ?AT :I* PREC$$ IT1 OR :E!R IT 
HAS M]ELY BECOME MORE IMPREGNAT$ ) ! IDEA 
( EVOLUTION1 BUT1 = :ATEV] REASON1 WE HAVE 
GR[N 9CAPABLE ( BELIEV+ 9 A /ATE ( /ATIC 
P]FECTION1 & WE DEM&1 ( ANY SOCIAL SY/EM1 
:I* IS TO HAVE \R APPROVAL1 ?AT IT %ALL CONTA9 
)9 ITSELF A /IMULUS & OPPORTUNITY = PROGRESS 
T[>D SOME?+ /ILL BETT]4 ,! D\BTS ?US 
RAIS$ BY ,SOCIALI/ WRIT]S MAKE IT NECESS>Y TO 
9QUIRE :E!R ,SOCIALISM W\LD 9 FACT BE HO/ILE TO 
>T & SCI5CE1 & :E!R IT W\LD BE LIKELY TO 
PRODUCE A /]EOTYP$ SOCIETY 9 :I* PROGRESS 
W\LD BECOME DIFFICULT & SL[4 

,IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT M5 & WOM5 %\LD BE 
MADE COM=TABLE 9 A MAT]IAL S5SE4 ,MANY MEMB]S 
( ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES AT PRES5T1 9 SPITE ( 
OPPORTUNITY1 CONTRIBUTE NO?+ ( VALUE TO ! LIFE 
( ! WORLD1 & DO NOT EV5 SUCCE$ 9 SECUR+ = 
!MSELVES ANY P]SONAL HAPP9ESS WOR?Y TO BE SO 
CALL$4 ,! MULTIPLICATION ( SU* 9DIVIDUALS W\LD 
BE AN A*IEVEM5T ( ! V]Y M9UTE/ VALUE2 & 
IF ,SOCIALISM W]E M]ELY TO BE/[ UPON ALL ! 
K9D ( LIFE & \TLOOK :I* IS N[ 5JOY$ BY 
! MORE APA!TIC AMONG ! WELL-TO-DO1 IT W\LD 
(F] LITTLE ?AT C\LD 9SPIRE 5?USIASM 9 ANY 
G5]\S SPIRIT4 

^*^*,! TRUE ROLE ( COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE1'' SAYS ,M4 
,NAQUET1.<#e#g.>'' 4 4 4 IS TO LE>N1 TO DISCOV]1 TO KN[4 
,EAT+1 DR9K+1 SLEEP+1 LIV+1 9 A WORD1 IS A 
M]E ACCESSORY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 WE >E NOT 
DI/+UI%$ FROM ! BRUTE4 ,KN[L$GE IS ! GOAL4 
,IF ,I W]E CONDEMN$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 A HUMANITY 
MAT]IALLY HAPPY1 GLUTT$ AFT] ! MANN] ( A 
FLOCK ( %EEP 9 A FIELD1 & A HUMANITY EXI/+ 9 
MIS]Y1 BUT FROM :I* EMANAT$1 H]E & !RE1 
SOME ET]NAL TRU?1 IT IS ON ! LATT] ?AT MY *OICE 
W\LD FALL4'' 

,?IS /ATEM5T PUTS ! ALT]NATIVE 9 A V]Y 
EXTREME =M 9 :I* IT IS SOME:AT UNREAL4 ,IT MAY 
BE SAID 9 REPLY ?AT = ?OSE :O HAVE HAD ! 
LEISURE & ! OPPORTUNITY TO 5JOY ^*^*ET]NAL 
TRU?S'' IT IS EASY TO EXALT !IR IMPORTANCE AT ! 
EXP5SE ( SUFF]+S :I* FALL ON O!RS4 ,?IS IS 
TRUE2 BUT1 IF IT IS TAK5 AS DISPOS+ ( ! QUE/ION1 
IT LEAVES \T ( ACC\NT ! IMPORTANCE ( ?\<T 
= PROGRESS4 ,VIEW+ ! LIFE ( MANK9D AS A :OLE1 
9 ! FUTURE AS WELL AS 9 ! PRES5T1 !RE CAN BE 
NO QUE/ION ?AT A SOCIETY 9 :I* SOME M5 PURSUE 
KN[L$GE :ILE O!RS 5DURE GREAT POV]TY (F]S 
MORE HOPE ( ULTIMATE GOOD ?AN A SOCIETY 9 :I* 
ALL >E SUNK 9 SLO?FUL COM=T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 
POV]TY IS A GREAT EVIL1 BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT MAT]IAL 
PROSP]ITY IS 9 ITSELF A GREAT GOOD4 ,IF IT IS TO HAVE 
ANY REAL VALUE TO SOCIETY1 IT MU/ BE MADE A MEANS TO 
! ADVANCEM5T ( ?OSE HI<] GOODS ?AT BELONG 
TO ! LIFE ( ! M9D4 ,BUT ! LIFE ( ! M9D DOES 
NOT CONSI/ ( ?\<T & KN[L$GE ALONE1 NOR 
CAN IT BE COMPLETELY HEAL?Y UNLESS IT HAS SOME 
9/9CTIVE CONTACT1 H[EV] DEEPLY BURI$1 ) ! 
G5]AL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,DIVORC$ FROM ! 
SOCIAL 9/9CT1 ?\<T1 LIKE >T1 T5DS TO BECOME 
F9ICKY & PRECI\S4 ,IT IS ! POSITION ( SU* >T 
& ?\<T AS IS IMBU$ ) ! 9/9CTIVE S5SE 
( S]VICE TO MANK9D ?AT WE WI% TO CONSID]1 = 
IT IS ?IS ALONE ?AT MAKES UP ! LIFE ( ! M9D 
9 ! S5SE 9 :I* IT IS A VITAL P>T ( ! LIFE ( 
! COMMUNITY4 ,WILL ! LIFE ( ! M9D 9 ?IS 
S5SE BE HELP$ OR H9D]$ BY ,SOCIALISM8 ,& WILL 
!RE /ILL BE A SUFFICI5T SPUR TO PROGRESS TO PREV5T 
A CONDITION ( ,BYZANT9E IMMOBILITY8 

,9 CONSID]+ ?IS QUE/ION WE >E1 9 A C]TA9 
S5SE1 PASS+ \TSIDE ! ATMOSPH]E ( DEMOCRACY4 
,! G5]AL GOOD ( ! COMMUNITY IS REALIZ$ ONLY 
9 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT IT IS REALIZ$ MU* MORE FULLY 9 
SOME 9DIVIDUALS ?AN 9 O!RS4 ,SOME M5 HAVE A 
COMPREH5SIVE & P5ETRAT+ 9TELLECT1 5ABL+ 
!M TO APPRECIATE & REMEMB] :AT HAS BE5 
?\<T & KN[N BY !IR PR$ECESSORS1 & TO 
DISCOV] NEW REGIONS 9 :I* !Y 5JOY ALL ! 
HI< DELI<TS ( ! M5TAL EXPLOR]4 ,O!RS HAVE 
! P[] ( CREAT+ BEAUTY1 GIV+ BODILY =M TO 
IMPALPABLE VISIONS \T ( :I* JOY COMES TO MANY4 
,SU* M5 >E MORE =TUNATE ?AN ! MASS1 & ALSO 
MORE IMPORTANT = ! COLLECTIVE LIFE4 ,A L>G] %>E 
( ! G5]AL SUM ( GOOD IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 !M 
?AN 9 ! ORD9>Y MAN & WOMAN2 BUT ALSO !IR 
CONTRIBUTION TO ! G5]AL GOOD IS GREAT]4 ,!Y 
/& \T AMONG M5 & CANNOT BE :OLLY FITT$ 
9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( DEMOCRATIC EQUALITY4 ,A SOCIAL 
SY/EM :I* W\LD R5D] !M UNPRODUCTIVE W\LD 
/& CONDEMN$1 :ATEV] O!R M]ITS IT MI<T 
HAVE4 

,! FIR/ ?+ TO REALIZE--?\< IT IS DIFFICULT 9 
A COMM]CIAL AGE--IS ?AT :AT IS BE/ 9 CREATIVE 
M5TAL ACTIVITY CANNOT BE PRODUC$ BY ANY SY/EM 
( MONET>Y REW>DS4 ,OPPORTUNITY & ! /IMULUS 
( AN 9VIGORAT+ SPIRITUAL ATMOSPH]E >E IMPORTANT1 
BUT1 IF !Y >E PRES5T$1 NO F9ANCIAL 9DUCEM5TS 
WILL BE REQUIR$1 :ILE IF !Y >E ABS5T1 
MAT]IAL COMP5SATIONS WILL BE ( NO AVAIL4 ,RECOGNITION1 
EV5 IF IT TAKES ! =M ( MONEY1 CAN BR+ A 
C]TA9 PLEASURE 9 OLD AGE TO ! MAN ( SCI5CE 
:O HAS BATTL$ ALL HIS LIFE AGA9/ ACADEMIC 
PREJUDICE1 OR TO ! >TI/ :O HAS 5DUR$ YE>S ( 
RIDICULE = NOT PA9T+ 9 ! MANN] ( HIS 
PR$ECESSORS2 BUT IT IS NOT BY ! REMOTE HOPE ( SU* 
PLEASURES ?AT !IR WORK HAS BE5 9SPIR$4 ,ALL 
! MO/ IMPORTANT WORK SPR+S FROM AN UNCALCULAT+ 
IMPULSE1 & IS BE/ PROMOT$1 NOT BY REW>DS 
AFT] ! EV5T1 BUT BY CIRCUM/ANCES :I* KEEP ! 
IMPULSE ALIVE & AF=D SCOPE = ! ACTIVITIES 
:I* IT 9SPIRES4 ,9 ! CREATION ( SU* CIRCUM/ANCES 
\R PRES5T SY/EM IS MU* AT FAULT4 ,WILL 
,SOCIALISM BE BETT]8 

,I DO NOT ?9K ?IS QUE/ION CAN BE ANSW]$ 
)\T SPECIFY+ ! K9D ( ,SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9T5D$3 
SOME =MS ( ,SOCIALISM W\LD1 ,I BELIEVE1 BE 
EV5 MORE DE/RUCTIVE 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AN ! PRES5T 
CAPITALI/ REGIME1 :ILE O!RS W\LD BE IMMEASURABLY 
BETT]4 ,?REE ?+S :I* A SOCIAL SY/EM CAN 
PROVIDE OR )HOLD >E HELPFUL TO M5TAL CREATION3 
FIR/1 TE*NICAL TRA9+2 SECOND1 LIB]TY TO FOLL[ 
! CREATIVE IMPULSE2 ?IRD1 AT LEA/ ! POSSIBILITY ( 
ULTIMATE APPRECIATION BY SOME PUBLIC1 :E!R L>GE 
OR SMALL4 ,WE MAY LEAVE \T ( \R DISCUSSION BO? 
9DIVIDUAL G5IUS & ?OSE 9TANGIBLE CONDITIONS 
:I* MAKE SOME AGES GREAT & O!RS /]ILE 9 >T 
& SCI5CE--NOT BECAUSE !SE >E UNIMPORTANT1 BUT 
BECAUSE !Y >E TOO LITTLE UND]/OOD TO BE TAK5 
ACC\NT ( 9 ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 
,! ?REE CONDITIONS WE HAVE M5TION$ SEEM TO COV] 
MO/ ( :AT CAN BE ,S,E,5 TO BE USEFUL OR H>MFUL 
FROM \R PRES5T PO9T ( VIEW1 & IT IS !RE=E 
TO !M ?AT WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES4 

#a4 ,TE*NICAL ,TRA9+4--,TE*NICAL TRA9+ AT 
PRES5T1 :E!R 9 SCI5CE OR >T1 REQUIRES ONE OR 
O!R ( TWO CONDITIONS4 ,EI!R A BOY MU/ BE ! 
SON ( WELL-TO-DO P>5TS :O CAN AF=D TO KEEP 
HIM :ILE HE ACQUIRES HIS $UCATION1 OR HE MU/ %[ 
SO MU* ABILITY AT AN E>LY AGE AS TO 5ABLE HIM TO 
SUBSI/ ON S*OL>%IPS UNTIL HE IS READY TO E>N HIS 
LIV+4 ,! =M] CONDITION IS1 ( C\RSE1 A M]E 
MATT] ( LUCK1 & C\LD NOT BE PRES]V$ 9 ITS 
PRES5T =M UND] ANY K9D ( ,SOCIALISM OR ,COMMUNISM4 
,?IS LOSS IS EMPHASIZ$ BY DEF5D]S ( ! 
PRES5T SY/EM1 & NO D\BT IT W\LD BE1 TO SAME 
EXT5T1 A REAL LOSS4 ,BUT ! WELL-TO-DO >E A SMALL 
PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 & PRESUMABLY ON ! 
AV]AGE NO MORE TAL5T$ BY NATURE ?AN !IR LESS 
=TUNATE CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,IF ! ADVANTAGES :I* 
>E 5JOY$ N[ BY ?OSE FEW AMONG !M :O >E 
CAPABLE ( GOOD WORK 9 SCI5CE OR >T C\LD BE 
EXT5D$1 EV5 9 A SLI<TLY ATT5UAT$ =M1 TO ALL 
:O >E SIMIL>LY GIFT$1 ! RESULT W\LD ALMO/ 
9FALLIBLY BE A GA91 & MU* ABILITY :I* IS N[ 
WA/$ W\LD BE R5D]$ FRUITFUL4 ,BUT H[ IS ?IS 
TO BE EFFECT$8 

,! SY/EM ( S*OL>%IPS OBTA9$ BY COMPETITION1 
?\< BETT] ?AN NO?+1 IS OBJECTIONABLE 
FROM MANY PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,IT 9TRODUCES ! COMPETITIVE 
SPIRIT 9TO ! WORK ( ! V]Y Y\NG2 IT 
MAKES !M REG>D KN[L$GE FROM ! /&PO9T 
( :AT IS USEFUL 9 EXAM9ATIONS RA!R ?AN 9 ! 
LI<T ( ITS 9TR9SIC 9T]E/ OR IMPORTANCE2 IT PLACES 
A PREMIUM UPON ?AT SORT ( ABILITY :I* IS DISPLAY$ 
PRECOCI\SLY 9 GLIB ANSW]S TO SET QUE/IONS 
RA!R ?AN UPON ! K9D ?AT BROODS ON DIFFICULTIES 
& REMA9S = A TIME RA!R DUMB4 ,:AT IS P]HAPS 
WORSE ?AN ANY ( !SE DEFECTS IS ! T5D5CY 
TO CAUSE OV]WORK 9 Y\?1 LEAD+ TO LACK ( VIGOR 
& 9T]E/ :5 MANHOOD HAS BE5 REA*$4 ,IT 
CAN H>DLY BE D\BT$ ?AT BY ?IS CAUSE1 AT PRES5T1 
MANY F9E M9DS HAVE !IR $GE BLUNT$ & !IR 
KE5NESS DE/ROY$4 

,/ATE ,SOCIALISM MI<T EASILY UNIV]SALIZE ! 
SY/EM ( S*OL>%IPS OBTA9$ BY COMPETITIVE EXAM9ATION1 
& IF IT DID SO IT IS TO HE FE>$ ?AT IT 
W\LD BE V]Y H>MFUL4 ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S AT PRES5T 
T5D TO BE 5AMOR$ ( ! SY/EMS :I* IS EXACTLY 
( ! K9D ?AT EV]Y BUREAUCRAT LOVES3 ORD]LY1 
NEAT1 GIV+ A /IMULUS TO 9DU/RI\S HABITS1 & 
9VOLV+ NO WA/E ( A SORT ?AT C\LD BE TABULAT$ 
9 /ATI/ICS OR ACC\NTS ( PUBLIC EXP5DITURE4 
,SU* M5 WILL >GUE ?AT FREE HI<] $UCATION IS 
EXP5SIVE TO ! COMMUNITY1 & ONLY USEFUL 9 ! 
CASE ( ?OSE :O HAVE EXCEPTIONAL ABILITIES2 IT 
\<T1 !RE=E1 !Y WILL SAY1 NOT TO BE GIV5 TO ALL1 
BUT ONLY TO ?OSE :O WILL BECOME MORE USEFUL MEMB]S 
( SOCIETY ?R\< RECEIV+ IT4 ,SU* >GUM5TS 
MAKE A GREAT APPEAL TO :AT >E CALL$ ^*^*PRACTICAL'' 
M51 & ! ANSW]S TO !M >E ( A SORT :I* IT 
IS DIFFICULT TO R5D] WIDELY CONV9C+4 ,REVOLT 
AGA9/ ! EVILS ( COMPETITION IS1 H[EV]1 P>T 
( ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/'S PROTE/ AGA9/ 
! EXI/+ ORD]1 & ON ?IS GR\ND1 IF ON NO O!R1 
?OSE :O FAVOR ,SOCIALISM MAY BE SUMMON$ TO LOOK 
= SOME BETT] SOLUTION4 

,MU* ! SIMPLE/ SOLUTION1 & ! ONLY REALLY 
EFFECTIVE ONE1 IS TO MAKE EV]Y K9D ( $UCATION FREE 
UP TO ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE = ALL BOYS & GIRLS 
:O DESIRE IT4 ,! MAJORITY WILL BE TIR$ ( $UCATION 
BE=E ?AT AGE1 & WILL PREF] TO BEG9 O!R 
WORK SOON]2 ?IS WILL LEAD TO A NATURAL SELECTION ( 
?OSE ) /RONG 9T]E/S 9 SOME PURSUIT REQUIR+ 
A LONG TRA9+4 ,AMONG ?OSE SELECT$ 9 ?IS WAY 
BY !IR [N 9CL9ATIONS1 PROBABLY ALMO/ ALL ?O 
HAVE M>K$ ABILITIES ( ! K9D 9 QUE/ION WILL BE 
9CLUD$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE WILL ALSO BE MANY 
:O HAVE V]Y LITTLE ABILITY2 ! DESIRE TO BECOME A 
PA9T]1 = EXAMPLE1 IS BY NO MEANS CONF9$ TO 
?OSE :O CAN PA9T4 ,BUT ?IS DEGREE ( WA/E C\LD 
WELL BE BORNE BY ! COMMUNITY2 IT W\LD BE IMMEASURABLY 
LESS ?AN ?AT N[ 5TAIL$ BY ! SUPPORT 
( ! IDLE RI*4 ,ANY SY/EM :I* AIMS AT 
AVOID+ ?IS K9D ( WA/E MU/ 5TAIL ! F> MORE 
S]I\S WA/E ( REJECT+ OR SPOIL+ SOME ( ! 
BE/ ABILITY 9 EA* G5]ATION4 ,! SY/EM ( FREE 
$UCATION UP TO ANY GRADE = ALL :O DESIRE IT IS 
! ONLY SY/EM :I* IS CONSI/5T ) ! PR9CIPLES 
( LIB]TY1 & ! ONLY ONE :I* GIVES A REASONABLE 
HOPE ( AF=D+ FULL SCOPE = TAL5T4 ,?IS SY/EM 
IS EQUALLY COMPATIBLE ) ALL =MS ( ,SOCIALISM 
& ,AN>*ISM4 ,!ORETICALLY1 IT IS COMPATIBLE ) 
CAPITALISM1 BUT PRACTICALLY IT IS SO OPPOSITE 9 SPIRIT 
?AT IT W\LD H>DLY BE FEASIBLE )\T A COMPLETE 
ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION4 ,! FACT ?AT ,SOCIALISM 
W\LD FACILITATE IT MU/ BE RECKON$ A V]Y P[]FUL 
>GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( *ANGE1 = ! WA/E ( TAL5T 
AT PRES5T 9 ! POOR] CLASSES ( SOCIETY MU/ BE 
/UP5D\S4 

#b4 ,LIB]TY TO FOLL[ ! CREATIVE IMPULSE4-- 
,:5 A MAN'S TRA9+ HAS BE5 COMPLET$1 IF HE IS 
POSSESS$ ( REALLY GREAT ABILITIES1 HE WILL DO HIS BE/ 
WORK IF HE IS COMPLETELY FREE TO FOLL[ HIS B5T1 
CREAT+ :AT SEEMS GOOD TO HIM1 REG>DLESS ( ! 
JUDGM5T ( ^*^*EXP]TS4'' ,AT PRES5T ?IS IS ONLY 
POSSIBLE = TWO CLASSES ( PEOPLE3 ?OSE :O HAVE 
PRIVATE MEANS1 & ?OSE :O CAN E>N A LIV+ BY 
AN OCCUPATION ?AT DOES NOT ABSORB !IR :OLE 
5]GIES4 ,UND] ,SOCIALISM1 !RE WILL BE NO ONE ) 
PRIVATE MEANS1 & IF !RE IS TO BE NO LOSS AS 
REG>DS >T & SCI5CE1 ! OPPORTUNITY :I* N[ 
COMES BY ACCID5T TO A FEW WILL HAVE TO BE PROVID$ 
DELIB]ATELY = A MU* L>G] NUMB]4 ,! M5 
:O HAVE US$ PRIVATE MEANS AS AN OPPORTUNITY = 
CREATIVE WORK HAVE BE5 FEW BUT IMPORTANT3 ONE 
MI<T M5TION ,MILTON1 ,%ELLEY1 ,KEATS & ,D>W9 AS 
EXAMPLES4 ,PROBABLY NONE ( !SE W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ 
AS GOOD WORK IF !Y HAD HAD TO E>N !IR 
LIVELIHOOD4 ,IF ,D>W9 HAD BE5 A UNIV]SITY TEA*]1 
HE W\LD ( C\RSE HAVE BE5 DISMISS$ FROM HIS PO/ 
BY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CL]ICS ON ACC\NT ( HIS 
SC&AL\S !ORIES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! BULK ( ! CREATIVE WORK ( ! 
WORLD IS DONE AT PRES5T BY M5 :O SUBSI/ BY 
SOME O!R OCCUPATION4 ,SCI5CE1 & RESE>* G5]ALLY1 
>E USUALLY DONE 9 !IR SP>E TIME BY M5 
:O LIVE BY TEA*+4 ,!RE IS NO GREAT OBJECTION TO 
?IS 9 ! CASE ( SCI5CE1 PROVID$ ! NUMB] ( 
H\RS DEVOT$ TO TEA*+ IS NOT EXCESSIVE4 ,IT IS 
P>TLY BECAUSE SCI5CE & TEA*+ >E SO EASILY 
COMB9$ ?AT SCI5CE IS VIGOR\S 9 ! PRES5T AGE4 
,9 MUSIC1 A COMPOS] :O IS ALSO A P]=M] 5JOYS 
SIMIL> ADVANTAGES1 BUT ONE :O IS NOT A P]=M] 
MU/ />VE1 UNLESS HE IS RI* OR WILL+ TO P&] TO 
! PUBLIC TA/E4 ,9 ! F9E >TS1 AS A RULE1 IT IS NOT 
EASY 9 ! MOD]N WORLD EI!R TO MAKE A LIV+ BY 
REALLY GOOD WORK OR TO F9D A SUBSIDI>Y PR(ESSION 
:I* LEAVES 5\< LEISURE = CREATION4 ,?IS IS 
PRESUMABLY ONE REASON1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ! ONLY 
ONE1 :Y >T IS LESS FL\RI%+ ?AN SCI5CE4 

,! BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/ WILL HAVE A 
SIMPLE SOLUTION = !SE DIFFICULTIES4 ,HE WILL APPO9T 
A BODY CONSI/+ ( ! MO/ EM95T CELEBRITIES 9 
AN >T OR A SCI5CE1 :OSE BUS9ESS IT %ALL BE TO JUDGE 
! WORK ( Y\NG M51 & TO ISSUE LIC5SES TO ?OSE 
:OSE PRODUCTIONS F9D FAVOR 9 !IR EYES4 ,A LIC5S$ 
>TI/ %ALL BE CONSID]$ TO HAVE P]=M$ HIS DUTY 
TO ! COMMUNITY BY PRODUC+ WORKS ( >T4 ,BUT ( 
C\RSE HE WILL HAVE TO PROVE HIS 9DU/RY BY NEV] 
FAIL+ TO PRODUCE 9 REASONABLE QUANTITIES1 & HIS 
CONT9U$ ABILITY BY NEV] FAIL+ TO PLEASE HIS 
EM95T JUDGES--UNTIL1 9 ! FULLNESS ( TIME1 HE 
BECOMES A JUDGE HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! AU?ORITIES 
WILL 9SURE ?AT ! >TI/ %ALL BE COMPET5T1 
REGUL>1 & OB$I5T TO ! BE/ TRADITIONS ( HIS 
>T4 ,?OSE :O FAIL TO FULFILL !SE CONDITIONS WILL BE 
COMPELL$ BY ! )DRAWAL ( !IR LIC5SE TO SEEK 
SOME LESS DUBI\S MODE ( E>N+ !IR LIV+4 ,SU* 
WILL BE ! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/4 

,9 SU* A WORLD ALL ?AT MAKES LIFE TOL]ABLE TO 
! LOV] ( BEAUTY W\LD P]I%4 ,>T SPR+S FROM 
A WILD & AN>*IC SIDE ( HUMAN NATURE2 BETWE5 
! >TI/ & ! BUREAUCRAT !RE MU/ ALWAYS BE 
A PR(\ND MUTUAL ANTAGONISM1 AN AGE-LONG BATTLE 
9 :I* ! >TI/1 ALWAYS \TW>DLY WOR/$1 W9S 
9 ! 5D ?R\< ! GRATITUDE ( MANK9D = ! 
JOY ?AT HE PUTS 9TO !IR LIVES4 ,IF ! WILD SIDE 
( HUMAN NATURE IS TO BE P]MAN5TLY SUBJECT$ TO 
! ORD]LY RULES ( ! B5EVOL5T1 UNCOMPREH5D+ 
BUREAUCRAT1 ! JOY ( LIFE WILL P]I% \T ( ! 
E>?1 & ! V]Y IMPULSE TO LIVE WILL GRADUALLY 
WI!R & DIE4 ,BETT] A ?\S&FOLD ! PRES5T 
WORLD ) ALL ITS HORRORS ?AN SU* A DEAD MUMMY 
( A WORLD4 ,BETT] ,AN>*ISM1 ) ALL ITS RISKS1 
?AN A ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM ?AT SUBJECTS TO RULE :AT 
MU/ BE SPONTANE\S & FREE IF IT IS TO HAVE ANY 
VALUE4 ,IT IS ?IS NI<TM>E ?AT MAKES >TI/S1 & 
LOV]S ( BEAUTY G5]ALLY1 SO (T5 SUSPICI\S ( 
,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! ESS5CE ( 
,SOCIALISM TO MAKE >T IMPOSSIBLE3 ONLY C]TA9 =MS 
( ,SOCIALISM W\LD 5TAIL ?IS DANG]4 ,WILLIAM 
,MORRIS WAS A ,SOCIALI/1 & WAS A ,SOCIALI/ V]Y 
L>GELY BECAUSE HE WAS AN >TI/4 ,& 9 ?IS HE 
WAS NOT IRRATIONAL4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = >T1 OR ANY ( ! HI<] 
CREATIVE ACTIVITIES1 TO FL\RI% UND] ANY SY/EM :I* 
REQUIRES ?AT ! >TI/ %ALL PROVE HIS COMPET5CE TO 
SOME BODY ( AU?ORITIES BE=E HE IS ALL[$ TO FOLL[ 
HIS IMPULSE4 ,ANY REALLY GREAT >TI/ IS ALMO/ 
SURE TO BE ?\<T 9COMPET5T BY ?OSE AMONG HIS 
S5IORS :O W\LD BE G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS BE/ 
QUALIFI$ TO =M AN OP9ION4 ,& ! M]E FACT ( 
HAV+ TO PRODUCE WORK :I* WILL PLEASE OLD] M5 
IS HO/ILE TO A FREE SPIRIT & TO BOLD 9NOVATION4 
,AP>T FROM ?IS DIFFICULTY1 SELECTION BY OLD] M5 
W\LD LEAD TO JEAL\SY & 9TRIGUE & BACK-BIT+1 
PRODUC+ A POISON\S ATMOSPH]E ( UND]GR\ND 
COMPETITION4 ,! ONLY EFFECT ( SU* A PLAN W\LD BE 
TO ELIM9ATE ! FEW :O N[ SLIP ?R\< [+ TO 
SOME =TUNATE ACCID5T4 ,IT IS NOT BY ANY SY/EM1 
BUT BY FRE$OM ALONE1 ?AT >T CAN FL\RI%4 

,!RE >E TWO WAYS BY :I* ! >TI/ C\LD 
SECURE FRE$OM UND] ,SOCIALISM ( ! RI<T K9D4 
,HE MI<T UND]TAKE REGUL> WORK \TSIDE HIS >T1 
DO+ ONLY A FEW H\RS' WORK A DAY & RECEIV+ 
PROPORTIONATELY LESS PAY ?AN ?OSE :O DO A FULL 
DAY'S WORK4 ,HE \<T1 9 ?AT CASE1 TO BE AT LIB]TY 
TO SELL HIS PICTURES IF HE C\LD F9D PUR*AS]S4 ,SU* 
A SY/EM W\LD HAVE MANY ADVANTAGES4 ,IT W\LD 
LEAVE ABSOLUTELY EV]Y MAN FREE TO BECOME AN >TI/1 
PROVID$ HE W]E WILL+ TO SUFF] A C]TA9 ECONOMIC 
LOSS4 ,?IS W\LD NOT DET] ?OSE 9 :OM ! IMPULSE 
WAS /RONG & G5U9E1 BUT W\LD T5D TO 
EXCLUDE ! DILETTANTE4 ,MANY Y\NG >TI/S AT 
PRES5T 5DURE VOLUNT>ILY MU* GREAT] POV]TY 
?AN NE$ BE 5TAIL$ BY ONLY DO+ HALF ! USUAL 
DAY'S WORK 9 A WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY2 
& SOME DEGREE ( H>D%IP IS NOT OBJECTIONABLE1 
AS A TE/ ( ! /R5G? ( ! CREATIVE IMPULSE1 & 
AS AN (FSET TO ! PECULI> JOYS ( ! CREATIVE LIFE4 

,! O!R POSSIBILITY.<#e#h.> W\LD BE ?AT ! NECESS>IES 
( LIFE %\LD BE FREE1 AS ,AN>*I/S DESIRE1 TO 
ALL EQUALLY1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R !Y WORK OR NOT4 
,UND] ?IS PLAN1 EV]Y MAN C\LD LIVE )\T WORK3 
!RE W\LD BE :AT MI<T BE CALL$ A ^*^*VAGABOND'S 
WAGE1'' SUFFICI5T = EXI/5CE BUT NOT = LUXURY4 
,! >TI/ :O PREF]R$ TO HAVE HIS :OLE TIME = 
>T & 5JOYM5T MI<T LIVE ON ! ^*^*VAGABOND'S 
WAGE''--TRAVEL+ ON FOOT :5 ! HUMOR SEIZ$ HIM 
TO SEE =EIGN C\NTRIES1 5JOY+ ! AIR & ! 
SUN1 AS FREE AS ! BIRDS1 & P]HAPS SC>CELY LESS 
HAPPY4 ,SU* M5 W\LD BR+ COLOR & DIV]SITY 
9TO ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY2 !IR \TLOOK W\LD BE 
DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( /EADY1 /AY-AT-HOME WORK]S1 
& W\LD KEEP ALIVE A MU*-NE$$ ELEM5T ( LI<!>T$NESS :I* \R SOB]1 S]I\S CIVILIZATION T5DS 
TO KILL4 ,IF !Y BECAME V]Y NUM]\S1 !Y MI<T 
BE TOO GREAT AN ECONOMIC BURD5 ON ! WORK]S2 
BUT ,I D\BT IF !RE >E MANY ) 5\< CAPACITY 
= SIMPLE 5JOYM5TS TO *OOSE POV]TY & FRE$OM 9 PREF]5CE TO ! COMP>ATIVELY LI<T & 
PLEASANT WORK :I* WILL BE USUAL 9 ?OSE DAYS4 

,BY EI!R ( !SE ME?ODS1 FRE$OM CAN BE PRES]V$ 
= ! >TI/ 9 A SOCIALI/IC COMMONWEAL?-- 
F> MORE COMPLETE FRE$OM1 & F> MORE WIDESPREAD1 
?AN ANY ?AT N[ EXI/S EXCEPT = ! POSSESSORS ( 
CAPITAL4 

,BUT !RE /ILL REMA9 SOME NOT ALTOGE!R EASY 
PROBLEMS4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PUBLI%+ ( BOOKS4 
,!RE WILL NOT1 UND] ,SOCIALISM1 BE PRIVATE PUBLI%]S 
AS AT PRES5T3 UND] ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 PRESUMABLY ! 
,/ATE WILL BE ! SOLE PUBLI%]1 :ILE UND] ,SYNDICALISM 
OR ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM ! ,F$]ATION DU ,LIVRE 
WILL HAVE ! :OLE ( ! TRADE 9 ITS H&S4 ,UND] 
!SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 :O IS TO DECIDE :AT ,M,S,S4 >E 
TO BE PR9T$8 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT OPPORTUNITIES EXI/ 
= AN ,9DEX MORE RIGOR\S ?AN ?AT ( ! ,9QUISITION4 
,IF ! ,/ATE W]E ! SOLE PUBLI%]1 IT W\LD 
D\BTLESS REFUSE BOOKS OPPOS$ TO ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 
,IF ! ,F$]ATION DU ,LIVRE W]E ! ULTIMATE >BIT]1 
:AT PUBLICITY C\LD BE OBTA9$ = WORKS CRITICIZ+ 
IT8 ,& AP>T FROM SU* POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES 
WE %\LD HAVE1 AS REG>DS LIT]ATURE1 ?AT 
V]Y C5SOR%IP BY EM95T (FICIALS :I* WE AGRE$ 
TO REG>D AS DISA/R\S :5 WE W]E CONSID]+ ! 
F9E >TS 9 G5]AL4 ,! DIFFICULTY IS S]I\S1 & A 
WAY ( MEET+ IT MU/ BE F\ND IF LIT]ATURE IS TO 
REMA9 FREE4 

,KROPOTK91 :O BELIEVES ?AT MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL 
WORK %\LD BE COMB9$1 HOLDS ?AT AU?ORS 
!MSELVES %\LD BE COMPOSITORS1 BOOKB9D]S1 ETC4 
,HE EV5 SEEMS TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! :OLE ( ! MANUAL 
WORK 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ BOOKS %\LD BE DONE BY 
AU?ORS4 ,IT MAY BE D\BT$ :E!R !RE >E 
5\< AU?ORS 9 ! WORLD = ?IS TO BE POSSIBLE1 
& 9 ANY CASE ,I CANNOT BUT ?9K ?AT IT W\LD 
BE A WA/E ( TIME = !M TO LEAVE ! WORK !Y 
UND]/& 9 ORD] TO DO BADLY WORK :I* O!RS 
C\LD DO F> BETT] & MORE QUICKLY4 ,?AT1 H[EV]1 
DOES NOT T\* \R PRES5T PO9T1 :I* IS ! 
QUE/ION H[ ! ,M,S,S4 TO BE PR9T$ WILL BE SELECT$4 
,9 ,KROPOTK9'S PLAN !RE WILL PRESUMABLY BE AN 
,AU?OR'S ,GUILD1 ) A ,COMMITTEE ( ,MANAGEM5T1 
IF ,AN>*ISM ALL[S SU* ?+S4 ,?IS ,COMMITTEE 
( ,MANAGEM5T WILL DECIDE :I* ( ! BOOKS SUBMITT$ 
TO IT >E WOR?Y TO BE PR9T$4 ,AMONG !SE 
WILL BE 9CLUD$ ?OSE BY ! ,COMMITTEE & !IR 
FRI5DS1 BUT NOT ?OSE BY !IR 5EMIES4 ,AU?ORS 
( REJECT$ ,M,S,S4 WILL H>DLY HAVE ! PATI5CE TO 
SP5D !IR TIME SETT+ UP ! WORKS ( SUCCESSFUL 
RIVALS1 & !RE WILL HAVE TO BE AN ELABORATE SY/EM 
( LOG-ROLL+ IF ANY BOOKS >E TO BE PR9T$ AT ALL4 
,IT H>DLY LOOKS AS IF ?IS PLAN W\LD CONDUCE TO H>MONY 
AMONG LIT]>Y M51 OR W\LD LEAD TO ! PUBLICATION 
( ANY BOOK ( AN UNCONV5TIONAL T5D5CY4 
,KROPOTK9'S [N BOOKS1 = EXAMPLE1 W\LD H>DLY 
HAVE F\ND FAVOR4 

,! ONLY WAY ( MEET+ !SE DIFFICULTIES1 :E!R 
UND] ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM OR ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM OR ,AN>*ISM1 
SEEMS TO BE BY MAK+ IT POSSIBLE = AN AU?OR 
TO PAY = ! PUBLICATION ( HIS BOOK IF IT IS NOT 
SU* AS ! ,/ATE OR ! ,GUILD IS WILL+ TO PR9T AT 
ITS [N EXP5SE4 ,I AM AW>E ?AT ?IS ME?OD IS CONTR>Y 
TO ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM1 BUT ,I DO NOT SEE :AT 
O!R WAY !RE IS ( SECUR+ FRE$OM4 ,! PAYM5T 
MI<T BE MADE BY UND]TAK+ TO 5GAGE = 
AN ASSIGN$ P]IOD 9 SOME WORK ( RECOGNIZ$ UTILITY 
& TO H& OV] SU* PROPORTION ( ! E>N+S AS 
MI<T BE NECESS>Y4 ,! WORK UND]TAK5 MI<T 
( C\RSE BE1 AS ,KROPOTK9 SUGGE/S1 ! MANUAL P>T 
( ! PRODUCTION ( BOOKS1 BUT ,I SEE NO SPECIAL REASON 
:Y IT %\LD BE4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TO BE AN ABSOLUTE 
RULE ?AT NO BOOK %\LD BE REFUS$1 NO MATT] :AT 
! NATURE ( ITS CONT5TS MI<T BE1 IF PAYM5T = 
PUBLICATION W]E (F]$ AT ! /&>D RATE4 ,AN 
AU?OR :O HAD ADMIR]S W\LD BE ABLE TO SECURE !IR 
HELP 9 PAYM5T4 ,AN UNKN[N AU?OR MI<T1 IT IS 
TRUE1 HAVE TO SUFF] A CONSID]ABLE LOSS ( COM=T 
9 ORD] TO MAKE HIS PAYM5T1 BUT ?AT W\LD GIVE 
AN AUTOMATIC MEANS ( ELIM9AT+ ?OSE :OSE WRIT+ 
WAS NOT ! RESULT ( ANY V]Y PR(\ND IMPULSE 
& W\LD BE BY NO MEANS :OLLY AN EVIL4 

,PROBABLY SOME SIMIL> ME?OD W\LD BE DESIRABLE 
AS REG>DS ! PUBLI%+ & P]=M+ ( NEW 
MUSIC4 

,:AT WE HAVE BE5 SUGGE/+ WILL1 NO D\BT1 BE 
OBJECT$ TO BY OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S1 S9CE !Y WILL F9D 
SOME?+ REPUGNANT TO !IR PR9CIPLES 9 ! :OLE 
IDEA ( A PRIVATE P]SON PAY+ TO HAVE C]TA9 
WORK DONE4 ,BUT IT IS A MI/AKE TO BE ! SLAVE ( A 
SY/EM1 & EV]Y SY/EM1 IF IT IS APPLI$ RIGIDLY1 WILL 
5TAIL EVILS :I* C\LD ONLY BE AVOID$ BY SOME 
CONCESSION TO ! EXIG5CIES ( SPECIAL CASES4 ,ON ! 
:OLE1 A WISE =M ( ,SOCIALISM MI<T AF=D 9F9ITELY 
BETT] OPPORTUNITIES = ! >TI/ & ! MAN ( 
SCI5CE ?AN >E POSSIBLE 9 A CAPITALI/ COMMUNITY1 
BUT ONLY IF ! =M ( ,SOCIALISM ADOPT$ IS ONE 
:I* IS FITT$ = ?IS 5D BY MEANS ( PROVISIONS 
SU* AS WE HAVE BE5 SUGGE/+4 

#c4 ,POSSIBILITY ( ,APPRECIATION4--,?IS CONDITION 
IS ONE :I* IS NOT NECESS>Y TO ALL :O DO CREATIVE 
WORK1 BUT 9 ! S5SE 9 :I* ,I MEAN IT ! GREAT 
MAJORITY F9D IT V]Y NE>LY 9DISP5SABLE4 ,I DO NOT 
MEAN WIDESPREAD PUBLIC RECOGNITION1 NOR ?AT IGNORANT1 
HALF-S9C]E RESPECT :I* IS COMMONLY ACCORD$ 
TO >TI/S :O HAVE A*IEV$ SUCCESS4 ,NEI!R ( 
!SE S]VES MU* PURPOSE4 ,:AT ,I MEAN IS RA!R 
UND]/&+1 & A SPONTANE\S FEEL+ ?AT ?+S 
( BEAUTY >E IMPORTANT4 ,9 A ?OR\<LY COMM]CIALIZ$ 
SOCIETY1 AN >TI/ IS RESPECT$ IF HE MAKES 
MONEY1 & BECAUSE HE MAKES MONEY1 BUT !RE IS NO 
G5U9E RESPECT = ! WORKS ( >T BY :I* HIS 
MONEY HAS BE5 MADE4 ,A MILLIONAIRE :OSE =TUNE 
HAS BE5 MADE 9 BUTTON-HOOKS OR *EW+-GUM IS 
REG>D$ ) AWE1 BUT NONE ( ?IS FEEL+ IS 
BE/[$ ON ! >TICLES FROM :I* HIS WEAL? IS 
D]IV$4 ,9 A SOCIETY :I* MEASURES ALL ?+S BY 
MONEY ! SAME T5DS TO BE TRUE ( ! >TI/4 ,IF HE 
HAS BECOME RI* HE IS RESPECT$1 ?\< ( C\RSE 
LESS ?AN ! MILLIONAIRE1 BUT HIS PICTURES OR BOOKS 
OR MUSIC >E REG>D$ AS ! *EW+-GUM OR ! BUTTON- 
HOOKS >E REG>D$1 M]ELY AS A MEANS TO MONEY4 
,9 SU* AN ATMOSPH]E IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT = ! >TI/ 
TO PRES]VE HIS CREATIVE IMPULSE PURE3 EI!R HE IS 
CONTAM9AT$ BY HIS SURR\ND+S1 OR HE BECOMES 
EMBITT]$ ?R\< LACK ( APPRECIATION = ! OBJECT 
( HIS 5DEAVOR4 

,IT IS NOT APPRECIATION ( ! >TI/ ?AT IS NECESS>Y 
SO MU* AS APPRECIATION ( ! >T4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT 
= AN >TI/ TO LIVE 9 AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* 
EV]Y?+ IS JUDG$ BY ITS UTILITY1 RA!R ?AN BY ITS 
9TR9SIC QUALITY4 ,! :OLE SIDE ( LIFE ( :I* 
>T IS ! FL[] REQUIRES SOME?+ :I* MAY BE 
CALL$ DIS9T]E/$NESS1 A CAPACITY = DIRECT 
5JOYM5T )\T ?\<T ( TOMORR['S PROBLEMS & 
DIFFICULTIES4 ,:5 PEOPLE >E AMUS$ BY A JOKE !Y 
DO NOT NE$ TO BE P]SUAD$ ?AT IT WILL S]VE SOME 
IMPORTANT PURPOSE4 ,! SAME K9D ( DIRECT PLEASURE 
IS 9VOLV$ 9 ANY G5U9E APPRECIATION ( >T4 
,! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 ! S]I\S WORK ( A TRADE OR 
PR(ESSION1 IS APT TO MAKE PEOPLE TOO SOLEMN = 
JOKES & TOO PRE-OCCUPI$ = >T4 ,! EAS+ ( 
! /RUGGLE1 ! DIM9UTION 9 ! H\RS ( WORK1 & 
! LI<T5+ ( ! BURD5 ( EXI/5CE1 :I* W\LD 
RESULT FROM A BETT] ECONOMIC SY/EM1 C\LD H>DLY 
FAIL TO 9CREASE ! JOY ( LIFE & ! VITAL 5]GY1 
AVAILABLE = %E] DELI<T 9 ! WORLD4 ,& IF ?IS 
W]E A*IEV$ !RE W\LD 9EVITABLY BE MORE SPONTANE\S 
PLEASURE 9 BEAUTIFUL ?+S1 & MORE 5JOYM5T 
( ! WORK ( >TI/S4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE GOOD 
RESULTS >E TO BE EXPECT$ FROM ! M]E REMOVAL 
( POV]TY3 !Y ALL REQUIRE ALSO A DIFFUS$ S5SE ( 
FRE$OM1 & ! ABS5CE ( ?AT FEEL+ ( OPPRESSION 
BY A VA/ MA*9E :I* N[ WEI<S D[N ! 9DIVIDUAL 
SPIRIT4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM CAN GIVE 
?IS S5SE ( FRE$OM1 BUT SOME O!R =MS ( ,SOCIALISM1 
:I* HAVE ABSORB$ :AT IS TRUE 9 ,AN>*I/ 
TEA*+1 CAN GIVE IT TO A DEGREE ( :I* CAPITALISM IS 
:OLLY 9CAPABLE4 

,A G5]AL S5SE ( PROGRESS & A*IEVEM5T IS 
AN IMM5SE /IMULUS TO ALL =MS ( CREATIVE WORK4 
,= ?IS REASON1 A GREAT DEAL WILL DEP5D1 NOT ONLY 
9 MAT]IAL WAYS1 UPON ! QUE/ION :E!R ME?ODS 
( PRODUCTION 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE BECOME 
/]EOTYP$ OR CONT9UE TO *ANGE RAPIDLY AS !Y 
HAVE DONE DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,IMPROV$ 
ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION WILL BE MU* MORE OBVI\SLY 
?AN N[ TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE1 
:5 :AT EV]Y MAN RECEIVES IS HIS DUE %>E ( ! 
TOTAL PRODUCE ( LABOR4 ,BUT !RE WILL PROBABLY NOT 
BE ANY 9DIVIDUALS ) ! SAME DIRECT & 9T5SE 
9T]E/ 9 TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS AS N[ BELONGS 
TO ! CAPITALI/ 9 MANUFACTURE4 ,IF ! NATURAL 
CONS]VATISM ( ! WORK]S IS NOT TO PROVE /RONG] 
?AN !IR 9T]E/ 9 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION1 IT WILL 
BE NECESS>Y ?AT1 :5 BETT] ME?ODS >E 9TRODUC$ 
BY ! WORK]S 9 ANY 9DU/RY1 P>T AT LEA/ 
( ! B5EFIT %\LD BE ALL[$ = A TIME TO BE 
RETA9$ BY !M4 ,IF ?IS IS DONE1 IT MAY BE PRESUM$ 
?AT EA* ,GUILD WILL BE CONT9UALLY SEEK+ = NEW 
PROCESSES OR 9V5TIONS1 & WILL VALUE ?OSE TE*NICAL 
P>TS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* :I* >E USEFUL = ?IS 
PURPOSE4 ,) EV]Y IMPROVEM5T1 ! QUE/ION WILL 
>ISE :E!R IT IS TO BE US$ TO GIVE MORE LEISURE OR TO 
9CREASE ! DIVID5D ( COMMODITIES4 ,:]E !RE 
IS SO MU* MORE LEISURE ?AN !RE IS N[1 !RE WILL 
BE MANY MORE PEOPLE ) A KN[L$GE ( SCI5CE OR 
AN UND]/&+ ( >T4 ,! >TI/ OR SCI5TIFIC 
9VE/IGATOR WILL BE F> LESS CUT (F ?AN HE IS AT 
PRES5T FROM ! AV]AGE CITIZ51 & ?IS WILL ALMO/ 
9EVITABLY BE A /IMULUS TO HIS CREATIVE 5]GY4 

,I ?9K WE MAY FAIRLY CONCLUDE ?AT1 FROM ! 
PO9T ( VIEW ( ALL ?REE REQUISITES = >T & SCI5CE1 
NAMELY1 TRA9+1 FRE$OM & APPRECIATION1 ,/ATE 
,SOCIALISM W\LD L>GELY FAIL TO REMOVE EXI/+ 
EVILS & W\LD 9TRODUCE NEW EVILS ( ITS [N2 BUT 
,GUILD ,SOCIALISM1 OR EV5 ,SYNDICALISM1 IF IT ADOPT$ 
A LIB]AL POLICY T[>D ?OSE :O PREF]R$ TO WORK 
LESS ?AN ! USUAL NUMB] ( H\RS AT RECOGNIZ$ 
OCCUPATIONS1 MI<T BE IMMEASURABLY PREF]ABLE TO 
ANY?+ ?AT IS POSSIBLE UND] ! RULE ( CAPITALISM4 
,!RE >E DANG]S1 BUT !Y WILL ALL VANI% IF ! 
IMPORTANCE ( LIB]TY IS ADEQUATELY ACKN[L$G$4 
,9 ?IS AS 9 NE>LY EV]Y?+ ELSE1 ! ROAD TO ALL 
?AT IS BE/ IS ! ROAD ( FRE$OM4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I,I 

,! ,W,O,R,L,D ,A,S ,I,T ,C,\,L,D ,B,E ,M,A,D,E 

,9 ! DAILY LIVES ( MO/ M5 & WOM51 FE> 
PLAYS A GREAT] P>T ?AN HOPE3 !Y >E MORE 
FILL$ ) ! ?\<T ( ! POSSESSIONS ?AT O!RS 
MAY TAKE FROM !M1 ?AN ( ! JOY ?AT !Y MI<T 
CREATE 9 !IR [N LIVES & 9 ! LIVES ) :I* 
!Y COME 9 CONTACT4 

,IT IS NOT SO ?AT LIFE %\LD BE LIV$4 

,?OSE :OSE LIVES >E FRUITFUL TO !MSELVES1 TO 
!IR FRI5DS1 OR TO ! WORLD >E 9SPIR$ BY HOPE 
& SU/A9$ BY JOY3 !Y SEE 9 IMAG9ATION ! 
?+S ?AT MI<T BE & ! WAY 9 :I* !Y >E 
TO BE BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,9 !IR PRIVATE RELATIONS 
!Y >E NOT PRE-OCCUPI$ ) ANXIETY LE/ 
!Y %\LD LOSE SU* AFFECTION & RESPECT AS !Y 
RECEIVE3 !Y >E 5GAG$ 9 GIV+ AFFECTION 
& RESPECT FREELY1 & ! REW>D COMES ( 
ITSELF )\T !IR SEEK+4 ,9 !IR WORK !Y 
>E NOT HAUNT$ BY JEAL\SY ( COMPETITORS1 BUT 
CONC]N$ ) ! ACTUAL MATT] ?AT HAS TO BE DONE4 
,9 POLITICS1 !Y DO NOT SP5D TIME & PASSION DEF5D+ 
UNJU/ PRIVILEGES ( !IR CLASS OR NATION1 BUT 
!Y AIM AT MAK+ ! WORLD AS A :OLE HAPPI]1 LESS 
CRUEL1 LESS FULL ( CONFLICT BETWE5 RIVAL GRE$S1 & 
MORE FULL ( HUMAN BE+S :OSE GR[? HAS NOT 
BE5 DW>F$ & /UNT$ BY OPPRESSION4 

,A LIFE LIV$ 9 ?IS SPIRIT--! SPIRIT ?AT AIMS AT 
CREAT+ RA!R ?AN POSSESS+--HAS A C]TA9 
FUNDAM5TAL HAPP9ESS1 ( :I* IT CANNOT BE :OLLY 
ROBB$ BY ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?IS IS ! WAY 
( LIFE RECOMM5D$ 9 ! ,GOSPELS1 & BY ALL ! 
GREAT TEA*]S ( ! WORLD4 ,?OSE :O HAVE F\ND 
IT >E FRE$ FROM ! TYRANNY ( FE>1 S9CE :AT !Y 
VALUE MO/ 9 !IR LIVES IS NOT AT ! M]CY ( \TSIDE 
P[]4 ,IF ALL M5 C\LD SUMMON UP ! C\RAGE 
& ! VISION TO LIVE 9 ?IS WAY 9 SPITE ( OB/ACLES 
& DISC\RAGEM5T1 !RE W\LD BE NO NE$ = ! 
REG5]ATION ( ! WORLD TO BEG9 BY POLITICAL & 
ECONOMIC RE=M3 ALL ?AT IS NE$$ 9 ! WAY ( RE=M 
W\LD COME AUTOMATICALLY1 )\T RESI/ANCE1 
[+ TO ! MORAL REG5]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BUT 
! TEA*+ ( ,*RI/ HAS BE5 NOM9ALLY ACCEPT$ 
BY ! WORLD = MANY C5TURIES1 & YET ?OSE :O 
FOLL[ IT >E /ILL P]SECUT$ AS !Y W]E BE=E ! 
TIME ( ,CON/ANT9E4 ,EXP]I5CE HAS PROV$ ?AT 
FEW >E ABLE TO SEE ?R\< ! APP>5T EVILS ( AN 
\TCA/'S LIFE TO ! 9N] JOY ?AT COMES ( FAI? 
& CREATIVE HOPE4 ,IF ! DOM9ATION ( FE> IS TO BE 
OV]COME1 IT IS NOT 5\<1 AS REG>DS ! MASS ( 
M51 TO PREA* C\RAGE & 9DIFF]5CE TO MIS=TUNE3 
IT IS NECESS>Y TO REMOVE ! CAUSES ( FE>1 
TO MAKE A GOOD LIFE NO LONG] AN UNSUCCESSFUL ONE 9 
A WORLDLY S5SE1 & TO DIM9I% ! H>M ?AT CAN 
BE 9FLICT$ UPON ?OSE :O >E NOT W>Y 9 SELF- 
DEF5SE4 

,:5 WE CONSID] ! EVILS 9 ! LIVES WE KN[ 
(1 WE F9D ?AT !Y MAY BE R\<LY DIVID$ 9TO 
?REE CLASSES4 ,!RE >E1 FIR/1 ?OSE DUE TO PHYSICAL 
NATURE3 AMONG !SE >E DEA?1 PA9 & ! 
DIFFICULTY ( MAK+ ! SOIL YIELD A SUBSI/5CE4 
,!SE WE WILL CALL ^*^*PHYSICAL EVILS4'' ,SECOND1 WE MAY 
PUT ?OSE ?AT SPR+ FROM DEFECTS 9 ! *>ACT] 
OR APTITUDES ( ! SUFF]]3 AMONG !SE >E IGNORANCE1 
LACK ( WILL1 & VIOL5T PASSIONS4 ,!SE WE 
WILL CALL ^*^*EVILS ( *>ACT]4'' ,?IRD COME ?OSE 
?AT DEP5D UPON ! P[] ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR 
GR\P OV] ANO!R3 !SE COMPRISE NOT ONLY OBVI\S 
TYRANNY1 BUT ALL 9T]F]5CE ) FREE DEVELOPM5T1 
:E!R BY =CE OR BY EXCESSIVE M5TAL 9FLU5CE 
SU* AS MAY OCCUR 9 $UCATION4 ,!SE WE WILL CALL 
^*^*EVILS ( P[]4'' ,A SOCIAL SY/EM MAY BE JUDG$ 
BY ITS BE>+ UPON !SE ?REE K9DS ( EVILS4 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ?REE K9DS CANNOT 
BE %>PLY DRAWN4 ,PURELY PHYSICAL EVIL IS A LIMIT1 
:I* WE CAN NEV] BE SURE ( HAV+ REA*$3 WE 
CANNOT ABOLI% DEA?1 BUT WE CAN (T5 PO/PONE IT BY 
SCI5CE1 & IT MAY ULTIMATELY BECOME POSSIBLE TO 
SECURE ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY %ALL LIVE TILL OLD AGE2 
WE CANNOT :OLLY PREV5T PA91 BUT WE CAN DIM9I% 
IT 9DEF9ITELY BY SECUR+ A HEAL?Y LIFE = ALL2 WE 
CANNOT MAKE ! E>? YIELD ITS FRUITS 9 ANY ABUNDANCE 
)\T LABOR1 BUT WE CAN DIM9I% ! AM\NT 
( ! LABOR & IMPROVE ITS CONDITIONS UNTIL IT CEASES 
TO BE AN EVIL4 ,EVILS ( *>ACT] >E (T5 ! RESULT 
( PHYSICAL EVIL 9 ! %APE ( ILLNESS1 & /ILL MORE 
(T5 ! RESULT ( EVILS ( P[]1 S9CE TYRANNY 
DEGRADES BO? ?OSE :O EX]CISE IT & 7AS A RULE7 
?OSE :O SUFF] IT4 ,EVILS ( P[] >E 9T5SIFI$ 
BY EVILS ( *>ACT] 9 ?OSE :O HAVE P[]1 & BY 
FE> ( ! PHYSICAL EVIL :I* IS APT TO BE ! LOT ( 
?OSE :O HAVE NO P[]4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS1 ! 
?REE SORTS ( EVIL >E 9T]TW9$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 
SPEAK+ BROADLY1 WE MAY DI/+UI% AMONG \R 
MIS=TUNES ?OSE :I* HAVE !IR PROXIMATE CAUSE 9 
! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ?OSE :I* >E MA9LY DUE TO 
DEFECTS 9 \RSELVES1 & ?OSE :I* SPR+ FROM \R 
BE+ SUBJECT TO ! CONTROL ( O!RS4 

,! MA9 ME?ODS ( COMBAT+ !SE EVILS >E3 = 
PHYSICAL EVILS1 SCI5CE2 = EVILS ( *>ACT]1 $UCATION 
79 ! WIDE/ S5SE7 & A FREE \TLET = ALL 
IMPULSES ?AT DO NOT 9VOLVE DOM9ATION2 = EVILS 
( P[]1 ! RE=M ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 
ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 SU* A WAY AS TO R$UCE 
TO ! L[E/ POSSIBLE PO9T ! 9T]F]5CE ( ONE 
MAN ) ! LIFE ( ANO!R4 ,WE WILL BEG9 ) ! 
?IRD ( !SE K9DS ( EVIL1 BECAUSE IT IS EVILS ( P[] 
SPECIALLY ?AT ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM HAVE S\<T 
TO REM$Y4 ,!IR PROTE/ AGA9/ ,9EQUALITIES ( 
WEAL? HAS RE/$ MA9LY UPON !IR S5SE ( ! EVILS 
>IS+ FROM ! P[] CONF]R$ BY WEAL?4 ,?IS 
PO9T HAS BE5 WELL /AT$ BY ,MR4 ,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE3-- 

,:AT1 ,I WANT TO ASK1 IS ! FUNDAM5TAL EVIL 9 \R 
MOD]N ,SOCIETY :I* WE %\LD SET \T TO ABOLI%8 

,!RE >E TWO POSSIBLE ANSW]S TO ?AT QUE/ION1 & 
,I AM SURE ?AT V]Y MANY WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE W\LD 
MAKE ! WRONG ONE4 ,!Y W\LD ANSW] ,P,O,V,],T,Y1 
:5 !Y \<T TO ANSW] ,S,L,A,V,],Y4 ,FACE TO FACE 
EV]Y DAY ) ! %AMEFUL CONTRA/S ( RI*ES & 
DE/ITUTION1 HI< DIVID5DS & L[ WAGES1 & PA9FULLY 
CONSCI\S ( ! FUTILITY ( TRY+ TO ADJU/ ! BALANCE 
BY MEANS ( *>ITY1 PRIVATE OR PUBLIC1 !Y W\LD ANSW] 
UNHESITAT+LY ?AT !Y /& = ! ,A,B,O,L,I,T,I,O,N 
,( ,P,O,V,],T,Y4 

,WELL & GOOD6 ,ON ?AT ISSUE EV]Y ,SOCIALI/ IS ) 
!M4 ,BUT !IR ANSW] TO MY QUE/ION IS NONE ! LESS 
WRONG4 

,POV]TY IS ! SYMPTOM3 SLAV]Y ! DISEASE4 ,! 
EXTREMES ( RI*ES & DE/ITUTION FOLL[ 9EVITABLY UPON 
! EXTREMES ( LIC5SE & BONDAGE4 ,! MANY >E NOT 
5SLAV$ BECAUSE !Y >E POOR1 !Y >E POOR BECAUSE 
!Y >E 5SLAV$4 ,YET ,SOCIALI/S HAVE ALL TOO (T5 
FIX$ !IR EYES UPON ! MAT]IAL MIS]Y ( ! POOR 
)\T REALIZ+ ?AT IT RE/S UPON ! SPIRITUAL DEGRADATION 
( ! SLAVE4.<#e#i.> 

,I DO NOT ?9K ANY REASONABLE P]SON CAN D\BT 
?AT ! EVILS ( P[] 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM >E 
VA/LY GREAT] ?AN IS NECESS>Y1 NOR ?AT !Y 
MI<T BE IMMEASURABLY DIM9I%$ BY A SUITABLE =M 
( ,SOCIALISM4 ,A FEW =TUNATE PEOPLE1 IT IS TRUE1 >E 
N[ 5ABL$ TO LIVE FREELY ON R5T OR 9T]E/1 & 
!Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE MORE LIB]TY UND] ANO!R 
SY/EM4 ,BUT ! GREAT BULK1 NOT ONLY ( ! V]Y 
POOR1 BUT1 ( ALL SECTIONS ( WAGE-E>N]S & EV5 
( ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 >E ! SLAVES ( ! NE$ 
= GETT+ MONEY4 ,ALMO/ ALL >E COMPELL$ TO 
WORK SO H>D ?AT !Y HAVE LITTLE LEISURE = 5JOYM5T 
OR = PURSUITS \TSIDE !IR REGUL> OCCUPATION4 
,?OSE :O >E ABLE TO RETIRE 9 LAT] MIDDLE AGE >E 
BOR$1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT LE>N$ H[ TO FILL 
!IR TIME :5 !Y >E AT LIB]TY1 & SU* 9T]E/S 
AS !Y ONCE HAD AP>T FROM WORK HAVE DRI$ UP4 
,YET !SE >E ! EXCEPTIONALLY =TUNATE3 ! MAJORITY 
HAVE TO WORK H>D TILL OLD AGE1 ) ! FE> ( 
DE/ITUTION ALWAYS BE=E !M1 ! RI*] ONES DREAD+ 
?AT !Y WILL BE UNABLE TO GIVE !IR *ILDR5 
! $UCATION OR ! M$ICAL C>E ?AT !Y CONSID] 
DESIRABLE1 ! POOR] ONES (T5 NOT F> REMOV$ FROM 
/>VATION4 ,& ALMO/ ALL :O WORK HAVE NO VOICE 
9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR WORK2 ?R\<\T ! H\RS 
( LABOR !Y >E M]E MA*9ES C>RY+ \T ! WILL 
( A MA/]4 ,WORK IS USUALLY DONE UND] DISAGREEABLE 
CONDITIONS1 9VOLV+ PA9 & PHYSICAL H>D%IP4 
,! ONLY MOTIVE TO WORK IS WAGES3 ! V]Y IDEA ?AT 
WORK MI<T BE A JOY1 LIKE ! WORK ( ! >TI/1 IS 
USUALLY SC\T$ AS UTT]LY ,UTOPIAN4 

,BUT BY F> ! GREAT] P>T ( !SE EVILS >E 
:OLLY UNNECESS>Y4 ,IF ! CIVILIZ$ PORTION ( MANK9D 
C\LD BE 9DUC$ TO DESIRE !IR [N HAPP9ESS 
MORE ?AN ANO!R'S PA91 IF !Y C\LD BE 9DUC$ TO 
WORK CON/RUCTIVELY = IMPROVEM5TS :I* !Y 
W\LD %>E ) ALL ! WORLD RA!R ?AN DE/RUCTIVELY 
TO PREV5T O!R CLASSES OR NATIONS FROM /EAL+ 
A M>* ON !M1 ! :OLE SY/EM BY :I* ! 
WORLD'S WORK IS DONE MI<T BE RE=M$ ROOT & 
BRAN* )9 A G5]ATION4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( LIB]TY1 :AT SY/EM 
W\LD BE ! BE/8 ,9 :AT DIRECTION %\LD WE WI% 
! =CES ( PROGRESS TO MOVE8 

,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 NEGLECT+ = ! 
MOM5T ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS1 ,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT 
! BE/ SY/EM W\LD BE ONE NOT F> REMOV$ FROM 
?AT ADVOCAT$ BY ,KROPOTK91 BUT R5D]$ MORE 
PRACTICABLE BY ! ADOPTION ( ! MA9 PR9CIPLES ( 
,GUILD ,SOCIALISM4 ,S9CE EV]Y PO9T CAN BE DISPUT$1 
,I WILL SET D[N )\T >GUM5T ! K9D ( ORGANIZATION 
( WORK ?AT W\LD SEEM BE/4 

,$UCATION %\LD BE COMPULSORY UP TO ! AGE 
( #a#f1 OR P]HAPS LONG]2 AFT] ?AT1 IT %\LD BE CONT9U$ 
OR NOT AT ! OPTION ( ! PUPIL1 BUT REMA9 
FREE 7= ?OSE :O DESIRE IT7 UP TO AT LEA/ ! AGE 
( #b#a4 ,:5 $UCATION IS F9I%$ NO ONE %\LD BE 
,C,O,M,P,E,L,L,$ TO WORK1 & ?OSE :O *OOSE NOT TO WORK 
%\LD RECEIVE A B>E LIVELIHOOD1 & BE LEFT COMPLETELY 
FREE2 BUT PROBABLY IT W\LD BE DESIRABLE ?AT !RE 
%\LD BE A /RONG PUBLIC OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( WORK1 
SO ?AT ONLY COMP>ATIVELY FEW %\LD *OOSE IDL5ESS4 
,ONE GREAT ADVANTAGE ( MAK+ IDL5ESS ECONOMICALLY 
POSSIBLE IS ?AT IT W\LD AF=D A P[]FUL 
MOTIVE = MAK+ WORK NOT DISAGREEABLE2 & NO 
COMMUNITY :]E MO/ WORK IS DISAGREEABLE CAN BE 
SAID TO HAVE F\ND A SOLUTION ( ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 
,I ?9K IT IS REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT FEW W\LD 
*OOSE IDL5ESS1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT EV5 N[ AT 
LEA/ N9E \T ( T5 ( ?OSE :O HAVE 7SAY7 #a P\NDS 
A YE> FROM 9VE/M5TS PREF] TO 9CREASE !IR 9COME 
BY PAID WORK4 

,COM+ N[ TO ?AT GREAT MAJORITY :O WILL NOT 
*OOSE IDL5ESS1 ,I ?9K WE MAY ASSUME ?AT1 ) ! 
HELP ( SCI5CE1 & BY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! VA/ 
AM\NT ( UNPRODUCTIVE WORK 9VOLV$ 9 9T]NAL & 
9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION1 ! :OLE COMMUNITY 
C\LD BE KEPT 9 COM=T BY MEANS ( F\R H\RS' 
WORK A DAY4 ,IT IS ALREADY BE+ URG$ BY EXP]I5C$ 
EMPLOY]S ?AT !IR EMPLOYES CAN ACTUALLY PRODUCE 
AS MU* 9 A SIX-H\R DAY AS !Y CAN :5 !Y 
WORK EI<T H\RS4 ,9 A WORLD :]E !RE IS A MU* 
HI<] LEVEL ( TE*NICAL 9/RUCTION ?AN !RE IS N[ 
! SAME T5D5CY WILL BE ACC5TUAT$4 ,PEOPLE WILL 
BE TAU<T NOT ONLY1 AS AT PRES5T1 ONE TRADE1 OR ONE 
SMALL PORTION ( A TRADE1 BUT SEV]AL TRADES1 SO ?AT 
!Y CAN V>Y !IR OCCUPATION ACCORD+ TO ! 
SEASONS & ! FLUCTUATIONS ( DEM&4 ,EV]Y 9DU/RY 
WILL BE SELF-GOV]N+ AS REG>DS ALL ITS 9T]NAL 
AFFAIRS1 & EV5 SEP>ATE FACTORIES WILL DECIDE = 
!MSELVES ALL QUE/IONS ?AT ONLY CONC]N ?OSE :O 
WORK 9 !M4 ,!RE WILL NOT BE CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T1 
AS AT PRES5T1 BUT MANAGEM5T BY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES1 
AS 9 POLITICS4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T 
GR\PS ( PRODUC]S WILL BE SETTL$ BY ! ,GUILD 
,CONGRESS1 MATT]S CONC]N+ ! COMMUNITY AS ! 
9HABITANTS ( A C]TA9 >EA WILL CONT9UE TO BE 
DECID$ BY ,P>LIAM5T1 :ILE ALL DISPUTES BETWE5 
,P>LIAM5T & ! ,GUILD ,CONGRESS WILL BE DECID$ 
BY A BODY COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( BO? 9 
EQUAL NUMB]S4 

,PAYM5T WILL NOT BE MADE1 AS AT PRES5T1 ONLY = 
WORK ACTUALLY REQUIR$ & P]=M$1 BUT = WILL+NESS 
TO WORK4 ,?IS SY/EM IS ALREADY ADOPT$ 9 
MU* ( ! BETT] PAID WORK3 A MAN OCCUPIES A C]TA9 
POSITION1 & RETA9S IT EV5 AT TIMES :5 !RE 
HAPP5S TO BE V]Y LITTLE TO DO4 ,! DREAD ( UNEMPLOYM5T 
& LOSS ( LIVELIHOOD WILL NO LONG] HAUNT 
M5 LIKE A NI<TM>E4 ,:E!R ALL :O >E WILL+ 
TO WORK WILL BE PAID EQUALLY1 OR :E!R EXCEPTIONAL 
SKILL WILL /ILL COMM& EXCEPTIONAL PAY1 IS A MATT] 
:I* MAY BE LEFT TO EA* GUILD TO DECIDE = ITSELF4 
,AN OP]A-S+] :O RECEIV$ NO MORE PAY ?AN A 
SC5E-%IFT] MI<T *OOSE TO BE A SC5E-%IFT] UNTIL 
! SY/EM WAS *ANG$3 IF SO1 HI<] PAY W\LD 
PROBABLY BE F\ND NECESS>Y4 ,BUT IF IT W]E FREELY 
VOT$ BY ! ,GUILD1 IT C\LD H>DLY CON/ITUTE A 
GRIEVANCE4 

,:ATEV] MI<T BE DONE T[>D MAK+ WORK 
AGREEABLE1 IT IS TO BE PRESUM$ ?AT SOME TRADES W\LD 
ALWAYS REMA9 UNPLEASANT4 ,M5 C\LD BE ATTRACT$ 
9TO !SE BY HI<] PAY OR %ORT] H\RS1 9/EAD ( 
BE+ DRIV5 9TO !M BY DE/ITUTION4 ,! COMMUNITY 
W\LD !N HAVE A /RONG ECONOMIC MOTIVE 
= F9D+ WAYS ( DIM9I%+ ! DISAGREEABL5ESS 
( !SE EXCEPTIONAL TRADES4 

,!RE W\LD /ILL HAVE TO BE MONEY1 OR SOME?+ 
ANALOG\S TO IT1 9 ANY COMMUNITY SU* AS WE >E 
IMAG9+4 ,! ,AN>*I/ PLAN ( A FREE DI/RIBUTION 
( ! TOTAL PRODUCE ( WORK 9 EQUAL %>ES 
DOES NOT GET RID ( ! NE$ = SOME /&>D ( 
EX*ANGE VALUE1 S9CE ONE MAN WILL *OOSE TO TAKE HIS 
%>E 9 ONE =M & ANO!R 9 ANO!R4 ,:5 
! DAY COMES = DI/RIBUT+ LUXURIES1 OLD LADIES 
WILL NOT WANT !IR QUOTA ( CIG>S1 NOR Y\NG M5 
!IR JU/ PROPORTION ( LAP-DOG2 ?IS WILL MAKE IT 
NECESS>Y TO KN[ H[ MANY CIG>S >E ! EQUIVAL5T 
( ONE LAP-DOG4 ,MU* ! SIMPLE/ WAY IS TO 
PAY AN 9COME1 AS AT PRES5T1 & ALL[ RELATIVE 
VALUES TO BE ADJU/$ ACCORD+ TO DEM&4 ,BUT IF 
ACTUAL CO9 W]E PAID1 A MAN MI<T HO>D IT & 9 
TIME BECOME A CAPITALI/4 ,TO PREV5T ?IS1 IT W\LD 
BE BE/ TO PAY NOTES AVAILABLE ONLY DUR+ A C]TA9 
P]IOD1 SAY ONE YE> FROM ! DATE ( ISSUE4 ,?IS 
W\LD 5ABLE A MAN TO SAVE UP = HIS ANNUAL HOLIDAY1 
BUT NOT TO SAVE 9DEF9ITELY4 

,!RE IS A V]Y GREAT DEAL TO BE SAID = ! 
,AN>*I/ PLAN ( ALL[+ NECESS>IES1 & ALL 
COMMODITIES ?AT CAN EASILY BE PRODUC$ 9 QUANTITIES 
ADEQUATE TO ANY POSSIBLE DEM&1 TO BE GIV5 AWAY 
FREELY TO ALL :O ASK = !M1 9 ANY AM\NTS !Y 
MAY REQUIRE4 ,! QUE/ION :E!R ?IS PLAN %\LD 
BE ADOPT$ IS1 TO MY M9D1 A PURELY TE*NICAL ONE3 
W\LD IT BE1 9 FACT1 POSSIBLE TO ADOPT IT )\T MU* 
WA/E & CONSEQU5T DIV]SION ( LABOR TO ! PRODUCTION 
( NECESS>IES :5 IT MI<T BE MORE USEFULLY 
EMPLOY$ O!RWISE8 ,I HAVE NOT ! MEANS ( ANSW]+ 
?IS QUE/ION1 BUT ,I ?9K IT EXCE$+LY PROBABLE 
?AT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ) ! CONT9U$ 
IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 ?IS 
,AN>*I/ PLAN WILL BECOME FEASIBLE2 & :5 IT DOES1 
IT C]TA9LY \<T TO BE ADOPT$4 

,WOM5 9 DOME/IC WORK1 :E!R M>RI$ OR UNM>RI$1 
WILL RECEIVE PAY AS !Y W\LD IF !Y W]E 
9 9DU/RY4 ,?IS WILL SECURE ! COMPLETE ECONOMIC 
9DEP5D5CE ( WIVES1 :I* IS DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE 
9 ANY O!R WAY1 S9CE MO!RS ( Y\NG *ILDR5 
\<T NOT TO BE EXPECT$ TO WORK \TSIDE ! HOME4 

,! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 WILL NOT FALL1 AS AT PRES5T1 
ON ! P>5TS4 ,!Y WILL RECEIVE1 LIKE ADULTS1 
!IR %>E ( NECESS>IES1 & !IR $UCATION WILL 
BE FREE4.<#f.> ,!RE IS NO LONG] TO BE ! PRES5T 
COMPETITION = S*OL>%IPS AMONG ! ABL] *ILDR53 
!Y WILL NOT BE IMBU$ ) ! COMPETITIVE SPIRIT 
FROM 9FANCY1 OR =C$ TO USE !IR BRA9S TO AN 
UNNATURAL DEGREE ) CONSEQU5T LI/LESSNESS & LACK 
( HEAL? 9 LAT] LIFE4 ,$UCATION WILL BE F> MORE 
DIV]SIFI$ ?AN AT PRES5T2 GREAT] C>E WILL BE TAK5 
TO ADAPT IT TO ! NE$S ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( Y\NG 
PEOPLE4 ,!RE WILL BE MORE ATTEMPT TO 5C\RAGE 
9ITIATIVE Y\NG PUPILS1 & LESS DESIRE TO FILL !IR 
M9DS ) A SET ( BELIEFS & M5TAL HABITS REG>D$ 
AS DESIRABLE BY ! ,/ATE1 *IEFLY BECAUSE !Y HELP 
TO PRES]VE ! /ATUS QUO4 ,= ! GREAT MAJORITY 
( *ILDR5 IT WILL PROBABLY BE F\ND DESIRABLE TO 
HAVE MU* MORE \TDOOR $UCATION 9 ! C\NTRY4 
,& = OLD] BOYS & GIRLS :OSE 9T]E/S >E NOT 
9TELLECTUAL OR >TI/IC1 TE*NICAL $UCATION1 UND]TAK5 
9 A LIB]AL SPIRIT1 IS F> MORE USEFUL 9 PROMOT+ 
M5TAL ACTIVITY ?AN BOOK-LE>N+ :I* !Y 
REG>D 7H[EV] FALSELY7 AS :OLLY USELESS EXCEPT = 
PURPOSES ( EXAM9ATION4 ,! REALLY USEFUL $UCATION IS ?AT :I* FOLL[S ! DIRECTION ( ! *ILD'S 
[N 9/9CTIVE 9T]E/S1 SUPPLY+ KN[L$GE = 
:I* IT IS SEEK+1 NOT DRY1 DETAIL$ 9=MATION 
:OLLY \T ( RELATION TO ITS SPONTANE\S DESIRES4 

,GOV]NM5T & LAW WILL /ILL EXI/ 9 \R 
COMMUNITY1 BUT BO? WILL BE R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM4 
,!RE WILL /ILL BE ACTS :I* WILL BE =BIDD5--= 
EXAMPLE1 MURD]4 ,BUT V]Y NE>LY ! :OLE ( ?AT 
P>T ( ! CRIM9AL LAW :I* DEALS ) PROP]TY 
WILL HAVE BECOME OBSOLETE1 & MANY ( ! MOTIVES 
:I* N[ PRODUCE MURD]S WILL BE NO LONG] OP]ATIVE4 
,?OSE :O NEV]!LESS /ILL DO COMMIT CRIMES 
WILL NOT BE BLAM$ OR REG>D$ AS WICK$2 !Y WILL 
BE REG>D$ AS UN=TUNATE1 & KEPT 9 SOME K9D 
( M5TAL HOSPITAL UNTIL IT IS ?\<T ?AT !Y >E 
NO LONG] A DANG]4 ,BY $UCATION & FRE$OM & 
! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE CAPITAL ! NUMB] ( CRIMES 
CAN BE MADE EXCE$+LY SMALL4 ,BY ! ME?OD ( 
9DIVIDUAL CURATIVE TREATM5T IT WILL G5]ALLY BE 
POSSIBLE TO SECURE ?AT A MAN'S FIR/ (F5SE %ALL ALSO 
BE HIS LA/1 EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( LUNATICS & ! 
FEEBLE-M9D$1 = :OM ( C\RSE A MORE PROLONG$ 
BUT NOT LESS K9DLY DET5TION MAY BE NECESS>Y4 

,GOV]NM5T MAY BE REG>D$ AS CONSI/+ ( 
TWO P>TS3 ! ONE1 ! DECISIONS ( ! COMMUNITY 
OR ITS RECOGNIZ$ ORGANS2 ! O!R1 ! 5=C+ ( 
?OSE DECISIONS UPON ALL :O RESI/ !M4 ,! FIR/ 
P>T IS NOT OBJECT$ TO BY ,AN>*I/S4 ,! SECOND 
P>T1 9 AN ORD9>Y CIVILIZ$ ,/ATE1 MAY REMA9 
5TIRELY 9 ! BACKGR\ND3 ?OSE :O HAVE RESI/$ 
A NEW LAW :ILE IT WAS BE+ DEBAT$ WILL1 AS A RULE1 
SUBMIT TO IT :5 IT IS PASS$1 BECAUSE RESI/ANCE IS 
G5]ALLY USELESS 9 A SETTL$ & ORD]LY COMMUNITY4 
,BUT ! POSSIBILITY ( GOV]NM5TAL =CE REMA9S1 
& 9DE$ IS ! V]Y REASON = ! SUBMISSION :I* 
MAKES =CE UNNECESS>Y4 ,IF1 AS ,AN>*I/S DESIRE1 
!RE W]E NO USE ( =CE BY GOV]NM5T1 ! MAJORITY 
C\LD /ILL B& !MSELVES TOGE!R & USE 
=CE AGA9/ ! M9ORITY4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE 
W\LD BE ?AT !IR >MY OR !IR POLICE =CE W\LD 
BE AD HOC1 9/EAD ( BE+ P]MAN5T & PR(ESSIONAL4 
,! RESULT ( ?IS W\LD BE ?AT EV]YONE 
W\LD HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO FI<T1 = FE> A WELL- 
DRILL$ M9ORITY %\LD SEIZE P[] & E/ABLI% AN 
OLD-FA%ION$ OLIG>*IC ,/ATE4 ,?US ! AIM ( ! 
,AN>*I/S SEEMS H>DLY LIKELY TO BE A*IEV$ BY 
! ME?ODS :I* !Y ADVOCATE4 

,! REIGN ( VIOL5CE 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 :E!R 
)9 A C\NTRY OR 9 ITS EXT]NAL RELATIONS1 CAN ONLY 
BE PREV5T$1 IF WE HAVE NOT BE5 MI/AK51 BY AN 
AU?ORITY ABLE TO DECL>E ALL USE ( =CE EXCEPT BY 
ITSELF ILLEGAL1 & /RONG 5\< TO BE OBVI\SLY 
CAPABLE ( MAK+ ALL O!R USE ( =CE FUTILE1 EXCEPT 
:5 IT C\LD SECURE ! SUPPORT ( PUBLIC OP9ION AS 
A DEF5SE ( FRE$OM OR A RESI/ANCE TO 9JU/ICE4 
,SU* AN AU?ORITY EXI/S )9 A C\NTRY3 IT IS ! 
,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS IT REMA9S TO BE 
CREAT$4 ,! DIFFICULTIES >E /UP5D\S1 BUT !Y MU/ 
BE OV]COME IF ! WORLD IS TO BE SAV$ FROM P]IODICAL 
W>S1 EA* MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN ANY ( ITS PR$ECESSORS4 
,:E!R1 AFT] ?IS W>1 A ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS 
WILL BE =M$1 & WILL BE CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ?IS 
TASK1 IT IS AS YET IMPOSSIBLE TO =ETELL4 ,H[EV] ?AT 
MAY BE1 SOME ME?OD ( PREV5T+ W>S WILL HAVE TO 
BE E/ABLI%$ BE=E \R ,UTOPIA BECOMES POSSIBLE4 
,:5 ONCE M5 ,B,E,L,I,E,V,E ?AT ! WORLD IS SAFE FROM 
W>1 ! :OLE DIFFICULTY WILL BE SOLV$3 !RE WILL !N 
NO LONG] BE ANY S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO ! DISB&+ 
( NATIONAL >MIES & NAVIES1 & ! SUB/ITUTION 
= !M ( A SMALL 9T]NATIONAL =CE = PROTECTION 
AGA9/ UNCIVILIZ$ RACES4 ,& :5 ?AT /AGE HAS 
BE5 REA*$1 PEACE WILL BE VIRTUALLY SECURE4 

,! PRACTICE ( GOV]NM5T BY MAJORITIES1 :I* 
,AN>*I/S CRITICIZE1 IS 9 FACT OP5 TO MO/ ( ! 
OBJECTIONS :I* !Y URGE AGA9/ IT4 ,/ILL MORE 
OBJECTIONABLE IS ! P[] ( ! EXECUTIVE 9 MATT]S 
VITALLY AFFECT+ ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL1 SU* AS 
PEACE & W>4 ,BUT NEI!R CAN BE DISP5S$ ) 
SUDD5LY4 ,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 TWO ME?ODS ( DIM9I%+ 
! H>M DONE BY !M3 7#a7 ,GOV]NM5T BY 
MAJORITIES CAN BE MADE LESS OPPRESSIVE BY DEVOLUTION1 
BY PLAC+ ! DECISION ( QUE/IONS PRIM>ILY AFFECT+ 
ONLY A SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY 9 ! H&S ( 
?AT SECTION1 RA!R ?AN ( A ,C5TRAL ,*AMB]4 ,9 
?IS WAY1 M5 >E NO LONG] =C$ TO SUBMIT TO DECISIONS 
MADE 9 A HURRY BY PEOPLE MO/LY IGNORANT ( 
! MATT] 9 H& & NOT P]SONALLY 9T]E/$4 
,AUTONOMY = 9T]NAL AFFAIRS %\LD BE GIV51 NOT 
ONLY TO >EAS1 BUT TO ALL GR\PS1 SU* AS 9DU/RIES OR 
,*UR*ES1 :I* HAVE IMPORTANT COMMON 9T]E/S 
NOT %>$ BY ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 7#b7 ,! 
GREAT P[]S VE/$ 9 ! EXECUTIVE ( A MOD]N 
,/ATE >E *IEFLY DUE TO ! FREQU5T NE$ ( RAPID 
DECISIONS1 ESPECIALLY AS REG>DS =EIGN AFFAIRS4 ,IF 
! DANG] ( W> W]E PRACTICALLY ELIM9AT$1 MORE 
CUMBR\S BUT LESS AUTOCRATIC ME?ODS W\LD BE POSSIBLE1 
& ! ,LEGISLATURE MI<T RECOV] MANY ( ! 
P[]S :I* ! EXECUTIVE HAS USURP$4 ,BY !SE 
TWO ME?ODS1 ! 9T5SITY ( ! 9T]F]5CE ) 
LIB]TY 9VOLV$ 9 GOV]NM5T CAN BE GRADUALLY 
DIM9I%$4 ,SOME 9T]F]5CE1 & EV5 SOME DANG] 
( UNW>RANT$ & DESPOTIC 9T]F]5CE1 IS ( ! 
ESS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 & MU/ REMA9 SO LONG AS 
GOV]NM5T REMA9S4 ,BUT UNTIL M5 >E LESS PRONE 
TO VIOL5CE ?AN !Y >E N[1 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 
GOV]NM5TAL =CE SEEMS ! LESS] ( TWO EVILS4 ,WE 
MAY HOPE1 H[EV]1 ?AT IF ONCE ! DANG] ( W> IS 
AT AN 5D1 M5'S VIOL5T IMPULSES WILL GRADUALLY GR[ 
LESS1 ! MORE SO AS1 9 ?AT CASE1 IT WILL BE POSSIBLE 
TO DIM9I% 5ORM\SLY ! 9DIVIDUAL P[] :I* 
N[ MAKES RUL]S AUTOCRATIC & READY = ALMO/ 
ANY ACT ( TYRANNY 9 ORD] TO CRU% OPPOSITION4 ,! 
DEVELOPM5T ( A WORLD :]E EV5 GOV]NM5TAL 
=CE HAS BECOME UNNECESS>Y 7EXCEPT AGA9/ LUNATICS7 
MU/ BE GRADUAL4 ,BUT AS A GRADUAL PROCESS IT 
IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE2 & :5 IT HAS BE5 COMPLET$ 
WE MAY HOPE TO SEE ! PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*ISM 
EMBODI$ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4 

,H[ WILL ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT 
WE HAVE \TL9$ BE> ON ! EVILS ( *>ACT]8 ,I 
BELIEVE ! EFFECT WILL BE QUITE EXTRAORD9>ILY 
B5EFIC5T4 

,! PROCESS ( LEAD+ M5'S ?\<T & IMAG9ATION 
AWAY FROM ! USE ( =CE WILL BE GREATLY 
ACCEL]AT$ BY ! ABOLITION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 
PROVID$ IT IS NOT SUCCE$$ BY A =M ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM 
9 :I* (FICIALS HAVE 5ORM\S P[]4 ,AT PRES5T1 
! CAPITALI/ HAS MORE CONTROL OV] ! LIVES ( 
O!RS ?AN ANY MAN \<T TO HAVE2 HIS FRI5DS HAVE 
AU?ORITY 9 ! ,/ATE2 HIS ECONOMIC P[] IS ! 
PATT]N = POLITICAL P[]4 ,9 A WORLD :]E ALL M5 
& WOM5 5JOY ECONOMIC FRE$OM1 !RE WILL NOT BE 
! SAME HABIT ( COMM&1 NOR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 
SAME LOVE ( DESPOTISM2 A G5TL] TYPE ( *>ACT] 
?AN ?AT N[ PREVAL5T WILL GRADUALLY GR[ UP4 ,M5 
>E =M$ BY !IR CIRCUM/ANCES1 NOT BORN READYMADE4 ,! BAD EFFECT ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM 
ON *>ACT]1 & ! IMM5SELY BETT] EFFECT TO BE 
EXPECT$ FROM COMMUNAL [N]%IP1 >E AMONG ! 
/RONGE/ REASONS = ADVOCAT+ ! *ANGE4 

,9 ! WORLD AS WE HAVE BE5 IMAG9+ FIT1 ECONOMIC 
FE> & MO/ ECONOMIC HOPE WILL BE ALIKE 
REMOV$ \T ( LIFE4 ,NO ONE WILL BE HAUNT$ BY ! 
DREAD ( POV]TY OR DRIV5 9TO RU?LESSNESS BY ! 
HOPE ( WEAL?4 ,!RE WILL NOT BE ! DI/9CTION ( 
SOCIAL CLASSES :I* N[ PLAYS SU* AN IMM5SE P>T 
9 LIFE4 ,! UNSUCCESSFUL PR(ESSIONAL MAN WILL NOT 
LIVE 9 T]ROR LE/ HIS *ILDR5 %\LD S9K 9 ! SCALE2 
! ASPIR+ EMPLOYEE WILL NOT BE LOOK+ =W>D TO 
! DAY :5 HE CAN BECOME A SWEAT] 9 HIS TURN4 
,AMBITI\S Y\NG M5 WILL HAVE TO DREAM O!R DAYDREAMS 
?AN ?AT ( BUS9ESS SUCCESS & WEAL? 
WRUNG \T ( ! RU9 ( COMPETITORS & ! DEGRADATION 
( LABOR4 ,9 SU* A WORLD1 MO/ ( ! NI<TM>ES 
?AT LURK 9 ! BACKGR\ND ( M5'S M9DS 
WILL NO LONG] EXI/2 ON ! O!R H&1 AMBITION & 
! DESIRE TO EXCEL WILL HAVE TO TAKE NOBL] =MS ?AN 
?OSE ?AT >E 5C\RAG$ BY A COMM]CIAL SOCIETY4 
,ALL ?OSE ACTIVITIES ?AT REALLY CONF] B5EFITS UPON 
MANK9D WILL BE OP51 NOT ONLY TO ! =TUNATE FEW1 
BUT TO ALL :O HAVE SUFFICI5T AMBITION & NATIVE 
APTITUDE4 ,SCI5CE1 LABOR-SAV+ 9V5TIONS1 TE*NICAL 
PROGRESS ( ALL K9DS1 MAY BE CONFID5TLY EXPECT$ TO 
FL\RI% F> MORE ?AN AT PRES5T1 S9CE !Y WILL BE 
! ROAD TO HONOR1 & HONOR WILL HAVE TO REPLACE 
MONEY AMONG ?OSE ( ! Y\NG :O DESIRE TO 
A*IEVE SUCCESS4 ,:E!R >T WILL FL\RI% 9 A 
,SOCIALI/IC COMMUNITY DEP5DS UPON ! =M ( ,SOCIALISM ADOPT$2 IF ! ,/ATE1 OR ANY PUBLIC AU?ORITY1 
7NO MATT] :AT71 9SI/S UPON CONTROLL+ >T1 & 
ONLY LIC5S+ ?OSE :OM IT REG>DS AS PR(ICI5T1 ! 
RESULT WILL BE DISA/]4 ,BUT IF !RE IS REAL FRE$OM1 
ALL[+ EV]Y MAN :O SO DESIRES TO TAKE UP AN 
>TI/'S C>E] AT ! CO/ ( SOME SACRIFICE ( COM=T1 
IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! ATMOSPH]E ( HOPE1 & 
! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC COMPULSION1 WILL LEAD TO A 
MU* SMALL] WA/E ( TAL5T ?AN IS 9VOLV$ 9 \R 
PRES5T SY/EM1 & TO A MU* LESS DEGREE ( CRU%+ 
( IMPULSE 9 ! MILLS ( ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 

,:5 ELEM5T>Y NE$S HAVE BE5 SATISFI$1 ! 
S]I\S HAPP9ESS ( MO/ M5 DEP5DS UPON TWO 
?+S3 !IR WORK1 & !IR HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,9 ! 
WORLD ?AT WE HAVE BE5 PICTUR+1 WORK WILL BE FREE1 
NOT EXCESSIVE1 FULL ( ! 9T]E/ ?AT BELONGS TO A 
COLLECTIVE 5T]PRISE 9 :I* !RE IS RAPID PROGRESS1 
) SOME?+ ( ! DELI<T ( CREATION EV5 = 
! HUMBLE/ UNIT4 ,& 9 HUMAN RELATIONS ! GA9 
WILL BE JU/ AS GREAT AS 9 WORK4 ,! ONLY HUMAN 
RELATIONS ?AT HAVE VALUE >E ?OSE ?AT >E ROOT$ 9 
MUTUAL FRE$OM1 :]E !RE IS NO DOM9ATION & NO 
SLAV]Y1 NO TIE EXCEPT AFFECTION1 NO ECONOMIC OR 
CONV5TIONAL NECESSITY TO PRES]VE ! EXT]NAL %[ :5 
! 9N] LIFE IS DEAD4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ HORRIBLE 
?+S AB\T COMM]CIALISM IS ! WAY 9 :I* IT 
POISONS ! RELATIONS ( M5 & WOM54 ,! EVILS ( 
PRO/ITUTION >E G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$1 BUT1 GREAT AS 
!Y >E1 ! EFFECT ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON M>RIAGE 
SEEMS TO ME EV5 WORSE4 ,!RE IS NOT 9FREQU5TLY1 
9 M>RIAGE1 A SUGGE/ION ( PUR*ASE1 ( ACQUIR+ 
A WOMAN ON CONDITION ( KEEP+ H] 9 A C]TA9 
/&>D ( MAT]IAL COM=T4 ,(T5 & (T51 A 
M>RIAGE H>DLY DIFF]S FROM PRO/ITUTION EXCEPT BY 
BE+ H>D] TO ESCAPE FROM4 ,! :OLE BASIS ( 
!SE EVILS IS ECONOMIC4 ,ECONOMIC CAUSES MAKE M>RIAGE 
A MATT] ( B>GA9 & CONTRACT1 9 :I* 
AFFECTION IS QUITE SECOND>Y1 & ITS ABS5CE CON/ITUTES 
NO RECOGNIZ$ REASON = LIB]ATION4 ,M>RIAGE 
%\LD BE A FREE1 SPONTANE\S MEET+ ( MUTUAL 
9/9CT1 FILL$ ) HAPP9ESS NOT UNMIX$ ) A 
FEEL+ AK9 TO AWE3 IT %\LD 9VOLVE ?AT DEGREE ( 
RESPECT ( EA* = ! O!R ?AT MAKES EV5 ! 
MO/ TRIFL+ 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY AN UTT] 
IMPOSSIBILITY1 & A COMMON LIFE 5=C$ BY ONE AGA9/ 
! WILL ( ! O!R AN UN?9KABLE ?+ ( DEEP 
HORROR4 ,IT IS NOT SO ?AT M>RIAGE IS CONCEIV$ BY 
LAWY]S :O MAKE SETTLEM5TS1 OR BY PRIE/S :O GIVE 
! NAME ( ^*^*SACRAM5T'' TO AN 9/ITUTION :I* PRET5DS 
TO F9D SOME?+ SANCTIFIABLE 9 ! BRUTAL LU/S 
OR DRUNK5 CRUELTIES ( A LEGAL HUSB&4 ,IT IS NOT 9 
A SPIRIT ( FRE$OM ?AT M>RIAGE IS CONCEIV$ BY 
MO/ M5 & WOM5 AT PRES5T3 ! LAW MAKES IT AN 
OPPORTUNITY = 9DULG5CE ( ! DESIRE TO 9T]F]E1 
:]E EA* SUBMITS TO SOME LOSS ( HIS OR H] [N LIB]TY1 
= ! PLEASURE ( CURTAIL+ ! LIB]TY ( ! 
O!R4 ,& ! ATMOSPH]E ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 
MAKES IT MORE DIFFICULT ?AN IT O!RWISE W\LD BE = 
ANY BETT] IDEAL TO TAKE ROOT4 

,IT IS NOT SO ?AT HUMAN RELATIONS WILL BE CONCEIV$ 
:5 ! EVIL H]ITAGE ( ECONOMIC SLAV]Y HAS CEAS$ 
TO MOLD \R 9/9CTS4 ,HUSB&S & WIVES1 P>5TS 
& *ILDR51 WILL BE ONLY HELD TOGE!R BY AFFECTION3 
:]E ?AT HAS DI$1 IT WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT NO?+ 
WOR? PRES]V+ IS LEFT4 ,BECAUSE AFFECTION WILL 
BE FREE1 M5 & WOM5 WILL NOT F9D 9 PRIVATE LIFE AN 
\TLET & /IMULUS TO ! LOVE ( DOM9E]+1 BUT ALL 
?AT IS CREATIVE 9 !IR LOVE WILL HAVE ! FRE] SCOPE4 
,REV]5CE = :ATEV] MAKES ! S\L 9 ?OSE :O 
>E LOV$ WILL BE LESS R>E ?AN IT IS N[3 N[ADAYS1 
MANY M5 LOVE !IR WIVES 9 ! WAY 9 :I* !Y 
LOVE MUTTON1 AS SOME?+ TO DEV\R & DE/ROY4 
,BUT 9 ! LOVE ?AT GOES ) REV]5CE !RE IS A 
JOY ( QUITE ANO!R ORD] ?AN ANY TO BE F\ND BY 
MA/]Y1 A JOY :I* SATISFIES ! SPIRIT & NOT ONLY 
! 9/9CTS2 & SATISFACTION ( 9/9CT & SPIRIT 
AT ONCE IS NECESS>Y TO A HAPPY LIFE1 OR 9DE$ TO ANY 
EXI/5CE ?AT IS TO BR+ \T ! BE/ IMPULSES ( 
:I* A MAN OR WOMAN IS CAPABLE4 

,9 ! WORLD :I* WE %\LD WI% TO SEE1 !RE 
WILL BE MORE JOY ( LIFE ?AN 9 ! DRAB TRAG$Y ( 
MOD]N EV]YDAY EXI/5CE4 ,AFT] E>LY Y\?1 AS 
?+S >E1 MO/ M5 >E B[$ D[N BY =E?\<T1 
NO LONG] CAPABLE ( LI<!>T$ GAIETY1 BUT ONLY ( 
A K9D ( SOLEMN JOLLIFICATION BY ! CLOCK AT ! 
APPROPRIATE H\RS4 ,! ADVICE TO ^*^*BECOME AS LITTLE 
*ILDR5'' W\LD BE GOOD = MANY PEOPLE 9 MANY 
RESPECTS1 BUT IT GOES ) ANO!R PRECEPT1 ^*^*TAKE NO 
?\<T = ! MORR[1'' :I* IS H>D TO OBEY 9 A 
COMPETITIVE WORLD4 ,!RE IS (T5 9 M5 ( SCI5CE1 
EV5 :5 !Y >E QUITE OLD1 SOME?+ ( ! 
SIMPLICITY ( A *ILD3 !IR ABSORPTION 9 AB/RACT 
?\<T HAS HELD !M ALO( FROM ! WORLD1 & 
RESPECT = !IR WORK HAS L$ ! WORLD TO KEEP !M 
ALIVE 9 SPITE ( !IR 9NOC5CE4 ,SU* M5 HAVE 
SUCCE$$ 9 LIV+ AS ALL M5 \<T TO BE ABLE TO LIVE2 
BUT AS ?+S >E1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE MAKES !IR 
WAY ( LIFE IMPOSSIBLE = ! GREAT MAJORITY4 

,:AT >E WE TO SAY1 LA/LY1 ( ! EFFECT ( \R 
PROJECT$ WORLD UPON PHYSICAL EVIL8 ,WILL !RE BE 
LESS ILLNESS ?AN !RE IS AT PRES5T8 ,WILL ! PRODUCE 
( A GIV5 AM\NT ( LABOR BE GREAT]8 ,OR WILL POPULATION 
PRESS UPON ! LIMITS ( SUBSI/5CE1 AS ,MAL?US 
TAU<T 9 ORD] TO REFUTE ,GODW9'S OPTIMISM8 

,I ?9K ! ANSW] TO ALL !SE QUE/IONS TURNS1 
9 ! 5D1 UPON ! DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL VIGOR TO BE 
EXPECT$ 9 A COMMUNITY :I* HAS DONE AWAY ) 
! SPUR ( ECONOMIC COMPETITION4 ,WILL M5 9 SU* 
A WORLD BECOME LAZY & APA!TIC8 ,WILL !Y CEASE 
TO ?9K8 ,WILL ?OSE :O DO ?9K F9D !MSELVES 
CONFRONT$ ) AN EV5 MORE IMP5ETRABLE WALL ( 
UNREFLECT+ CONS]VATISM ?AN ?AT :I* CONFRONTS 
!M AT PRES5T8 ,!SE >E IMPORTANT QUE/IONS2 = 
IT IS ULTIMATELY TO SCI5CE ?AT MANK9D MU/ LOOK 
= !IR SUCCESS 9 COMBAT+ PHYSICAL EVILS4 

,IF ! O!R CONDITIONS ?AT WE HAVE PO/ULAT$ 
CAN BE REALIZ$1 IT SEEMS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT !RE 
MU/ BE LESS ILLNESS ?AN !RE IS AT PRES5T4 ,POPULATION 
WILL NO LONG] BE CONGE/$ 9 SLUMS2 *ILDR5 WILL 
HAVE F> MORE ( FRE% AIR & OP5 C\NTRY2 ! 
H\RS ( WORK WILL BE ONLY SU* AS >E :OLESOME1 NOT 
EXCESSIVE & EXHAU/+ AS !Y >E AT PRES5T4 

,AS = ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 ?AT DEP5DS V]Y 
L>GELY UPON ! DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL LIB]TY EXI/+ 
9 ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,IF ALL SCI5CE IS ORGANIZ$ & 
SUP]VIS$ BY ! ,/ATE1 IT WILL RAPIDLY BECOME 
/]EOTYP$ & DEAD4 ,FUNDAM5TAL ADVANCES WILL NOT BE 
MADE1 BECAUSE1 UNTIL !Y HAVE BE5 MADE1 !Y WILL 
SEEM TOO D\BTFUL TO W>RANT ! EXP5DITURE ( 
PUBLIC MONEY UPON !M4 ,AU?ORITY WILL BE 9 ! 
H&S ( ! OLD1 ESPECIALLY ( M5 :O HAVE A*IEV$ 
SCI5TIFIC EM95CE2 SU* M5 WILL BE HO/ILE TO ?OSE 
AMONG ! Y\NG :O DO NOT FLATT] !M BY AGREE+ 
) !IR !ORIES4 ,UND] A BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE 
,SOCIALISM IT IS TO BE FE>$ ?AT SCI5CE W\LD SOON 
CEASE TO BE PROGRESSIVE & ACQUIR$ A M$IEVAL RESPECT 
= AU?ORITY4 

,BUT UND] A FRE] SY/EM1 :I* W\LD 5ABLE ALL 
K9DS ( GR\PS TO EMPLOY AS MANY M5 ( SCI5CE AS 
!Y *OSE1 & W\LD ALL[ ! ^*^*VAGABOND'S WAGE'' 
TO ?OSE :O DESIR$ TO PURSUE SOME /UDY SO NEW AS 
TO BE :OLLY UNRECOGNIZ$1 !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO 
?9K ?AT SCI5CE W\LD FL\RI% AS IT HAS NEV] DONE 
HI!RTO4.<#f#a.> ,&1 IF ?AT W]E ! CASE1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE 
?AT ANY O!R OB/ACLE W\LD EXI/ TO ! PHYSICAL 
POSSIBILITY ( \R SY/EM4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! NUMB] ( H\RS ( WORK 
NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE G5]AL MAT]IAL COM=T IS 
P>TLY TE*NICAL1 P>TLY ONE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,WE 
MAY ASSUME ?AT !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE UNPRODUCTIVE 
LABOR SP5T ON >MAM5TS1 NATIONAL DEF5SE1 
ADV]TISEM5TS1 CO/LY LUXURIES = ! V]Y RI*1 OR 
ANY ( ! O!R FUTILITIES 9CID5TAL TO \R COMPETITIVE 
SY/EM4 ,IF EA* 9DU/RIAL GUILD SECUR$ = A T]M ( 
YE>S ! ADVANTAGES1 OR P>T ( ! ADVANTAGES1 ( 
ANY NEW 9V5TION OR ME?ODS :I* IT 9TRODUC$1 IT 
IS PRETTY C]TA9 ?AT EV]Y 5C\RAGEM5T W\LD BE 
GIV5 TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS4 ,! LIFE ( A DISCOV]] 
OR 9V5TOR IS 9 ITSELF AGREEABLE3 ?OSE :O ADOPT IT1 
AS ?+S >E N[1 >E SELDOM MU* ACTUAT$ BY ECONOMIC 
MOTIVES1 BUT RA!R BY ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK 
TOGE!R ) ! HOPE ( HONOR2 & !SE MOTIVES 
W\LD OP]ATE MORE WIDELY ?AN !Y DO N[1 S9CE 
FEW] PEOPLE W\LD BE PREV5T$ FROM OBEY+ !M 
BY ECONOMIC NECESSITIES4 ,& !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 
9TELLECT W\LD WORK MORE KE5LY & CREATIVELY 9 
A WORLD :]E 9/9CT WAS LESS ?W>T$1 :]E ! 
JOY ( LIFE WAS GREAT]1 & :]E CONSEQU5TLY !RE 
W\LD BE MORE VITALITY 9 M5 ?AN !RE IS AT PRES5T4 

,!RE REMA9S ! POPULATION QUE/ION1 :I*1 
EV] S9CE ! TIME ( ,MAL?US1 HAS BE5 ! LA/ 
REFUGE ( ?OSE TO :OM ! POSSIBILITY ( A BETT] 
WORLD IS DISAGREEABLE4 ,BUT ?IS QUE/ION IS N[ 
A V]Y DIFF]5T ONE FROM :AT IT WAS A HUNDR$ 
YE>S AGO4 ,! DECL9E ( ! BIR?-RATE 9 ALL 
CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 :I* IS PRETTY C]TA9 TO CONT9UE1 
:ATEV] ECONOMIC SY/EM IS ADOPT$1 SUGGE/S 
?AT1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! PROBABLE EFFECTS ( ! W> 
>E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 ! POPULATION ( ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE IS NOT LIKELY TO 9CREASE V]Y MU* BEYOND 
ITS PRES5T LEVEL1 & ?AT ( ,AM]ICA IS LIKELY ONLY TO 
9CREASE ?R\< IMMIGRATION4 ,NEGROES MAY CONT9UE 
TO 9CREASE 9 ! TROPICS1 BUT >E NOT LIKELY TO 
BE A S]I\S M5ACE TO ! :ITE 9HABITANTS ( TEMP]ATE 
REGIONS4 ,!RE REMA9S1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,YELL[ 
,P]IL2 BUT BY ! TIME ?AT BEG9S TO BE S]I\S 
IT IS QUITE LIKELY ?AT ! BIR?-RATE WILL ALSO HAVE 
BEGUN TO DECL9E AMONG ! RACES ( ,ASIA ,IF NOT1 
!RE >E O!R MEANS ( DEAL+ ) ?IS QUE/ION2 
& 9 ANY CASE ! :OLE MATT] IS TOO CONJECTURAL 
TO BE SET UP S]I\SLY AS A B> TO \R HOPES4 ,I CONCLUDE 
?AT1 ?\< NO C]TA9 =ECA/ IS POSSIBLE1 
!RE IS NOT ANY VALID REASON = REG>D+ ! POSSIBLE 
9CREASE ( POPULATION AS A S]I\S OB/ACLE TO 
,SOCIALISM4 

,\R DISCUSSION HAS L$ US TO ! BELIEF ?AT ! 
COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( L& & CAPITAL1 :I* CON/ITUTES 
! *>ACT]I/IC DOCTR9E ( ,SOCIALISM & 
,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 IS A NECESS>Y /EP T[>D ! 
REMOVAL ( ! EVILS FROM :I* ! WORLD SUFF]S AT 
PRES5T & ! CREATION ( SU* A SOCIETY AS ANY 
HUMANE MAN MU/ WI% TO SEE REALIZ$4 ,BUT1 ?\< 
A NECESS>Y /EP1 ,SOCIALISM ALONE IS BY NO MEANS 
SUFFICI5T4 ,!RE >E V>I\S =MS ( ,SOCIALISM3 ! 
=M 9 :I* ! ,/ATE IS ! EMPLOY]1 & ALL :O 
WORK RECEIVE WAGES FROM IT1 9VOLVES DANG]S ( 
TYRANNY & 9T]F]5CE ) PROGRESS :I* W\LD 
MAKE IT1 IF POSSIBLE1 EV5 WORSE ?AN ! PRES5T 
REGIME4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,AN>*ISM1 :I* AVOIDS 
! DANG]S ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 HAS DANG]S & 
DIFFICULTIES ( ITS [N1 :I* MAKE IT PROBABLE ?AT1 
)9 ANY REASONABLE P]IOD ( TIME1 IT C\LD NOT 
LA/ LONG EV5 IF IT W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT 
REMA9S AN IDEAL TO :I* WE %\LD WI% TO APPROA* 
AS NE>LY AS POSSIBLE1 & :I*1 9 SOME DI/ANT AGE1 
WE HOPE MAY BE REA*$ COMPLETELY4 ,SYNDICALISM 
%>ES MANY ( ! DEFECTS ( ,AN>*ISM1 &1 LIKE IT1 
W\LD PROVE UN/ABLE1 S9CE ! NE$ ( A C5TRAL 
GOV]NM5T W\LD MAKE ITSELF FELT ALMO/ AT ONCE4 

,! SY/EM WE HAVE ADVOCAT$ IS A =M ( ,GUILD 
,SOCIALISM1 LEAN+ MORE1 P]HAPS1 T[>DS ,AN>*ISM 
?AN ! (FICIAL ,GUILDSMAN W\LD :OLLY APPROVE4 ,IT 
IS 9 ! MATT]S ?AT POLITICIANS USUALLY IGNORE-- 
SCI5CE & >T1 HUMAN RELATIONS1 & ! JOY ( LIFE 
--?AT ,AN>*ISM IS /RONGE/1 & IT IS *IEFLY = ! 
SAKE ( !SE ?+S ?AT WE 9CLUD$ SU* MORE OR 
LESS ,AN>*I/ PROPOSALS AS ! ^*^*VAGABOND'S WAGE4'' 
,IT IS BY ITS EFFECTS \TSIDE ECONOMICS & POLITICS1 AT 
LEA/ AS MU* AS BY EFFECTS 9SIDE !M1 ?AT A SOCIAL 
SY/EM %\LD BE JUDG$4 ,& IF ,SOCIALISM EV] 
COMES1 IT IS ONLY LIKELY TO PROVE B5EFIC5T IF NON- 
ECONOMIC GOODS >E VALU$ & CONSCI\SLY PURSU$4 

,! WORLD ?AT WE MU/ SEEK IS A WORLD 9 :I* 
! CREATIVE SPIRIT IS ALIVE1 9 :I* LIFE IS AN ADV5TURE 
FULL ( JOY & HOPE1 BAS$ RA!R UPON ! IMPULSE 
TO CON/RUCT ?AN UPON ! DESIRE TO RETA9 
:AT WE POSSESS OR TO SEIZE :AT IS POSSESS$ BY 
O!RS4 ,IT MU/ BE A WORLD 9 :I* AFFECTION HAS FREE 
PLAY1 9 :I* LOVE IS PURG$ ( ! 9/9CT = 
DOM9ATION1 9 :I* CRUELTY & 5VY HAVE BE5 
DISPELL$ BY HAPP9ESS & ! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T 
( ALL ! 9/9CTS ?AT BUILD UP LIFE & FILL IT ) 
M5TAL DELI<TS4 ,SU* A WORLD IS POSSIBLE2 IT WAITS 
ONLY = M5 TO WI% TO CREATE IT4 

,MEANTIME1 ! WORLD 9 :I* WE EXI/ HAS O!R 
AIMS4 ,BUT IT WILL PASS AWAY1 BURN$ UP 9 ! FIRE 
( ITS [N HOT PASSIONS2 & FROM ITS A%ES WILL SPR+ 
A NEW & Y\NG] WORLD1 FULL ( FRE% HOPE1 ) 
! LI<T ( MORN+ 9 ITS EYES4 

,NOTES3 

.<#c#h.> ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1'' P4 #g#d4 

.<#c#i.> ,IB4 P4 #h#a4 

.<#d.> ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,FIELD1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS1'' P4 #f4 

.<#d#a.> ^*^*,NOT)/&+ ! EGOTI/IC TURN GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC 
M9D BY ! M]*ANT-PRODUCTION ( \R C5TURY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ 
T5D5CY IS CONT9UALLY REASS]T+ ITSELF & TRY+ TO 
MAKE ITS WAY 9TO PUBLIC LIFE4 ,! P5NY BRIDGE DISAPPE>S BE=E 
! PUBLIC BRIDGE2 & ! TURNPIKE ROAD BE=E ! FREE 
ROAD4 ,! SAME SPIRIT P]VADES ?\S&S ( O!R 9/ITUTIONS4 
,MUSEUMS1 FREE LIBR>IES1 & FREE PUBLIC S*OOLS2 P>KS & 
PLEASURE GR\NDS2 PAV$ & LI<T$ /REETS1 FREE = EV]YBODY'S 
USE2 WAT] SUPPLI$ TO PRIVATE DWELL+S1 ) A GR[+ T5D5CY 
T[>DS DISREG>D+ ! EXACT AM\NT ( IT US$ BY ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 TRAMWAYS & RAILWAYS :I* HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO 
9TRODUCE ! SEASON TICKET OR ! UNI=M TAX1 & WILL SURELY 
GO MU* FUR!R ON ?IS L9E :5 !Y >E NO LONG] PRIVATE 
PROP]TY3 ALL !SE >E TOK5S %[+ 9 :AT DIRECTION FUR!R 
PROGRESS IS TO BE EXPECT$4''--,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4'' 

.<#d#b.> ,AN ABLE DISCUSSION ( ?IS QUE/ION1 AT ( V>I\S O!RS1 
FROM ! /&PO9T ( REASON$ & TEMP]ATE OPPOSITION TO 
,AN>*ISM1 WILL BE F\ND 9 ,ALFR$ ,NAQUET'S ^*^*,L',AN>*IE ET LE 
,COLLECTIVISME1'' ,P>IS1 #a#i#d4 

.<#d#c.> ^*^*,OV]WORK IS REPULSIVE TO HUMAN NATURE--NOT WORK4 ,OV]WORK 
= SUPPLY+ ! FEW ) LUXURY--NOT WORK = ! WELL- 
BE+ ( ALL4 ,WORK1 LABOR1 IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 A NECESSITY 
( SP5D+ ACCUMULAT$ BODILY 5]GY1 A NECESSITY :I* 
IS HEAL? & LIFE ITSELF4 ,IF SO MANY BRAN*ES ( USEFUL WORK >E 
SO RELUCTANTLY DONE N[1 IT IS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y MEAN OV]WORK1 
OR !Y >E IMPROP]LY ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT WE KN[--OLD 
,FRANKL9 KNEW IT--?AT F\R H\RS ( USEFUL WORK EV]Y DAY 
W\LD BE MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T = SUPPLY+ EV]YBODY ) ! 
COM=T ( A MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE-CLASS H\SE1 IF WE ALL 
GAVE \RSELVES TO PRODUCTIVE WORK1 & IF WE DID NOT WA/E \R 
PRODUCTIVE P[]S AS WE DO WA/E !M N[4 ,AS TO ! *ILDI% 
QUE/ION1 REPEAT$ = FIFTY YE>S3 ^*,:O W\LD DO DISAGREEABLE 
WORK8' FRANKLY ,I REGRET ?AT NONE ( \R SAVANTS HAS EV] BE5 
BR\<T TO DO IT1 BE IT = ONLY ONE DAY 9 HIS LIFE4 ,IF !RE IS 
/ILL WORK :I* IS REALLY DISAGREEABLE 9 ITSELF1 IT IS ONLY 
BECAUSE \R SCI5TIFIC M5 HAVE NEV] C>$ TO CONSID] ! 
MEANS ( R5D]+ IT LESS SO3 !Y HAVE ALWAYS KN[N ?AT !RE 
W]E PL5TY ( />V+ M5 :O W\LD DO IT = A FEW P5CE 
A DAY4'' ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4'' 

.<#d#d.> ^*^*,AS TO ! SO-(T5 REPEAT$ OBJECTION ?AT NOBODY W\LD 
LABOR IF HE W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO DO SO BY %E] NECESSITY1 WE 
HE>D 5\< ( IT BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( SLAVES 9 ,AM]ICA1 
AS WELL AS BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( S]FS 9 ,RUSSIA2 & WE 
HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( APPRECIAT+ IT AT ITS JU/ VALUE4 
,SO WE %ALL NOT TRY TO CONV9CE ?OSE :O CAN BE CONV9C$ ONLY 
BY ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 ,AS TO ?OSE :O REASON1 !Y \<T TO 
KN[ ?AT1 IF IT REALLY WAS SO ) SOME P>TS ( HUMANITY AT 
ITS L[E/ /AGES--& YET1 :AT DO WE KN[ AB\T IT8--OR IF 
IT IS SO ) SOME SMALL COMMUNITIES1 OR SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 
BR\<T TO %E] DESPAIR BY ILL-SUCCESS 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 IT IS NOT SO ) ! BULK ( ! CIVILIZ$ 
NATIONS4 ,) US1 WORK IS A HABIT1 & IDL5ESS AN >TIFICIAL 
GR[?4'' ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1'' P4 #c4 

.<#d#e.> ^*^*,:ILE HOLD+ ?IS SYN!TIC VIEW ON PRODUCTION1 ! 
,AN>*I/S CANNOT CONSID]1 LIKE ! ,COLLECTIVI/S1 ?AT A 
REMUN]ATION :I* W\LD BE PROPORTIONATE TO ! H\RS ( LABOR 
SP5T BY EA* P]SON 9 ! PRODUCTION ( RI*ES MAY BE AN 
IDEAL1 OR EV5 AN APPROA* TO AN IDEAL1 SOCIETY4'' ,KROPOTK91 
^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1'' P4 #b4 

.<#d#f.> ,I DO NOT SAY FRE$OM IS ! GREATE/ ( ,A,L,L GOODS3 ! BE/ 
?+S COME FROM )9--!Y >E SU* ?+S AS CREATIVE >T1 
& LOVE1 & ?\<T4 ,SU* ?+S CAN BE HELP$ OR H9D]$ 
BY POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 BUT NOT ACTUALLY PRODUC$ BY !M2 & 
FRE$OM IS1 BO? 9 ITSELF & 9 ITS RELATION TO !SE O!R GOODS 
! BE/ ?+ ?AT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CAN SECURE4 

.<#d#g.> ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 P4 #b#b4 

.<#d#h.> ^*^*,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,/,A,T,E HAS ALSO BE5 CONFUS$ ) 
,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T4 ,AS !RE CAN BE NO ,/ATE )\T GOV]NM5T1 IT 
HAS BE5 SOMETIMES SAID ?AT IT IS ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 
& NOT ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT %\LD BE ! AIM4 

.<#d#i.> ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAS ACCOMPLI%$ ITS HI/ORICAL 
MISSION2 IT HAS GIV5 A MORTAL BL[ TO ,C\RT-RULE2 & BY 
ITS DEBATES IT HAS AWAK5$ PUBLIC 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC QUE/IONS4 
,BUT1 TO SEE 9 IT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! FUTURE ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 
IS TO COMMIT A GROSS ]ROR4 ,EA* ECONOMICAL PHASE ( LIFE 
IMPLIES ITS [N POLITICAL PHASE2 & IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO T\* ! 
V]Y BASIS ( ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL LIFE--PRIVATE PROP]TY-- 
)\T A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 ! V]Y BASIS ( ! POLITICAL 
ORGANIZATION4 ,LIFE ALREADY %[S 9 :I* DIRECTION ! *ANGE 
WILL BE MADE4 ,NOT 9 9CREAS+ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT 
9 RESORT+ TO FREE ORGANIZATION & FREE F$]ATION 9 ALL ?OSE 
BRAN*ES :I* >E N[ CONSID]$ AS ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE4'' 
,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1'' PP4 #b#h-#b#i4 

.<#e.> ,ON ?IS SUBJECT !RE IS AN EXCELL5T DISCUSSION 9 ! 
BE=E-M5TION$ WORK ( ,MONSIEUR ,NAQUET4 

.<#e#a.> ^*^*,AS TO ! ?IRD--! *IEF--OBJECTION1 :I* MA9TA9S 
! NECESSITY ( A GOV]NM5T = PUNI%+ ?OSE :O BREAK ! 
LAW ( SOCIETY1 !RE IS SO MU* TO SAY AB\T IT ?AT IT H>DLY CAN 
BE T\*$ 9CID5TALLY4 ,! MORE WE /UDY ! QUE/ION1 ! 
MORE WE >E BR\<T TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF IS 
RESPONSIBLE = ! ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S P]PETRAT$ 9 ITS MID/1 & 
?AT NO PUNI%M5T1 NO PRISONS1 & NO HANGM5 CAN DIM9I% 
! NUMB]S ( SU* DE$S2 NO?+ %ORT ( A REORGANIZATION ( 
SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,?REE-QU>T]S ( ALL ! ACTS :I* >E BR\<T 
EV]Y YE> BE=E \R C\RTS HAVE !IR ORIG91 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 
9DIRECTLY1 9 ! PRES5T DISORGANIZ$ /ATE ( SOCIETY ) 
REG>D TO ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?--NOT 9 ! 
P]V]SITY ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,AS TO ! RELATIVELY FEW ANTI-SOCIAL 
DE$S :I* RESULT FROM ANTI-SOCIAL 9CL9ATIONS ( SEP>ATE 
9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT BY PRISONS1 NOR EV5 BY RESORT+ TO ! 
HANGM51 ?AT WE CAN DIM9I% !IR NUMB]S4 ,BY \R PRISONS1 
WE M]ELY MULTIPLY !M & R5D] !M WORSE4 ,BY \R DETECTIVES1 
\R ^*PRICE ( BLOOD1' \R EXECUTIONS1 & \R JAILS1 WE 
SPREAD 9 SOCIETY SU* A T]RIBLE FL[ ( BASE/ PASSIONS & 
HABITS1 ?AT HE :O %\LD REALIZE ! EFFECTS ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS 
TO !IR FULL EXT5T1 W\LD BE FRI<T5$ BY :AT SOCIETY IS 
DO+ UND] ! PRETEXT ( MA9TA9+ MORALITY4 ,WE MU/ 
SE>* = O!R REM$IES1 & ! REM$IES HAVE BE5 9DICAT$ 
LONG S9CE4'' ,KROPOTK91 ^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1'' PP4 #c#a-#c#b4 

.<#e#b.> ^*^*,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1'' P4 #b#g4 

.<#e#c.> ,?IS WAS WRITT5 BE=E ! AU?OR HAD ANY P]SONAL 
EXP]I5CE ( ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,HE P]SONALLY MET ) 
NO?+ BUT K9DNESS AT ! H&S ( ! PRISON (FICIALS4 

.<#e#d.> ,BELL1 #a#i#a#g4 

.<#e#e.> ,WALT] ,SCOTT ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY1 #a#i#f1 P4 #b#f#b4 

.<#e#f.> ,?IS WAS WRITT5 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#a#h1 ALMO/ ! D>KE/ 
MOM5T ( ! W>4 

.<#e#g.> ^*^*,L',AN>*IE ET LE ,COLLECTIVISME1'' P4 #a#a#d4 

.<#e#h.> ,:I* WE DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,I,V4 

.<#e#i.> ^*^*,SELF-,GOV]NM5T 9 ,9DU/RY1'' ,G4 ,BELL @& ,SONS1 #a#i#a#g1 PP4 
#a#a-#a#a#a4 

.<#f.> ,SOME MAY FE> ?AT ! RESULT W\LD BE AN UNDUE 9CREASE 
( POPULATION1 BUT SU* FE>S ,I BELIEVE TO BE GR\NDLESS4 ,SEE 
ABOVE1 7,*APT] ,I,V1 ON ^*^*,WORK & ,PAY4'' ,ALSO1 ,*APT] VI ( 
^*^*,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,RECON/RUCTION'' 7,GEORGE ,ALL5 & 
,UNW91 ,LTD474 
.<#f#a.> ,SEE ! DISCUSSION ( ?IS QUE/ION 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiag 3 ,P>T #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b -- ,ADD$4 

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