,PRISONS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,CRIME & ,FAILURE 

#aiaa 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

,TAGS 3 M5 & WOM51 CRIM9AL BY PASSION1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC1 HAVELOCK ELLIS1 POLITICAL CRIM9AL1 CONVICT LABOR1 ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 RHODE ISL&1 SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,PET] ,FRI/$T1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE       ,9 #ahdi ,FEODOR ,DO/OYEVSKY WROTE ON ! WALL ( HIS PRISON CELL ! FOLL[+ /ORY ( ,! ,PRIE/ & ! ,DEVIL3  

      0',HELLO1 Y\ LITTLE FAT FA!R6' ! DEVIL SAID TO ! PRIE/4 ',:AT MADE Y\ LIE SO TO ?OSE POOR1 MISL$ PEOPLE8 ,:AT TORTURES ( HELL DID Y\ DEPICT8 ,DON'T Y\ KN[ !Y >E ALREADY SUFF]+ ! TORTURES ( HELL 9 !IR E>?LY LIVES8 ,DON'T Y\ KN[ ?AT Y\ & ! AU?ORITIES ( ! ,/ATE >E MY REPRES5TATIVES ON E>?8 ,IT IS Y\ ?AT MAKE !M SUFF] ! PA9S ( HELL ) :I* Y\ ?REAT5 !M4 ,DON'T Y\ KN[ ?IS8 ,WELL1 !N1 COME ) ME6'  

      0,! DEVIL GRABB$ ! PRIE/ BY ! COLL>1 LIFT$ HIM HI< 9 ! AIR1 & C>RI$ HIM TO A FACTORY1 TO AN IRON F\NDRY4 ,HE SAW ! WORKM5 !RE RUNN+ & HURRY+ TO & FRO1 & TOIL+ 9 ! SCOR*+ HEAT4 ,V]Y SOON ! ?ICK1 HEAVY AIR & ! HEAT >E TOO MU* = ! PRIE/4 ,) TE>S 9 HIS EYES1 HE PLEADS ) ! DEVIL3 ',LET ME GO6 ,LET ME LEAVE ?IS HELL6'  

      0',OH1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ,I MU/ %[ Y\ MANY MORE PLACES4' ,! DEVIL GETS HOLD ( HIM AGA9 & DRAGS HIM (F TO A F>M4 ,!RE HE SEES WORKM5 ?RE%+ ! GRA94 ,! DU/ & HEAT >E 9SUFF]ABLE4 ,! OV]SE] C>RIES A KN\T1 & UNM]CIFULLY BEATS ANYONE :O FALLS TO ! GR\ND OV]COME BY H>D TOIL OR HUNG]4  

      0,NEXT ! PRIE/ IS TAK5 TO ! HUTS :]E !SE SAME WORK]S LIVE ) !IR FAMILIES--DIRTY1 COLD1 SMOKY1 ILL-SMELL+ HOLES4 ,! DEVIL GR9S4 ,HE PO9TS \T ! POV]TY & H>D%IPS :I* >E AT HOME H]E4  

      0',WELL1 ISN'T ?IS 5\<8' HE ASKS4 ,& IT SEEMS AS IF EV5 HE1 ! DEVIL1 PITIES ! PEOPLE4 ,! PI\S S]VANT ( ,GOD CAN H>DLY BE> IT4 ,) UPLIFT$ H&S HE BEGS3 ',LET ME GO AWAY FROM H]E4 ,YES1 YES6 ,?IS IS HELL ON E>?6'  

      0',WELL1 !N1 Y\ SEE4 ,& Y\ /ILL PROMISE !M ANO!R HELL4 ,Y\ TORM5T !M1 TORTURE !M TO DEA? M5TALLY :5 !Y >E ALREADY ALL BUT DEAD PHYSICALLY6 ,COME ON6 ,I WILL %[ Y\ ONE MORE HELL--ONE MORE1 ! V]Y WOR/4'  

      0,HE TOOK HIM TO A PRISON & %[$ HIM A DUNGEON1 ) ITS F\L AIR & ! MANY HUMAN =MS1 ROBB$ ( ALL HEAL? & 5]GY1 LY+ ON ! FLOOR1 COV]$ ) V]M9 ?AT W]E DEV\R+ !IR POOR1 NAK$1 EMACIAT$ BODIES4  

      0',TAKE (F Y\R SILK5 CLO!S1' SAID ! DEVIL TO ! PRIE/1 'PUT ON Y\R ANKLES HEAVY *A9S SU* AS !SE UN=TUNATES WE>2 LIE D[N ON ! COLD & FIL?Y FLOOR--& !N TALK TO !M AB\T A HELL ?AT /ILL AWAITS !M6'  

      0',NO1 NO6' ANSW]$ ! PRIE/1 ',I CANNOT ?9K ( ANY?+ MORE DREADFUL ?AN ?IS4 ,I 5TREAT Y\1 LET ME GO AWAY FROM H]E6'  

      0',YES1 ?IS IS HELL4 ,!RE CAN BE NO WORSE HELL ?AN ?IS4 ,DID Y\ NOT KN[ IT8 ,DID Y\ NOT KN[ ?AT !SE M5 & WOM5 :OM Y\ >E FRI<T5+ ) ! PICTURE ( A HELL H]EAFT]--DID Y\ NOT KN[ ?AT !Y >E 9 HELL RI<T H]E1 BE=E !Y DIE80   

      ,?IS WAS WRITT5 FIFTY YE>S AGO 9 D>K ,RUSSIA1 ON ! WALL ( ONE ( ! MO/ HORRIBLE PRISONS4 ,YET :O CAN D5Y ?AT ! SAME APPLIES ) EQUAL =CE TO ! PRES5T TIME1 EV5 TO ,AM]ICAN PRISONS8  

      ,) ALL \R BOA/$ RE=MS1 \R GREAT SOCIAL *ANGES1 & \R F>-REA*+ DISCOV]IES1 HUMAN BE+S CONT9UE TO BE S5T TO ! WOR/ ( HELLS1 :]E9 !Y >E \TRAG$1 DEGRAD$1 & TORTUR$1 ?AT SOCIETY MAY BE 0PROTECT$0 FROM ! PHANTOMS ( ITS [N MAK+4  

      ,PRISON1 A SOCIAL PROTECTION8 ,:AT MON/R\S M9D EV] CONCEIV$ SU* AN IDEA8 ,JU/ AS WELL SAY ?AT HEAL? CAN BE PROMOT$ BY A WIDESPREAD CONTAGION4  

      ,AFT] EI<TE5 MON?S ( HORROR 9 AN ,5GLI% PRISON1 ,OSC> ,WILDE GAVE TO ! WORLD HIS GREAT MA/]PIECE1 ,! ,BALLAD ( ,READ+ ,GOAL3 

            ,! VILE/ DE$S1 LIKE POISON WE$S1 
        ,BLOOM WELL 9 PRISON AIR2 
       ,IT IS ONLY :AT IS GOOD 9 ,MAN 
        ,?AT WA/ES & WI!RS !RE4 
       ,PALE ,ANGUI% KEEPS ! HEAVY GATE1 
        ,& ! ,W>D] IS ,DESPAIR4  

      ,SOCIETY GOES ON P]PETUAT+ ?IS POISON\S AIR1 NOT REALIZ+ ?AT \T ( IT CAN COME NAU<T BUT ! MO/ POISON\S RESULTS4  

      ,WE >E SP5D+ AT ! PRES5T @s#c1#e1 P] DAY1 @s#a11#i#e1 P] YE>1 TO MA9TA9 PRISON 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT 9 A DEMOCRATIC C\NTRY1--A SUM ALMO/ AS L>GE AS ! COMB9$ \TPUT ( :EAT1 VALU$ AT @s#g#e111 & ! \TPUT ( COAL1 VALU$ AT @s#c#e114 ,PR(ESSOR ,BU%NELL ( ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 E/IMATES ! CO/ ( PRISONS AT @s#f111 ANNUALLY1 & ,DR4 ,G4 ,FRANK ,LYD/ON1 AN EM95T ,AM]ICAN WRIT] ON CRIME1 GIVES @s#e111 ANNUALLY AS A REASONABLE FIGURE4 ,SU* UNHE>D-( EXP5DITURE = ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ VA/ >MIES ( HUMAN BE+S CAG$ UP LIKE WILD BEA/S6 #a  

      ,YET CRIMES >E ON ! 9CREASE4 ,?US WE LE>N ?AT 9 ,AM]ICA !RE >E F\R & A HALF TIMES AS MANY CRIMES TO EV]Y MILLION POPULATION TODAY AS !RE W]E TW5TY YE>S AGO4  

      ,! MO/ HORRIBLE ASPECT IS ?AT \R NATIONAL CRIME IS MURD]1 NOT ROBB]Y1 EMBEZZLEM5T1 OR RAPE1 AS 9 ! ,S\?4 ,LONDON IS FIVE TIMES AS L>GE AS ,*ICAGO1 YET !RE >E ONE HUNDR$ & EI<TE5 MURD]S ANNUALLY 9 ! LATT] CITY1 :ILE ONLY TW5TY 9 ,LONDON4 ,NOR IS ,*ICAGO ! LEAD+ CITY 9 CRIME1 S9CE IT IS ONLY SEV5? ON ! LI/1 :I* IS HEAD$ BY F\R ,S\!RN CITIES1 & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO & ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,9 VIEW ( SU* A T]RIBLE CONDITION ( AFFAIRS1 IT SEEMS RIDICUL\S TO PRATE ( ! PROTECTION SOCIETY D]IVES FROM ITS PRISONS4  

      ,! AV]AGE M9D IS SL[ 9 GRASP+ A TRU?1 BUT :5 ! MO/ ?OR\<LY ORGANIZ$1 C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTION1 MA9TA9$ AT AN EXCESSIVE NATIONAL EXP5SE1 HAS PROV5 A COMPLETE SOCIAL FAILURE1 ! DULLE/ MU/ BEG9 TO QUE/ION ITS RI<T TO EXI/4 ,! TIME IS PA/ :5 WE CAN BE CONT5T ) \R SOCIAL FABRIC M]ELY BECAUSE IT IS 0ORDA9$ BY DIV9E RI<T10 OR BY ! MAJE/Y ( ! LAW4  

      ,! WIDESPREAD PRISON 9VE/IGATIONS1 AGITATION1 & $UCATION DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S >E CONCLUSIVE PRO( ?AT M5 >E LE>N+ TO DIG DEEP 9TO ! V]Y BOTTOM ( SOCIETY1 D[N TO ! CAUSES ( ! T]RIBLE DISCREPANCY BETWE5 SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL LIFE4  

      ,:Y1 !N1 >E PRISONS A SOCIAL CRIME & A FAILURE8 ,TO ANSW] ?IS VITAL QUE/ION IT BEHOOVES US TO SEEK ! NATURE & CAUSE ( CRIMES1 ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ 9 COP+ ) !M1 & ! EFFECTS !SE ME?ODS PRODUCE 9 RIDD+ SOCIETY ( ! CURSE & HORROR ( CRIMES4  

      ,FIR/1 AS TO ! NATURE  ( CRIME3  

      ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS DIVIDES CRIME 9TO F\R PHASES1 ! POLITICAL1 ! PASSIONAL1 ! 9SANE1 & ! OCCASIONAL4 ,HE SAYS ?AT ! POLITICAL CRIM9AL IS ! VICTIM ( AN ATTEMPT ( A MORE OR LESS DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T TO PRES]VE ITS [N /ABILITY4 ,HE IS NOT NECESS>ILY GUILTY ( AN UNSOCIAL (F5SE2 HE SIMPLY TRIES TO OV]TURN A C]TA9 POLITICAL ORD] :I* MAY ITSELF BE ANTI-SOCIAL4 ,?IS TRU? IS RECOGNIZ$ ALL OV] ! WORLD1 EXCEPT 9 ,AM]ICA :]E ! FOOLI% NOTION /ILL PREVAILS ?AT 9 A ,DEMOCRACY !RE IS NO PLACE = POLITICAL CRIM9ALS4 ,YET ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS A POLITICAL CRIM9AL2 SO W]E ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S2 SO IS EV]Y /RIK]4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 SAYS ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS1 ! POLITICAL CRIM9AL ( \R TIME OR PLACE MAY BE ! H]O1 M>TYR1 SA9T ( ANO!R AGE4 ,LOMBROSO CALLS ! POLITICAL CRIM9AL ! TRUE PRECURSOR ( ! PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T ( HUMANITY4 

      0,! CRIM9AL BY PASSION IS USUALLY A MAN ( :OLESOME BIR? & HONE/ LIFE1 :O UND] ! /RESS ( SOME GREAT1 UNM]IT$ WRONG HAS WR\<T JU/ICE = HIMSELF40#b  

      ,MR4 ,HU< ,C4 ,WEIR1 9 ,! ,M5ACE ( ! ,POLICE1 CITES ! CASE ( ,JIM ,FLAH]TY1 A CRIM9AL BY PASSION1 :O1 9/EAD ( BE+ SAV$ BY SOCIETY1 IS TURN$ 9TO A DRUNK>D & A RECIDIVI/1 ) A RU9$ & POV]TY-/RICK5 FAMILY AS ! RESULT4  

      ,A MORE PA!TIC TYPE IS ,>*IE1 ! VICTIM 9 ,BR& ,:ITLOCK'S NOVEL1 ,! ,TURN ( ! ,BALANCE1 ! GREATE/ ,AM]ICAN EXPOSE ( CRIME 9 ! MAK+4 ,>*IE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ,FLAH]TY1 WAS DRIV5 TO CRIME & DEA? BY ! CRUEL 9HUMANITY ( HIS SURR\ND+S1 & BY ! UNSCRUPUL\S H\ND+ ( ! MA*9]Y ( ! LAW4 ,>*IE & ,FLAH]TY >E BUT ! TYPES ( MANY ?\S&S1 DEMON/RAT+ H[ ! LEGAL ASPECTS ( CRIME1 & ! ME?ODS ( DEAL+ ) IT1 HELP TO CREATE ! DISEASE :I* IS UND]M9+ \R 5TIRE SOCIAL LIFE4  

      0,! 9SANE CRIM9AL REALLY CAN NO MORE BE CONSID]$ A CRIM9AL ?AN A *ILD1 S9CE HE IS M5TALLY 9 ! SAME CONDITION AS AN 9FANT OR AN ANIMAL40 #c  

      ,! LAW ALREADY RECOGNIZES ?AT1 BUT ONLY 9 R>E CASES ( A V]Y FLAGRANT NATURE1 OR :5 ! CULPRIT'S WEAL? P]MITS ! LUXURY ( CRIM9AL 9SANITY4 ,IT HAS BECOME QUITE FA%IONABLE TO BE ! VICTIM ( P>ANOIA4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE ! 0SOV]EIGNTY ( JU/ICE0 /ILL CONT9UES TO PUNI% CRIM9ALLY 9SANE ) ! :OLE SEV]ITY ( ITS P[]4 ,?US ,MR4 ,ELLIS QUOTES FROM ,DR4 ,RI*T]'S /ATI/ICS %[+ ?AT 9 ,G]MANY ONE HUNDR$ & SIX MADM51 \T ( ONE HUNDR$ & =TY-F\R CRIM9ALLY 9SANE1 W]E CONDEMN$ TO SEV]E PUNI%M5T4  

      ,! OCCASIONAL CRIM9AL 0REPRES5TS BY F> ! L>GE/ CLASS ( \R PRISON POPULATION1 H5CE IS ! GREATE/ M5ACE TO SOCIAL WELL-BE+40 ,:AT IS ! CAUSE ?AT COMPELS A VA/ >MY ( ! HUMAN FAMILY TO TAKE TO CRIME1 TO PREF] ! HIDE\S LIFE )9 PRISON WALLS TO ! LIFE \TSIDE8 ,C]TA9LY ?AT CAUSE MU/ BE AN IRON MA/]1 :O LEAVES ITS VICTIMS NO AV5UE ( ESCAPE1 = ! MO/ DEPRAV$ HUMAN BE+ LOVES LIB]TY4  

      ,?IS T]RIFIC =CE IS CONDITION$ 9 \R CRUEL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC >RANGEM5T4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO D5Y ! BIOLOGIC1 PHYSIOLOGIC1 OR PSY*OLOGIC FACTORS 9 CREAT+ CRIME2 BUT !RE IS H>DLY AN ADVANC$ CRIM9OLOGI/ :O WILL NOT CONC$E ?AT ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9FLU5CES >E ! MO/ REL5TLESS1 ! MO/ POISON\S G]MS ( CRIME4 ,GRANT$ EV5 ?AT !RE >E 9NATE CRIM9AL T5D5CIES1 IT IS NONE ! LESS TRUE ?AT !SE T5D5CIES F9D RI* NUTRITION 9 \R SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4  

      ,!RE IS CLOSE RELATION1 SAYS ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS1 BETWE5 CRIMES AGA9/ ! P]SON & ! PRICE ( ALCOHOL1 BETWE5 CRIMES AGA9/ PROP]TY & ! PRICE ( :EAT4 ,HE QUOTES ,QUETELET & ,LACASSAGNE1 ! =M] LOOK+ UPON SOCIETY AS ! PREP>] ( CRIME1 & ! CRIM9ALS AS 9/RUM5TS ?AT EXECUTE !M4 ,! LATT] F9D ?AT 0! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T IS ! CULTIVATION M$IUM ( CRIM9ALITY2 ?AT ! CRIM9AL IS ! MICROBE1 AN ELEM5T :I* ONLY BECOMES IMPORTANT :5 IT F9DS ! M$IUM :I* CAUSES IT TO F]M5T2 EV]Y SOCIETY HAS ! CRIM9ALS IT DES]VES40#d  

      ,! MO/ 0PROSP]\S0 9DU/RIAL P]IOD MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK] TO E>N 5\< TO KEEP UP HEAL? & VIGOR4 ,& AS PROSP]ITY IS1 AT BE/1 AN IMAG9>Y CONDITION1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE >E CON/ANTLY ADD$ TO ! HO/ ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,FROM ,EA/ TO ,WE/1 FROM ,S\? TO ,NOR?1 ?IS VA/ >MY TRAMPS 9 SE>* ( WORK OR FOOD1 & ALL !Y F9D IS ! WORKH\SE OR ! SLUMS4 ,?OSE :O HAVE A SP>K ( SELF-RESPECT LEFT1 PREF] OP5 DEFIANCE1 PREF] CRIME TO ! EMACIAT$1 DEGRAD$ POSITION ( POV]TY4  

      ,$W>D ,C>P5T] E/IMATES ?AT FIVE-SIX?S ( 9DICTABLE CRIMES CONSI/ 9 SOME VIOLATION ( PROP]TY RI<TS2 BUT ?AT IS TOO L[ A FIGURE4 ,A ?OR\< 9VE/IGATION W\LD PROVE ?AT N9E CRIMES \T ( T5 C\LD BE TRAC$1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TO \R ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9IQUITIES1 TO \R SY/EM ( REMORSELESS EXPLOITATION & ROBB]Y4 ,!RE IS NO CRIM9AL SO /UPID BUT RECOGNIZES ?IS T]RIBLE FACT1 ?\< HE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ACC\NT = IT4  

      ,A COLLECTION ( CRIM9AL PHILOSOPHY1 :I* ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS1 ,LOMBROSO1 & O!R EM95T M5 HAVE COMPIL$1 %[S ?AT ! CRIM9AL FEELS ONLY TOO KE5LY ?AT IT IS SOCIETY ?AT DRIVES HIM TO CRIME4 ,A ,MILANESE ?IEF SAID TO ,LOMBROSO3 0,I DO NOT ROB1 ,I M]ELY TAKE FROM ! RI* !IR SUP]FLUITIES2 BESIDES1 DO NOT ADVOCATES & M]*ANTS ROB80 ,A MURD]] WROTE3 0,KN[+ ?AT ?REE-F\R?S ( ! SOCIAL VIRTUES >E C[>DLY VISES1 ,I ?\<T AN OP5 ASSAULT ON A RI* MAN W\LD BE LESS IGNOBLE ?AN ! CAUTI\S COMB9ATION ( FRAUD40 ,ANO!R WROTE3 0,I AM IMPRISON$ = /EAL+ A HALF DOZ5 EGGS4 ,M9I/]S :O ROB MILLIONS >E HONOR$4 ,POOR ,ITALY60 ,AN $UCAT$ CONVICT SAID TO ,MR4 ,DAVITT3 0,! LAWS ( SOCIETY >E FRAM$ = ! PURPOSE ( SECUR+ ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD TO P[] & CALCULATION1 !REBY DEPRIV+ ! L>G] PORTION ( MANK9D ( ITS RI<TS & *ANCES4 ,:Y %\LD !Y PUNI% ME = TAK+ BY SOME:AT SIMIL> MEANS FROM ?OSE :O HAVE TAK5 MORE ?AN !Y HAD A RI<T TO80 ,! SAME MAN ADD$3 0,RELIGION ROBS ! S\L ( ITS 9DEP5D5CE2 PATRIOTISM IS ! /UPID WOR%IP ( ! WORLD = :I* ! WELL-BE+ & ! PEACE ( ! 9HABITANTS W]E SACRIFIC$ BY ?OSE :O PR(IT BY IT1 :ILE ! LAWS ( ! L&1 9 RE/RA9+ NATURAL DESIRES1 W]E WAG+ W> ON ! MANIFE/ SPIRIT ( ! LAW ( \R BE+S4 ,COMP>$ ) ?IS10 HE CONCLUD$1 0?IEV+ IS AN HONORABLE PURSUIT40 #e  

      ,V]ILY1 !RE IS GREAT] TRU? 9 ?IS PHILOSOPHY ?AN 9 ALL ! LAW-&-MORAL BOOKS ( SOCIETY4  

      ,! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 MORAL1 & PHYSICAL FACTORS BE+ ! MICROBES ( CRIME1 H[ DOES SOCIETY MEET ! SITUATION8  

      ,! ME?ODS ( COP+ ) CRIME HAVE NO D\BT UND]GONE SEV]AL *ANGES1 BUT MA9LY 9 A !ORETIC S5SE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 SOCIETY HAS RETA9$ ! PRIMITIVE MOTIVE 9 DEAL+ ) ! (F5D]2 ?AT IS1 REV5GE4 ,IT HAS ALSO ADOPT$ ! !OLOGIC IDEA2 NAMELY1 PUNI%M5T2 :ILE ! LEGAL & 0CIVILIZ$0 ME?ODS CONSI/ ( DET]R5CE OR T]ROR1 & RE=M4 ,WE %ALL PRES5TLY SEE ?AT ALL F\R MODES HAVE FAIL$ UTT]LY1 & ?AT WE >E TODAY NO NE>] A SOLUTION ?AN 9 ! D>K AGES4  

      ,! NATURAL IMPULSE ( ! PRIMITIVE MAN TO /RIKE BACK1 TO AV5GE A WRONG1 IS \T ( DATE4 ,9/EAD1 ! CIVILIZ$ MAN1 /RIPP$ ( C\RAGE & D>+1 HAS DELEGAT$ TO AN ORGANIZ$ MA*9]Y ! DUTY ( AV5G+ HIS WRONGS1 9 ! FOOLI% BELIEF ?AT ! ,/ATE IS JU/IFI$ 9 DO+ :AT HE NO LONG] HAS ! MANHOOD OR CONSI/5CY TO DO4 ,! 0MAJE/Y ( ! LAW0 IS A REASON+ ?+2 IT W\LD NOT /OOP TO PRIMITIVE 9/9CTS4 ,ITS MISSION IS ( A 0HI<]0 NATURE4 ,TRUE1 IT IS /ILL /EEP$ 9 ! !OLOGIC MUDDLE1 :I* PROCLAIMS PUNI%M5T AS A MEANS ( PURIFICATION1 OR ! VIC>I\S ATONEM5T ( S94 ,BUT LEGALLY & SOCIALLY ! /ATUTE EX]CISES PUNI%M5T1 NOT M]ELY AS AN 9FLICTION ( PA9 UPON ! (F5D]1 BUT ALSO = ITS T]RIFY+ EFFECT UPON O!RS4  

      ,:AT IS ! REAL BASIS ( PUNI%M5T1 H[EV]8 ,! NOTION ( A FREE WILL1 ! IDEA ?AT MAN IS AT ALL TIMES A FREE AG5T = GOOD OR EVIL2 IF HE *OOSES ! LATT]1 HE MU/ BE MADE TO PAY ! PRICE4 ,AL?\< ?IS !ORY HAS LONG BE5 EXPLOD$1 & ?R[N UPON ! DUS!AP1 IT CONT9UES TO BE APPLI$ DAILY BY ! 5TIRE MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T1 TURN+ IT 9TO ! MO/ CRUEL & BRUTAL TORM5TOR ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,! ONLY REASON = ITS CONT9UANCE IS ! /ILL MORE CRUEL NOTION ?AT ! GREAT] ! T]ROR PUNI%M5T SPREADS1 ! MORE C]TA9 ITS PREV5TIVE EFFECT4  

      ,SOCIETY IS US+ ! MO/ DRA/IC ME?ODS 9 DEAL+ ) ! SOCIAL (F5D]4 ,:Y DO !Y NOT DET]8 ,AL?\< 9 ,AM]ICA A MAN IS SUPPOS$ TO BE CONSID]$ 9NOC5T UNTIL PROV5 GUILTY1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LAW1 ! POLICE1 C>RY ON A REIGN ( T]ROR1 MAK+ 9DISCRIM9ATE >RE/S1 BEAT+1 CLUBB+1 BULLY+ PEOPLE1 US+ ! B>B>\S ME?OD ( ! 0?IRD DEGREE10 SUBJECT+ !IR UN=TUNATE VICTIMS TO ! F\L AIR ( ! /ATION H\SE1 & ! /ILL F\L] LANGUAGE ( ITS GU>DIANS4 ,YET CRIMES >E RAPIDLY MULTIPLY+1 & SOCIETY IS PAY+ ! PRICE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS AN OP5 SECRET ?AT :5 ! UN=TUNATE CITIZ5 HAS BE5 GIV5 ! FULL 0M]CY0 ( ! LAW1 & = ! SAKE ( SAFETY IS HIDD5 9 ! WOR/ ( HELLS1 HIS REAL ,CALV>Y BEG9S4 ,ROBB$ ( HIS RI<TS AS A HUMAN BE+1 DEGRAD$ TO A M]E AUTOMATON )\T WILL OR FEEL+1 DEP5D5T 5TIRELY UPON ! M]CY ( BRUTAL KEEP]S1 HE DAILY GOES ?R\< A PROCESS ( DEHUMANIZATION1 COMP>$ ) :I* SAVAGE REV5GE WAS M]E *ILD'S PLAY4  

      ,!RE IS NOT A S+LE P5AL 9/ITUTION OR RE=MATORY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :]E M5 >E NOT TORTUR$ 0TO BE MADE GOOD10 BY MEANS ( ! BLACK-JACK1 ! CLUB1 ! /RAIT-JACKET1 ! WAT]-CURE1 ! 0HUMM+ BIRD0 7AN ELECTRICAL CONTRIVANCE RUN ALONG ! HUMAN BODY71 ! SOLIT>Y1 ! BULL-R+1 & />VATION DIET4 ,9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS HIS WILL IS BROK51 HIS S\L DEGRAD$1 HIS SPIRIT SUBDU$ BY ! DEADLY MONOTONY & R\T9E ( PRISON LIFE4 ,9 ,OHIO1 ,ILL9OIS1 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ,MISS\RI1 & 9 ! ,S\?1 !SE HORRORS HAVE BECOME SO FLAGRANT AS TO REA* ! \TSIDE WORLD1 :ILE 9 MO/ O!R PRISONS ! SAME ,*RI/IAN ME?ODS /ILL PREVAIL4 ,BUT PRISON WALLS R>ELY ALL[ ! AGONIZ$ %RIEKS ( ! VICTIMS TO ESCAPE--PRISON WALLS >E ?ICK1 !Y DULL ! S\ND4 ,SOCIETY MI<T ) GREAT] IMMUNITY ABOLI% ALL PRISONS AT ONCE1 ?AN TO HOPE = PROTECTION FROM !SE TW5TIE?-C5TURY *AMB]S ( HORRORS4  

      ,YE> AFT] YE> ! GATES ( PRISON HELLS RETURN TO ! WORLD AN EMACIAT$1 DE=M$1 WILL-LESS1 %IP-WRECK$ CREW ( HUMANITY1 ) ! ,CA9 M>K ON !IR =EHEADS1 !IR HOPES CRU%$1 ALL !IR NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS ?W>T$4 ,) NO?+ BUT HUNG] & 9HUMANITY TO GREET !M1 !SE VICTIMS SOON S9K BACK 9TO CRIME AS ! ONLY POSSIBILITY ( EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL AN UNUSUAL ?+ TO F9D M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE SP5T HALF !IR LIVES--NAY1 ALMO/ !IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE--9 PRISON4 ,I KN[ A WOMAN ON ,BLACKWELL'S ,ISL&1 :O HAD BE5 9 & \T ?IRTY-EI<T TIMES2 & ?R\< A FRI5D ,I LE>N ?AT A Y\NG BOY ( SEV5TE51 :OM HE HAD NURS$ & C>$ = 9 ! ,PITTSBURG P5IT5TI>Y1 HAD NEV] KN[N ! MEAN+ ( LIB]TY4 ,FROM ! RE=MATORY TO ! P5IT5TI>Y HAD BE5 ! PA? ( ?IS BOY'S LIFE1 UNTIL1 BROK5 9 BODY1 HE DI$ A VICTIM ( SOCIAL REV5GE4 ,!SE P]SONAL EXP]I5CES >E SUB/ANTIAT$ BY EXT5SIVE DATA GIV+ OV]:ELM+ PRO( ( ! UTT] FUTILITY ( PRISONS AS A MEANS ( DET]R5CE OR RE=M4  

      ,WELL-MEAN+ P]SONS >E N[ WORK+ = A NEW DEP>TURE 9 ! PRISON QUE/ION1--RECLAMATION1 TO RE/ORE ONCE MORE TO ! PRISON] ! POSSIBILITY ( BECOM+ A HUMAN BE+4 ,COMM5DABLE AS ?IS IS1 ,I FE> IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HOPE = GOOD RESULTS FROM P\R+ GOOD W9E 9TO A MU/Y BOTTLE4 ,NO?+ %ORT ( A COMPLETE RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY WILL DELIV] MANK9D FROM ! CANC] ( CRIME4 ,/ILL1 IF ! DULL $GE ( \R SOCIAL CONSCI5CE W\LD BE %>P5$1 ! P5AL 9/ITUTIONS MI<T BE GIV5 A NEW COAT ( V>NI%4 ,BUT ! FIR/ /EP TO BE TAK5 IS ! R5OVATION ( ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* IS 9 A RA!R DILAPIDAT$ CONDITION4 ,IT IS SADLY 9 NE$ TO BE AWAK5$ TO ! FACT ?AT CRIME IS A QUE/ION ( DEGREE1 ?AT WE ALL HAVE ! RUDIM5TS ( CRIME 9 US1 MORE OR LESS1 ACCORD+ TO \R M5TAL1 PHYSICAL1 & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T2 & ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CRIM9AL IS M]ELY A REFLEX ( ! T5D5CIES ( ! AGGREGATE4  

      ,) ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS WAK5$1 ! AV]AGE 9DIVIDUAL MAY LE>N TO REFUSE ! 0HONOR0 ( BE+ ! BLOODH\ND ( ! LAW4 ,HE MAY CEASE TO P]SECUTE1 DESPISE1 & MI/RU/ ! SOCIAL (F5D]1 & GIVE HIM A *ANCE TO LIVE & BREA! AMONG HIS FELL[S4 ,9/ITUTIONS >E1 ( C\RSE1 H>D] TO REA*4 ,!Y >E COLD1 IMP5ETRABLE1 & CRUEL2 /ILL1 ) ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS QUICK5$1 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO FREE ! PRISON VICTIMS FROM ! BRUTALITY ( PRISON (FICIALS1 GU>DS1 & KEEP]S4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION IS A P[]FUL WEAPON2 KEEP]S ( HUMAN PREY1 EV51 >E AFRAID ( IT4 ,!Y MAY BE TAU<T A LITTLE HUMANITY1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y REALIZE ?AT !IR JOBS DEP5D UPON IT4  

      ,BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT /EP IS TO DEM& = ! PRISON] ! RI<T TO WORK :ILE 9 PRISON1 ) SOME MONET>Y RECOMP5SE ?AT W\LD 5ABLE HIM TO LAY ASIDE A LITTLE = ! DAY ( HIS RELEASE1 ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW LIFE4  

      ,IT IS ALMO/ RIDICUL\S TO HOPE MU* FROM PRES5T SOCIETY :5 WE CONSID] ?AT WORK+M51 WAGE-SLAVES !MSELVES1 OBJECT TO CONVICT LABOR4 ,I %ALL NOT GO 9TO ! CRUELTY ( ?IS OBJECTION1 BUT M]ELY CONSID] ! IMPRACTICABILITY ( IT4 ,TO BEG9 )1 ! OPPOSITION SO F> RAIS$ BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR HAS BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ W9DMILLS4 ,PRISON]S HAVE ALWAYS WORK$2 ONLY ! ,/ATE HAS BE5 !IR EXPLOIT]1 EV5 AS ! 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY] HAS BE5 ! ROBB] ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,! ,/ATES HAVE EI!R SET ! CONVICTS TO WORK = ! GOV]NM5T1 OR !Y HAVE F>M$ CONVICT LABOR TO PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,TW5TY-N9E ( ! ,/ATES PURSUE ! LATT] PLAN4 ,! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T & SEV5TE5 ,/ATES HAVE DISC>D$ IT1 AS HAVE ! LEAD+ NATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 S9CE IT LEADS TO HIDE\S OV]WORK+ & ABUSE ( PRISON]S1 & TO 5DLESS GRAFT4  

      0,RHODE ,ISL&1 ! ,/ATE DOM9AT$ BY ,ALDRI*1 (F]S P]HAPS ! WOR/ EXAMPLE4 ,UND] A FIVE-YE> CONTRACT1 DAT$ ,JULY #g?1 #a#i#f1 & R5EWABLE = FIVE YE>S MORE AT ! OPTION ( PRIVATE CONTRACTORS1 ! LABOR ( ! 9MATES ( ! ,RHODE ,ISL& ,P5IT5TI>Y & ! ,PROVID5CE ,C\NTY ,JAIL IS SOLD TO ! ,RELIANCE-,/]L+ ,MFG4 ,CO4 AT ! RATE ( A TRIFLE LESS ?AN #be C5TS A DAY P] MAN4 ,?IS ,COMPANY IS REALLY A GIGANTIC ,PRISON ,LABOR ,TRU/1 = IT ALSO LEASES ! CONVICT LABOR ( ,CONNECTICUT1 ,MI*IGAN1 ,9DIANA1 ,NEBRASKA1 & ,S\? ,DAKOTA P5IT5TI>IES1 & ! RE=MATORIES ( ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,9DIANA1 ,ILL9OIS1 & ,WISCONS91 ELEV5 E/ABLI%M5TS 9 ALL4  

      0,! 5ORMITY ( ! GRAFT UND] ! ,RHODE ,ISL& CONTRACT MAY BE E/IMAT$ FROM ! FACT ?AT ?IS SAME ,COMPANY PAYS #fb #a_/#b C5TS A DAY 9 ,NEBRASKA = ! CONVICT'S LABOR1 & ?AT ,T5NESSEE1 = EXAMPLE1 GETS @s#a4#a A DAY = A CONVICT'S WORK FROM ! ,GRAY-,DUDLEY ,H>DW>E ,CO42 ,MISS\RI GETS #g C5TS A DAY FROM ! ,/> ,OV]ALL ,MFG4 ,CO42 ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA #fe C5TS A DAY FROM ! ,KRAFT ,MFG4 ,CO41 & ,M>YL& #ee C5TS A DAY FROM ,OPP5HEIM1 ,OB]NDORF @& ,CO41 %IRT MANUFACTUR]S4 ,! V]Y DIFF]5CE 9 PRICES PO9TS TO 5ORM\S GRAFT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,RELIANCE-,/]L+ ,MFG4 ,CO4 MANUFACTURES %IRTS1 ! CO/ ( FREE LABOR BE+ NOT LESS ?AN @s#a4#b P] DOZ51 :ILE IT PAYS ,RHODE ,ISL& ?IRTY C5TS A DOZ54 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,/ATE *>GES ?IS ,TRU/ NO R5T = ! USE ( ITS HUGE FACTORY1 *>GES NO?+ = P[]1 HEAT1 LI<T1 OR EV5 DRA9AGE1 & EXACTS NO TAXES4 ,:AT GRAFT60#f  

      ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT MORE ?AN TWELVE MILLION DOLL>S' WOR? ( WORK+M5'S %IRTS & OV]ALLS IS PRODUC$ ANNUALLY 9 ?IS C\NTRY BY PRISON LABOR4 ,IT IS A WOMAN'S 9DU/RY1 & ! FIR/ REFLECTION ?AT >ISES IS ?AT AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( FREE FEMALE LABOR IS ?US DISPLAC$4 ,! SECOND CONSID]ATION IS ?AT MALE CONVICTS1 :O %\LD BE LE>N+ TRADES ?AT W\LD GIVE !M SOME *ANCE ( BE+ SELF-SUPPORT+ AFT] !IR RELEASE1 >E KEPT AT ?IS WORK AT :I* !Y CAN NOT POSSIBLY MAKE A DOLL>4 ,?IS IS ! MORE S]I\S :5 WE CONSID] ?AT MU* ( ?IS LABOR IS DONE 9 RE=MATORIES1 :I* SO L\DLY PR(ESS TO BE TRA9+ !IR 9MATES TO BECOME USEFUL CITIZ5S4  

      ,! ?IRD1 & MO/ IMPORTANT1 CONSID]ATION IS ?AT ! 5ORM\S PR(ITS ?US WRUNG FROM CONVICT LABOR >E A CON/ANT 9C5TIVE TO ! CONTRACTORS TO EXACT FROM !IR UNHAPPY VICTIMS TASKS ALTOGE!R BEYOND !IR /R5G?1 & TO PUNI% !M CRUELLY :5 !IR WORK DOES NOT COME UP TO ! EXCESSIVE DEM&S MADE4  

      ,ANO!R WORD ON ! CONDEMNATION ( CONVICTS TO TASKS AT :I* !Y CANNOT HOPE TO MAKE A LIV+ AFT] RELEASE4 ,9DIANA1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A ,/ATE ?AT HAS MADE A GREAT SPLURGE OV] BE+ 9 ! FRONT RANK ( MOD]N P5OLOGICAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,YET1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT R5D]$ 9 #aih BY ! TRA9+ S*OOL ( ITS 0RE=MATORY10 #ace W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( *A9S1 #bg 9 ?AT ( %IRTS1 & #bee 9 ! F\NDRY--A TOTAL ( #eig 9 ?REE OCCUPATIONS4 ,BUT AT ?IS SO-CALL$ RE=MATORY #ei OCCUPATIONS W]E REPRES5T$ BY ! 9MATES1 #ci ( :I* W]E CONNECT$ ) C\NTRY PURSUITS4 ,9DIANA1 LIKE O!R ,/ATES1 PR(ESSES TO BE TRA9+ ! 9MATES ( H] RE=MATORY TO OCCUPATIONS BY :I* !Y WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE !IR LIV+ :5 RELEAS$4 ,%E ACTUALLY SETS !M TO WORK MAK+ *A9S1 %IRTS1 & BROOMS1 ! LATT] = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,L\ISVILLE ,FANCY ,GROC]Y ,CO4 ,BROOM-MAK+ IS A TRADE L>GELY MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! BL9D1 %IRT-MAK+ IS DONE BY WOM51 & !RE IS ONLY ONE FREE *A9-FACTORY 9 ! ,/ATE1 & AT ?AT A RELEAS$ CONVICT CAN NOT HOPE TO GET EMPLOYM5T4 ,! :OLE ?+ IS A CRUEL F>CE4  

      ,IF1 !N1 ! ,/ATES CAN BE 9/RUM5TAL 9 ROBB+ !IR HELPLESS VICTIMS ( SU* TREM5D\S PR(ITS IS IT NOT HI< TIME = ORGANIZ$ LABOR TO /OP ITS IDLE H[L1 & TO 9SI/ ON DEC5T REMUN]ATION = ! CONVICT1 EV5 AS LABOR ORGANIZATIONS CLAIM = !MSELVES8 ,9 ?AT WAY WORK+M5 W\LD KILL ! G]M :I* MAKES ( ! PRISON] AN 5EMY TO ! 9T]E/S ( LABOR4 ,I HAVE SAID ELSE:]E ?AT ?\S&S ( CONVICTS1 9COMPET5T & )\T A TRADE1 )\T MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 >E YE>LY TURN$ BACK 9TO ! SOCIAL FOLD4 ,!SE M5 & WOM5 MU/ LIVE1 = EV5 AN EX-CONVICT HAS NE$S4 ,PRISON LIFE HAS MADE !M ANTI-SOCIAL BE+S1 & ! RIGIDLY CLOS$ DOORS ?AT MEET !M ON !IR RELEASE >E NOT LIKELY TO DECREASE !IR BITT]NESS4 ,! 9EVITABLE RESULT IS ?AT !Y =M A FAVORABLE NUCLEUS \T ( :I* SCABS1 BLACK-LEGS1 DETECTIVES1 & POLICEM5 >E DRAWN1 ONLY TOO WILL+ TO DO ! MA/]'S BIDD+4 ,?US ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 BY ITS FOOLI% OPPOSITION TO WORK 9 PRISON1 DEFEATS ITS [N 5DS4 ,IT HELPS TO CREATE POISON\S FUMES ?AT /IFLE EV]Y ATTEMPT = ECONOMIC BETT]M5T4 ,IF ! WORK+MAN WANTS TO AVOID !SE EFFECTS1 HE %\LD 9SI/  ON ! RI<T ( ! CONVICT TO WORK1 HE %\LD MEET HIM AS A BRO!R1 TAKE HIM 9TO HIS ORGANIZATION1 & ) HIS AID TURN AGA9/ ! SY/EM :I* GR9DS !M BO?4  

      ,LA/1 BUT NOT LEA/1 IS ! GR[+ REALIZATION ( ! B>B>ITY & ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! DEF9ITE S5T5CE4 ,?OSE :O BELIEVE 91 & E>NE/LY AIM AT1 A *ANGE >E FA/ COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT MAN MU/ BE GIV5 AN OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE GOOD4 ,& H[ IS HE TO DO IT ) T51 FIFTE51 OR TW5TY YE>S' IMPRISONM5T BE=E HIM8 ,! HOPE ( LIB]TY & ( OPPORTUNITY IS ! ONLY 9C5TIVE TO LIFE1 ESPECIALLY ! PRISON]'S LIFE4 ,SOCIETY HAS S9N$ SO LONG AGA9/ HIM--IT \<T AT LEA/ TO LEAVE HIM ?AT4 ,I AM NOT V]Y SANGU9E ?AT IT WILL1 OR ?AT ANY REAL *ANGE 9 ?AT DIRECTION CAN TAKE PLACE UNTIL ! CONDITIONS ?AT BRE$ BO? ! PRISON] & ! JAIL] WILL BE =EV] ABOLI%$4  

           ,\T ( HIS M\? A R$1 R$ ROSE6 
      ,\T ( HIS HE>T A :ITE6 
      ,= :O CAN SAY BY :AT /RANGE WAY 
      ,*RI/ BR+S HIS WILL TO LI<T1 
      ,S9CE ! B>R5 /AFF ! PILGRIM BORE 
      ,BLOOM$ 9 ! GREAT ,POPE'S SI<T4  

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S3 
#a,CRIME & ,CRIM9ALS4 ,W4 ,C4 ,[54 
#b,! ,CRIM9AL1 ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS4 
#c,! ,CRIM9AL4 
#d,! ,CRIM9AL4 
#e,! ,CRIM9AL4 
#f,QUOT$ FROM ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,PRISON ,LABOR4 

,! TEXT IS FROM ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS4 ,SECOND ,REVIS$ ,$ITION4 ,NEW ,YORK @& ,LONDON3 ,MO!R ,E>? ,PUBLI%+ ,ASSOCIATION1 #a#i#a#a4 PP4 #a#a#e-#a#c#b4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aia 3 ,PRISONS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,CRIME & ,FAILURE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,PRISONS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,CRIME & ,FAILURE -- ,ADD$4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bb 3 ,PRISONS3 ,A ,SOCIAL ,CRIME & ,FAILURE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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