,ORGANIZATIONS ,V]SUS ,GETT+ ,%IT ,DONE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GILLIS 

,TEXT 3 

,ORGANIZATIONS HAVE A LOT ( D[NSIDES4 ,ANYONE :O'S EV] ATT5D$ A MEET+ RECOGNIZES ?IS ON SOME LEVEL4 ,& YET MO/ FOLKS P]SI/ 9 AN EI!R 9/9CTIVE OR CONFUS$ IDEALIZATION ( =M+ & P>TICIPAT+ 9 ORGANIZATIONS4 

,P>T ( ?IS IS SEMANTIC4 ,! T]M 0ORGANIZATION0 IS SO LOOSE AS TO BE EI!R UNIV]SALLY TRIVIAL OR--MORE (T5--A SUB/ANTIVE BUT HAZY JUMBLE ( ASSOCIATIONS4 ,(T5 SU* BUNDL+ ACTS TO DIS+5U\SLY ASS]T A PREMISE FROM ! GET-GO & IT'S WOR? PICK+ AP>T EXACTLY :AT IS MEANT BY AN 0ORGANIZATION40 0,AN>*Y10 = 9/ANCE1 DIRECTLY MEANS 0)\T RUL]%IP0 BUT ! BROAD] ASSOCIATIONS ( VIOL5CE1 *AOS & DOG-EAT-DOG FAM\SLY IMPLY AN 9H]5T CASUAL CONNECTION )\T BO!R+ TO 5UNCIATE IT4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS A FLAT CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 OBVI\S ON ! SLI<TE/ EXAM9ATION2 ! SPECT] ( EV]YONE ATTEMPT+ TO DOM9ATE EV]YONE ELSE IS SIMPLY A *ANGE 9 ! FLAVOR ( P[] RELATIONS1 ( RELEVANT >*IES1 NOT !IR TOTAL ABOLITION4 ,YET SU* CONFLATION HAS HAD HUGE IMPACT BECAUSE UNSPOK51 UNEXAM9$ IDEAS BUNDL$ AS COMMON S5SE HAVE A PRESSURE GREAT] ?AN ! SPOK54 

0,ORGANIZATION0 CAN /& = LIT]ALLY ALL MODES ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION1 BUT 9 COMMON USE 0BE+ ORGANIZ$0 SIGNIFIES EFFECTIVE & 9T5TIONAL /RUCTURES ( COLLABORATION4 ,SOME?+ AN>*I/S DEF5SIVELY JUMP TO ASS]T WE'RE CAPABLE (6 ,BUT AS SU* ! T]M IS ALMO/ MEAN+LESS2 NO ONE ON E>? W\LD >GUE AGA9/ ! UTILITY ( DELIB]ATIVE & RATIONAL APPROA*ES TO COLLABORATION - ONE MI<T AS WELL SAY 0BE+ 9TELLIG5T04 ,! SUB/ANCE ( ! MATT] IS ( C\RSE H[ WE *OSE TO >RANGE & /RUCTURE \R COLLABORATION4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT 0ORGANIZATION0 SMUGGLES 9 ASSUMPTIONS ?R\< D\BLE-MEAN+S4 ,BECAUSE 9 PRACTICE ! N\N ( 0AN ORGANIZATION0 USUALLY REF]S TO A HI<LY P>TICUL> BEA/1 REQUIR+ HI<LY P>TICUL> /RUCTURES4 

,SPECIFICALLY1 0AN ORGANIZATION0 IS3 

,REPRES5T$ BY A DISCRETE CONCEPT4 

,AN ORGANIZATION IS A PACT TO SIMPLIFY O!RWISE COMPLEX SOCIAL DYNAMICS 9TO A S+LE M5TAL T\*PO9T4 ,NOT JU/ 9 ID5TIFICATION1 BUT 9 ! WAYS PEOPLE APPROA* IT4 ,UTILIZ+ AN UMBRELLA NAME_/BR&_/ID5TITY CREATES HI< VALUE REAL-E/ATE2 IF SOME?+ IS P]CEIV$ AS BE+ DONE BY ! ORGANIZATION AS OPPOS$ TO AN 9DIVIDUAL IT C>RIES ADDITIONAL CONTEXTUAL WEI<T1 USUALLY BECAUSE SO MANY PEOPLE SUBSCRIBE TO ! SIMPLIFICATION4 

,DEF9$ BY DISCRETE SETS ( PEOPLE4 

,AN ORGANIZATION HAS MEMB]S4 ,IT MAY HAVE TI]S OR DEGREES ( MEMB]%IP & SPECIFIC 9T]NAL ROLES1 BUT AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT HAS TO HAVE A BASIC 9SIDE-\TSIDE HI]>*Y4 ,& ?IS MU/ BE POLIC$ 9 SOME WAY 9 ORD] = ! BR&_/NAME TO C>RY ANY WEI<T4 

,LEGITIMIZ$ BY =MAL PROCESSES 

,MORE ?AN A BANN]1 IDEAL OR ANY SU* /ATIC DESCRIPTOR--AN ORGANIZATION IS A CONCEPT BUILT TO *ANGE & BE R$EF9$ OV] TIME4 ,ORGANIZATIONS DO ?+S1 & ?US !RE HAS TO BE SOME K9D ( SPECIFIC PROC$URE OR CONDITIONS BY :I* ACTIONS CAN BE C]TIFI$ OR ACCEPT$ AS LEGITIMATELY REPRES5TATIVE4 

,9 %ORT1 MORE ?AN A %IFT+ PASSIVE CATEGORY LIKE A TYPE ( PEOPLE OR GR\P1 ,AN ,ORGANIZATION IS AN ADOPT$ N>RATIVE ?AT CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLIFIES A SET ( 9DIVIDUAL ACTIONS 7& 9T]ACTIONS7 9TO ?AT ( A S+LE1 ALBEIT MY?ICAL1 AG5T4 ,?IS 9T]PRETATION IS AT LEA/ P>TIALLY %>$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9 BY ! 9DIVIDUALS 9VOLV$4 

,SOME ORGANIZATIONS FOLL[ HI]>*ICAL &_/OR SPECIALIZ$ ME?ODS ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,O!RS ASSUME = ONE REASON OR ANO!R ?AT !IR P>TICIPANTS WILL ALMO/ ALWAYS C$E !IR 9T5TIONS_/OP9IONS IF \TNUMB]$ BY CONTR>Y MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION'S VOT+ BODY4 ,/ILL O!RS FOCUS ON TRY+ TO BUILD SOME LEVEL ( UNIV]SAL TOL]ANCE = A DECISION 7AGA91 )9 A SELECT SET ( PEOPLE & ASSUM+ A G5]AL /ICK9ESS1 ?AT IS TO SAY A T5D5CY = FOLKS ( DISS5T+ OP9IONS_/PREF]5CES TO C$E RA!R ?AN ASSOCIAT+ !MSELVES ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS74 ,LA/LY1 ( C\RSE ! SITUATIONAL P>TICUL>S ( :AT CON/ITUTES LEGITIMATE AU?ORITIES1 MAJORITIES OR CONS5SUS = AN ORGANIZATION CAN BE CODIFI$ =MALLY OR 9=MALLY1 IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY TO ANY DEGREE-BUT !Y >E CODIFI$4 

,SO :Y ON E>? W\LD ANYONE DO ?IS8 ,!RE >E1 AFT] ALL1 MANY O!R POSSIBLE WAYS TO FACILITATE COLLECTIVE COOP]ATION4 

,LIKE PROPON5TS ( ! /ATE1 PROPON5TS ( ORGANIZATIONS R>ELY DO MORE ?AN LOOSELY IMPLY >GUM5TS4 ,?OSE ?AT !Y DO MAKE CAN BE BROK5 9TO TWO CATEGORIES3 ?OSE APPEAL+ TO ! P>TICUL>S ( HUMAN PSY*OLOGY & ?OSE APPEAL+ TO MORE MA!MATICAL REALITIES4 

,! FIR/ REALM IS MORE AB/RACT1 BUT ALSO HI<LY TANGIBLE3 

,ORGANIZATIONS CAT] TO EXI/+ 9TELLECTUAL LAZ9ESS & !N DIRECT IT TO O/5SIBLY POSITIVE 5DS4 ,AS A %>$ CONCEPTUAL SIMPLIFICATION1 P>TICIPATION 9 AN ORGANIZATION (T5 FUNCTIONS AS A PACT TO NOT REALLY HAVE TO BO!R \RSELVES ) ! COMPLEXITY ( ! UND]LY+ SOCIAL REALITIES4 ,( C\RSE WE CAN /ILL EXP& \R AW>5ESS 9 SITUATIONS ( CONFLICT1 CRISIS OR ,MA*IAVELLIAN POLITICK+4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT EV]YONE ELSE IS LIKELY TO ?9K L>GELY 9 T]MS ( ! O/5SIBLY /ATIC ORGANIZATION MEANS ?AT DEVIATION FROM ! SIMPLIFI$ P]CEPTION IS USUALLY SUP]FLU\S4 

,ADDITIONALLY ORGANIZATIONS T5D TO 5HANCE P]CEPTIONS ( /R5G?4 ,HUMAN BE+S >E SOCIAL CREATURES & PRONE TO DEGREES ( PASSIVE SELECTION BIAS -- ! OP9IONS CONTA9$ 9 A ROOM ( TW5TY PEOPLE R+ F> MORE VISC]ALLY ?AN AB/RACT KN[L$GE ( ?OSE \TSIDE4 ,\R BIOLOGY & \R SOCIOPOLITICAL CONDITION+ HAS HAMM]$ 9TO US ! NOTION ?AT SOCIAL MASS IS ! DEF9ITION ( POT5CY 7:I* >MY_/ELECTORATE IS BIGG] RA!R ?AN ! BE/ EXPLOIT OR VECTOR ( ATTACK71 SO ORGANIZATIONS OR*E/RATE A SPECTACLE ( MASS4 ,?IS HELPS 9 MA9TA9+ ! ORGANIZATION & ITS DIRECTION1 AS WELL AS DRAW+ PEOPLE 94 

,?R\< PRESSURE TO MA9TA9 ?IS S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 /R5G? & G5]AL SIMPLICITY ! P>TICUL>S ( AN ORGANIZATION >E ABLE TO ASS]T !MSELVES1 IDEALLY MOTIVAT+ US TO ACT :]E WE O!RWISE MI<T SLACK AS WELL AS HOLD+ US ACC\NTABLE :5 WE DO NOT4 ,IMPLICIT 9 MANY A DEF5SE ( ORGANIZATIONS IS ! NOTION ?AT PEOPLE >E 9H]5TLY TOO LAZY OR UNMOTIVAT$ TO UND]TAKE ! EF=T REQUIR$ T[>DS SOME GOAL UND] 5TIRELY !IR [N VOLITION1 BUT ?AT IF !Y HAVE 5\< TO %[ UP TO A MEET+ & PUT !IR NAME ON AN ORGANIZATION'S RO/] !Y CAN BE PASSIVELY PRESSUR$ 9TO MORE ACTION4 ,ORGANIZATIONS CAN ?US BE SE5 AS ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS :]E IT'S PSY*OLOGICALLY EASI] TO ACT ?AN NOT ACT4 

,! SECOND REALM IS MORE MA!MATICAL3 

,C5TRALIZATION HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 AB\T CONTACT & ACCESS4 ,& A LOT ( \R OP]AT+ ASSUMPTIONS >E /ILL BAS$ ON ! NOTION ?AT 9=MATION HAS TO BE SC>CE4 ,9 SU* CONTEXT ONE ( ! MA9 UTILITIES ( AN ORGANIZATION IS AS A PLAT=M = CONNECTION4 ,9 ! PA/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E PRACTICALLY SYNONYM\S ) !IR NEWSPAP]S2 TODAY IT'S LI/S]VS4 ,C5TRALIZATION DOESN'T JU/ FACILITATE RAW ACCESS ?R\< C5TRAL REPOSITORIES ( CONTACTS1 SKILLS1 & TOOLS-IT CAN /RUCTURE ?AT ACCESS TO BE USEFUL4 ,! LATT] PROP]TY IS ( P>TICUL> RELEVANCE TODAY4 ,:ILE 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES >E />T+ TO LIVE UP TO !IR POT5TIAL TO SPREAD RAW ACCESS F> & WIDE1 COMP>ATIVELY V]Y LITTLE HAS BE5 DONE TO DEC5TRALIZE OR AUTONOMIZE MEANS ( FILT]+ & PRES5T+ 9=MATION4 

,?AT SAME C5TRALIZATION CAN FACILITATE RESOLUTIONS ( /RATEGIC DISSONANCES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE AT ODDS4 ,DIFF]5T MEANS & DIFF]5T %ORT T]M GOALS CAN CONFLICT & 9T]F]E ) ONE ANO!R4 ,AS SU* IT CAN BEHOOVE ?OSE WORK+ T[>DS ! SAME ULTIMATE GOAL TO VOLUNT>ILY SURR5D] !IR PREF]R$ APPROA* 9 ORD] TO MAXIMIZE ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE WORK+ T[>DS ANY APPROA*4 ,! CONCEPTUAL SPACE ( AN ORGANIZATION APPLIES SOCIAL PRESSURE TO DISCUSSIONS1 BUT IT ALSO ALT]S ! POT5TIAL PAY(FS TO MAKE SUBMISSION TO A S+LE DECISION 9 ! %ORT T]M MORE ACCEPTABLE4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME ! IMPLICIT GOAL 9 SU* CONV]SATIONS IS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! POT5CY ( AN ORGANIZATION'S SIMPLIFI$ BR& OR N>RATIVE 9 T]MS ( PROPAG&A2 AS SU* IT CAN BE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( DISS5T]S TO MA9TA9 ?AT = DIFF]5T USES 9 ! FUTURE4 

,F9ALLY AT LEA/ 9 !ORY AN ORGANIZATION CAN HELP SUPPRESS ! /R5G? ( 9=MAL P[] DYNAMICS4 ,?R\< A*IEV+ A SORT ( HEGEMONY AMONG ?OSE PURSU+ A GOAL & SUPPRESS+ ! EFFECT ( ALL COLLABORATION BESIDES ?AT DONE 9T]NALLY1 AN ORGANIZATION CAN =CE A DEGREE ( OP5NESS 9 SU* 9T]ACTIONS1 EV5 IMPOSE =MAL /RUCTURES TO C\NT]BALANCE C]TA9 9FLU5CES4 

,9 %ORT1 ORGANIZATIONS >E A M5TAL TOOL WE ADOPT COLLECTIVELY TO SIMPLIFY ! COMPLEXITY ( HUMAN 9T]ACTIONS4 ,! RESULT+ SOCIAL CONTEXT LEAVES C]TA9 ACTIONS & ?\<TS PSY*OLOGICALLY EASI] & PROVIDES A ME*ANISM = FUR!R /RUCTUR+ TO DIRECT ?AT EASE4 ,! RESULT+ C5TRALIZATION & /&>DIZATION CAN HAVE FUNCTIONAL ADVANTAGES 9 T]MS ( 9=MATION ACCESS1 FILT]+ & PROCESS+4 ,& !SE OBJECTIVE ADVANTAGES CAN1 9 TURN1 BE APPLI$ TO DEEP5 & DIRECT ! PSY*OLOGICAL EASE ( P>TICIPATION4 

,H[EV] ALL ( ?IS COMES ) />K LIMITATIONS & DANG]S4 

,FAILURE _?#a3 ,COLLECTIVE ,DECISION-MAK+ 

,!RE >E MANY TI]S ( FAILURE TO ORGANIZATION1 BUT ! CALCULATIONAL CATA/ROPHE ( COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ IS ! BE/ KN[N4 ,! /ICK9ESS ( ORGANIZATIONS D]IVES 9 L>GE P>T FROM A PR(\ND OV]E/IMATION ( ! UTILITY & EFFICI5CY ( RESOLV+ DECISIONS AS A S+LE UNIT4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( HI]>*ICAL CO]CION ONE IS /UCK =C+ SOME DEGREE ( FLAT COLLECTIVE DISCUSSIONS-AS ORGANIC CLU/]+ & 9DIVIDUALLY DRIV5 ASSOCIATION CAN'T ALWAYS BE TRU/$ TO PRIORITIZE SECUR+ AN EM]G5T CONS5SUS4 ,BUT FLAT COLLECTIVE DISCUSSIONS >E EXTREMELY 9EFFICI5T AT PROCESS+ 9=MATION4 

,IT'S A PROBLEM ( SUBJECTIVITY & B&WID?4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS GO+ TO HAVE 9CR$IBLY COMPLEX PREF]5CES1 RECOGNIZE DIFF]5T PATT]NS1 & BE UNIQUELY FAMILI> ) C]TA9 P>TICUL>S SU* AS !IR [N P]SONAL CONTEXT4 ,! HUMAN LANGUAGE IS PRETTY DAMN LIMIT$ 9 DESCRIPTIVE P[] & IT CAN TAKE AN 9CR$IBLY LONG TIME TO SUFFICI5TLY CONVEY ! RELEVANT BASIC REALITIES ( \R 9DIVIDUAL ?\<TS & CONTEXTS4 ,:5 ONE P]SON TALKS ! RE/ ( ! ROOM MU/ TO SOME SIGNIFICANT DEGREE QUIET !IR [N ?\<TS TO LI/54 ,?IS MAY SUFFICE :5 IT COMES TO PRES5T+ A SET ( PRE-CON/RUCT$ VIEWS 9 AN OP5 =UM1 BUT :5 ATTEMPT+ TO ACTIVELY SYN!SIZE & CRITICALLY ANALYZE BETWE5 ?OSE DIFF]5T VIEWS ! COMPLEXITY ( SUBJECTIVITIES 9 RELATION TO ONE ANO!R GR[S & ! AM\NT ( TIME & BRA9 SPACE LEFT EA* P>TICIPANT DECREASES4 ,BE+ RU%$ 9 TURN PU%ES PEOPLE TO FOCUS ON ?+S !Y FE> WILL BE OV]LOOK$ & NEGLECT ATT5TION TO O!R ISSUES OR CONT5TIONS4 

,SOMETIMES A R\< APPROXIMATION ( ! BE/ RESOLUTION CAN BE REA*$1 BUT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?AT PEOPLE'S PREF]5CES & CONTRIBUTIONS WILL /ILL GET /OMP$ D[N TO SOME DEGREE-(T5 A QUITE SIGNIFICANT DEGREE4 ,M$IAT+ & TRANSLAT+ BETWE5 %>P DIFF]5CES ( ASSUMPTIONS1 P]SPECTIVE1 LANGUAGE OR CULTURE ON ! FLY CAN BE A HUGE TIME S9K-:ILE EXCLUD+ OR ORGANIZ+ ALONG /RICT COMMON L9ES IS BO? BALKANIZ+ & RISKS EXCLUD+ NE$$ CRITIQUES4 ,FUR!R SOME FOLKS >E GO+ TO BE DIFF]5TLY ABL$ 9 DIFF]5T >5AS ( ?\<T & CAT*+ EV]YONE UP ISN'T ALWAYS FEASIBLE-COLLECTIVE CONV]SATION FACES A PULL T[>DS ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR4 

,OBLIG+ PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS UNI=MLY 9 COLLECTIVE IS PR(\NDLY 9EFFICI5T COMP>$ TO 9DIVIDUALS ORGANICALLY ASSOCIAT+ & CONV9C+ EA* O!R AS BE/ AS !Y CAN4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS OR ! COMPLEXITY ( TOPICS 9CREASES ORGANIZATIONS FACE 9ESCAPABLE DIM9I%+ RETURNS4 ,EI!R AN ORGANIZATION WON'T FUNCTION1 OR IT'LL BE =C$ TO GRAVITATE T[>DS DANG]\SLY SIMPLE SOLUTIONS4 

,FAILURE _?#b3 ,=C+ ,COH]5CE 

,SOMETIMES WE'RE GO+ TO WORK AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 ,!RE'S NO GETT+ >\ND ?AT4 ,DIFF]+ EXP]I5CES CAN LEAD TO DIFF]+ TACTICAL PRESCRIPTIONS & !Y'RE NOT ALWAYS GO+ TO BE RECONCILABLE 9 A REASONABLE P]IOD ( TIME4 ,:ILE IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT !RE >E SITUATIONS 9 :I* DIFF]+ APPROA*ES GO H& 9 H&1 9 O!R SITUATIONS !Y WON'T4 ,FUR!R :ILE SOMETIMES WE >E GO+ TO BE ABLE TO DEBATE SOME?+ TO AN OBJECTIVE CONCLUSION-PO9T+ \T A LOGICAL FALLACY = EXAMPLE-O!R TIMES A CONT5TION WILL BE A MATT] ( DIFF]+ DATA 9T]PRETATIONS ON DIFF]+ SETS ( DATA1 TOO VA/ & COMPLICAT$ TO BE TALK$ \T4 ,& IT'S (T5 IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ AHEAD ( TIME :E!R SOME?+ CAN BE CONCEPTUALLY RESOLV$ OR NOT4 

,OBVI\SLY :5 ! ISSUE IS TRULY TECTONIC ANY GR\P ( FOLKS IS GO+ TO 5D UP SPLITT+ WAYS2 B>R+ ! OCCASIONAL EXPLICITLY TOTALIT>IAN ORGANIZATION GUNN+ D[N !IR DEVIANTS ALL AN ORGANIZATION CAN HOPE TO ACCOMPLI% IS TO =CE OR PRESSURE SOME DEGREE ( COH]5CE 9 ! LESS DRAMATIC SITUATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! PRICE PAID = SUPPRESS+ LESS 9T5SE BREAKS IS ! DYSFUNCTION ATT5DANT TO L>GE BREAKS4 ,APPLY+ 9T]NAL T5SION TO KEEP AN ORGANIZATION TOGE!R MEANS ?AT :5 ?+S BUILD UP TO ! PO9T ?AT ?AT T5SION IS OV]COME ALL ! 5]GY ?AT WAS SP5T ON EI!R SIDE ( ?AT T5SION 9T]NALLY HAS BE5 WA/$4 

,GIV5 ?AT BREAKS >E LIKELY TO OCCUR1 ! FOCUS ON PRES]V+ ORGANIZATIONS & SECUR+ COH]5CE 9SIDE !M COMES AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK ?AT MI<T CREATE COH]5CE BROAD] ?AN ! RANKS ( AN ORGANIZATION4 ,GR\PS ?AT DIFF] TOO MU* ON ONE ISSUE TO WORK 9 A S+LE ORGANIZATION CAN /ILL BE P]SUAD$ TO GREAT EFFECT ON O!R ISSUES4 ,ORGANIZATIONS (T5 ACT AS 9SUL> TUMORS )9 A MOVEM5T1 /EAL+ TIME1 5]GY & ?\<T ?AT W\LD BE O!RWISE SP5T 9 WID] 5GAGEM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 :5 IT COMES TO DISCUSSION RA!R ?AN WA/+ \R TIME BUILD+ DIFF]5T PLAT=MS WE %\LD BE WORK+ TO CREATE BETT] PROTOCOLS-CULTURAL NORMS PR$ICAT$ ON 5GAGEM5T1 OP5M9D$NESS1 & VIGILANCE4 

,FAILURE _?#c3 ,9=MAL ,P[] 

,WE ALL UND]/& IS ?AT C5TRALIZATION IS DANG]\S4 ,PUTT+ ALL \R EGGS 9 ONE BASKET MAKES SABOTAGE & HIJACK+ EASI] = 9FILTRATORS & 5TRYI/S4 ,BUT IT ALSO HAS A CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CE ON ! S9C]E4 ,GIV5 ! 9H]5T B&WID? LIMITATIONS ( COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ !RE'S SIMPLY NO WAY TO AVOID IMBALANCES 9 REPRES5TATION OR VOICE4 ,/RUCTURES BUILT TO C\NT]ACT P]SONALITIES1 DRIFT OR 9=MAL L9ES ( 9FLU5CE WILL !MSELVES HAVE TO BE >GU$1 CON/RUCT$1 *AMPION$ & F9ALLY NAVIGAT$4 ,9/ITUTIONAL ME*ANISMS DESIGN$ TO SUPPRESS 9=MAL P[] ULTIMATELY JU/ %IFT IT >\ND1 OP5+ NEW OPPORTUNITIES = 9CREAS$ 9FLU5CE & ?US CONT9U+ TO PROMOTE P[] GAMES1 ALBEIT 9 DIFF]5T =MS4 

,MAT*$ ) AN 5VIRONM5T ( SUBS]VI5CE TO SOCIAL MOM5TUM & PE] PRESSURE ?IS IS DISA/R\S 5\<1 BUT C5TRALIZ$ ACCESS TO RES\RCES CREATES FUR!R 9C5TIVE4 ,EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( PREEXI/+ 9=MAL P[] DYNAMICS1 ORGANIZATIONS BY !IR V]Y NATURE CREATE HI<-VALUE REAL E/ATE4 ,:Y DO MAOI/ 5TRYI/S = EXAMPLE T>GET ORGANIZATIONS !Y DON'T CONSID] 9 ANY WAY POT5T8 ,TO SEIZE ! SOCIAL  CAPITAL4 ,AFT] ALL AS ! SAY+ GOES1 ACTIVISM IS #i.0 HAV+ CONTACTS4 

,FAILURE _?#d3 ,M5TAL ,LAZ9ESS 

,WE ALL USE CONCEPTUAL %OR?&S1 BUT 5T]+ 9TO A PACT TO RIGIDLY USE ONE CAN BE QUITE DANG]\S4 ,P>TAK+ 9 A %>$ ILLUSION ?AT OBTA9S USEFULNESS TO O!RS 9S(> ?OSE :O DEVIATE FROM ?AT ILLUSION >E PUNI%$ IS OBVI\SLY RECKLESS 9 ! EXTREME4 

,AN>*ISM IS AB\T EMBRAC+ \R AG5CY4 ,ASK+ O!RS TO REM9D US ( SOME?+ WE WANT TO DO IS ONE ?+1 BUT :5 9T]NAL T5SIONS OR DISSONANCES IMP$E \R MOTIVATION TO UND]TAKE A TASK APPLY+ BLUNT EXT]NAL PRESSURE TO \RSELVES IS A T]RIBLE WORK>\ND4 ,IT DOESN'T RESOLVE ! T5SIONS OR CONTRADICTIONS LEAV+ !M CAPABLE ( COM+ TO BE> LAT] ON AT POSSIBLY UNEXPECT$ TIMES_/CONTEXTS 9 UNPREP>$ = WAYS4 ,FUR!R1 MOM5TUM & PE] PRESSURE >E NOT P>TICUL>LY /RONG COMP>$ TO TRUE MOTIVATION1 !Y'RE (T5 DRIV5 BY LOOSE BIOLOGICAL 9/9CTS & CAN BE R&OMLY OV]RIDD5 BY O!R BASE 9/9CTS4 ,WORSE1 AT CORE MOM5TUM & PE] PRESSURE >E E?ICALLY CORROSIVE TOOLS 9 ?AT !Y APPEAL TO & BUILD HABITS RA!R ?AN ACTIVE VIGILANCE4 

,9 SUMM>Y3 

,ORGANIZATIONS REQUIRE MODES ( 9T]ACTION DRAMATICALLY 9EFFICI5T AT PROCESS+ 9=MATION4 

,!Y'RE L>GELY WOR?LESS AT BUILD+ L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ACT+ 9 H>MONY4 

,!Y /OKE =MAL & 9=MAL P[] DYNAMICS4 

,& !Y'RE PR$ICAT$ ON M5TAL SLO? & ALI5ATION FROM ONE'S AG5CY4 

,!SE >E H>DLY UNKN[N4 ,JU/ BE+ AN>*I/S MO/ ( US >E USUALLY PRETTY GOOD AT S5S+ & P>TIALLY NEGOTIAT+ ! D[NSIDES ( \R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,FEW ( ! T5SIONS ,I'VE BR\<T UP >E UNFAMILI> TO LONGTIME ACTIVI/S4 ,9NUM]ABLE WORK%OPS & BOOKLETS ON FACILITATION & CONS5SUS PROCESS PROVIDE BOATLOADS ( HALFHE>T$ ADVICE & TOOLS4 ,BUT :AT PROPON5T ( ORGANIZATIONS MISS IS ?AT !SE DANG]S & LIMITATIONS D]IVE FUNDAM5TALLY FROM ! CORE CONCEPT ( AN ORGANIZATION4 ,WORK>\NDS >E ULTIMATELY JU/ NOT 5\<4 

,( C\RSE IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! WORLD WE LIVE 9 ISN'T P]FECT & 9 SOME R>E CONTEXTS !RE CAN BE B5EFITS TO DABBL+ 9 ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MI<T P>TIALLY \TWEI< ! =M'S PR(\ND LIMITATIONS4 ,GIV5 ! /ATE'S PR$ILECTION TO ONLY DEAL ) PEOPLE ?R\< ! LANGUAGE ( ORGANIZATION ?+S LIKE LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ UNIONS CAN OCCASIONALLY PROVIDE QUITE USEFUL EXPLOITS4 ,BUT 9 ALL SU* SITUATIONS IT'S CRITICAL ?AT WE REMA9 FULLY M9DFUL ( ! DANG]S & EXPLICIT 9 \R EVALUATION ( ! CO/S LE/ WE PROMOTE OR SLIDE 9TO NAIVETY4 

,:5 SU* WORK IS ALL CONSUM+1 :5 MISSION CREEP OV]BURD5S AN ORGANIZATION ) A V>IETY ( PROJECTS--9CLUD+ ?OSE ?AT C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE DONE \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ORGANIZATION--OR DRAMA & BUSYWORK IS 9V5T$ SO ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ACTIVI/S CAN COMPETE 9 ACTIV5ESS OR SIMPLY TO FILL WEEKLY MEET+S1 AN ORGANIZATION CAN BECOME A FLAG ( ID5TITY4 ,IT'S EASY TO DEF5SIVELY BL9D \RSELVES TO ! DANG]S & LIMITATIONS ( PROJECTS WE'VE 9VE/$ A LOT 9TO & SO ! MORE P]MAN5CE1 LIC5SE & LOYALTY WE GIVE \R ORGANIZATIONS ! WORSE !IR EFFECTS WILL BE4 

,NO ONE IS SAY+ 'ONLY DO EASY ?+S' OR CLAIM+ WE %\LD FOCUS ON IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION4 ,REAL /RUGGLE IS LONG1 H>D & MAY NEV] 5D UP BE+ REW>D+4 ,BUT NO?+ IS MORE DEMORALIZ+ ?AN GETT+ NO:]E BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE >E W$D$ TO 5TIRELY UNNECESS>Y %ACKLES4 

,AS ) ! WORLD WE'D LIKE TO SEE1 WE NE$ TO BUILD A MOVEM5T :]E ! OV]ALL FOCUS IS ON DISCRETE PROJECTS ( LIMIT$ LIFESPAN-ONLY SOMETIMES AUGM5T$ OR ASSI/$ 9 SMALL1 DEF9$ WAYS BY P]SI/5T GR\PS1 !MSELVES ) />KLY LIMIT$ LIC5SE4 ,) PEOPLE FLUIDLY OV]LAPP+ & TRANSITION+ BETWE5 SU* PROJECTS AS NE$ BE RA!R ?AN BUILD+ ID5TITIES &_/OR T]RITORIES 9 RELATION TO !M4 ,:]E :AT FEW COLLECTIVES EXI/ DON'T TAKE A FRONT & C5T] ROLE AS A MOTIVATORS & %AP]S ( 9DIVIDUAL PROJECTS1 BUT 9/EAD SPECIALIZE 9 T9Y REALMS ( JANITORIAL ASSI/ANCE4 

,A *ANGE SO RADICAL OBLIGES US TO REEVALUATE ?OSE TOOLS BUILT ) ! ORGANIZATIONI/ FRAMEWORK 9 M9D4 ,?IS MEANS NEW CULTURES & NEW TE*NOLOGIES4 

,! CURR5T POPULACE IS US$ TO ! LANGUAGE ( ORGANIZATIONS--& !RE'S NO D5Y+ ?AT !Y CAN MAKE = P[]FUL N>RATIVES BY COALESC+ SOME?+ SOLID TO TALK AB\T4 ,BUT 5CRYPTION TE*NOLOGIES >E CAPABLE ( PROV+ CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ACTIONS & DECL>ATIONS DIRECTLY4 ,RA!R ?AN A BUN* ( DIFF]5T AFF9ITY GR\PS ALL TAGG+ ,E,L,F :ILE AN ABOVE-GR\ND FRONT (FICE DEF5DS & DET]M9ES :AT C\NTS AS ACTUALLY AN ,E,L,F ACTION-GET RID ( ! FRONT (FICES6 ,) BASIC 5CRYPTION IT'S POSSIBLE TO SIGN COMMUNIQUES & ?US PROVE MUTUAL AU?OR%IP-?IS MU* IS ALREADY 9 COMMON US$ BY ,ANONYM\S-BUT EV5 A S+LE KEY ISN'T REQUISITE1 IT'S POSSIBLE TO SET UP S*EMES ) =KABLE & COMB9ABLE KEYS TO AVOID CREAT+ A S+LE HI<-VALUE OBJECT & ALL[ GR\PS A LOT ( LATITUDE 9 BO? ASSOCIATION & N>RATIVE CON/RUCTION4 ,JU/ AS IT'S POSSIBLE TO USE 5CRYPTION TO BUILD TIM+ ME*ANISMS TO C]TIFY ACTIONS4 ,ALL ?AT'S REALLY NECESS>Y TO GET SU* \T !RE W\LD BE SOME SIMPLE US]-FRI5DLY DESIGN4 

,& ?AT SPEAKS TO 9=MATION PRES5TATION MORE BROADLY4 ,!SE DAYS 9 PR9CIPLE ANYONE CAN ?R[ UP =K ( A REPOSITORY ONL9E OR DI/RIBUTIVELY HO/ COPIES ( A WEBSITE4 ,( C\RSE--AS ) SECURE L9ES ( ATTRIBUTION--!RE HASN'T BE5 MU* EF=T TO DEVELOP 9TUITIVE1 WIDELY ADOPTABLE S(TW>E TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS = ACTIVI/S1 NOR DO WE HAVE ANY?+ CLOSE TO A CULTURE FACILITATIVE ( %>+ SKILLS1 CONTACTS & P]T95T 9=MATION1 BUT IT'S NEV]!LESS OBVI\SLY QUITE POSSIBLE4 ,) ! RI<T S(TW>E SEP>ATE YET 9T]RELAT$ PROJECTS W\LD BE ABLE TO 9T]M+LE & KEEP TABS ON ONE ANO!R 9 A FLUID & PRODUCTIVE FA%ION4 ,RI<T N[ ?+S LIKE ?IS >E DONE AWKW>DLY ) WIKIS OR %>$ DOCUM5TS 79T]FACES ESS5TIALLY BUILT TO BE PR9T$ ON PAP]671 BUT ! POT5TIAL = S]VICES EXPLICITLY TAILOR$ TO PROVID+ MORE WAYS TO /RUCTURE1 PRES5T & MANAGE 9=MATION = COLLABORATORS IS RELATIVELY UNTAPP$4 ,9/EAD ( A S+LE ORGANIZATIONAL BODY MANAG+ ! 5TIRETY ( A CONV]G5CE ?R\< TONS ( SUBCOMMITTEES DEVOT$ TO DIFF]5T TASKS1 A PROP]LY /RUCTUR$ WEB PROGRAM C\LD ACT AS CLE>+H\SE = SEP>ATE PROJECTS TO COLLABORATE1 DEBATE & EV5 COMPETE4 

,BEYOND ACCESS1 COMMUNICATION ITSELF CAN BE IMPROV$ IMMEASURABLY ONCE WE FREE \RSELVES FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT PRES]V+ SOME COLLECTIVE SOLIDITY IS P>AM\NT4 ,:Y NOT = EXAMPLE JU/ LET ?+S HEAT UP 9 PLACES OR LET SIDE DEBATES CONT9UE AS LONG AS !Y NE$ TO8 ,DISCUSSIONS & >GUM5TS CAN (T BE BETT] PRES5T$ 9 TEXT1 BUT LI/S]VS 7& ,FACEBOOK7 DO A HORRIBLE JOB ( ?IS4 ,:Y ON E>? %\LD ?+S BE L9E> RA!R ?AN MODUL>1 CLU/]$ >\ND RELEVANT PO9TS LIKE MULTIDIM5SIONAL NOTES8 ,!RE'S 9F9ITE ( WAYS A PLAT=M CAN BE /RUCTUR$ & PRES5T$ TO FACILITATE ! V>I\S LEVELS ( COMMUNICATION 9 A SPECIFIC TYPE ( WORK4 ,& ULTIMATELY 9/EAD ( FLAT LIVE DISCUSSION WE CAN BUILD ON VOIP TO CREATE S(TW>E CAPABLE ( ORGANICALLY =K+ CONV]SATIONS1 KEEP+ TABS ON O!RS1 SUGGE/+ O!RS TAKE P>T 9 ONE SUBCONV]SATION1 RECORD+1 EV5 LIVE UPVOT+_/D[NVOT+ :AT BE+ TALK$ AB\T & :O TALK+ %\LD BE BE GIV5 ATT5TION4 ,! POT5TIAL IS 9F9ITE & YET WE'VE DEFAULT$ ON ! FEW 9ANE PROTOZOIC TOOLS 7TAK+ /ACK1 BREAK\T GR\PS1 ETC7 PROVID$ TO US4 

,( C\RSE1 MORE ORGANIC APPROA*ES TO COMMUNICATION W\LD BE USEFUL NOT JU/ 9 PROJECTS BUT ALSO 9 ?OSE FEW SITUATIONS :]E A GR\P ) SOME P]MAN5CE IS TRULY REQUIR$ AS ) ! MA9T5ANCE ( PHYSICAL CLE>+H\SES LIKE MAK] SPACES OR COMMUNITY C5T]S4 ,CLOS$ GR\PS DON'T HAVE TO %>E ALL ! FAIL+S ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL BUT !Y >E OBVI\SLY /ILL B\ND BY MANY ( !M SU* AS COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+4 ,AS SU* A CLE>HEAD$ UND]/&+ ( ! DANG]S PRESCRIBES LIMIT+ ! LIC5SE & M&ATE ( ?OSE COLLECTIVES AS N>R[LY AS POSSIBLE1 TAK+ C>E ( ONLY :AT CAN'T BE TURN$ 9TO ONE-(F PROJECTS & JUDG$ PRIM>ILY ON !IR ABILITY TO FACILITATE OR 9T]ACT ) PROJECTS )\T DOM9E]+ OR SEEK+ TO DET]M9E !M4 ,P]SI/5T GR\PS %\LD BE CONF9$ TO JANITORIAL S]VICE4 ,WE MU/ MAKE A PO9T TO FI<T \R +RA9$ 9/9CT T[>DS ORGANIZATIONALI/ MODES-& ACTIVELY REJECT ! MISSION CREEP1 COAGULATION1 S$5T>Y PROV9CIALISM & FETI%ISM ( MASS ?AT GIVES RISE TO !M4 

,ORGANIZATIONS >E BASICALLY MON/]S FROM A BYGONE ]A4 ,USEFUL 9 SOME LIMIT$ WAYS ONCE1 BUT CUT ) A NUMB] ( VICI\S /REAKS & RAPIDLY BECOM+ OBSOLETE4 ,FROM ,TAHRIR ,SQU>E TO ! ,PORT ( ,OAKL& ACTIVI/S >E SL[LY LE>N+ ?R\< PRACTICE ?AT WE DON'T NE$ !M TO GET %IT DONE4 ,9 FACT1 ASIDE FROM A FEW LIMIT$ TACTICAL CONTEXTS 7EI!R AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! /ATE OR IMMATURE TE*NOLOGY71 =M+ AN ORGANIZATION IS BASICALLY LIKE %OOT+ Y\RSELF 9 ! FOOT4 ,CAN YALL PLEASE /OP DO+ IT8 

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