,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #d 
,ATTEMPT T[>DS A ,RATIONAL ,!ORY ( ! ,*ECKS ON ,POPULATION ,CONT9U$ 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  

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,?,U,S F> ,I HAVE BE5 CONSID]+ ?OSE *ECKS ON POPULATION1 :I* OP]ATE ) AN \T/RET*$ P[]1 & HAVE 9 V>I\S 9/ANCES TURN$ GREAT CITIES & FL\RI%+ C\NTRIES 9TO A DES]T4 ,I PROCE$ N[ TO CONSID] ?OSE REGIONS1 SU* AS ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE1 :I* = C5TURIES PA/ HAVE NOT BE5 SUBJECT TO SU* VIOL5T CONVULSIONS4 

,:AT WE APPE> TO HAVE MO/ REASON TO BELIEVE UND] ?IS LATT] HEAD1 IS1 ?AT !SE C\NTRIES1 LIKE ,SW$51 HAVE FROM TIME TO TIME GONE ON = A C]TA9 P]IOD 9CREAS+ !IR POPULATION 9 A /EADY & MOD]ATE DEGREE1 & ?AT !N C]TA9 EV5TS HAVE OCCURR$1 :I* HAVE >RE/$ ?IS PROGRESS1 & EV5 R$UC$ ! POPULATION CONSID]ABLY BEL[ ! /&>D TO :I* IT HAD LATELY ATTA9$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,I WILL SET IT D[N1 ?AT WE HAVE NO V]Y C]TA9 REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ,5GL& CONTA9S A GREAT] NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS N[1 ?AN IT DID 9 #a#c#c#i1 :5 ,$W>D ! ,?IRD COMM5C$ HIS EXP$ITION = ! CONQUE/ ( ,FRANCE4 

#cdd 

,?AT ! HYPO!SIS JU/ DELIV]$1 VIZ4 ?AT CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 9 POSSESSION ( A REASONABLE DEGREE ( PROSP]ITY1 HAVE FROM TIME TO TIME GONE ON = A C]TA9 P]IOD 9CREAS+ !IR POPULATION 9 A /EADY & MOD]ATE DEGREE1 & ?AT !N C]TA9 EV5TS HAVE OCCURR$1 :I* HAVE >RE/$ ?IS PROGRESS1 & EV5 R$UC$ ! POPULATION CONSID]ABLY BEL[ ! /&>D TO :I* IT HAD LATELY ATTA9$1--?AT ?IS HYPO!SIS1 ,I SAY1 IS TRUE1 MAY BE V]Y /RONGLY PRESUM$ FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$54 

,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS1 ,I WILL REPEAT H]E A ,TABLE :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 LAID BE=E ! READ] 9 AN E>LI] PAGE ( ?IS VOLUME4 

,! POPULATION ( ,SW$5 9 #a#h#e1 AS APPE>S FROM ! ACTUAL 5UM]ATION1 AM\NT$ TO #c1#c#b1#f#d#g4 

,N[ LET US SUPPOSE ! POPULATION TO HAVE D\BL$ 9 ONE HUNDR$ YE>S1 & LET US TAKE ! HALF ( ?IS NUMB] AS ! SUM ( ! ,SW$I% PEOPLE 9 #age ------------#a1#f#f1#c#b#c 

,BY ! SAME RULE ! POPULATION WILL BE3 

#cde 

,SO ?AT BY ?IS WAY ( CALCULATION ,SW$5 CONTA9$1 AT ! TIME ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,WE/]N ,EMPIRE 9 #d#g#f1 LITTLE MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ S\LS1 &1 :5 ?IS P>T ( ! GLOBE BEGAN TO S5D =? ITS HORDES1 :I* DE/ROY$ ! P[] ( ! ,ROMANS1 & *ANG$ ! FACE ( ! WORLD1 IT C\LD SC>CELY BOA/ A HUMAN 9HABITANT4 ,!RE NE$S NO >GUM5T1 ,I PRESUME1 TO PROVE ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! FACT4 

,! PROGRESS ( POPULATION 9DE$ MAY BE ILLU/RAT$ BO? WAYS1 9 ITS 9CREASE & 9 ITS DECL9E1 FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$54 ,9 ! YE> #a#g#e#a1 ! PRECISE P]IOD FROM :I* MY ACC\NTS ( ! NUMB]S ( ! ,SW$I% NATION COMM5CE1 ,ADOLPHUS ,FR$]IC ( ,HOL/E9 ,GOTTORP1 BI%OP ( ,LUBECK1 SUCCE$$ TO ! ?RONE4 ,HE REIGN$ DUR+ A P]IOD ( TW5TY YE>S1 & WAS SUCCE$$ BY HIS SON1 ,GU/AVUS ,I,I,I1 :O WAS ASSASS9AT$ BY ,ANK>/ROEM 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,?IS EV5T H[EV] OCCASION$ LITTLE DI/URBANCE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! NATION3 ,GU/AVUS ,I,I,I4 WAS REPLAC$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T BY HIS SON1 ,GU/AVUS ,I,V1 :O REIGN$ TILL #a#h#i4 ,EUROPE1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 WAS PLAGU$ ) ! W> ( #a#g#e#f1 ! ,AM]ICAN W>1 & ! W>S :I* >OSE \T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 BUT ,SW$5 SU/A9$ LESS DI/URBANCE FROM !SE CAUSES1 ?AN ALMO/ ANY O!R ,EUROPEAN /ATE4 ,! :OLE 

#cdf 

P]IOD WAS TO H] = ! MO/ P>T A P]IOD ( TRANQUILITY2 & ACCORD+LY WE SEE A P]PETUAL 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( H] 9HABITANTS4 

,! CLOSE ( ! REIGN ( ,GU/AVUS ,I,V4 WAS ON ! O!R H& EM95TLY DISA/R\S2 & WE ACCORD+LY F9D IT ATT5D$ ) CORRESPOND+ EFFECTS4 ,NOT ONLY ,F9L& BECAME LO/ TO ! ,SW$I% CR[N1 ! POPULATION ( :I*1 BY ! RETURNS ( #a#h#e1 AM\NT$ TO #h#i#e1#g#g#c S\LS BUT1 BESIDE ?IS R$UCTION1 ! 5UM]ATION = ! RE/ ( ! K+DOM 9 #a#h#a1 9/EAD ( 9CREAS+1 FELL %ORT BY #d#g1 & UPW>DS1 ( ! 5UM]ATION 9 #a#h#e4A ,FROM ?AT P]IOD H[EV] ! GOV]NM5T WAS COMMITT$ TO ! H&S ( ,B]NADOTTE1 N[ ,*>LES ,X,I,V1 BY :OM ! AFFAIRS ( ,SW$5 APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CONDUCT$ ) SOME DEGREE ( PRUD5CE & MOD]ATION2 & ACCORD+LY WE F9D1 BY ! RETURN = #a#h#a#e1 ?AT ! POPULATION IS AGA9 UPON ! RISE4 ,NORWAY BY A LATE TREATY HAS BE5 ADD$ TO ! ,SW$I% DOM9IONS2 BUT ! 9HABITANTS ( ?AT C\NTRY1 AM\NT+ TO AB\T A MILLION1 >E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! 5UM]ATION4 

,BUT #a RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ( POPULATION AS IT RELATES TO MY NATIVE C\NTRY4 

,N[ ,I SAY ?AT ! CAUSES1 :I* HAVE KEPT D[N ! POPULATION ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 & MAY1 = AU<T WE KN[1 HAVE PREV5T$ 

#cdg 

?IS C\NTRY FROM >RIV+ AT A HI<] /ATE ( POPULATION AT ! PRES5T H\R ?AN IT EXHIBIT$ FIVE C5TURIES AGO1 MAY BE PR9CIPALLY R$UC$ TO !SE ?REE1 W>1 PE/IL5CE & FAM9E1 ) ! FUR!R ADDITION ( ?OSE CALAMITIES :I* BE> A NE> AFF9ITY TO !M1 VIZ4 P]IODS ( G5]AL OR LOCAL DI/URBANCE1 CONTAGI\S DI/EMP]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION1 UNHEAL?Y SEASONS1 & OCCASIONS ( EM95T SC>CITY OR PUBLIC DI/RESS4 

,! QUE/ION 9TO :I* ,I AM 9QUIR+1 IS :Y ,5GL&1 HAV+ GONE ON = SOME TIME1 AT V>I\S P]IODS1 ,I %ALL SUPPOSE AS ,SW$5 HAS DONE1 AUGM5T+ ! NUMB] ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 HAS ALSO EXP]I5C$ SU* 9T]RUPTIONS ( ?IS AUGM5TATION1 AS HAVE V]Y PROBABLY BR\<T BACK ! POPULATION TO :AT IT WAS BE=E1 ?US PRES5T+ US ) ! IMAGE ( A J\RNEY1 SU* AS (T5 OCCURS 9 ! 9COH]5CE ( DREAMS1 9 :I* GREAT ADVANCES HAVE BE5 MADE1 BUT NO?+ HAS ULTIMATELY BE5 GA9$4 ,! GR\ND ON :I* WE TREAD SLIDES FROM UND] US1 & AT ! 5D ( ! RACE WE F9D \RSELVES PRECISELY ON ! SPOT AT :I* WE SET \T4--,AS1 BY ! HYPO!SIS1 ! 9T]RUPTIONS HAVE BE5 OCCASIONAL1 ! CAUSES ( ?OSE 9T]RUPTIONS MU/ ALSO HAVE BE5 ( AN 9T]MITT5T1 NOT A REGUL> OP]ATION4 

,ALL ?IS DOES C]TA9LY WELL ACCORD ) :AT WE KN[ ( ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,IF !RE W]E NOT A P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( 

#cdh 

! HUMAN SPECIES1 SOMETIMES OP]AT+1 & AT O!R TIMES EXI/+ AS A P[] ONLY )\T PRES5T AG5CY1 ! HUMAN SPECIES 9 ALL PROBABILITY MU/ HAVE BE5 LONG S9CE EXT9CT4 ,IF :5EV] FAM9E1 CRUEL W>1 OR WIDE-WA/+ PE/IL5CE1 HAD R$UC$ ! 9HABITANTS ( A C\NTRY OR A POPUL\S CITY TO A M]E REMNANT1 AS WE FREQU5TLY F9D TO HAVE BE5 ! CASE1 ( ! POPULATION IT BOA/$ A FEW YE>S OR A FEW MON?S BE=E1 !RE W]E NO P[] 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( MAN1 ( REPLAC+ BY DIRECT PROCREATION ) SWIFT] OR SL[] /EPS ! NUMB]S ?AT HAD BE5 SWEPT AWAY1 IT W\LD BE EASY TO SEE ?AT EV]Y PORTION ( ! GLOBE 9 ITS TURN W\LD HAVE *ANG$ 9TO A DES]T4--,TO RETURN4 

,9 #acci ,$W>D ! ,?IRD L$ =? AN >MY = ! CONQUE/ ( ,FRANCE4 ,HE REPEAT$ ! SAME PROCE$+ 9 #a#c#d#b1 & AGA9 9 #a#c#d#f1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME QUE5 ,PHILIPPA M>*$ AGA9/ ! ,SCOTS1 :O W]E DEFEAT$ 9 A GREAT BATTLE1 9 :I* TW5TY ?\S& ,NOR? ,BRITONS W]E SLA91 & ! ,SCOTTI% K+ & MANY ( HIS NOBLES W]E TAK5 PRISON]S4 ,! EXPULSION ( ! ,5GLI% FROM ,FRANCE 9 ! LATT] 5D ( ! REIGN ( ,$W>D ! ,?IRD1 WAS PROBABLY MORE DE/RUCTIVE ?AN HIS CONQUE/S4 ,TO !SE EV5TS WE MU/ ADD ! PLAGUE ( #a#c#d#h1 ( ! VICTIMS ( :I* FIFTY ?\S& >E SAID TO HAVE BE5 9T]R$ 9 ONE YE>1 9 A BURIAL-GR\ND N[ ! SITE ( ! ,*>T] ,H\SE1B BESIDE 

#cdi 

?OSE :O DI$ 9 O!R P>TS ( ,LONDON2 ?IS 9FECTION APPE>S TO HAVE DIFFUS$ ITSELF IMP>TIALLY ?R\< EV]Y P>T ( ,5GL&4 

,! TURBUL5T TIMES ( ,RI*>D ! ,SECOND1 ! 9SURRECTION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE UND] ,WAT ,TYL]1 & AFT]W>DS ! CONTE/S BETWE5 ! K+ & HIS B>ONS1 C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 FAVORABLE TO POPULATION4 ,! REIGN ( ,H5RY ! ,F\R? WAS SC>CELY LESS DI/URB$ ?AN ?AT ( HIS PR$ECESSOR4 

,H5RY ! ,FIF? ACT$ OV] AGA9 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,$W>D ! ,?IRD = ! CONQUE/ ( ,FRANCE2 & !SE W]E FOLL[$ BY /ILL MORE DISA/R\S REV]SES 9 ! REIGN ( HIS SON4 

,! S]IES ( EV5TS NEXT BR+S US TO ! W>S ( ,YORK & ,LANCA/]1 UPON :I* ,HUME OBS]VES3C 0,?IS FATAL QU>REL WAS NOT F9I%$ 9 LESS ?AN A C\RSE ( ?IRTY YE>S3 IT WAS SIGNALIZ$ BY TWELVE PIT*$ BATTLES3 IT OP5$ A SC5E ( EXTRAORD9>Y FI]C5ESS & CRUELTY1 & IS COMPUT$ TO HAVE CO/ ! LIVES ( EI<TY PR9CES ( ! BLOOD1 & TO HAVE ALMO/ ANNIHILAT$ ! ANCI5T NOBILITY ( ,5GL&40 ,:AT EFFECT ?IS HAD ON ! G5]AL POPULATION MAY EASILY BE IMAG9$4 ,IT IS NO LESS TRUE ( !SE W>S1 ?AN ( ! W> ( ,TROY1 

,QUICQUID DELIRANL REGES1 PLECTUNTUR ,A*IVI4 

,! REIGN ( ! ,TUDORS MAY BE CONCEIV$ TO HAVE BE5 ON ! :OLE FAVORABLE TO POPULATION4 

#ce 

,NOT SO ! REIGN ( ! ,/U>TS4 ,*>LES ! ,FIR/ NEV] SP>$ ! BLOOD ( HIS PEOPLE2 & HIS CONDUCT AT L5G? 9VOLV$ ! NATION 9 A CIVIL W>4 ,! 9T]REGNUM1 ) ALL ITS FLUCTUATIONS & UNC]TA9TY ( GOV]NM5T1 DID NOT T5D TO 9CREASE ! NUMB]S ( \R C\NTRYM52 & ! PR(LIGATE & 9TOL]ANT POLICY ( ,*>LES ! ,SECOND C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 B5EFICIAL TO ! NATION4 

,AT ! ,REVOLUTION COMM5C$ ! SY/EM1 ( ,5GL& MAK+ H]SELF A PR9CIPAL 9 ! W>S ( ! CONT95T4 ,! LONG REIGN ( ,GEORGE ! ,?IRD HAS C]TA9LY HAD ITS FULL PROPORTION ( YE>S ( W>4 

,TILL ! FIRE ( ,LONDON 9 #a#f#f#f1 ,HUME SAYS1D 0,! PLAGUE US$ TO BREAK \T ) GREAT FURY 9 ?IS METROPOLIS TWICE OR ?RICE 9 EV]Y C5TURY40 

,FROM ! REIGN ( ,ELIZABE? BEGAN ! SY/EM ( COLONIZATION1 ! EFFECTS ( :I* ,I %ALL HAVE OCCASION MORE FULLY TO UNFOLD1 :5 ,I COME TO TREAT EXPRESSLY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! REIGN ( ,GEORGE ! ,?IRD WE HAVE NOT BE5 CONT5T$ TO S5D \T \R PLANT]S TO ?AT SIDE ( ! GLOBE2 WE HAVE SETTL$ AN EMPIRE 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIES2 & DI/RIBUT$ \R COLONI/S PR(USELY TO O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US MAY SAY :AT HE PLEASES ( ! LIMIT$ SIZE ( ! E>?1 5ABL+ IT TO SUBSI/ 

#cea 

ONLY A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS1 & ( ITS POPULATION 0AT ALL TIMES PRESS+ H>D AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE10--NO?+ 9 ! MEAN :ILE CAN BE MORE PALPABLE ?AN ! 9ADEQUATE POPULATION ( ?IS ISL&1 ITS IMP]FECT AGRICULTURE1 & ! VA/ TRACTS ( ITS SOIL1 :I* HAVE AS YET BE5 MADE TO CONTRIBUTE SC>CELY ANY ?+ TO ! SUBSI/5CE ( MAN4 ,9 %ORT IT IS UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$ ?AT ! SOIL ( ?IS ISL& W\LD MA9TA9 ITS PRES5T POPULATION T5 TIMES TOLD4 

,MEANTIME ,I HAVE ?\<T IT PROP] TO 5T] 9TO ?IS SLI<T SKET* ( \R HI/ORY AS CONNECT$ ) ! NUMB]S ( \R CITIZ5S1 ?AT IT MI<T S]VE 9 SOME DEGREE AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! VISIONS ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 0 ,ALL ?IS WELL ACCORDS ) :AT WE KN[ ( ! HI/ORY ( POPULATION 9 ,SW$54 ,WE KN[ !RE1 ?AT IT ADVANCES1 & IT RETROGRADES4 ,IT ADVANCES BY SL[ & MEASUR$ /EPS3 &1 9 A C\NTRY1 NOT LIABLE TO ! 9ROAD ( SAVAGE CONQU]ORS1 NOR TO ! P]HAPS /ILL MORE DE/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CES ( A GOV]NM5T FRAM$ = ! MIS]Y ( ITS SUBJECTS1 ABSOLUTE DESOLATION IS NOT TO BE EXPECT$4 ,H]E !N WE DI/9CTLY SEE ! *EEKS UPON A GR[+ POPULATION2 !Y >E MATT]S ( RECORD2 !Y =M A DI/9CT P>T ( ! GREAT VOLUME ( \R HI/ORY4 ,WE >E NOT LEFT1 9 ?IS 7IF 9 REALITY WE KNEW NO?+ MORE ( IT ?AN ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION SUPPOSES71 MISNAM$ SCI5CE1 TO FILL 

#ceb 

UP ITS GAPS ) IMAG9>Y DEA?S1 & /ILL MORE IMAG9>Y BIR?S4 

,IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT MY QUE/ION & ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S RESPECT+ ! *ECKS ON POPULATION >E ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 ,MY QUE/ION IS1 :Y ! WORLD1 9 ITS V>I\S CLIMATES1 & ITS SUCCESSIVE AGES1 DOES NOT PRODUCE HUMAN BE+S1 AT ! RATE ,SW$5 IS PROV$ TO HAVE DONE = FIFTY F\R YE>S8 ,HIS QUE/ION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS :Y ,SW$5 DID NOT = ?OSE FIFTY-F\R YE>S PRODUCE HUMAN BE+S1 AT ! RATE 9 :I* HE EXHIBITS !M AS PRODUC$1 9 HIS DREAM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA8 

,! 5TIRE RESULT ( ! >GUM5TS & FACTS COLLECT$ 9 ?IS & ! PREC$+ ,*APT]1 IS1 ?AT ! CAUSES ?AT KEEP D[N ! POPULATION ( MANK9D1 :I* O!RWISE MI<T ADVANCE ) A SL[1 BUT REGUL> PROGRESS1 >E NOT SIL5T1 MY/]I\S & CONCEAL$1 BUT OBVI\S & GL>+1 & ?AT !Y OP]ATE BY FITS & AT 9T]VALS4 ,?\< ,I AM F> FROM PRET5D+ 9 ?IS PLACE TO HAVE R$UC$ ! !ORY ( ! *ECKS ON POPULATION 9TO A SCI5CE1 ,I HAVE DONE SOME?+ T[>DS IT4 ,I HAVE TAK5 IT \T ( ! /ATE 9 :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US LEFT IT1 REF]R+ EV]Y ?+1 AS HE DOES1 TO OCCULT CAUSES1 & HOLD+ ! WORLD 9 AWE BY ! REPETITION1 AT DUE 9T]VALS1 ( TWO CABALI/ICAL T]MS1 VISE & MIS]Y1 & HAVE %[N ?AT ! REAL *ECKS >E PALPABLE1 RECORD$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 

#cec 

& EV5 CAPABLE ( BE+ R$UC$ 9TO SOME:AT ( A TABULAT$ =M BY ! P]SONS :O %ALL H]EAFT] PATI5TLY /UDY ?IS IMPORTANT BRAN* ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

A ,I HAVE BE5 TOLD BY A ,SW$E ( GOOD 9=MATION ?AT #i1 P]SONS P]I%$ 9 ! DISA/R\S CAMPAIGN ( #a#h#i-#a4 

B,/[1 AD ANNUM4 

C,A4,D4 #a#d#e#e4 

D,AD ANNUM4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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