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,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY & ! ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a#a4 ,G]MAN ,PHILOSOPHY & ! ,/ATE 

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,9 %>P CONTRA/ ) ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE & POETRY /&S ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,AL?\< IT HAS NOT LACK$ OCCASIONAL GLIMPSES ( LI<T1 ,G]-MAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY HAS NEV] BE5 A DOMA9 ( FRE$OM4 ,ITS BE/-KN[N REPRES5TATIVES HAVE (T5 FLIRT$ ) FRE$OM1 BUT NO REAL UNION EV] RESULT$4 ,ONE GA9S ! IMPRESSION ?AT :5 LIFE'S BRUTAL REALITIES BECAME TOO CLE>LY FELT1 A FEW CONCESSIONS1 NOT TOO B9D+1 W]E MADE TO ! AWAK5$ CONSCI5CE 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ! DI/URB$ EQUILIBRIUM4 ,9 FACT1 ! MA9 TR5D ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY WAS TO ORGANIZE BONDAGE 9TO A SY/EM & MAKE ( S]VITUDE A VIRTUE :I* WAS CONSECRAT$ BY ! FAM\S 09N] FRE$OM40 

,:AT DOES ,KANT MEAN :5 HE R$UCES HIS FAM\S MORAL LAW TO ! =MULA3 0,ACT SO ?AT ! MAXIMS ( ?Y WILL C\LD AT ALL TIMES S]VE AS PR9CIPLES = G5]AL LEGISLATION08 ,IS NOT ?IS TO R$UCE MAN'S E?ICAL FEEL+ TO ! PITIFUL CONCEPT ( ! LAW ( A GOV]NM5T8 ,COM+ FROM A MAN :O WAS FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT MAN WAS 9H]5TLY EVIL1 ?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,ONLY A MAN ) ?IS CONVICTION C\LD MAKE ! ASS]TION3 

,MAN IS AN ANIMAL :I*1 :5 LIV+ AMONG O!RS ( ITS K9D1 NE$S A MA/]4 ,= HE SURELY ABUSES HIS FRE$OM 9 ! PRES5CE ( HIS EQUALS1 & AL?\< AS A REASONABLE BE+ HE DESIRES A LAW1 HIS BEA/LY SELFI% NATURE LEADS HIM TO EXEMPT HIMSELF :5EV] HE CAN4 ,H5CE HE NE$S A MA/] :O WILL BREAK HIS 9DIVIDUAL WILL & COMPEL HIM TO OBEY A G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ RULE :]EBY EV]YONE CAN BE FREE4 

,?IS IS 9 FACT BUT ANO!R =M ( ! ANCI5T & T]RIBLE DOGMA ( ORIG9AL S9 ) ITS UNAVOIDABLE CONCLUSION4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS :I* PREJUDICES ALL FRE] SPIRITS AGA9/ ,KANT4 ,?US ,GOE! WROTE TO ,H]D]3 0,AFT] US+ A FULL G5]ATION = ! CLEANS+ ( HIS PHILOSOPHIC MANTLE ( V>I\S F\L PREJUDICES1 ,KANT HAS ONLY DEFIL$ IT AGA9 ) ! /A9 ( 9NATE EVIL1 9 ORD] ?AT ,*RI/IANS1 TOO1 MAY BE P]SUAD$ TO KISS ITS HEM40 

,EV5 ,S*ILL]1 :O WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,KANT1 C\LD NOT RECONCILE HIMSELF TO ! K]NEL ( HIS E?ICS4 ,TO ! POET & IDEALI/ :O BELIEV$ FIRMLY 9 ! GOOD 9 MAN1 ! /]N DUTY-CONCEPT ( ,KANT1 :O HAD REALLY NO UND]/&+ ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( SOCIAL 9/9CTS1 MU/1 9DE$1 HAVE SEEM$ REPELL5T4 ,IT WAS ) ?IS 9 M9D HE WROTE ,GOE! ?AT ) ,KANT !RE ALWAYS REMA9$ SOME?+ :I*1 0AS ) ,LU!R1 REM9DS ONE ( A MONK1 :O AL?\< HE HAS LEFT HIS CLOI/] /ILL CANNOT QUITE RID HIMSELF ( ITS TRACES40 

,KANT HAS (T5 BE5 CALL$ A REPUBLICAN & A DEMOCRAT4 ,!SE T]MS >E V]Y VAGUE & PROVE NO?+1 = MORE ?AN ONCE 9 HI/ORY !Y HAVE BE5 MADE TO S]VE AS A CLOAK = ! MO/ BRUTAL =CES4 ,?IS CURI\S REPUBLICAN WAS A /]N ADVOCATE ( UNLIMIT$ /ATE P[]1 TO REBEL AGA9/ :I* WAS 9 HIS EYES A CAPITAL CRIME-EV5 :5 ! EXECUTIVE 9/RUM5TS ( ! /ATE ACT$ CONTR>Y TO ! LAW & ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE L$ 9TO ! MO/ TYRANNICAL ACTS4 ,?US ,KANT EXPRESSLY DECL>ES 9 HIS ,!ORY ( ! ,LAW3 

,! ORIG9 ( ! SUPREME P[] IS = ! PEOPLE :O >E SUBJECT TO IT1 9 A PRACTICAL S5SE1 UNDISCOV]ABLE2 ?AT IS1 ! SUBJECT1 9 VIEW ( ! OB$I5CE HE [ES TO IT1 %\LD NOT SPECULATE CONC]N+ ITS ORIG91 AS IF ( A D\BTFUL LAW 7JUS CONTROV]SUM74 ,= S9CE ! PEOPLE1 9 ORD] TO JUDGE CONC]N+ ! SUPREME /ATE P[] 7SUMMUM IMP]IUM71 MU/ BE RE-G>D$ AS ALREADY UNIT$ UND] A G5]AL LAW-GIV+ WILL1 IT CANNOT & D>E NOT JUDGE O!RWISE ?AN AS ! EXI/+ HEAD ( ! /ATE 7SUMMUM IMP]IANS7 DESIRES ,:E!R ORIG9ALLY A REAL AGREEM5T AMONG !M 7PACTUM SUBJEC-TIONIS CIVILIS7 PREC$$ IT AS FACT1 OR :E!R ! P[] CAME FIR/ & ! LAW AFT]W>DS1 >E = ! PEOPLE :O >E N[ ALREADY UND] ! LAW QUITE IMMAT]IAL SPECULATIONS4 ,!Y W\LD1 H[EV]1 PROVE DANG]\S TO ! ,/ATE2 = %\LD ! SUBJECT :O N[ HAS DISCOV]$ ! F9AL ORIG9 ( ! DOM9ANT AU?ORITY REBEL AGA9/ IT1 HE C\LD QUITE LEGALLY BE PUNI%$1 EXT]M9AT$1 OR DECL>$ \TLAW & EXPELL$ FROM ! /ATE4 ,A LAW :I* IS SO SACR$1 SO 9VIOLABLE1 ?AT M]ELY TO QUE/ION IT PRACTICALLY & ?US TO SUSP5D ,ITS OP]ATION EV5 = A MOM5T1 CON/ITUTES A CRIME1 IS REPRES5T$ AS EMANAT+1 NOT FROM MAN1 BUT FROM A SUPREME1 BLAMELESS LAWGIV]4 ,?IS IS ! TEAM+ ( ! S5T5CE1 0,ALL AU?ORITY COMES FROM ,GOD10 :I* /ATES1 NOT ! HI/ORICAL F\NDATION ( CIVIL CON/ITUTIONS1 BUT AN IDEA1 AS A PRACTICAL PR9CIPLE ( REASON3 ! EXI/+ P[] IS TO BE OBEY$1 BE ITS ORIG9 :AT IT MAY4 

,:5 ONE COMP>ES ?OR\<LY ! REACTION>Y CONCEPT ( ,KANT ) ! IDEAS ( ! LIB]AL S*OOL ( ?\<T 9 ,5GL& :I* GOES BACK TO ,LOCKE1 ONE REALIZES ! %AMEFULLY REACTION>Y ASPECT ( ?IS VIEW1 SO D>+LY PUT =? AT A TIME :5 BEYOND ! ,G]MAN FRONTI] ! OLD REGIME WAS FALL+ TO RU9S4 ,KANT HAD ALREADY 9 HIS ESSAY1 ,:AT IS ,5LI<T5M5T8 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#h#d1 SUPPORT$ ! DESPOTISM ( ,FR$]ICK ,I,I & PRAIS$ ! OB$I5CE ( ! SUBJECTS AS ! FIR/ MAXIM ( POLITICAL MORALITY4 ,HIS DOCTR9E ( ! LAW1 H[EV]1 HE DEVELOPS 9 HIS LAT] WORKS - A PRO( ?AT 9 ?IS REG>D HIS IDEAS NEV] *ANG$4 ,! 0DEMOCRAT0 ,KANT WAS EV5 READY TO ADVOCATE SLAV]Y & TO JU/IFY IT AS USEFUL UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS4 ,HE MA9TA9$ ?AT SLAV]Y WAS APPLICABLE TO M5 :O 9 CONSEQU5CE ( !IR CRIMES HAD =FEIT$ !IR CIVIL RI<TS4 ,SU* A MAN CAN1 9 ! OP9ION ( \R PHILOSOPH]1 0BE MADE SIMPLY A TOOL ( ANO!R .<( ! /ATE OR ( ANO!R CITIZ5.>40 

,! CONS]VATIVE PO9T ( VIEW CONC]N+ ! /ATE & ! RESPECT ( ! SUBJECT = IT1 WAS VIRTUALLY 9 ,KANT'S BLOOD4 ,:5 9 #agid HE RECEIV$ A REPRIM& FROM ! ROYAL GOV]NM5T ON ACC\NT ( AN ALLEG$ DISP>AGEM5T ( ! ,BIBLE & ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 HE DID NOT CONT5T HIMSELF ) GIV+ ,FR$]ICK ,WILLIAM ,I,I A WRITT5 PROMISE TO REFRA9 9 ! FUTURE FROM ALL ORAL & WRITT5 EXPRESSION CONC]N+ ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION4 ,UND] ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS !N EXI/+ 9 ,PRUSSIA SU* AN ACT WAS NOT ONLY EXPLICABLE1 BUT ALSO JU/IFIABLE4 ,BUT AMONG ! DOCUM5TS HE LEFT !RE W]E F\ND !SE *>ACT]I/IC L9ES :I* HAD REF]5CE TO ! PROMISE GIV5 TO ! K+3 0,RECANTATION & D5IAL ( ONE'S 9MO/ CONVICTIONS IS CONTEMPTIBLE1 BUT SIL5CE 9 A CASE LIKE ! PRES5T ONE IS ! DUTY ( A SUBJECT40 

,KANT1 :OSE QUIET ,PHILI/9E EXI/5CE NEV] DIV]G$ FROM ! PRESCRIB$ PA?S ( /ATE GU>DIAN%IP1 WAS NOT ( A SOCIAL NATURE1 & C\LD ONLY ) DIFFICULTY SURM\NT HIS 9BORN AV]SION = ANY =M ( COMMUNION4 ,BUT S9CE HE C\LD NOT D5Y ! NECESSITY ( ASSOCIATIONS1 HE ACCEPT$ !M AS ONE ACCEPTS ANY NECESS>Y EVIL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 SOCIETY APPE>$ TO HIM AS A =C$ UNION HELD TOGE!R SOLELY BY DUTY T[>DS ! /ATE4 ,KANT REALLY HAT$ EV]Y VOLUNT>Y UNION1 JU/ AS EV]Y GOOD DE$ DONE = ITS [N SAKE WAS REPUGNANT TO HIM4 ,HE KNEW NO?+ ELSE BUT ! />K1 IMPLACABLE 0,?\ %ALT60 

,ONE ) SU* T5D5CIES WAS H>DLY ! PROP] MAN TO =MULATE ! FUNDAM5TALS ( A GREAT SOCIAL E?ICS1 :I* IS 9H]5TLY ! PRODUCT ( SOCIAL COMMUNAL LIFE1 F9D+ ITS EXPRESSION 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 & CONT9UALLY VITALIZ$ ANEW & CONFIRM$ BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS LITTLE WAS ,KANT CAPABLE ( REVEAL+ TO MANK9D GREAT !ORETICAL SOCIAL 9SI<T4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* HE PRODUC$ 9 ?IS FIELD HAD BE5 SURPASS$ BY ! GREAT 5LI<T5M5T 9 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& LONG BE=E IT SAW ! LI<T ( DAY 9 ,G]MANY4 

,?AT ,KANT1 ON ACC\NT ( HIS ESSAY ,ON ,ET]NAL ,PEACE1 & AN E>LI] DISS]TATION1 ,A ,VIEW ( ,G5]AL ,HI/ORY 9 ! ,LI<T ( ,WORLD-CITIZ5%IP1 HAS LATELY BE5 ACCLAIM$ AS ! 9TELLECTUAL FA!R ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS10 WAS TO BE EXPECT$ 9 A G5]ATION :I* HAS LONG =GOTT5 ,LESS+1 ,H]D] & ,JEAN ,PAUL2 & ONLY PROVES ?AT ! ALLEG$ 0REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,G]MAN SPIRIT0 HAVE ALSO 9 ?IS RESPECT LE>N$ NO?+4 ,:AT ,KANT 9 REALITY /ROVE = WAS NO UNION ( PEOPLES1 BUT A LEAGUE ( /ATES1 :I* = ?IS V]Y REASON C\LD NEV] HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ ! TASK HE HAD PLANN$ = IT4 ,! EXP]I5CES WE HAVE LATELY HAD ) ! 9T]NATIONAL CONV5TION AT ,G5EVA HAVE OP5$ ! EYES ( ALL :O >E WILL+ TO SEE4 

,?IS WAS QUITE CLE>LY P]CEIV$ BY ,H]D] :51 FOLL[+ 9 ,LESS+'S FOOT/EPS1 HE DECL>$ HIMSELF AGA9/ ,KANT'S PROPOSALS & %[$ ?AT AN UND]/&+ AMONG ! NATIONS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY ORGANIC-MEAN+ CULTURAL-MEANS1 & NEV] BY ME*ANICAL MEANS1 ?AT IS1 BY ! ACTIVITY ( 0POLITICAL MA*9ES40 ,H]D] EXPLA9S ?AT ! =C$ ORGANIZATION :I* CON/ITUTES ! /ATE MA9TA9S ITSELF PRIM>ILY BY CONT9UALLY CREAT+ EXT]NAL 9T]E/S :I* RUN CONTR>Y TO ! 9T]E/S ( O!R /ATES2 & = ?IS REASON IT IS ILL-SUIT$ TO FUNCTION AS A M$IATOR & ADJU/]4 ,!RE=E1 HE SUB/ITUT$ = ! IDEA ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LEAGUE ( /ATES ADVOCAT$ BY ,KANT1 HIS 0ASSOCIATION ( ALL ?9K+ M5 ON ALL CONT95TS10 PROCE$+ FROM ! CORRECT VIEW ?AT MUTUAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! HUMAN GR\PS ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES IS NOT A*IEVABLE BY DICTATION FROM ABOVE1 BUT ONLY FROM BEL[ UPW>DS BY ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,BY ?IS 0ALL ! PREJUDICES ( /ATE 9T]E/S1 ( NATIVE RELIGION1 & MO/ FOOLI% PREJUDICE ( ALL1 ( RANK & CLASS1 >E MITIGAT$1 CONF9$1 & MADE H>MLESS40 ,BUT1 0SU* VICTORIES OV] PREJUDICE >E0 - ,H]D] MA9TA9S - 0A*IEV$ FROM )9 \TW>D1 NOT FROM )\T 9W>D40 

,( QUITE ANO!R *>ACT] WAS ,FI*TE1 :O POSSESS$ A REVOLUTION>Y VE9 ?AT ,KANT LACK$ 5TIRELY4 ,9 FACT1 ( ALL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY ( ?AT DAY1 HE WAS ! ONLY ONE :O TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE ( HIS TIME4 ,BUT A REVOLUTION>Y TEMP]AM5T IS1 AFT] ALL1 NO SUB/ITUTE = A LIB]T>IAN VIEWPO9T4 ,CROMWELL1 TOO1 & ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,MAZZ9I1 ,L591 ,MUSSOL9I1 & ) !M ALL O!R ADVOCATES ( DICTATOR%IP1 ( ! RI<T OR ( ! LEFT1 W]E REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BUT ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y REVEALS HIMSELF 9 ! 5DS ?AT HE SEEKS1 NOT M]ELY 9 ! MEANS ?AT HE USES1 :I* >E NE>LY ALWAYS DEP5D5T ON CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,FI*TE 9 HIS !ORY ( LAW DEVELOP$ ! VIEW ?AT 0! F9AL PURPOSE ( GOV]NM5T IS TO MAKE GOV]NM5T SUP]FLU\S40 ,BUT HE SOON ADD$ CAUTI\SLY ?AT P]HAPS 0MYRIADS ( YE>S0 W\LD HAVE TO PASS BE=E MAN W\LD BE READY = SU* A CONDITION4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ALL HIS ACTS W]E 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ?IS /AT$ DI/ANT AIM4 ,= ,FI*TE WAS ( A DOM9E]+1 ?OR\<LY AU?ORIT>IAN1 NATURE A MAN ) FRE$OM ALWAYS ON HIS LIPS1 BUT JU/ ! NAME ( FRE$OM1 NO?+ MORE4 ,LIKE ,KANT1 ,FI*TE BELIEV$ 9 ! 09NATE EVIL0 ( MAN4 ,HE LAT] MODIFI$ HIS TEA*+ 9 MANY RESPECTS1 BUT TO ?IS CONCEPT HE ALWAYS REMA9$ FAI?FUL4 ,IT BECAME EV5 /RONG] 9 HIS M9D AS HE CAME MORE & MORE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! NEW ROMANTICISM 9 ,B]L91 HEAD$ AT ?AT TIME BY ,S*LEI]MA*] & ! BRO!RS ,S*LEGEL4 ,?US HE C\LD /ILL WRITE 9 #ahab 9 ! TREATISE ON ,MA*IAVELLI BY :I* HE S\<T - ?\< VA9LY - TO 9DUCE ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA TO TAKE A DECISIVE /EP3 0,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( EV]Y !ORY ( ! /ATE :I* IS 9TELLIG5T IS CONTA9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS ( ,MA*IAVELLI4 ',:OSOEV] F\NDS A REPUBLIC 7OR ANY O!R /ATE7 & GIVES IT LAWS MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL M5 >E WICK$1 & ?AT ALL )\T EXCEPTION WILL EXPRESS !IR 9NATE WICK$NESS AS SOON AS A SAFE OPPORTUNITY (F]S ITSELF40' ,ONE :O BELIEVES ?IS HAS NO TRACE ( LIB]AL SPIRIT4 ,IT IS ?IS FATAL BELIEF 9 09NATE EVIL0 SPR++ FROM ! !OLOGICAL CONCEPT ( 0ORIG9AL S90 :I* HAS S]V$ TYRANNY AT ALL TIMES AS A MORAL JU/IFICATION4 

,FI*TE HAS GIV5 HIS CONCEPTION CONC]N+ ! RELATION%IP ( M5 TO ! /ATE ! BE/ EXPRESSION 9 HIS ESSAY1 ,! ,SELF-,CONTA9$ ,COMM]CIAL ,/ATE1 :I* HE LAT] DECL>$ TO BE HIS 0MO/ ?\<TFUL WORK40 ,?IS ESSAY1 D$ICAT$ TO ! ,PRUSSIAN M9I/]1 VON ,/RU5SEE1 CONTA9S ! PLAN ( A SO-CALL$ 0REASONABLE0 /ATE1 9 :I* ! LIFE ( ! CITIZ5S WAS REGULAT$ & PRESCRIB$ TO ! LA/ DETAIL1 SO ?AT !Y EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS FELT ! DIRECT+ H& ( A POLITICAL ,PROVID5CE ABOVE !M4 ,IT IS A POLICE /ATE 9 ! WOR/ S5SE1 9 :I* !RE IS H>DLY ROOM = ANY K9D ( P]SONAL FRE$OM4 ,FI*TE'S IDEAL /ATE IS MADE UP ( V>I\S CLASSES /RICTLY SEP>AT$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 :OSE NUM]ICAL /R5G? IS DET]M9$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,HIS WORK IS PRESCRIB$ = EV]Y CITIZ5 ACCORD+ TO HIS CLASS1 & 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT HE CANNOT *ANGE HIS OCCUPATION BY HIS [N *OICE4 ,FOLL[+ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 0! E>? IS ! ,LORD'S1 & MAN HAS ONLY ! DUTY TO CULTIVATE & USE IT PR(ITABLY10 ALL L& IS ! PROP]TY ( ! /ATE1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 IS ONLY GIV5 A LEASE ON IT4 ,! /ATE HAS NOT ONLY ! TASK ( GU>D+ ! CITIZ5'S PROP]TY1 IT MU/ ALSO SEE TO IT ?AT EV]Y CITIZ5 RECEIVES ! %>E :I* HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ TO HIM BY LAW4 ,S9CE ! CITIZ5'S PROP]TY IS UND] ! CON/ANT GU>DIAN%IP ( ! /ATE1 ASSURANCE IS GIV5 ?AT NONE %ALL BECOME TOO RI* & LIKEWISE ?AT NONE %ALL P]I% 9 POV]TY4 

,9/EAD ( ! CURR5T GOLD & SILV] CO9S 7:I* ! /ATE IS TO CALL 97 PAP] OR LEA!R MONEY IS TO BE US$ TO FACILITATE EX*ANGE )9 ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS ! MORE FEASIBLE AS ! FRONTI] IS CLOS$1 & CITIZ5S >E /RICTLY PROHIBIT$ FROM HAV+ ANY 9T]C\RSE ) ! \T] WORLD2 SO ?AT HE CAN MA9TA9 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ONLY ) HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S1 ( :OSE NATURE ! /ATE1 ( C\RSE1 HAS SOLE DIRECTION4 ,ONLY ! /ATE HAS ! RI<T TO EFFECT ! NECESS>Y EX*ANGES ) O!R C\NTRIES4 

,ONE CAN REALIZE :Y SO FANATICAL A WOR%IP] ( ! /ATE AS ,LASSALLE WAS SO 5?USIA/IC AB\T ,FI*TE4 ,ONE CAN ALSO REALIZE ?AT ! V]Y CONCEPT ( SU* A MON/R\S /ATE MA*9E ( (FICIALS & POLICE AS ,FI*TE 5VISION$ MAKES ! M\?S ( ! ADH]5TS ( ! ,?IRD ,REI* WAT]1 & ?AT !Y1 LACK+ IDEAS ( !IR [N1 WI% TO ATTRIBUTE !IR 9TELLECTUAL \TPUT *IEFLY TO ,FI*TE4 ,FI*TE'S !ORY ( ! /ATE CONTA9S ALL ! NECESS>Y ASSUMPTIONS = A /ATE-CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC ORD] UND] ! POLITICAL DIRECTION ( ! GOV]NM5T AFT] ! PATT]N ( ! OLD ,PRUSSIAN CLASS /ATE1 :I* TODAY M5 (T5 ATTEMPT FALSELY TO CALL 0SOCIALISM40 ,:ILE ! CITIZ5 IS TO HAVE HIS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE SECUR$1 IT IS ONLY AT ! CO/ ( EV]Y P]SONAL FRE$OM & ( ALL CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS ) O!R PEOPLES4 ,( ,FI*TE1 TOO1 WE MAY REAFFIRM ! OLD TRU? ?AT NO K9D ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION W\LD BE ANY:]E NE> SO 9TOL]ABLE = MAN AS ! REALIZATION ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL PLAN ( GOV]NM5T ( \R SAGE4 

,FI*TE IS TODAY REG>D$ 9 ,G]MANY AS ! TRUE PROPHET ( ! MO/ G5U9E ,G]MANISM4 ,HE IS LAUD$ AS ! LIV+ EMBODIM5T ( PATRIOTIC ?\<T1 & HIS ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION >E TODAY AGA9 9 EV]YONE'S HOME4 ,9 ! 9T]E/ ( HI/ORICAL TRU? IT MU/ H]E BE /AT$ ?AT ,FI*TE'S CONV]SION 9TO A ,G]MAN PATRIOT & GU>DIAN ( NATIONAL 9T]E/S OCCURR$ RA!R SUDD5LY4 ,HE WAS 9 ?IS REG>D AS *ANGEABLE AS 9 HIS E>LI] A!ISM & REPUBLICANISM1 :I* 9 LAT] YE>S HE COMPLETELY DROPP$4 ,EV5 9 HIS ,FUNDAM5TAL ,\TL9ES ( ! ,PRES5T ,AGE HE WAS BY NO MEANS 5?USIA/IC OV] ! NATIONAL IDEA2 & TO ! QUE/ION1 0,:I* IS ! FA!RL& ( A TRULY DEVELOP$ ,*RI/IAN ,EUROPEAN80 HE F\ND ! ANSW]1 0,9 G5]AL IT IS ,EUROPE2 MORE ESPECIALLY1 IT IS 9 EV]Y AGE ?AT ,EUROPEAN /ATE /&+ AT ! PEAK ( CULTURE40 

,?US WROTE ,FI*TE /ILL 9 #a#h#e4 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#g1 HE BEGAN 9 ! HALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,ACADEMY ! ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION1 :I* >E REM>KABLE NOT ONLY AS A P[]FUL ORAL /ATEM5T ( HIS PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS1 BUT ALSO AS ! FIR/ REVELATION ( ! ,G]MAN PATRIOT 9 HIM4 ,HIS 9N] *ANGE WAS1 !RE=E1 EFFECT$ SOME:AT HA/ILY1 PROV+ ?AT 0! DEEP FEEL+ ( ! HOLY CAUSE ( ! NATION0 WAS NOT 9BORN4.<#a.> 

,FI*TE'S SPEE*ES W]E A BRAVE DE$1 = !Y W]E UTT]$1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 ! %AD[ ( ,FR5* BAYONETS1 & ! SPEAK] EXPOS$ HIMSELF TO ! DANG] ( BE+ SEIZ$ BY ,NAPOLEON'S H5*M54 ,?AT ! LATT] WAS NOT TO BE TRIFL$ )1 ! EXECUTION ( ! BOOK-DEAL]1 ,PALM1 PROV$ QUITE SUFFICI5TLY4 ,BUT O!RS HAVE %[N ! SAME1 & EV5 GREAT] C\RAGE2 & FREQU5TLY = AN 9COMP>ABLY MORE WOR?Y CAUSE4 ,= :AT IS ! CONT5T ( !SE SPEE*ES BUT A GLORIFICATION ( ! P[] ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE8 ,!IR K]NEL IS ! NATIONAL $UCATION ( Y\?2 ACCORD+ TO ,FI*TE ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT PRELIM9>Y MEASURE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! C\NTRY FROM ! YOKE ( ! =EIGN RUL]1 & ! CREATION ( A NEW G5]ATION FAMILI> ) ! SACR$ MISSION ( ! NATION4 ,H5CE ! $UCATION ( Y\? MU/ NOT BE 5TRU/$ TO ! *UR*1 = ! *UR*'S REALM IS NOT ( ?IS WORLD BUT IS COMP>ABLE TO A =EIGN /ATE1 & ITS RUL]S >E ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 MAN'S SALVATION AFT] DEA?4 

,FI*TE'S \TLOOK WAS MORE E>?LY2 HIS ,GOD WAS ( ?IS WORLD4 ,H5CE1 HE W\LD NOT GIVE Y\? UP TO ! PRIE/1 BUT RA!R TO ! /ATE1 AL?\< ! LATT] ONLY TRANSF]R$ ! *UR*'S WORK 9TO ! POLITICAL FIELD ) ! SAME 5D 9 VIEW3 MAN'S 5SLAVEM5T UND] ! YOKE ( A HI<] P[]4 ,IT IS FUTILE TO OBJECT ?AT ,FI*TE'S !ORY ( $UCATION OP5S MANY WIDE VI/AS1 ESPECIALLY :]E HE FOLL[S 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,PE/ALOZZI2 ALL ?AT IS BESIDE ! PO9T :5 WE OBS]VE HIS OBJECTIVE4 ,$UCATION IS *>ACT] DEVELOPM5T1 H>MONI\S COMPLETION ( HUMAN P]SONALITY4 ,BUT :AT ! /ATE ACCOMPLI%ES 9 ?IS FIELD IS DULL DRILL1 EXT9CTION ( NATURAL FEEL+1 N>R[+ ( ! SPIRITUAL FIELD ( VISION1 DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! DEEP] ELEM5TS ( *>ACT] 9 MAN4 ,! /ATE CAN TRA9 SUBJECTS1 OR AS ,FI*TE CALL$ !M1 CITIZ5S1 BUT IT CAN NEV] DEVELOP FREE M5 :O TAKE !IR AFFAIRS 9TO !IR [N H&S2 = 9DEP5D5T ?\<T IS ! GREATE/ DANG] ?AT IT HAS TO FE>4 

,FI*TE RAIS$ NATIONAL $UCATION TO A SY/EMATIC CULT4 ,HE WI%$ EV5 TO REMOVE *ILDR5 FROM ! HOME SO ?AT !IR NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE EXPOS$ TO NO C\NT] CURR5TS4 ,AL?\< CONV9C$ ?AT SU* A C\RSE W\LD MEET ) GREAT DIFFICULTIES1 HE CONSOL$ HIMSELF ) ! ?\<T ?AT :5 ONCE /ATESM5 W]E F\ND :O W]E 0!MSELVES DEEPLY CONV9C$ ( ! 9FALLIBILITY & ! ABSOLUTE TRU? ( ! PROPOSITIONS10 !N1 0( SU* IT WAS ALSO TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT !Y W\LD REALIZE ! /ATE AS ! HI<E/ ADM9I/RATOR ( ALL HUMAN AFFAIRS1 &1 AS ! GU>DIANS ( M9ORS1 RESPONSIBLE ONLY TO ,GOD & !IR CONSCI5CE1 !Y W\LD HAVE ! FULL RI<T TO CON/RA9 !IR *>GES = !IR [N GOOD4 ,= :]E DOES !RE N[ EXI/ A /ATE :I* D\BTS ?AT IT HAS ! RI<T TO =CE ITS SUBJECTS 9TO W> S]VICE & TO DEPRIVE P>5TS ( !IR *ILDR5 9 ORD] TO MAKE SOLDI]S ( !M1 :E!R ONE OR ! O!R OR BO? ( !M DESIRE IT OR NOT80 

,?IS LOOKS V]Y LIKE ! MAN :O 9 HIS !ORY ( LAW DEVELOP$ ! ?\<T ?AT 0\TSIDE ( ! /ATE !RE IS NO LAW10 & CO9$ !SE WORDS3 0,RI<T IS FRE$OM ACCORD+ TO A LAW40 ,( C\RSE1 ) ,FI*TE1 EV]Y?+ HAPP5S = ! GOOD ( MANK9D4 ,MAY ,FATE PRES]VE US FROM SU* A GOOD4 ,:I* 9VOLUNT>ILY RECALLS TO US ! WORDS ( ! ,PE/ALOZZI /UD5T1 ,HUNZIK]1 :O SPEAKS ( 0! /ATE-9/ITUT$ DRILL = ! PEOPLE'S HAPP9ESS40 

,! REMA9+ IDEAS EXPRESS$ BY ,FI*TE 9 HIS ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION CONTA9 NO TRACE ( TRUE LIB]AL SPIRIT1 ?\< MU* IS SAID AB\T FRE$OM4 ,FRE$OM1 H[EV]1 ONLY ACCORD+ TO ,FI*TE'S MEAN+1 & ?AT WAS ( A MO/ PECULI> SORT4 ,BUT ONE ?+ ?OSE ADDRESSES HAVE EFFECT$ & EFFECT /ILL TODAY3 !Y HAVE 9 A L>GE MEASURE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! 9CULCATION 9 ,G]MANY ( ?AT ATTITUDE ( SUP]IORITY :I* REB\NDS SO LITTLE TO ! CR$IT ( ! ,G]MAN NAME4 ,WE >E SPEAK+ H]E ( ! SUP]/ITI\S BELIEF 9 0! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! ,G]MANS0 :I* IS AGA9 TODAY FL\RI%+ LIKE A WE$ 9 GOOD SOIL4 ,S9CE ,LU!R1 ?IS CURI\S ILLUSION HAUNTS ALL ,G]MAN HI/ORY2 BUT ESPECIALLY IS IT M>K$ ) ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL4 .<#b.> ,IT EV5 F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! LIT]ATURE ( ,G]MAN SOCIALISM & WAS LOV+LY NURS$ BY ,LASSALLE4 ,H\/ON ,/EW>T1 ,*AMB]LA9 & HIS C\NTLESS SUCCESSORS1 :OSE MADNESS HAS DEFIL$ ,G]MAN SPIRITUAL LIFE1 BE=E ! ,WORLD ,W> W]E ! H]ALDS ( 0! ,G]MAN MISSION10 DET]M9$ TO MAKE ! WELL-KN[N WORDS ( ,EMMANUEL ,GEIBEL COME TRUE3 

,BY VIRTUE ( ! ,G]MAN RACE 

,! WORLD MAY YET ATTA9 TO GRACE4 

,FI*TE WAS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! ANCE/OR ( ! ,*AMB]LA9S1 ,WOLTMANNS1 ,HAUS]S1 ,ROS5B]GS1 ,GUN!RS1 & C\NTLESS O!RS1 :O TODAY CON/RUCT ! RACE !ORIES & PROCLAIM ! 0KISMET ( BLOOD06 ,ONE CANNOT1 H[ EV]1 PUT HIM 9TO ! SAME CLASS ) !M2 = HE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A MAN ( M5TAL /ATURE1 :I* CANNOT BE SAID ( HIS DULL SUCCESSORS4 

,FI*TE 9 HIS ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION SUPPORT$ ! BELIEF 9 0! WORLD HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! ,G]MANS0 ) P>TICUL> PASSION1 AFT] ! MANN] ( AN ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PROPHET4 ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY ! =M & ! L+UI/IC RHY?M ( HIS SPEE*ES :I* HAD SO GREAT AN 9FLU5CE ON ,G]MAN Y\?4 ,HE HAS DESIGNAT$ ! ,G]MAN NATION AS DE/9$ BY FATE TO BE ! 0MO!R & RECON/RUCTOR0 ( HUMANITY4 0,AMONG ALL ! NEW] NATIONS IT IS Y\ 9 :OM ! G]M ( HUMAN P]FECTION IS MO/ DEF9ITELY CONTA9$ & TO :OM PROGRESS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T !RE( IS 5TRU/$40 ,BUT ?IS BELIEF WAS NOT 5\< = HIM4 ,HE CONDEMN$ & EXCOMMUNICAT$ EV]Y?+ :I* DID NOT FIT 9TO HIS CONCEPT ( :AT CON/ITUTES 0,G]MANISM0- :I* WAS ONLY NATURAL 9 SU* AN OB/9ATELY AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE DID NOT FAIL TO PROCLAIM HIS [N !ORY AS ! SPECIAL1 9DE$1 AS ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,G]MANS & TO REJECT ! IDEAS ( HIS GREAT ANTAGONI/S1 ,KANT & ,HEGEL1 AS 0UN-,G]MAN0 - A ME?OD :I* HAS ALWAYS PROV$ EFFECTIVE 9 ,G]MANY AS ITS REC5T HI/ORY HAS AGA9 CLE>LY %[N4444 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME /ORY3 MAN CREATES HIS GOD AFT] HIS [N IMAGE4 ,FI*TE WAS NOT MI/AK5 :5 HE SAID1 0,:AT K9D ( PHILOSOPHY ONE *OOSES DEP5DS UPON :AT K9D ( MAN ONE IS40 ,BUT :5 HE MADE ! ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE HIS PURELY P]SONAL EVALUATIONS UPON ! :OLE NATION1 HE >RIV$ AT ! MON/R\S SOPHISM :OSE TRAGIC EFFECT HAS NOT EV5 TODAY BE5 OV]COME4 

,AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ,G]MANY1 ,HEGEL HAS AFFECT$ HIS CONTEMPOR>IES MO/ DEEPLY4 ,DUR+ HIS LA/ YE>S HE WAS 5?RON$ LIKE AN ABSOLUTE MON>* 9 ! REALM ( ! M9D2 H>DLY ANYONE D>$ TO OPPOSE HIM4 ,M5 :O HAD ALREADY A*IEV$ A NAME 9 ! MO/ V>I$ FIELDS & ?OSE = :OM A LEAD+ ROLE WAS RES]V$ 9 ! FUTURE1 SAT AT HIS FEET & H>K5$ TO HIS WORDS AS IF !Y CAME FROM AN ORACLE4 ,HIS ?\<T 9FLU5C$ NOT ONLY ! BE/ M9DS 9 ,G]MANY2 IT ALSO F\ND A DECID$ E*O 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,D5M>K & ,ITALY4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TODAY RI<TLY TO UND]/& ?AT MI<TY DIFFUSION ( IDEAS4 ,/ILL /RANG] DOES IT SEEM ?AT ,HEGEL'S 9FLU5CE C\LD EXT5D TO M5 ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL T5D5CIES4 ,BR$-9-!-BONE REACTION>IES1 & REVOLUTIONI/S HEAVY ) ! UNBORN FUTURE1 CONS]VATIVES & LIB]ALS1 ABSOLUTI/S & DEMOCRATS1 MON>*I/S & REPUBLICANS1 OPPON5TS & DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY - !Y ALL HUNG AS IF 5*ANT$ ON ! BREA/S ( HIS WISDOM4 

,= ! MO/ P>T ?IS A/ONI%+ 9FLU5CE IS NOT TRACEABLE TO ! CONT5T ( ! ,HEGELIAN DOCTR9E2 IT WAS ! PECULI> DIALECTIC =M ( HIS ?\<T ?AT CAPTIVAT$ !M4 ,HEGEL OPPOS$ ! /ATIC CONCEPTS ( HIS PR$ECESSORS ) ! IDEA ( AN ET]NAL BECOM+2 SO ?AT HE WAS LESS CONC]N$ TO COMPREH5D ?+S 9 !MSELVES ?AN TO TRACE !IR RELATION%IP TO O!R PH5OM5A4 ,HE 9T]PRET$ 9 HIS [N MANN] ! ,H]ACLITAN !SIS ( ! ET]NAL FLUX ( ?+S1 ASSUM+ AN 9N] CONNECTION ( PH5OM5A SU* ?AT EA* C>RIES )9 ITSELF ITS [N OPPOSITE1 :I* MU/ ( 9N] NECESSITY OP]ATE TO MAKE ROOM = A NEW PH5OM5ON 9 ITS K9D MORE P]FECT ?AN ! TWO =MS ( ! BECOM+4 ,HEGEL CALL$ !SE !SIS1 ANTI!SIS & SYN!SIS4 ,BUT S9CE1 ) HIM1 EA* SYN!SIS BECOMES AT ONCE ! !SIS ( A NEW S]IES1 !RE IS CREAT$ AN UNBROK5 *A9 ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL L9KS >E FIRMLY 9T]LOCK$ AFT] AN ET]NAL DIV9E PLAN4 

,BECAUSE ( ?IS CONCEPT1 ,HEGEL HAS BE5 PRAIS$ AS ! GREAT H]ALD ( ! EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT )\T JU/IFICATION2 = HIS PURELY SPECULATIVE CONCEPT HAS LITTLE 9 COMMON ) REAL EVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 ,! GREAT F\ND]S ( ! EVOLUTION !ORY COMB9$ ) !SE VIEWS ! IDEA ?AT ORGANIC =MS EXI/ NOT AS SEP>ATE UNITS EA* = ITSELF1 BUT HAVE RA!R DESC5D$ ONE FROM ANO!R 9 SU* MANN] ?AT ! HI<] =MS HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM ! L[]4 ,?IS PROCESS CON/ITUTES1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! :OLE CONT5T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ORGANIC WORLD & LEADS TO ! APPE>ANCE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! V>I\S SPECIES ON E>?1 :OSE SL[ OR RAPID ALT]ATION IS CAUS$ BY *ANGES 9 ! 5VIRONM5T & ! EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,BUT TO NO S]I\S RESE>*] HAS IT EV] OCCURR$ TO REPRES5T ! PROCESS ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL'S VIEW AS AN ET]NAL REPETITION ( ! SAME TRIP>TITE S*EME ) ! FIR/ =M ALWAYS BY IMPLACABLE NECESSITY *ANG+ 9TO ITS OPPOSITE 9 ORD] ?AT ! G5]AL PROCESS ( BECOM+ MAY TAKE ITS NATURAL C\RSE4 ,?IS SPECULATIVE ?\<T :I* KNEW H[ TO WORK ONLY ) !SIS & ANTI!SIS NOT ONLY HAS NO CONNECTION :ATSOEV] ) ! ACTUAL PH5OM5A ( LIFE2 IT /&S 9 MO/ VIOL5T CONTRADICTION TO ! REAL EVOLUTION>Y IDEA BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( ORGANIC BECOM+1 :I* NECESS>ILY EXCLUDES ANY POSSIBILITY ?AT ANY SPECIES MAY *ANGE 9TO ITS OPPOSITE4 ,IT MU/ BE REJECT$ AS ! IDLE SPECULATION ( AN ]RANT IMAG9ATION4 

,IT WAS ,HEGEL1 TOO1 :O 9TRODUC$ ?AT ?9K+ 9 CATEGORIES :I* HAS CAUS$ & IS /ILL CAUS+ SU* 5ORM\S CONFUSION 9 M5'S M9DS4 ,BY 5D[+ :OLE PEOPLES ) DEF9ITE QUALITIES & TRAITS ( *>ACT]1 A ?+ :I* AT BE/ CAN BE AFFIRM$ ONLY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & :I*1 G5]ALIZ$1 LEADS ONLY TO ! MO/ NONS5SICAL CONCLUSIONS1 HE CONJUR$ UP AN EVIL SPIRIT :I* CRIPPLES ?\<T & DIV]TS IT FROM ITS NATURAL C\RSE1 SMOO?+ ! WAY = \R MOD]N RACE !ORETICIANS & ! COLLECTIVE EVALUATIONS ( AN >ROGANT 0NATIONAL PSY*OLOGY40 ,:ATEV] ELSE ,HEGEL WROTE IS N[ LONG =GOTT51 BUT HIS ME?OD ( COLLECTIVE CONCEPT =MATION /ILL HAUNTS ! M9DS ( M5 & LEADS !M ONLY TOO FREQU5TLY 9TO ! MO/ D>+ ASS]TIONS & ! MO/ MON/R\S CONCLUSIONS1 :OSE SCOPE MO/ ( !M H>DLY SUSPECT4 .<#c.> 

,HEGEL 5D[$ EV]Y PEOPLE :I* HAS PLAY$ A HI/ORICAL P>T 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS ) A SPECIAL SPIRIT :OSE TASK IT WAS TO EXECUTE ,GOD'S PLAN4 ,BUT EV]Y FOLK SPIRIT IS ITSELF ONLY 0AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! C\RSE ( WORLD HI/ORY10 :OSE HI<] PURPOSE IT HAS TO FULFILL4 ,= MAN1 H[EV]1 !RE REMA9S LITTLE ROOM 9 ! SPIRITUAL WORLD4 ,HE EXI/S ONLY 9 SO F> AS HE S]VES AS A MEANS ( EXPRESSION = SOME COLLECTIVE SPIRIT4 ,HIS ROLE IS !RE=E CLE>LY PRESCRIB$ = HIM3 0,! RELATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO IT .<! NATIONAL SPIRIT.> IS ?AT HE %ALL APPROPRIATE ?IS SUB/ANTIAL BE+1 ?AT IT %ALL BECOME HIS M9D & >T1 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY BECOME SOME?+ WOR? :ILE4 ,= HE F9DS 9 ! NATION'S EXI/5CE A WORLD ALREADY F9I%$ & FIRM 9TO :I* HE HAS TO 9CORPORATE HIMSELF ,9 ?IS1 ITS WORK1 ! SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE F9DS ITS WORLD & IS CONT5T40 

,S9CE ,HEGEL WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT 9 EV]Y NATION :I* ! 0WORLD SPIRIT0 HAS CREAT$ AS A TOOL = ! EXECUTION ( HIS MY/]I\S PLANS !RE DWELLS A SEP>ATE SPIRIT :I* M]ELY PREP>ES IT = ITS 9T5D$ TASK1 IT FOLL[S ?AT EV]Y NATION IS 5TRU/$ ) A SPECIAL 0HI/ORIC MISSION0 :]EBY EV]Y =M ( ITS HI/ORIC ACTIVITY IS DET]M9$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,?IS MISSION IS ITS FATE1 ITS DE/9Y1 RES]V$ = IT ALONE & = NO O!R PEOPLE1 & IT CANNOT *ANGE ITS MISSION BY ITS [N P[]S4 

,FI*TE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! 0HI/ORIC MISSION ( ! ,G]MANS0 :I* HE PREA*$ BY !IR SPECIAL TYPE ( HI/ORY4 ,9 DO+ SO HE V5TUR$ ! MO/ EXTREME ASS]TIONS1 :I* TIME HAS LONG DISCR$IT$4 ,BUT AT LEA/ HE TRI$ TO JU/IFY ?IS ALLEG$ MISSION ON REASONABLE GR\NDS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 H[EV]1 ! MISSION ( A PEOPLE IS NOT A RESULT ( ITS HI/ORY2 ! MISSION :I* IS 5TRU/$ TO IT BY ! WORLD SPIRIT CON/ITUTES1 RA!R1 T HE CONT5T ( ITS HI/ORY1 & ALL ?IS HAPP5S ?AT ! SPIRIT MAY AT LA/ ATTA9 0TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ITSELF40 

,SO ,HEGEL BECAME ! MOD]N CREATOR ( ?AT BL9D !ORY ( DE/9Y :OSE SUPPORT]S SEE 9 EV]Y HI/ORIC EV5T A 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY10 SEE 9 EV]Y 5D M5 HAVE CONCEIV$ A HI/ORICAL MISSION40 ,HEGEL IS /ILL ALIVE 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV5 TODAY WE SPEAK QUITE S]I\SLY ( ! HI/ORIC MISSION ( A RACE1 ( A NATION1 ( A CLASS4 ,MO/ ( US DO NOT EV5 SUSPECT ?AT ?IS FATALI/IC CONCEPT SO CRIPPL+ TO MAN'S ACTIVITY HAD ITS ROOT 9 ,HEGEL'S ME?OD ( ?\<T4 

,& YET !RE IS EXPRESS$ H]E ONLY A BL9D BELIEF :I* HAS NO1 RELATION%IP :ATSOEV] TO ! REALITIES ( LIFE & :OSE IMPLICATIONS >E QUITE )\T PRO(4 ,ALL ?IS TALK AB\T ! 0COMPULSORY C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS0 & 0! HI/ORICALLY CONDITION$ NECESSITIES0 ( SOCIAL LIFE-EMPTY =MULAS REPEAT$ AD NAUSEAM BY ! ADVOCATES ( ,M>XISM-:AT IS IT BUT A NEW BELIEF 9 ,FATE SPRUNG FROM ,HEGEL'S SPECTRAL WORLD1 EXCEPT ?AT 9 ?IS CASE 0CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION0 HAS ASSUM$ ! ROLE ( ! 0ABSOLUTE SPIRIT08 ,& YET EV]Y H\R ( LIFE PROVES ?AT !SE 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITIES0 HAVE P]SI/5CE ONLY AS LONG AS M5 >E WILL+2 TO ACCEPT !M )\T OPPOSITION4 ,9 FACT !RE >E 9 HI/ORY NO COMPULSORY CAUSES1 BUT ONLY CONDITIONS :I* M5 5DURE & :I* DISAPPE> AS SOON AS M5 LE>N TO P]CEIVE !IR CAUSES & REBEL AGA9/ !M4 

,HEGEL'S FAM\S DICTUM1 0,:AT IS REASONABLE IS REAL1 & :AT IS REAL IS REASONABLE0-WORDS :I* NO DIALECTIC CLEV]NESS CAN ROB ( !IR REAL MEAN+-HAVE BECOME ! LEITMOTIF ( ALL REACTION1 JU/ BECAUSE !Y RAISE ACCEPTANCE ( GIV5 CONDITIONS TO A PR9CIPLE & TRY TO JU/IFY EV]Y VILLA9Y1 EV]Y 9HUMAN CONDITION1 BY ! 9ALT]ABILITY ( ! 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y40 ,! LEAD]S ( ,G]MAN SOCIALISM >E M]ELY IMITAT+ ! SOPHI/RY ( ,HEGEL :]E !Y UND]TAKE1 AS !Y HAVE ?US F> DONE1 TO DISCOV] 9 EV]Y SOCIAL EVIL A CONSEQU5CE ( ! CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC ORD] :I*1 WILLY-NILLY1 ONE MU/ 5DURE UNTIL ! TIME IS RIPE = ITS *ANGE OR - ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL - UNTIL !SIS *ANGES TO ANTI!SIS4 ,ON :AT ELSE DOES ?IS NOTION RE/ BUT ,HEGELIAN FATALISM TRANSLAT$ 9TO ECONOMIC T]MS8 ,WE ACCEPT CONDITIONS & DO NOT KN[ ?AT WE >E KILL+ ! SPIRIT ?AT RESI/S EXI/+ WRONGS4 

,KANT HAD SET UP UNQUALIFI$ SUBMISSION ( ! SUBJECT TO ! P[] ( ! /ATE AS A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL MORALITY4 ,FI*TE D]IV$ ALL RI<T FROM ! /ATE & WANT$ TO 9CULCATE ! VIEW 9 ALL Y\? SO ?AT ! ,G]MANS MI<T AT LA/ BECOME 0,G]MANS 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 NAMELY1 CITIZ5S ( ! /ATE40 ,BUT ,HEGEL WOR%IP$ ! /ATE AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AS 0! REALITY ( ! MORAL IDEA10 AS 0,GOD ON E>?40 ,NO ONE MADE SU* A CULT \T ( ! /ATE1 NO ONE PLANT$ ! IDEA ( VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE SO DEEPLY 9 ! M9DS ( M51 AS HE4 ,HE RAIS$ ! /ATE IDEA TO A RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE & PUT ON A P> ) ! REVELATIONS ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T ?OSE IDEAS ( RI<T =MULAT$ BY ! /ATE4 0,= IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT :AT IS DECL>$ MORAL & RI<T BY ! /ATE IS ALSO DIV9E & COMM&$ BY ,GOD1 & ?AT JUDG$ BY ITS CONT5T !RE IS NO?+ HI<] OR HOLI]40 

,HEGEL MORE ?AN ONCE 9SI/$ ?AT HE [$ HIS CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE TO ! ANCI5TS1 MORE ESPECIALLY TO ,PLATO4 ,:AT HE REALLY LOOK$ BACK TO WAS ! OLD ,PRUSSIAN /ATE1 ?AT MIS-BIR? :I* S\<T TO COMP5SATE = LACK ( 9TELLIG5CE BY B>RACK DRILL & BUREAUCRATIC /UPIDITY4 ,RUDOLF ,HAYM WAS QUITE RI<T :5 HE REM>K$ ) BIT+ S>CASM ?AT FROM ,HEGEL 0! LOVELY IMAGE ( ! ANCI5T /ATE RECEIV$ A COAT ( BLACK & :ITE PA9T40 ,9 FACT1 ,HEGEL WAS M]ELY ! /ATE PHILOSOPH] ( ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T & NEV] FAIL$ TO JU/IFY ITS WOR/ MISDE$S4 ,! 9TRODUCTION TO HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW IS A GRIM DEF5SE ( ! MIS]ABLE ,PRUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 AN EXCOMMUNICAT+ CURSE AGA9/ ALL :O D>$ TO %AKE ! TRADITIONAL4 ,) A SEV]ITY ?AT AM\NT$ TO A PUBLIC D5UNCIATION HE TURN$ AGA9/ ,PR(ESSOR ,J4 ,F4 ,FRIES 7V]Y POPUL> AMONG Y\? ON ACC\NT ( HIS LIB]AL IDEAS71 BECAUSE 9 HIS ESSAY1 ,! ,G]MAN ,LEAGUE & ! ,G]MAN ,/ATE ,CON/ITUTION1 HE HAD D>$ TO MA9TA9 ?AT 9 A GOOD COMMUNITY 0LIFE COMES FROM BEL[0 - AS ,HEGEL SCORNFULLY PUT IT1 FROM ! 0SO-CALL$ 'PEOPLE40' ,SU* A CONCEPT WAS1 ( C\RSE1 HI< TREASON 9 HIS EYE1 HI< TREASON AGA9/ ! 0IDEA ( ! ,/ATE10 :I* ALONE 5D[S PEOPLE ) LIFE & = ?AT REASON IS ABOVE ALL CRITICISM4 ,S9CE ! /ATE EMBODIES 9 ITSELF ! 0E?ICAL :OLE0 IT IS ! 0E?ICAL ITSELF40 ,:5 ,HAYM CALL$ ?IS 9VECTIVE ( ,HEGEL 0A SCI5TIFIC JU/IFICATION ( ! ,C>LSBAD POLICE SY/EM & ! P]SECUTION ( ! DEMAGOGUES0 HE SAID NOT A WORD-TOO MU*4 .<#e.> 

,! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE HAD AN ESPECIAL ATTRACTION = ,HEGEL BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT HE F\ND EXEMPLIFI$ 9 IT ALL ! NECESS>Y ASSUMPTIONS = ! *>ACT] ( ! /ATE 9 G5]AL4 ,LIKE DE ,MAI/RE & ,BONALD1 ! GREAT PROPHETS ( REACTION 9 ,FRANCE1 ,HEGEL C\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL AU?ORITY HAS ITS ROOTS 9 RELIGION4 ,H5CE1 IT WAS ! GREAT AIM ( HIS LIFE TO M]GE ! /ATE ) RELIGION MO/ 9TIMATELY 9TO A GREAT UNIT :OSE SEP>ATE P>TS W]E ORGANICALLY 9T]GR[N ) ONE ANO!R4 ,CA?OLICISM SEEM$ TO HIM LITTLE SUIT$ = ?IS PURPOSE - SIGNIFICANTLY1 = ! REASON ?AT IT LEFT TOO MU* SCOPE = MAN'S CONSCI5CE4 

,9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY HE SAYS3 0,9 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 H[EV]1 ! CONSCI5CE CAN V]Y WELL BE OPPOS$ TO ! LAWS ( ! /ATE4 ,! MURD] ( K+S1 CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ! /ATE1 & ! LIKE HAVE (T5 BE5 9/IGAT$ & EXECUT$ BY ! PRIE/S40 

,?IS IS ! ,SIMON-PURE ,HEGEL1 & ONE CAN UND]/& :Y HIS BIOGRAPH]1 ,ROS5KRANZ1 9SI/S ?AT IT WAS HIS AMBITION TO BECOME ! ,MA*IAVELLI ( ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY DANG]\S = A /ATE :5 ITS CITIZ5S HAVE A CONSCI5CE2 :AT IT NE$S IS M5 )\T CONSCI5CE1 OR1 BETT] /ILL1 M5 :OSE CONSCI5CE IS QUITE 9 CON=MITY ) REASONS ( S /ATE1 M5 9 :OM ! FEEL+ ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ! AUTOMATIC IMPULSE TO ACT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! /ATE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 ONLY ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS FITT$ TO ?IS TASK1 BECAUSE ! ,PROTE/ANT *UR* HAS 0ACCOMPLI%$ ! RECONCILIATION ( RELIGION ) LAW4 ,!RE IS NO SACR$1 NO RELIGI\S CONSCI5CE SEP>ATE FROM SECUL> LAW-OR EV5 ANTAGONI/IC TO IT40 ,UPON ?IS ROAD ! GOAL WAS CLE>3 FROM ! RECONCILIATION ( RELIGION ) SECUL> LAW TO ! DEIFICATION ( ! /ATE4 ,& ,HEGEL TOOK ?IS /EP ) FULL CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS LOGICAL CORRECTNESS3 0,IT IS ! WAY ( ,GOD ) ! WORLD ?AT ! /ATE %ALL EXI/4 ,ITS F\NDATION IS ! P[] ( REASON MANIFE/+ ITSELF AS WILL4 ,9 ! IDEA ( ! /ATE ONE MU/ NOT HAVE SPECIAL /ATES 9 M9D1 NOT SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT RA!R ! ,IDEA1 ?IS ACTUAL ,GOD1 CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF40 

,= ALL ?AT1 ?IS HI< PRIE/ ( AU?ORITY AT ANY PRICE WAS ABLE 9 ! LA/ SECTION ( HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY TO WRITE !SE WORDS3 0,= HI/ORY IS NO?+ BUT ! EVOLUTION ( ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM40 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ONLY ! ,HEGELIAN FRE$OM ( :I* HE SPOKE1 & IT LOOK$ EXACTLY LIKE ! FAM\S RECONCILIATION ( RELIGION ) LAW4 ,= ! PEACE ( WEAK S\LS HE SOON AFT] ADD$ !SE WORDS4 0,OBJECTIVE FRE$OM1 H[EV]1 ?AT IS1 ! LAWS ( REAL FRE$OM1 DEM& ! SUBJUGATION ( ! CASUAL WILL1 = ?IS IS 9 G5]AL =MAL4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IF ! OBJECTIVE IS REASONABLE 9 ITSELF1 !N ! P]CEPTION ( ?IS REASON MU/ CORRESPOND1 & !N ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( SUBJECTIVE FRE$OM IS ALSO PRES5T40 

,! MEAN+ ( ?IS PASSAGE IS SUFFICI5TLY OBSCURE1 AS IS EV]Y?+ ?AT ,HEGEL WROTE1 BUT IT DESCRIBES 9 REALITY NO?+ BUT ! ABROGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL 9 ! NAME ( FRE$OM4 ,! FRE$OM ?AT ,HEGEL MEANT WAS1 ANYH[1 ONLY A POLICE CONCEPT4 ,ONE IS 9VOLUNT>ILY REM9D$ ( ! WORDS ( ,ROBESPI]RE3 0,A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T IS A DESPOTISM  ( FRE$OM OV] TYRANNY40 ,! LAWY] ( ,>RAS1 :O W5T TO B$ ) 0,REASON0 & GOT UP ) 0,VIRTUE10 W\LD HAVE MADE AN EXCELL5T DISCIPLE = ,HEGEL4 

,ONE IS FREQU5TLY REM9D$ ( ! SOCIAL-CRITICAL *>ACT] ( ! NEO-,HEGELIANS 70,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS07 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT SU* A TR5D ( ?\<T C\LD ONLY PROCE$ FROM A REVOLUTION>Y S\RCE4 ,BUT ) MU* MORE REASON ONE C\LD PO9T TO ! FACT ?AT A :OLE LEGION ( ! MO/ H>D-BOIL$1 BR$-9-!-BONE REACTION>IES HAVE EMANAT$ FROM ,HEGEL'S S*OOL4 ,NOR MU/ WE =GET ?AT IT WAS JU/ ?IS NEO-,HEGELIANISM ?AT C>RI$ A :OLE BODY ( REACTION>Y NOTIONS OV] 9TO ! OPPOSITE CAMP1 :]E 9 P>T EV5 TODAY !Y /ILL FL\RI%4 

,HEGEL'S PLAY ) EMPTY WORDS1 :OSE LACK ( CONT5T HE KNEW H[ TO HIDE BY A SYMBOLOGY AS PRET5TI\S AS IT WAS 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 HAS = DECADES >TIFICIALLY 9HIBIT$ 9 ,G]MANY ! 9N] URGE = REAL KN[L$GE4 ,IT HAS S$UC$ MANY AN ABLE M9D 9TO PURSU+ ! %AD[ =MS ( IDLE SPECULATION 9/EAD ( APPROA*+ LIFE'S REALITIES & DEVOT+ HE>T & M9D TO A NEW ORGANIZATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,A MAN :O SPECULATES1 ,I SAY TO !E1 

,QUITE LIKE A BEA/ ON B>R5 HEA?S APPE>S TO ME 

,BY WICK$ SPRITE 9 CIRCLES L$ >\ND 

,:ILE ALL AB\T IS BEAUTIFUL RI* GR\ND4 

,GOE! MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 ?9K+ ( ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE PHILOSOPH] :5 HE WROTE !SE SPRI<TLY L9ES1 = AS A MATT] ( FACT ,HEGEL WAS ALL HIS LIFE L$ 9 CIRCLES BY ! SPIRITS HE HAD HIMSELF CONJUR$ UP4 ,?\S&S FOLL[$ HIM AS ! BE>] ( ! TOR* ( TRU?1 NEV] SUSPECT+ ?AT IT WAS BUT A WILL-O'-!-WISP ?AT FLICK]$ OV] SWAMPS & LUR$ !M EV] DEEP] 9TO ! MI/Y REALM ( A B>R5 METAPHYSIC4 

,HEGELIANISM 9 ! =M ( ,M>XISM ACT$ ON ! GREAT MOVEM5T ( SOCIALISM LIKE MILDEW ON A G]M9AT+ SE$4 ,IT SCORN$ ! HOT1 LIV+ WORDS ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 0,REMEMB]1 MY SON1 ONE MU/ BE 5?USIA/IC 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% GREAT ?+S02 & TAU<T M5 TO CURB !IR LONG+S S & TO LI/5 TO ! REGULAT$ TICK+ ( ! CLOCK :I* EXPRESSES ?AT SIL5T REIGN ( UN*ANGEABLE LAW1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL COM+ & GO+ 9 HI/ORY PROCE$S4 ,FATALISM IS ! GRAVE-DIGG] ( EV]Y BURN+ DESIRE1 ( EV]Y IDEAL YE>N+1 ( ALL OV]FL[+ P[] SEEK+ EXPRESSION & /RIV+ TO TRANSMUTE ITSELF 9TO CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,= IT KILLS ?AT 9N] FAI? & CONFID5CE 9 ! JU/ICE ( A CAUSE :I* IS AT ! SAME TIME FAI? 9 ONE'S [N P[]4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS BOA/S3 0,WE ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S >E PR\D ?AT WE DESC5D NOT ONLY FROM ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 & ,[51 BUT ALSO FROM ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 & ,HEGEL40 ,IT WAS L>GELY ?IS DESC5T :I* GAVE SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY SU* A HOPELESSLY AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]4 ,IT SURELY W\LD HAVE PR(IT$ ,G]MAN SOCIALISM MORE IF IT HAD TAK5 ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ,LESS+1 ,H]D] & ,JEAN ,PAUL1 9/EAD ( GO+ TO S*OOL TO ,KANT1 ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL4 

,TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS TO COMPEL SOCIAL *ANGES BY ! ASS]TION ( ONE'S [N P[]4 ,IT IS FATALISM TO ACCEPT CONDITIONS BECAUSE ONE BELIEVES ONE CANNOT *ANGE !M4 ,ONLY A FATALI/ 9 ! WOR/ S5SE C\LD HAVE SAID3 

0,:AT IS REASONABLE1 ?AT IS REAL2 & :AT IS REAL1 ?AT IS REASONABLE40 ,ACCEPTANCE ( ! WORLD AS IT IS1 IS ! 9TELLECTUAL PRELIM9>Y TO ALL REACTION4 ,= REACTION IS NO?+ ELSE BUT /&+ /ILL ON PR9CIPLE4 ,HEGEL WAS A REACTION>Y FROM HEAD TO HEELS4 ,ALL LIB]T>IAN FEEL+ WAS =EIGN TO HIM2 IT DID NOT FIT 9TO ! N>R[ FRAME ( HIS FATALI/IC CONCEPTS4 ,HE WAS ! /]N1 IMPLACABLE ADVOCATE ( A SPIRITLESS AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE1 WORSE EV5 ?AN ,BONALD & DE ,MAI/RE2 = !SE ONLY SAW 9 ! P]SON ( ! MON>* ! LIV+ 9C>NATION ( ALL P[]1 :ILE ,HEGEL MADE ( A POLITICAL MA*9E1 ?AT CRU%ES MAN ) ITS M]CILESS LEV]S & GE>S & N\RI%ES ITSELF ON HIS SWEAT & BLOOD1 A VESSEL ( ALL MORALITY1 A 0,GOD ON E>?40 ,?IS IS HIS WORK 9 ! LI<T ( HI/ORY4 

.<#a.> ,9 HIS GREAT WORK1 ,D] ,A!ISMUS UND SE9E ,GES*I*TE IM ,AB5DL&E 7,I,V3 #g#c71 ,FRITZ ,MAU?N] GIVES A V]Y 9T]E/+ DESCRIPTION ( ,FI*TE1 9 :I* HE REM>KS3 0,:5 HE .<,FI*TE.> WAS ACCUS$ ( A!ISM 9 ,M>*1 #a#g#i#i1 HE S5T TO ! ,WEIM> GOV]NM5T A ?REAT5+ LETT] /AT+ ?AT 9 CASE ( PUBLIC REPRIM& HE W\LD LEAVE ,J5A & ) SEV]AL LIKE-M9D$ PR(ESSORS SEEK ANO!R SPH]E ( ACTIVITY ALREADY ASSUR$ HIM4 ,& HE WAS NOT M]ELY BOA/+4 ,9 ,MA9Z1 ,=/]1 ) ! O!R CLUBM51 W]E 5?USIA/IC = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T WAS AB\T TO RESUSCITATE ! OLD UNIV]SITY4 ,FI*TE WAS TO COLLABORATE 9 A PROM95T POSITION-P]HAPS ! 9/IGATION CAME FROM ,G5]AL ,BONAP>TE40 

,( ,FI*TE'S ATTITUDE AT ! TIME HIS LETT] ( ,MAY #b#b1 #a#g#i#i1 TO ,PR(ESSOR ,RE9HOLD IS ALSO SIGNIFICANT4 ,ONE READS1 0,TO SUM UP3 ,NO?+ IS SUR] ?AN ?AT UNLESS ! ,FR5* A*IEVE AN 5ORM\S SUPREMACY1 & EFFECT 9 ,G]MANY1 OR AT LEA/ 9 A L>GE P>T ( IT1 A *ANGE ( CONDITIONS1 9 A FEW YE>S1 NO MAN ( :OM IT IS KN[N ?AT EV] 9 HIS LIFE HE 5T]TA9$ A LIB]AL ?\<T WILL F9D AN ABID+ PLACE !RE40 

,) :AT CLE> VISION ,FI*TE SAW AT ! TIME EV5TS FOLL[+ ! SO-CALL$ 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 %[$ CLE>LY 5\<2 ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 ! ,C>LSBAD ,RESOLUTIONS1 ! P]SECUTION ( ! DEMAGOGUES-9 %ORT1 ! ,METT]NI* SY/EM-OP5 REACTION ON ! M>*1 & ALONG ! :OLE L9E ! BRUTAL P]SECUTION ( ALL :O ONCE HAD >\S$ ! PEOPLE 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,IF A FATAL DISEASE HAD NOT REMOV$ ,FI*TE 9 GOOD TIME ! P[]S ?AT W]E W\LD SURELY NOT HAVE BE5 SATISFI$ TO PROHIBIT HIS ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION1 AS WAS ACTUALLY DONE4 ,HE W\LD SURELY NOT HAVE BE5 TREAT$ MORE G5TLY !N W]E ,>NDT1 ,JAHN1 & SO MANY O!RS :OSE PATRIOTIC ACTIVITY PREP>$ & RELEAS$ ! 0W>S ( LIB]ATION40 

.<#b.> ,H]D] REF]S TO ?IS CRAZE1 :I* HAS AT L5G? GR[N 9TO A M5TAL DEFECT1 :5 HE MAKES ! ECC5TRIC ,REALIS ( ,VI5NA SAY3 

0,G]MANY'S ADVANTAGE CONSI/S ( !SE F\R P>TS3 ?AT 9 ! LONG NI<T ( DEEP IGNORANCE %E PRODUC$ ! FIR/1 ! MO/1 & ! HI<E/ 9V5TORS1 & 9 N9E HUNDR$ YE>S DEVELOP$ MORE ?\<T ?AN ALL ! O!R F\R DOM9ANT PEOPLES TAK5 TOGE!R1 9 F\R ?\S&4 ,ONE CAN1 !RE=E1 SAY TRU?FULLY ?AT ,GOD DESIR$ TO MAKE ! WORLD WISE ?R\< TWO NATIONS3 BE=E ,*RI/ ?R\< ! ,GREEKS1 AFT] ,*RI/ ?R\< ! ,G]MANS4 ,! ,GREEK WISDOM CAN BE CALL$ ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T ( REASON2 ! ,G]MAN1 ! ,NEW40 7,H]D]1 ,BRIEFE ZUR ,BE=D]UNG D] ,HUMANITAT #dTE ,SAMMLUNG1 #a#g#i#d47 

.<#c.> ,9 HIS EXCELL5T LITTLE WORK1 ,RASSE UND ,POLITIK1 ,JULIUS ,GOLD/E9 CLEV]LY REM>KS3 0,! EMPTY S*EME ( HIS .<,HEGEL'S.> ?\<T CONT9UES AMONG ! M5 /RANGE TO SAY MO/LY =EIGN]S1 :O ?9K TO HAVE F\ND 9 RACE ! KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORICAL WORLD4 ,GOB9EAU1 ,LAP\GE1 ,*AMB]LA91 ,WOLTMANN /& UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( A ,HEGELIANISM ) NATURALI/IC FEATURES4 ,IT IS ,HEGELIANISM :51 9/EAD ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SPIRIT1 ! RACE SPIRIT IS CALL$ UPON = AN EXPLANATION ( SPIRITUAL CREATION4 ,IT IS ,HEGELIANISM :5 ALL CONT+5CY IS BANI%$ FROM HI/ORY & ! DE/9Y ( NATIONS IS CON/RUCT$ FROM PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS AS TO :AT A RACE MAY OR MAY NOT ACCOMPLI%4 ,IT IS ,HEGELIANISM :5 ,G]MANISM & ,SEMITISM >E OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R ) LOGICAL EXCLUSIV5ESS & ALL PR(\ND] RELATION%IPS ( LIFE BETWE5 !M >E D5I$ BY A H>D RATIONALI/IC =MULA1 ,IT IS F9ALLY1 ,HEGELIANISM :5 ! PA/ & PRES5T C\RSE ( HI/ORY IS EXPLA9$ FROM ! ONE EXCLUSIVE DECID+ FACTOR ( RACE )\T REG>D TO ! GREAT V>IETY ( ! =CES OP]ATIVE 9 ! V>I\S EPO*S40 

.<#d.> ,HEGEL1 ,LECTURES ON ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY4 

.<#e.> ,RUDOLF ,HAYM1 ,HEGEL UND SE9E ,ZEIT4 ,B]L91 #a#h#e#g4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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