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,LIB]ALISM & ,DEMOCRACY 

#aicgaicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,LIB]ALISM & ,DEMOCRACY 

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,!,R,E IS AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LIB]ALISM & DEMOCRACY1 BAS$ ON TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 WE HAVE /AT$ 9 ADVANCE ?AT WE HAVE 9 VIEW H]E SOLELY ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL TR5DS ( LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC ?\<T1 NOT ! 5DEAVORS ( ! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC P>TIES1 :I* FREQU5TLY BE> A RELATION%IP TO !IR ORIG9AL IDEALS SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* ! PRACTICAL POLITICAL EF=TS ( ! SOCIALI/IC LABOR P>TIES BE> TO SOCIALISM4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 ONE MU/ H]E BEW>E ( ?R[+ LIB]ALISM 9TO ! SAME POT ) ! SO-CALL$ 0,MAN*E/] DOCTR9ES10 AS IS FREQU5TLY DONE4 

,! ANCI5T WISDOM ( ,PROTAGORAS1 ?AT MAN IS ! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S1 HAS WEI<T = LIB]ALISM1 ALSO4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS DOCTR9E IT JUDGES ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ACCORD+ AS IT FUR!RS ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR IS A H9DRANCE TO HIS P]SONAL FRE$OM & ,9DEP5D5CE4 ,ITS CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIETY >E ?OSE ( AN ORGANIC PROCESS RESULT+ FROM MAN'S NATURAL NECESSITIES & LEAD+ TO FREE ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* EXI/ AS LONG AS !Y FULFILL !IR PURPOSE1 & DISSOLVE AGA9 :5 ?IS PURPOSE HAS BECOME MEAN+LESS4 ,! LESS ?IS NATURAL C\RSE ( ?+S IS AFFECT$ BY =CEFUL 9T]F]5CE & ME*ANICAL REGULATION FROM \TSIDE1 ! FRE] & MORE FRICTIONLESS WILL BE ALL SOCIAL PROC$URE & ! MORE FULLY CAN MAN 5JOY ! HAPP9ESS ( HIS P]SONAL FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE4 

,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW LIB]ALISM JUDG$ ALSO ! /ATE & ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,ITS ADVOCATES BELIEV$1 H[EV]1 ?AT GOV]NM5T 9 C]TA9 MATT]S CANNOT BE 5TIRELY DISP5S$ )4 ,YET !Y SAW CLE>LY ?AT EV]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T M5ACES MAN'S FRE$OM1 H5CE !Y ALWAYS 5DEAVOR$ TO GU>D ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ! 5CROA*M5TS ( GOV]NM5TAL P[] & /ROVE TO CONF9E ?IS TO ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE FIELD ( ACTIVITY4 ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S ALWAYS MEANT MORE TO !M ?AN ! GOV]NM5T ( M52 H5CE1 ! /ATE1 = !M1 HAD A RI<T TO EXI/ ONLY AS LONG AS ITS FUNCTION>IES /ROVE M]ELY TO PROTECT ! P]SONAL SAFETY ( ITS CITIZ5S AGA9/ =CIBLE ATTACKS4 ,! /ATE CON/ITUTION ( LIB]ALISM WAS1 !RE=E1 PR$OM9ANTLY ( A NEGATIVE NATURE2 ! FOCAL PO9T ( ALL ! SOCIALPOLITICAL ?\<T ( ITS ADVOCATES WAS ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE DEGREE ( FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO LIB]ALISM1 ! />T+ PO9T ( DEMOCRACY WAS A COLLECTIVE CONCEPT! PEOPLE1 ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT AL?\< ?IS AB/RACT CONCEPT ON :I* ! DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IS F\ND$ C\LD ONLY LEAD TO RESULTS DISA/R\S TO ! 9DEP5D5CE ( HUMAN P]SONALITY1 IT WAS SURR\ND$ BY ! AUREOLE ( A FICTITI\S CONCEPT ( FRE$OM1 :OSE WOR? OR UNWOR? WAS YET TO BE PROV$4 ,R\SSEAU1 ! REAL PROPHET ( ! MOD]N DEMOCRATIC /ATEIDEA1 9 HIS ,CONTRAT SOCIAL1 HAD OPPOS$ 0! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! K+0 ) 0! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE40 ,?US ! DOM9ANCE ( ! PEOPLE WAS = HIM ! WAT*WORD ( FRE$OM AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,?IS ALONE NECESS>ILY GAVE ! DEMOCRATIC IDEA A GREAT PRE/IGE2 = NO P[] IS /RONG] ?AN ?AT :I* PRET5DS TO BE F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM4 

,R\SSEAU PROCE$$ 9 HIS SOCIALPHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS FROM ! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 :I* HE HAD TAK5 OV] FROM ! ADVOCATES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL&2 & IT WAS ?IS DOCTR9E :I* GAVE HIS WORK ! P[] TO 9FLICT SU* T]RIBLE W\NDS ON ROYAL ABSOLUTISM 9 ,FRANCE4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! REASON :Y !RE CAME TO BE CURR5T SO MANY CONTRADICTORY OP9IONS CONC]N+ ,R\SSEAU & HIS TEA*+S4 ,EV]YONE KN[S TO :AT A DEGREE HIS IDEAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD SY/EM & H[ /RONGLY ! M5 ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION W]E 9FLU5C$ BY HIS DOCTR9ES4 ,BUT JU/ BECAUSE ( ?AT IT IS ALL TOO FREQU5TLY OV]LOOK$ ?AT ,R\SSEAU WAS AT ! SAME TIME ! APO/LE ( A NEW POLITICAL RELIGION1 :OSE CONSEQU5CES HAD JU/ AS DISA/R\S EFFECTS ON ! FRE$OM ( M5 AS HAD =M]LY ! BELIEF 9 ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S4 ,9 FACT1 ,R\SSEAU WAS ONE ( ! 9V5TORS ( ?AT NEW AB/RACT /ATE IDEA >IS+ 9 ,EUROPE AFT] ! FETI% WOR%IP ( ! /ATE :I* F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! P]SONAL & ABSOLUTE MON>* HAD REA*$ ITS 5D4 

,NOT UNJU/LY ,BAKUN9 CALL$ ,R\SSEAU 0! TRUE CREATOR ( MOD]N REACTION40 ,= WAS HE NOT ONE ( ! SPIRITUAL FA!RS ( ?AT MON/R\S IDEA ( AN ALLRUL+1 ALL9CLUSIVE1 POLITICAL PROVID5CE :I* NEV] LOSES SI<T ( MAN & M]CILESSLY /AMPS UPON HIM ! M>K ( ITS SUP]IOR WILL8 ,R\SSEAU & ,HEGEL >E -- EA* 9 HIS [N WAY -- ! TWO GATEKEEP]S ( MOD]N /ATE REACTION1 :I* IS TODAY1 9 FASCISM1 PREP>+ TO CLIMB TO ! HI<E/ P9NACLE ( ITS DOM9ANCE4 ,BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 0CITIZ5 ( ,G5EVA0 ON ! C\RSE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS BY F> ! GREAT]1 = HIS WORKS /IRR$ PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ,EUROPE MORE DEEPLY ?AN DID ,HEGEL'S OBSCURE SYMBOLISM4 

,R\SSEAU'S IDEAL /ATE IS AN >TIFICIAL /RUCTURE4 ,AL?\< HE HAD LE>N$ FROM ,MONTESQUIEU TO EXPLA9 ! V>I\S /ATE SY/EMS FROM ! CLIMATIC 5VIRONM5T ( EA* PEOPLE1 HE NEV]!LESS FOLL[$ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! AL*EMI/S ( HIS TIME1 :O MADE EV]Y CONCEIVABLE EXP]IM5T ) 0! IGNOBLE CON/ITU5TS ( HUMAN NATURE0 9 ! CON/ANT HOPE ( SOME DAY P\R+ \T FROM ! CRUCIBLE ( !IR IDLE SPECULATION ! PURE GOLD ( ! /ATE F\ND$ ON ABSOLUTE REASON4 ,HE WAS MO/ POSITIVELY CONV9C$ ?AT IT DEP5D$ ONLY ON ! RI<T =M ( GOV]NM5T OR ! BE/ =M ( LEGISLATION TO DEVELOP M5 9TO P]FECT$ BE+S4 ,?US HE DECL>ES 9 HIS ,CONFESSIONS3 

,I F\ND ?AT POLITICS WAS ! FIR/ MEANS = FUR!R+ MORALS2 ?AT1 APPROA* ! MATT] AS ONE MAY1 ! *>ACT] ( A PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS EVOLVE ACCORD+ TO ! K9D ( GOV]NM5T IT HAS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ! GREAT QUE/ION CONC]N+ ! BE/ =M ( ! /ATE CAN BE R$UC$ TO ?IS3 H[ MU/ ! GOV]NM5T BE CON/ITUT$ TO =M A PEOPLE 9TO ! MO/ VIRTU\S1 ! MO/ 5LI<T5$1 ! WISE/1 9 ONE WORD1 ! BE/1 PEOPLE 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE4 

,?IS IDEA IS A *>ACT]I/IC />T+ PO9T = DEMOCRATIC L9ES ( ?\<T 9 G5]AL1 & IS PECULI>LY 9DICATIVE ( ,R\SSEAU'S M5TALITY4 ,S9CE DEMOCRACY />TS FROM A COLLECTIVE CONCEPT & VALUES ! 9DIVIDUAL ACCORD+LY1 0MAN0 BECAME = ITS ADVOCATES AN AB/RACT BE+ ) :OM !Y C\LD CONT9UE TO EXP]IM5T UNTIL HE %\LD TAKE ON ! DESIR$ M5TAL NORM &1 AS MODEL CITIZ51 BE FITT$ TO ! =MS ( ! /ATE4 ,NOT )\T REASON1 ,R\SSEAU CALL$ ! LEGISLATOR 0! ME*ANIC :O 9V5TS ! MA*9E40 ,9 FACT !RE IS AB\T DEMOCRACY SOME?+ ME*ANICAL BEH9D :OSE GE>:EELS MAN VANI%ES4 ,BUT AS DEMOCRACY1 EV5 9 ,R\SSEAU'S S5SE1 CANNOT FUNCTION )\T MAN1 IT FIR/ /RET*ES HIM ON ! B$ ( ,PROCRU/ES ?AT HE MAY ASSUME ! M5TAL PATT]N ! /ATE REQUIRES4 

,JU/ AS ,HOBBES GAVE ! ABSOLUTE /ATE A P[] EMBODI$ 9 ! P]SON ( ! MON>*1 AGA9/ :OM NO RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL C\LD EXI/1 SO ,R\SSEAU 9V5T$ A PHANTOM ON :I* HE CONF]R$ ! SAME ABSOLUTE RI<TS4 ,! 0,LEVIA?AN0 :I* HE 5VISION$ D]IV$ ITS FULLNESS ( P[] FROM A COLLECTIVE CONCEPT1 ! SOCALL$ 0COMMON WILL0! VOLONTE G5]AL4 ,BUT ,R\SSEAU'S COMMON WILL WAS BY NO MEANS ?AT WILL ( ALL :I* IS =M$ BY ADD+ EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL TO ! WILL ( ALL O!RS1 BY ?IS MEANS REA*+ AN AB/RACT CONCEPT ( ! SOCIAL WILL4 ,NO4 ,R\SSEAU'S COMMON WILL IS ! IMM$IATE RESULT ( ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 FROM :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIS CONCEPT ( POLITICAL SOCIETY1 ! /ATE HAS EM]G$4 ,H5CE1 ! COMMON WILL IS ALWAYS RI<T1 IS ALWAYS 9FALLIBLE1 S9CE ITS ACTIVITY 9 ALL 9/ANCES HAS ! G5]AL GOOD AS A PRESUMPTION4 

,R\SSEAU'S IDEA SPR+S FROM A RELIGI\S FANCY HAV+ ITS ROOT 9 ! CONCEPT ( A POLITICAL PROVID5CE :I*1 BE+ 5D[$ ) ! GIFTS ( ALLWISDOM & COMPLETE P]FECTION1 CAN CONSEQU5TLY NEV] DEP>T FROM ! RI<T WAY4 ,EV]Y P]SONAL PROTE/ AGA9/ ! RULE ( SU* A PROVID5CE AM\NTS TO POLITICAL BLASPHEMY4 ,M5 MAY ]R 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! COMMON WILL2 =1 ACCORD+ TO ,R\SSEAU1 0! PEOPLE CAN NEV] BE BRIB$1 BUT MAY (T5 BE MISL$60 ,! COMMON WILL ITSELF1 H[EV]1 REMA9S UNAFFECT$ BY ANY FALSE 9T]PRETATIONS2 IT FLOATS LIKE ! SPIRIT ( ,GOD OV] ! WAT]S ( PUBLIC OP9ION2 & :ILE ?IS MAY /RAY FROM TIME TO TIME 9TO /RANGE PA?S1 IT WILL ALWAYS F9D ITS WAY BACK AGA9 TO ! C5T] ( SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM1 AS ! MISGUID$ ,JEWS TO ,JEHOVAH4 ,/>T+ FROM ?IS SPECULATIVE CONCEPT1 ,R\SSEAU REJECTS EV]Y SEP>ATE ASSOCIATION )9 ! /ATE1 BECAUSE BY SU* ASSOCIATION ! CLE> RECOGNITION ( ! COMMON WILL IS BLURR$4 

,! ,JACOB9S1 FOLL[+ 9 HIS FOOT/EPS1 !RE=E ?REAT5$ ) DEA? ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS ( ! ,FR5* WORK]S TO ASSOCIATE !MSELVES 9TO TRADE GUILDS1 & DECL>$ ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION C\LD TOL]ATE NO 2'/ATE )9 ! /ATE0 BECAUSE BY SU* ASSOCIATIONS ! PURE EXPRESSION ( ! COMMON WILL W\LD BE DI/URB$4 ,TODAY ,BOL%EVISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 FASCISM 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 5=CE ! SAME DOCTR9E & SUPPRESS ALL 9CONV5I5T SEP>ATE ASSOCIATIONS1 TRANS=M+ ?OSE :I* !Y P]MIT TO EXI/ 9TO ORGANS ( ! /ATE4 

,?US !RE GREW FROM ! IDEA ( ! COMMON WILL A NEW TYRANNY1 :OSE *A9S W]E MORE 5DUR+ BECAUSE !Y W]E DECORAT$ ) ! FALSE GOLD ( AN IMAG9>Y FRE$OM1 ! FRE$OM ( ,R\SSEAU1 :I* WAS JU/ AS MEAN+LESS & %AD[Y AS WAS ! FAM\S CONCEPT ( ! COMMON WILL4 ,R\SSEAU BECAME ! CREATOR ( NEW IDOLS TO :I* MAN SACRIFIC$ LIB]TY & LIFE ) ! SAME DEVOTION AS ONCE TO ! FALL5 GODS ( A VANI%$ TIME4 ,9 VIEW ( ! UNLIMIT$ COMPLET5ESS ( ! P[] ( A FICTITI\S COMMON WILL1 ANY 9DEP5D5CE ( ?\<T BECAME A CRIME2 ALL REASON1 AS ) ,LU!R1 0! :ORE ( ! DEVIL40 ,= ,R\SSEAU1 ! /ATE BECAME ALSO ! CREATOR & PRES]V] ( ALL MORALITY1 AGA9/ :I* NO O!R E?ICAL CONCEPT C\LD MA9TA9 ITSELF4 ,IT WAS BUT A REPETITION ( ! SAME AGE-OLD BLOODY TRAG$Y3 ,GOD EV]Y?+1 MAN NO?+6 

,!RE IS MU* 9S9C]ITY & GLAM\R\S %AMFI<T 9 ,R\SSEAU'S DOCTR9E = :I* ! EXPLANATION IS P]HAPS F\ND ONLY 9 ! MAN'S %OCK+ N>R[NESS ( M9D & MORBID MI/RU/4 ,H[ MU* MIS*IEV\S HI/ICATION & HYPOCRISY IS CONCEAL$ 9 ! WORDS3 0,9 ORD] ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT MAY BE NO EMPTY =MULA IT TACITLY IMPIES ?AT OBTIGATION :I* ALONE CAN GIVE =CE TO ALL ! O!RS3 NAMELY1 ?AT ANYONE :O AEGSES OB$I5CE TO ! G5]AL WILL IS TO BE =C$ TO IT BY ! :OLE BODY4 ,?IS M]ELY MEANS ?AT HE IS TO BE COMPELL$ TO BE FREE40 .<#a.> 

0,?AT HE IS TO BE COMPELL$ TO BE FREE60 -- ! FRE$OM ( ! /ATE P[]'S /RAITJACKET6 ,C\LD !RE BE A WORSE P>ODY ( LIB]T>IAN FEEL+ ?AN ?IS8 ,& ! MAN :OSE SICK BRA9 BR$ SU* A MON/ROSITY IS EV5 TODAY PRAIS$ AS AN APO/LE ( FRE$OM6 ,BUT AFT] ALL1 ,R\SSEAU'S CONCEPT IS ONLY ! RESULT ( ?OR\<LY DOCTR9AIRE ?9K+1 :I* SACRIFICES EV]Y LIV+ ?+ TO ! ME*ANICS ( A !ORY1 & :OSE REPRES5TATIVES1 ) ! OBSESS$ DET]M9ATION ( MADM51 RIDE R\<%OD OV] HUMAN DE/9IES AS UNCONC]N$LY AS IF !Y W]E BUR/+ BUBBLES4 ,= REAL MAN1 ,R\SSEAU HAD AS LITTLE UND]/&+ AS ,HEGEL4 ,HIS MAN WAS ! >TIFICIAL PRODUCT ( ! RETORT1 ! HOMUNCULUS ( A POLITICAL AL*EMI/1 RESPONSIVE TO ALL ! DEM&S ! COMMON WILL HAD PREP>$ = HIM4 ,HE WAS MA/] NEI!R ( HIS [N LIFE NOR ( HIS [N ?\<T4 ,HE FELT1 ?\<T1 ACT$1 ) ! ME*ANICAL PRECISION ( A MA*9E PUT 9 MOTION BY A SET ( FIX$ IDEAS4 ,IF HE LIV$ AT ALL1 IT WAS ONLY BY ! GRACE ( A POLITICAL PROVID5CE1 SO LONG AS IT F\ND NO (F5SE 9 HIS P]SONAL EXI/5CE4 

,= ! SOCIAL CONTRACT S]V$ ! PURPOSES ( ! CONTRACTORS4 ,:O WILLS ! 5D WILLS ALSO ! MEANS1 & !SE MEANS >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM SOME DANG]1 9DE$1 EV5 FROM SOME LOSS4 ,HE :O WI%ES TO PRES]VE HIS LIFE AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS MU/ ALSO BE WILL+ TO SACRIFICE IT = !M :5 ?AT BECOMES NECESS>Y4 ,! CITIZ5 ( A /ATE IS !RE=E NO LONG] ! JUDGE CONC]N+ ! DANG] TO :I* HE MU/ EXPOSE HIMSELF AT ! DEM& ( ! LAW1 & :5 ! PR9CE 7/ATE7 SAYS TO HIM1 0,?Y DEA? IS NECESS>Y = ! /ATE10 HE MU/ DIE1 S9CE IT IS ONLY UPON ?IS CONDITION ?AT HE HAS ?US F> LIV$ 9 SECURITY1 & HIS LIFE IS NO LONG] M]ELY A GIFT ( NATURE1 BUT IS A CONDITIONAL GRANT FROM ! /ATE4 .<#b.> 

,:AT ,R\SSEAU CALLS FRE$OM IS ! FRE$OM TO DO ?AT :I* ! /ATE1 ! GU>DIAN ( ! COMMON WILL1 PRESCRIBES = ! CITIZ54 ,IT IS ! TUN+ ( ALL HUMAN FEEL+ TO ONE NOTE1 ! REJECTION ( ! RI* DIV]SITY ( LIFE1 ! ME*ANICAL FITT+ ( ALL EF=T TO A DESIGNAT$ PATT]N4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS IS ! HI< TASK ( ! LEGISLATOR1 :O ) ,R\SSEAU PLAYS ! P>T ( A POLITICAL HI< PRIE/1 A P>T V\*SAF$ TO HIM BY ! SANCTITY ( HIS CALL+4 ,IT IS HIS DUTY TO CORRECT NATURE1 TO TRANS=M MAN 9TO A PECULI> POLITICAL CREATURE NO LONG] HAV+ ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) HIS ORIG9AL /ATUS4 

,HE :O POSSESSES ! C\RAGE TO GIVE A PEOPLE 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE READY1 AS IT W]E1 TO *ANGE HUMAN NATURE1 TO TRANS=M EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 :O BY HIMSELF IS A COMPLETE & SEP>ATE :OLE1 9TO A P>T ( A GREAT] :OLE FROM :I* ?IS 9DIVIDUAL 9 A C]TA9 S5SE RECEIVES HIS LIFE & *>ACT]2 TO *ANGE ! CON/ITUTION ( MAN 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N IT1 & TO SUB/ITUTE = ! CORPOREAL & 9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE :I* WE ALL HAVE RECEIV$ FROM NATURE A M]ELY P>TIAL & MORAL EXI/5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 HE MU/ TAKE FROM MAN HIS NATIVE 9DIVIDUAL P[]S & EQUIP HIM ) O!RS =EIGN TO HIS NATURE1 :I* HE CANNOT UND]/& OR USE )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( O!RS4 ,! MORE COMPLETELY !SE NATURAL P[]S >E ANNIHILAT$ & DE/ROY$ & ! GREAT] & MORE 5DUR+ >E ! ONES ACQUIR$1 ! MORE SECURE & ! MORE P]FECT IS ALSO ! CON/ITUTION4 .<#c.> 

,!SE WORDS NOT ONLY REVEAL ! :OLE MISAN?ROPIC *>ACT] ( ?IS DOCTR9E1 BUT BR+ \T MORE %>PLY ! UNBRIDGEABLE ANTI!SIS BETWE5 ! ORIG9AL DOCTR9ES ( LIB]ALISM & ! DEMOCRACY ( ,R\SSEAU & HIS SUCCESSORS4 ,LIB]ALISM1 :I* EMANATES FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL & SEES 9 ! ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ( ALL MAN'S NATURAL CAPACITIES & P[]S ! ESS5CE ( FRE$OM1 /RIVES = A CONDITION ?AT DOES NOT H9D] ?IS NATURAL C\RSE BUT LEAVES TO ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 GREATE/ POSSIBLE MEASURE HIS 9DIVIDUAL LIFE4 ,TO ?IS ?\<T ,R\SSEAU OPPOS$ ! EQUALITY PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* PROCLAIMS ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW4 ,& S9CE HE QUITE CORRECTLY SAW 9 ! MANIFOLD & DIV]SE FACTORS 9 HUMAN NATURE A DANG] TO ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( HIS POLITICAL MA*9E1 HE /ROVE TO SUPPLANT MAN'S NATURAL BE+ BY AN >TIFICIAL SUB/ITUTE :I* WAS TO 5D[ ! CITIZ5 ) ! CAPACITY ( FUNCTION+ 9 RHY?M ) ! MA*9E4 

,?IS UNCANNY IDEA1 AIM+ NOT M]ELY AT ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! P]SONALITY BUT REALLY 9CLUD+ ALSO ! COMPLETE ABJURATION ( ALL TRUE HUMANITY1 BECAME ! FIR/ ASSUMPTION ( A NEW REASON ( /ATE1 :I* F\ND ITS MORAL JU/IFICATION 9 ! CONCEPT ( ! COMMUNAL WILL4 ,EV]Y?+ LIV+ CONGEALS 9TO A DEAD S*EME2 ALL ORGANIC FUNCTION IS REPLAC$ BY ! R\T9E ( ! MA*9E2 POLITICAL TE*NIQUE DEV\RS ALL 9DIVIDUAL LIFEJU/ AS ! TE*NIQUE ( MOD]N ECONOMICS DEV\RS ! S\L ( ! PRODUC]4 ,! MO/ FRI<TFUL FACT IS ?AT WE >E NOT H]E DEAL+ ) ! UN=ESE5 RESULTS ( A DOCTR9E :OSE EFFECTS ! 9V5TOR HIMSELF C\LD NOT ANTICIPATE4 ,) ,R\SSEAU EV]Y?+ HAPP5$ CONSCI\SLY & ) 9H]5T LOGICAL SEQU5CE4 ,HE SPEAKS AB\T !SE ?+S ) ! ASSURANCE ( A MA!MATICIAN4 ,! NATURAL MAN EXI/$ = HIM ONLY UNTIL ! CONCLUSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,) ?AT HIS TIME WAS 
FULFILL$4 ,:AT HAS DEVELOP$ S9CE !N IS BUT ! PRODUCT ( SOCIETY BECOME ! /ATE! POLITICAL MAN4 0,! NATURAL MAN IS A :OLE 9 HIMSELF2 HE IS ! NUM]ICAL UNIT1 ! ABSOLUTE :OLE1 :I* HAS RELATION Y %IP ONLY TO ITSELF & TO ITS EQUALS4 ,MAN1 ! CITIZ51 IS ONLY A P>TIAL UNIT1 :OSE WOR? LIES 9 ITS RELATION TO ! :OLE :I* CON/ITUTES ! SOCIAL BODY 04 .<#d.> 

,IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ CURI\S PH5OM5A ?AT ! SAME MAN :O PR(ESS$ TO DESPISE CULTURE & PREA*$ ! 0RETURN TO NATURE10 ! MAN S :O = REASONS ( S5TIM5T DECL9$ TO ACCEPT ! ?\<T /RUCTURE ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S & :OSE WRIT+S RELEAS$ AMONG HIS CONTEMPOR>IES SU* A DEEP LONG+ = ! SIMPLE NATURAL LIFEIT IS CURI\S ?AT ?IS SAME MAN1 AS A /ATE !ORETICIAN1 VIOLAT$ HUMAN NATURE F> MORE CRUELLY ?AN ! CRUELE/ DESPOT & /AK$ EV]Y?+ ON MAK+ IT YIELD ITSELF TO ! TE*NIQUE ( ! LAW4 

,IT MI<T BE OBJECT$ ?AT LIB]ALISM LIKEWISE RE/S ON A FICTITI\S ASSUMPTION1 S9CE IT IS DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE P]SONAL FRE$OM ) ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,)\T D\BT ! PRES5T 9EQUALITY ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & ! RESULT+ CLASS CONFLICTS 9 SOCIETY >E A CONT9U$ DANG] TO ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & LEAD 9EVITABLY TO A /EADILY 9CREAS+ 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,H[EV]1 ! SAME IS ALSO TRUE = ! FAM\S 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW10 ON :I* DEMOCRACY IS BAS$4 ,QUITE AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! POSSESS+ CLASSES HAVE ALWAYS F\ND WAYS & MEANS TO CORRUPT ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE & MAKE IT SUBS]VI5T TO !IR 5DS1 IT IS ! RI* & ! PRIVILEG$ :O MAKE ! LAWS TODAY 9 ALL L&S4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! PO9T3 IF LIB]ALISM FAILS TO FUNCTION PRACTICALLY 9 AN ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON MONOPOLY & CLASS DI/9CTION1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 MI/AK5 9 ! CORRECTNESS ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT BECAUSE ! UNDI/URB$ NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P]SONALITY IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 A SY/EM :I* HAS ITS ROOT 9 ! %AMELESS EXPLOITATION ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,ONE CANNOT BE FREE EI!R POLITICALLY OR P]SONALLY SO LONG AS ONE IS 9 ! ECONOMIC S]VITUDE ( ANO!R & CANNOT ESCAPE FROM ?IS CONDITION4 ,?IS WAS RECOGNIZ$ LONG AGO BY M5 LIKE ,GODW91 ,W>R51 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & MANY O!RS :O SUBSEQU5TLY REA*$ ! CONVICTION ?AT ! DOM9ION ( MAN OV] MAN WILL NOT DISAPPE> UNTIL !RE IS AN 5D ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,AN 0IDEAL /ATE10 H[EV]1 SU* AS ,R\SSEAU /ROVE TO A*IEVE1 W\LD NEV] MAKE M5 FREE1 EV5 IF !Y 5JOY$ ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE DEGREE ( EQUALITY ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,ONE CREATES NO FRE$OM BY SEEK+ TO TAKE FROM MAN HIS NATURAL *>ACT]I/ICS & TO REPLACE !SE BY =EIGN2 ONES 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY FUNCTION AS ! AUTOMATON ( ! COMMON WILL4 ,FROM ! EQUALITY ( ! B>RACKS NO BREA? ( FRE$OM WILL EV] BL[4 ,R\SSEAU'S ]RORIF ONE CAN1 9DE$1 SPEAK ( ]RORLIES 9 ! />T+ PO9T ( HIS SOCIAL !ORY4 ,HIS IDEA ( A FICTITI\S COMMON WILL WAS ! ,MOLO* :I* SWALL[$ M54 

,:ILE ! POLITICAL LIB]ALISM ( ,LOCKE & ,MONTESQUIEU /ROVE = A SEP>ATION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO LIMIT ! P[] ( GOV]NM5T & TO PROTECT ! CITIZ5 FROM 5CROA*M5T1 ,R\SSEAU1 ON PR9CIPLE1 REJECT$ ?IS IDEA & SC(F$ AT PHILOSOPH]S :O1 CONSID]+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! /ATE1 0CANNOT DIVIDE IT 9 PR9CIPLE1 BUT WI% TO DIVIDE IT 9 RELATION TO ITS OBJECT40 ,! ,JACOB9S1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ACT$ QUITE 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS VIEWS :5 !Y ABOLI%$ ! P>TITION ( P[]S LAID D[N 9 ! CON/ITUTION & TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,CONV5TION1 BESIDES ! LEGISLATIVE1 ALSO ! JUDICIAL FUNCTION1 ?US FACILITAT+ ! TRANSITION TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS ADH]5TS4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! ATTITUDE ( LIB]ALISM T[>D 0! NATIVE & 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( M510 AS ,LOCKE /ATES !M & AS !Y LAT] ON F\ND EXPRESSION 9 0! DECL>ATION ( HUMAN RI<TS10 DIFF]S FUNDAM5TALLY FROM ,R\SSEAU'S DEMOCRATIC CONCEPT4 ,TO ! ADVOCATES ( LIB]ALISM !SE RI<TS CON/ITUT$ A SEP>ATE SPH]E :I* NO GOV]NM5T C\LD 9VADE2 IT WAS ! REALM ( MAN1 :I* WAS TO BE PROTECT$ FROM ANY REGIM5TATION BY ! /ATE4 ,?US1 !Y EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !RE EXI/$ SOME?+ AP>T FROM ! /ATE1 & ?AT ?IS O!R WAS ! MO/ VALUABLE & P]MAN5T P>T ( LIFE4 

,QUITE DIFF]5T WAS ,R\SSEAU'S POSITION & ?AT ( ! DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE F\ND$ ON HIS DOCTR9E1 EXCEPT AS IT WAS S(T5$ BY IDEAL LIB]AL VIEWSESPECIALLY 9 ,SPA9 & AMONG ! ,S\? ,G]MAN DEMOCRATS ( #a#h#d#h#d#i4 ,EV5 ,R\SSEAU SPOKE ( 0MAN'S NATURAL RI<TS02 BUT 9 HIS VIEW !SE RI<TS HAD !IR ROOT 5TIRELY 9 ! /ATE1 & W]E PRESCRIB$ = MAN BY GOV]NM5T4 0,ONE ADMITS ?AT BY ! SOCIAL CONTRACT ONE GIVES UP ONLY ?AT P>T ( HIS P[]1 HIS =TUNE & HIS FRE$OM :I* ! COMMUNITY NE$S1 BUT ONE MU/ ALSO ADMIT ?AT ONLY ! SOV]EIGN CAN DET]M9E ! NECESSITY ( ! P>T TO BE YIELD$40 .<#e.> 

,H5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,R\SSEAU1 NATURAL RI<T IS BY NO MEANS A DOMA9 ( MAN :I* LIES \TSIDE ! /ATE'S SPH]E ( FUNCTION2 BUT RA!R ?IS RI<T EXI/S ONLY 9 ! MEASURE ?AT ! /ATE F9DS IT UNOBJECTIONABLE1 & ITS LIMITS >E AT ALL TIMES SUBJECT TO REVISION BY ! HEAD ( ! /ATE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 A P]SONAL RI<T DOES NOT REALLY EXI/4 ,:ATEV] ( PRIVATE FRE$OM ! 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSES HE HAS1 SO TO SPEAK1 AS A LOAN FROM ! /ATE1 :I* CAN AT ANY TIME BE R5\NC$ AS VOID & )DRAWN4 ,IT DOES NOT MEAN MU* :5 ,R\SSEAU TRIES TO SWEET5 ?IS BITT] PILL = ! GOOD CITIZ5 BY /AT+3 

,ALL S]VICES :I* ! CITIZ5 CAN R5D] TO ! /ATE HE [ES TO IT AS SOON AS ! /ATE DEM&S !M ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SOV]EIGN CANNOT LOAD ! CITIZ5 ) *A9S USELESS TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 ! SOV]EIGN CANNOT EV5 DESIRE ?IS1 = ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( REASON1 JU/ AS ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( NATURE1 NO?+ HAPP5S )\T A CAUSE4 

,A WORSE SOPHI/RY -- 9H]5TLY 9S9C]E1 AS IS APP>5T AT ! FIR/ GLANCE -- DESIGN$ TO 5D[ SELF-EVID5T DESPOTISM ) ! HALO ( FRE$OM CAN H>DLY BE CONCEIV$4 ,?AT ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ( REASON NO?+ HAPP5S )\T A CAUSE IS V]Y COM=T+2 BUT IT IS MO/ UN=TUNATE ?AT IT IS NOT ! CITIZ51 BUT ! HEAD ( ! /ATE1 :O DET]M9ES ?IS CAUSE4 ,:5 ,ROBESPI]RE DELIV]$ CR[DS ( VICTIMS TO ! EXECUTION] = TREATM5T HE SURELY DID NOT DO SO TO GIVE ! GOOD PATRIOTS PRACTICAL 9/RUCTION CONC]N+ ! 9V5TION ( ,DR4 ,GUILLOT9E4 ,ANO!R CAUSE ANIMAT$ HIM4 ,HE HAD AS ! GOAL ( ALL /ATECRAFT ! IDEAL /RUCTURE ( 0! CITIZ5 ( ,G5EVA0 9 VIEW4 ,& S9CE REPUBLICAN VIRTUE DID NOT SPR+ UP ( ITSELF AMONG ! LI<!>T$ ,P>ISIANS1 HE TRI$ TO HELP IT ON ) ,MA/] ,SANSON'S KNIFE4 ,IF VIRTUE WILL NOT APPE> VOLUNT>ILY1 ONE MU/ HA/5 IT BY T]ROR4 ,! LAWY] ( ,>RAS1 !RE=E1 HAD A MOTIVE WOR?Y ( HIS GOAL1 & TO REA* ?IS GOAL HE TOOK FROM MAN1 9 OB$I5CE TO ! M&ATE ( ! COMMON WILL1 ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT RI<T10 :I* 9CLUDES ALL O!RS! RI<T TO LIVE4 

,R\SSEAU1 :O REV]$ ,CALV9 AS A GREAT /ATESMAN & :O RETA9$ SO MU* ( HIS DOCTR9AIRE SPIRIT1 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( HIS 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 UND\BT$LY HAD 9 VIEW HIS NATIVE CITY1 ,G5EVA4 ,ONLY 9 A SMALL COMMUNITY ( ! TYPE ( ! ,SWISS CANTON WAS IT POSSIBLE = ! PEOPLE TO VOTE = ALL ! LAWS 9 ORIG9AL ASSEMBLIES & TO REG>D ! ADM9I/RATION M]ELY AS ! EXECUTIVE ORGAN ( ! /ATE4 ,R\SSEAU RECOGNIZ$ V]Y CLE>LY ?AT A =M ( GOV]NM5T SU* AS HE DESIR$ WAS NOT PRACTICAL TOR L>G] /ATES4 ,HE EV5 9T5D$ TO FOLL[ ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT ) ANO!R WORK :I* WAS TO DEAL ) ?IS QUE/ION1 BUT HE NEV] GOT TO IT4 ,9 HIS WORK1 ,CONSID]ATIONS SUR LE G\V]NEM5T DE ,POLOGNE1 HE !RE=E ADMITS DELEGATES AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! POPUL> WILL1 BUT HE ASSIGNS TO !M ONLY ! ROLE ( FUNCTION>IES 9 PURELY TE*NICAL MATT]S4 ,AP>T FROM ! COMMON WILL !Y CAN MAKE EFFECTIVE NO SEP>ATE EXPRESSION ( !IR [N WILL4 ,BESIDES1 HE /ROVE TO MITIGATE ! EVILS ( REPRES5TATION BY FREQU5T *ANGES ( ! REPRES5TATIVE BODY4 

,:5 ,R\SSEAU1 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 :I* CONTA9$ MANY GOOD IDEAS1 M5TIONS ) APPROVAL ! REPUBLICAN COMMUNITIES ( ANTIQUITY1 ONE MU/ BY NO MEANS 9F] FROM ?IS ?AT ! ANCI5T DEMOCRACY WAS RELAT$ TO HIS [N VIEWS4 ,EV5 ! CIVIL LAW ( ! ,ROMANS RECOGNIZ$ A :OLE S]IES ( P]SONAL LIB]TIES UNT\*$ BY ! GU>DIAN%IP ,( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! ,GREEK CITYREPUBLICS1 MOREOV]1 SU* A SPL5DOR ( DIV9ITY1 SO ALSO ! LAWGIV] APPE>S TO ! SIMPLE CITIZ5 9 ! AUREOLE ( A T]RE/RIAL PROVID5CE :I* PRESIDES OV] ! FATE ( ALL4 

,?IS BELIEF IS FATAL NOT ONLY TO ! COMMON MAN ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO TO ! *OS5 H]ALD ( ! 0COMMON WILL40 ,! V]Y P>T :I* HE HAS BE5 GIV5 TO PLAY CAUSES HIM TO BECOME CON/ANTLY MORE E/RANG$ FROM ACTUAL LIFE4 ,AS HIS :OLE ?\<T & ACTION >E SET ON UNISON 9 ALL SOCIAL MATT]S1 ! DEAD GE>WORK ( ! MA*9E1 OB$I5T TO EV]Y PRESSURE ( ! LEV]1 GRADUALLY BECOMES = HIM ! SYMBOL ( ALL P]FECTION1 BEH9D :I* REAL LIFE ) ITS 5DLESS V>IETY COMPLETELY DISAPPE>S4 ,= ?IS REASON HE FEELS EV]Y 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T1 EV]Y IMPULSE EMANAT+ FROM ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 AS AN ANTAGONI/IC =CE DANG]\S TO HIS >TIFICIALLY DRAWN CIRCLE4 ,:5 ?IS UNCONTROLLABLE P[] :I* TRANSC5DS ALL CALCULATIONS ( ! /ATESMAN WILL NOT LI/5 TO REASON1 OR EV5 REFUSES TO YIELD DUE OB$I5CE TO ! LAWGIV]1 IT MU/ BE SIL5C$ BY =CE4 ,?IS IS DONE 9 ! NAME ( ! 0HI<] 9T]E/S10 :I* >E ALWAYS 9 QUE/ION :5 SOME?+ HAPP5S \TSIDE ! RANGE ( BUREAUCRATIC HABITS4 ,ONE FEELS ONESELF ! *OS5 GU>DIAN ( !SE HI<] 9T]E/S1 ! LIV+ 9C>NATION ( ?AT METAPHYSICAL COMMON WILL1 :I* HAS ITS UNCANNY EXI/5CE 9 ,R\SSEAU'S BRA94 ,9 TRY+ TO H>MONIZE ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE ) ! TUNE ( ! MA*9E1 ! LAWGIV] GRADUALLY BECOMES A MA*9E4 ,! MAN ,ROBESPI]RE ONCE SPOKE GREAT WORDS AGA9/ ! 9/ITUTION ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T2 ! DICTATOR ,ROBESPI]RE MADE ! GUILLOT9E 0! ALT> ( ! FA!RL&10 MADE IT A MEANS ( PURIFICATION ( PATRIOT VIRTUE4 

,9 REALITY ! M5 ( ! ,CONV5TION W]E NOT ! 9V5TORS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,!Y ONLY CONT9U$ AFT] !IR FA%ION :AT ! MON>*Y HAD LEFT TO !M AS AN HEIRLOOM & DEVELOP$ TO ! UTMO/ ! T5D5CY T[>D NATIONAL UNIFICATION4 ,! ,FR5* MON>*Y HAD S9CE ! TIME ( ,PHILIP ! ,FAIR LEFT NO MEANS UNTRI$ = REMOV+ OPPOS+ =CES 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ! POLITICAL UNITY ( ! C\NTRY UND] ! BANN] ( ABSOLUTE MON>*Y4 ,9 DO+ ?IS ! SUPPORT]S ( ROYAL P[] W]E NOT P>TICUL> AS TO WAYS & MEANS2 TREASON1 MURD]1 =G]Y ( DOCUM5TS1 & O!R CRIMES W]E QUITE ACCEPTABLE = !M1 IF !Y PROMIS$ SUCCESS4 ,! REIGNS ( ,*>LES ,V1 ,*>LES ,V,I,I1 ,L\IS ,X,I1 ,FRANCIS ,I1 ,H5RY ,I,I1 >E ! MO/ PROM95T MILE/ONES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( UNLIMIT$ MON>*Y1 :I*1 AFT] ! PRELIM9>Y LABORS ( ,MAZ>9 & ,RI*ELIEU1 %ONE 9 FULLE/ GLORY UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V4 

,?IS SPL5DOR ( ! 0,SUN ,K+0 FILL$ ALL L&S4 ,AN >MY ( V5AL SYCOPHANTS1 POETA/]S1 >TI/S1 LIV+ BY ! FAVOR ( ! C\RT1 HAD AS !IR SPECIAL TASK TO CAUSE ! FAME ( ! MEGALOMANIAC DESPOT TO GL[ ) BRI<TE/ COLORS4 ,FR5* WAS SPOK5 9 ALL C\RTS4 ,ALL /ROVE TO BE 9TELLECTUALLY BRILLIANT ACCORD+ TO ,P>ISIAN FA%ION & IMITAT$ ,FR5* C\RT MANN]S & C]EMONIES4 ,! MO/ UNIMPORTANT LITTLE DESPOT 9 ,EUROPE WAS CONSUM$ BY ! SOLE AIM ( IMITAT+ ,V]SAILLES1 AT LEA/ 9 M9IATURE4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT A RUL] 5TIRELY UNAFFECT$ BY ANY 9F]IORITY COMPLEX CONSID]$ HIMSELF A DEMIGOD & WAS 9TOXICAT$ BY HIS [N MAGNIFIC5CE4 ,BUT ?IS BL9D DEVOTION TO ! K+'S P]SON GRADUALLY 9TOXICAT$ ! :OLE 0NATION10 :I* V5]AT$ ITSELF 9 ! P]SON ( ! K+4 ,AS ,GOB9EAU SIGNIFICANTLY REM>KS3 

,FRANCE BECAME 9 ITS [N EYES ! ,SUN ,NATION4 ,! UNIV]SE BECAME A PLANET>Y SY/EM 9 :I* ,FRANCE1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS [N OP9ION1 HAD ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,) O!R PEOPLES IT C\LD HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON EXCEPT TO %$ LI<T ON !M AT ITS PLEASURE1 = IT WAS QUITE CONV9C$ ?AT ALL W]E GROP+ 9 ! FOG ( D5SE/ D>KNESS4 ,FRANCE1 H[EV]1 WAS ,FRANCE1 & AS1 9 ITS VIEW1 ALL ! RE/ ( ! WORLD DAILY SANK 9TO A JOYLESS DI/ANCE1 IT GRADUALLY SATISFI$ ITSELF MORE & MORE ) V]ITABLE ,*9ESE IDEAS4 ,ITS VANITY BECAME A ,*9ESE ,GREAT ,WALL4 .<#f.> 

,! M5 ( ! ,CONV5TION1 !RE=E1 NOT ONLY TOOK OV] ! IDEA ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION FROM ! MON>*Y1 BUT ! CULT :I* !Y C>RI$ ON BY MEANS ( ! NATION LIKEWISE HAD !RE ITS BEG9N+4 ,IT IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 ! AGE ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V ! NATION WAS CONSID]$ TO CONSI/ ONLY ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! NOBILITY1 ! CL]GY1 ! PROSP]\S CITIZ5S2 ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEASANTS & ! CITY WORK]S DID NOT C\NT4 

,IT IS RELAT$ ?AT ,BONAP>TE1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ! C\P D'ETAT HAD A TALK ) ! ,ABBE ,SIEYES!N ONE ( ! FIVE MEMB]S ( ! ,DIRECTORY & ON ?IS OCCASION FLUNG !SE WORDS AT ! CLEV] !OLOGIAN :O HAD WEA!R$ SUCCESSFULLY ALL ! /ORMS ( ! REVOLUTION3 0,I HAVE CREAT$ ! ,GREAT ,NATION60 ,:]EUPON ,SIEYES SMIL+LY REPLI$3 0,YES1 BECAUSE WE HAD FIR/ CREAT$ ! ,NATION40 ,! CLEV] ,ABBE WAS RI<T1 & SPOKE ) GREAT] AU?ORITY ?AN ,BONAP>TE4 ,! NATION HAD FIR/ TO BE BORN1 OR1 AS ,SIEYES SO SIGNIFICANTLY SAID1 TO BE CREAT$1 BE=E IT C\LD BECOME GREAT4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT IT WAS ,SIEYES :O AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION GAVE ! CONCEPT ( ! NATION ITS MOD]N MEAN+4 ,9 HIS ESSAY1 ,:AT ,IS ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE8 HE RAIS$ & ANSW]$ ?REE QUE/IONS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE3 0,:AT IS ! ?IRD E/ATE8 ,EV]Y?+4 ,:AT HAS IT BE5 UP TO N[ 9 ! POLITICAL ORD] ( ?+S8,NO?+4 ,:AT WILL IT BECOME8 ,SOME?+40 ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT ! ?IRD E/ATE MI<T BECOME SOME?+ 5TIRELY NEW1 SUITABLE POLITICAL CONDITIONS HAD FIR/ TO BE CREAT$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE C\LD BECOME DOM9ANT ONLY IF ! SOCALL$ 0,E/ATES ,G5]AL0 WAS REPLAC$ BY A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BAS$ ON A CON/ITUTION4 ,H5CE ! POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ! NATION WAS ! FIR/ DEM& ( ! BEG9N+ REVOLUTION LOOK+ T[>D ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,E/ATES4 ,! ?IRD E/ATE FELT ITSELF READY1 & ,LACLOS DECL>$ 9 ! ,DELIB]ATIONS1 TO :I* ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS HAD ONLY L5T HIS NAME3 0,! ,?IRD ,E/ATE2 ?AT IS ! NATION60 

,9 HIS ESSAY ,SIEYES HAS DESCRIB$ ! NATION AS A 0COMMUNITY ( UNIT$ 9DIVIDUALS SUBJECT TO ! SAME LAW & REPRES5T$ BY ! SAME LEGISLATIVE BODY40 ,BUT1 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS ( ,R\SSEAU1 HE EXT5D$ ! MEAN+ ( ?IS PURELY TE*NICAL DEF9ITION & MADE ! NATION ! ORIG9AL BASIS ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?US ! NATION BECAME ! ACTUAL EMBODIM5T ( ! COMMON WILL 9 ,R\SSEAU'S S5SE3 0,H] WILL IS ALWAYS LAWFUL1 = %E IS H]SELF ! EMBODIM5T ( ! LAW40 

,FROM ?IS CONCEPT ALL O!R CONCLUSIONS FOLL[$ QUITE OBVI\SLY4 ,IF ! NATION WAS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! COMMON WILL1 !N IT HAD TO BE 9 ITS V]Y NATURE ONE & 9DIVISIBLE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 H[EV]1 ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLY HAD ALSO TO BE ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1 = IT ALONE HAD ! SACR$ TASK ( 9T]PRET+ ! NATION'S WILL & MAK+ IT 9TELLIGIBLE TO ! CITIZ5S4 ,AGA9/ ! NATION ALL SEP>ATE EF=TS ( ! E/ATES W]E FUTILE2 NO?+ C\LD 5DURE BESIDE IT1 NOT EV5 ! SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION ( ! *UR*4 ,?US ,MIRABEAU DECL>$ 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY A FEW DAYS AFT] ! MEMORABLE NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d?3 

,NO NATIONAL LAW HAS 9/ITUT$ ! CL]GY AS A P]MAN5T BODY 9 ! /ATE4 ,NO LAW HAS DEPRIV$ ! NATION ( ! RI<T TO 9VE/IGATE :E!R ! S]VANTS ( RELIGION %\LD =M A POLITICAL CORPORATION EXI/+ ( ITSELF & CAPABLE ( ACQUIR+ & POSSESS+4 ,C\LD SIMPLE CITIZ5S BY GIV+ !IR POSSESSIONS TO ! CL]GY & ! CL]GY BY RECEIV+ !M GIVE !M ! RI<T TO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES A SEP>ATE ORD] )9 ! /ATE8 ,C\LD !Y ROB ! NATION ( ! RI<T TO DISSOLVE IT8 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! CL]GY >E M]ELY (FICIALS ( ! /ATE4 ,! S]VICE ( ! CL]GY IS A PUBLIC FUNCTION1 JU/ AS ! (FICIAL & ! SOLDI]1 SO ALSO ! PRIE/1 IS A S]VANT ( ! NATION4 

,NOT )\T REASON HAD ! K+'S BRO!R1 ! ,COMTE D',>TOIS1 ) ! RE/ ( ! ROYAL PR9CES1 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS PRES5TES AU ,ROI1 ETC41 PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! NEW ROLE :I* HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ TO ! NATION & W>N$ ! K+ ?AT HIS APPROVAL ( SU* IDEAS W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! MON>*Y & ! *UR*1 & ( ALL PRIVILEGES4 ,9DE$1 ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS NEW CONCEPT W]E TOO PLA9 TO BE MISUND]/OOD4 ,IF ! NATION AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! COMMUNAL WILL /OOD ABOVE ALL & EV]Y?+1 !N ! K+ WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! HI<E/ (FICIAL ( ! NATIONAL /ATE & ! TIME WAS PA/1 ONCE & = ALL1 :5 A 0MO/ ,*RI/IAN K+0 C\LD SAY ) ,L\IS ,X,I,V3 0,! NATION CON/ITUTES 9 ,FRANCE NO CORPORATION2 IT EXI/S EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! P]SON ( ! K+40 

,! C\RT RECOGNIZ$ V]Y CLE>LY ! DANG] ?AT HUNG OV] IT & >\S$ ITSELF TO MAKE SOME ?REAT5+ GE/URES2 BUT IT WAS ALREADY TOO LATE4 ,ON ! #a#f? ( ,JUNE1 #a#g#h#i1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ?IRD E/ATE1 :O HAD BE5 JO9$ BY ! L[] CL]GY1 ON ! MOTION ( ,ABBE ,SIEYES DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ) ! >GUM5T ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ #if P]C5T ( ! NATION ANYH[1 & ?AT ! O!R #d P]C5T W]E AT ANY TIME FREE TO JO9 !M4 ,! /ORM+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE & ! M>* TO ,V]SAILLES SOON GAVE ?IS DECL>ATION ! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION>Y EMPHASIS4 ,) ?AT ! DIE WAS CA/4 ,AN OLD FAI? WAS BURI$1 GIV+ PLACE TO A NEW4 ,! 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! K+0 HAD TO /RIKE ITS FLAG BE=E ! 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION40 ,! MOD]N /ATE WAS LIFT$ FROM ! BAPTISMAL FONT & ANO9T$ ) ! DEMOCRATIC OILFITT$ TO A*IEVE ! IMPORTANCE ASSIGN$ TO IT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! MOD]N ]A 9 ,EUROPE4 

,! SITUATION WAS /ILL NOT FULLY CL>IFI$1 H[EV]1 = 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ITSELF !RE WAS AN 9FLU5TIAL SECTION :I* RECOGNIZ$ ,MIRABEAU AS ITS LEAD] & ) HIM ADVOCAT$ A SOCALL$ 0K+DOM ( ! PEOPLE40 ,!SE S\<T TO RESCUE AS MU* ( ! ROYAL SOV]EIGNTY AS WAS POSSIBLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?IS BECAME ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE 9 ! DISCUSSIONS CONC]N+ ! =MULATION ( 0HUMAN & CIVIL RI<TS10 :]E ! DISCIPLES ( ,MONTESQUIEU & ,R\SSEAU /OOD (T5 9 %>P OPPOSITION4 ,IF ! =M] C\LD RECORD A SUCCESS :5 A MAJORITY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY DECL>$ = ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM & ! P>TITION ( P[]S1 !N ! ADH]5TS ( ,R\SSEAU HAD !IR SUCCESS :5 ! ?IRD >TICLE 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ANN\NC$3 0,! PR9CIPLE ( ALL SOV]EIGNTY RE/S BY ITS V]Y NATURE 9 ! NATION4 ,NO CORPORATION & NO 9DIVIDUAL CAN EX]CISE AN AU?ORITY :I* DOES NOT OP5LY EMANATE FROM IT40 

,IT WAS TRUE ?AT ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE HAD LITTLE UND]/&+ ( !SE DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION 9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY2 JU/ AS !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9DIFF]5T TO ! DETAILS ( POLITICAL !ORIES ANT PROGRAMS4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE AS 9 MO/1 EV5TS !MSELVES1 ESPECIALLY ! EV] MORE APP>5T TREA*]Y ( ! C\RT1 CONTRIBUT$ MU* MORE TO ! F9AL SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION ?AN ! DRY DOGMATISM ( ,R\SSEAU'S DISCIPLES4 ,ANYWAY1 ! SLOGAN1 0! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION0 WAS %ORT & IMPRESSIVE4 ,P>TICUL>LY1 IT BR\<T ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S & ! OLD 9TO ! =EGR\ND ( ALL DISCUSSION 9 REVOLUTION>Y TIMES A MATT] ( GREAT IMPORTANCE4 ,AFT] ! ROYAL FAMILY'S UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT AT FLI<T1 ! 9T]NAL SITUATION BECAME 9CREAS+LY ACUTE1 UNTIL F9ALLY ! /ORM+ ( ! ,TUIL]IES PUT AN 5D TO ALL HALF MEASURES & ! PEOPLE'S REPRES5TATIVES 5T]$ S]I\SLY UPON ! DISCUSSION ( ! ABOLITION ( ROYALTY4 ,MANUEL /AT$ ! :OLE PROBLEM 9 ONE S5T5CE 0,IT IS NOT 5\< TO HAVE DECL>$ ! DOM9ANCE ( ! ONE & ONLY TRUE SOV]EIGN1 ! NATION4 ,WE MU/ ALSO FREE IT FROM ! RIVALRY ( ! FALSE SOV]EIGN1 ! K+40 ,& ! ,ABBE ,GREGOIRE SUPPORT$ HIM1 DESCRIB+ ! DYNA/Y AS 0G5]ATIONS LIV+ ON HUMAN FLE%10 & DECL>+3 0,! FRI5DS ( FRE$OM MU/ F9ALLY BE GIV5 FULL SECURITY4 ,WE MU/ DE/ROY ?IS TALISMAN :OSE MAGIC P[] CAN /ILL D>K5 ! M9DS ( MANY M54 ,I DEM& ! ABOLITION ( ROYALTY BY A SOLEMN LAW40 

,! GRIM ,ABBE WAS NOT WRONG2 AS A !OLOGIAN HE KNEW H[ 9TIMATELY RELIGION & POLITICS >E UNIT$4 ,( C\RSE ! OLD TALISMAN HAD TO BE BROK5 9 ORD] ?AT ! SIMPLEM9D$ %\LD NO LONG] BE L$ 9TO TEMPTATION4 ,BUT ?IS C\LD BE DONE ONLY BY TRANSF]R+ ITS MAGIC 9FLU5CE TO ANO!R IDOL BETT] FITT$ TO MAN'S NE$ ( FAI? & LIKELY 9 ITS PRACTICAL EFFECTS TO PROVE /RONG] ?AN ! DY+ 0DIV9E RI<T0 ( K+S4 

,9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM ! DOCTR9E ( ! 0COMMON WILL0 :I* F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE0 PROV$ A WEAPON ( P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y IMPORT4 ,= ?AT V]Y REASON WE ALL TOO (T5 =GET ?AT ! GREAT REVOLUTION 9TRODUC$ A NEW PHASE ( RELIGIO-POLITICAL DEP5D5CE :OSE SPIRITUAL ROOTS HAVE BY NO MEANS DRI$ UP4 ,BY SURR\ND+ ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( ! 0,FA!RL&0 & ! 0,NATION0 ) A MY/ICAL AUREOLE IT CREAT$ A NEW FAI? :I* C\LD AGA9 WORK WOND]S4 ,! OLD REGIME WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( MIRACLES1 = ! ATMOSPH]E ( ! DIV9E WILL :I* ONCE SURR\ND$ IT HAD LO/ ITS ATTRACTION & C\LD NO LONG] SET ! HE>T AGL[ ) RELIGI\S F]VOR4 

,! POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ NATION1 H[EV]1 WAS A NEW GOD :OSE MAGIC P[]S W]E /ILL UNSP5T4 ,OV] HIS TEMPLE %ONE ! PROMISE-FILL$ WORDS1 0,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY10 >\S+ 9 M5 ! BELIEF ?AT ! COM+ ORD] WAS TO BR+ !M SALVATION4 ,TO ?IS DIV9ITY ,FRANCE SACRIFIC$ ! BLOOD ( H] SONS1 H] ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 H] ALL4 ,?IS NEW FAI? RES\ND+ 9 ! S\LS ( H] CITIZ5S FILL$ !M ) AN 5?USIASM :I* WORK$ GREAT] WOND]S ?AN ! BE/ /RATEGY ( H] G5]ALS4 

,! RELIGI\S *>ACT] ( ?IS P[]FUL MOVEM5T1 UND] :OSE ONSET ! OLD ,EUROPE FELL 9 RU9S1 %[$ ITS FULL =CE ONLY :5 ROYALTY WAS TOTALLY ABOLI%$ & ! 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION0 NO LONG] HAD A RIVAL :I* LOOK$ BACK TO ! OLD TRADITIONS4 ,! ,FR5* HI/ORIAN1 ,MA?IEZ1 HAS DEMON/RAT$ ! DETAILS ( ?IS NEW CULT IMPRESSIVELY & HAS %[N H[ 9 MANY ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS IT LEANS ON ,CA?OLICISM4 .<#g.> 

,9 AN ADDRESS ( ONE ( ! ,JACOB9 CLUBS TO ! MO!R SOCIETY 9 ,P>IS OCCURS ! /ATEM5T3 0,! ,FR5*MAN HAS NO O!R DIV9ITY BUT ! NATION1 ! FA!RL&60 ,! FA!RL&1 H[EV]1 WAS 0! NEW K+ ) SEV5 HUNDR$ & =TYN9E HEADS10 AS ,PR\DHON CALL$ IT! NEW /ATE1 :I* S]V$ ! NATION AS MAKE%IFT4 ,= ,JACOB9ISM ! /ATE BECAME ! NEW NATIONAL ,PROVID5CE1 H5CE ITS FANATICAL ZEAL = ! 0ONE & 9DIVISIBLE ,REPUBLIC40 ,= IT W\LD NOT DO = O!RS TO DABBLE 9 ! TRADE ( ! NEW ,PROVID5CE4 ,DECL>$ ,DANTON1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#g#i#c1 FROM ! RO/RUM ( ! ,CONV5TION3 

,!Y SAY ?AT !RE >E P]SONS AMONG US :O >E /RIV+ TO DISMEMB] ,FRANCE4 ,LET US ELIM9ATE !SE 9H>MONI\S IDEAS BY PROCLAIM+ ! DEA? P5ALTY = !IR ORIG9ATORS4 ,FRANCE MU/ BE AN 9DIVISIBLE :OLE4 ,!RE MU/ BE UNITY ( REPRES5TATION4 ,! CITIZ5S ( ,M>SEILLES WI% TO GRASP ! H&S ( ! CITIZ5S ( ,DUNKIRK4 ,I DEM& ! DEA? P5ALTY = ?OSE :O W\LD DE/ROY ! UNITY ( ,FRANCE1 & ,I MOVE ! ,CONV5TION ?AT WE DECL>E AS ! F\NDATION ( GOV]NM5T UNITY ( REPRES5TATION & ADM9I/RATION4 

,LEGISLATION1 >MY1 PUBLIC $UCATION1 PRESS1 CLUBS1 ASSEMBLIESALL MU/ S]VE TO P]FECT ! SPIRITUAL DRILL ( ! CITIZ5S1 TO MAKE EV]Y BRA9 CON=M TO ! NEW POLITICAL RELIGION4 ,NO EXCEPTION WAS MADE ( ANY MOVEM5T1 NOT EV5 ?AT ( ! ,GIRONDI/S1 :O HAD BE5 REVIL$ AS F$]ALI/S SIMPLY BECAUSE !IR OPPON5TS KNEW SU* AN ACCUSATION W\LD >\SE ! PATRIOTS MO/ VIOL5TLY AGA9/ !M4 ,! ,GIRONDI/S HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEIFICATION ( ! NATION NO LESS ?AN ! M5 ( ! ,M\NTA92 HAD NOT ONE ( !IR BE/KN[N LEAD]S1 ,ISN>D1 GIV5 EXPRESSION TO ?IS S5TIM5T80,! ,FR5* HAVE BECOME ! ELECT PEOPLE ( ! E>?4 ,LET US BE CONC]N$ ?AT !IR ATTITUDE %ALL JU/IFY !IR NEW DE/9Y60 ,!RE WAS ALREADY 9 ! M9DS ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( 0LA GR&E NATION0 A PREMONITION ( ,NAPOLEON'S VICTORIES4 

,A NEW PRIE/HOOD HAD PUT 9 ITS APPE>ANCE! MOD]N POPUL> ASSEMBLY4 ,TO IT HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ ! TASK ( TRANSMITT+ ! 0WILL ( ! NATION0 TO ! PEOPLE1 JU/ AS ! E>LI] PRIE/S HAD TRANSMITT$ TO !M 0! WILL ( ,GOD40 ,UND\BT$LY ! REVOLUTION HAD SWEPT AWAY A ROTT5 SOCIAL ORD] ) AN IRON BROOM & GIV5 ! PEOPLE ( ,EUROPE MANY GLIMPSES ( LI<T = ! FUTURE2 BUT 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD ITS RESULTS W]E1 9 SPITE ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y PHRASEOLOGY1 5TIRELY REACTION>Y4 ,IT HAD /R5G!N$ ! P[] IDEA ANEW1 9FUS$ NEW LIFE 9TO PRO/RATE AU?ORITY1 & *A9$ MAN'S WILL TO FRE$OM TO A NEW RELIGI\S DOGMA1 AGA9/ :I* IT WAS SURE TO BREAK ITS Y\NG W+S4 

,! ABSOLUTISM ( ROYALTY HAD FALL52 BUT ONLY TO GIVE PLACE TO A NEW ABSOLUTISM EV5 MORE IMPLACABLE ?AN ! 0DIV9E RI<T0 ( MON>*Y4 ,! ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLE ( MON>*Y LAY \TSIDE ! CITIZ5'S SPH]E ( ACTIVITY1 & WAS SUPPORT$ SOLELY BY ! 0GRACE ( ,GOD10 TO :OSE WILL IT ALLEG$LY GAVE EXPRESSION4 ,! ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLE ( ! NATION1 H[EV]1 MADE ! LEA/ ( MORTALS A COBE>] ( ! COMMON WILL1 EV5 :ILE IT D5I$ HIM ! RI<T TO 9T]PRET ?IS ACCORD+ TO HIS [N UND]/&+4 ,IMBU$ BY ?IS ?\<T EV]Y CITIZ5 FROM N[ ON =G$ HIS [N L9K 9 ! *A9 ( DEP5D5CE :I* =M]LY SOME O!R HAD =G$ = HIM4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION /E]$ EV]YONE 9TO ! SAME PA?1 ABSORB$ EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CONSID]ATION1 & REPLAC$ P]SONAL FRE$OM BY EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW4 

,NOT )\T REASON W]E ,MOSES' TABLES ( ! LAW SET UP 9 ! ,CONV5TION AS A SYMBOL ( ! NATIONAL WILL4 ,NOT )\T REASON !RE HUNG UPON ! WALLS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY ! FASCES & AX ( ! LICTORS AS ! EMBLEM ( ! ,ONE & ,9DIVISIBLE ,REPUBLIC4 ,?US WAS ! MAN SACRIFIC$ TO ! CITIZ51 9DIVIDUAL REASON TO ! ALLEG$ WILL ( ! NATION4 ,:5 ! LEAD+ M5 ( ! REVOLUTION1 ANIMAT$ BY ,R\SSEAU'S SPIRIT1 /ROVE TO DE/ROY ALL NATURAL ASSOCIATIONS 9 :I* ! NE$S & IMPULSES ( M5 S\<T EXPRESSION1 !Y DE/ROY$ ! ROOT ( ALL TRUE ASSOCIATION1 TRANS=M$ ! PEOPLE 9TO ! MOB1 & 9TRODUC$ ?AT FATEFUL PROCESS ( SOCIAL UPROOT+ :I* WAS LAT] SPE$$ UP & %>P5$ BY ! GR[+ DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/IC ECONOMY4 

,JU/ AS ! 0WILL ( ,GOD0 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! WILL ( ! PRIE/S :O TRANSMITT$ IT & 9T]PRET$ IT TO ! PEOPLE1 SO ! 0WILL ( ! NATION0 C\LD BE ONLY ! WILL ( ?OSE :O HAPP5$ TO HAVE ! REIGNS ( PUBLIC P[] 9 !IR H&S & W]E1 CONSEQU5TLY1 9 A POSITION TO TRANSMIT & 9T]PRET ! 0COMMON WILL0 9 !IR [N WAY4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY BE TRAC$ TO 9H]5T HYPOCRISY4 ,MU* MORE REASONABLY CAN WE 9 ?IS 9/ANCE SPEAK ( 0DECEIV$ DECEIV]S02 = ! MORE DEEPLY ! 5UNCIATORS ( ! NATIONAL WILL >E CONV9C$ ( ! SACR$NESS ( !IR MISSION1 ! MORE DISA/R\S >E ! RESULTS SPR++ FROM !IR 9H]5T HONE/Y4 ,!RE IS DEEP SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,SOREL'S REM>K3 0,ROBESPI]RE TOOK HIS P>T S]I\SLY1 BUT HIS P>T WAS AN >TIFICIAL ONE40 

,9 ! NAME ( ! NATION ! ,CONV5TION \TLAW$ ! ,GIRONDI/S & S5T !IR LEAD]S TO ! SCAFFOLD2 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION ,ROBESPI]RE ) ,DANTON'S HELP REMOV$ ! ,HEB]TI/S & ! SO-CALL$ 05RAGES0 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T,JU/ MADE ! ,DANTONI/S 0SNEEZE 9TO ! SACK02 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION ! M5 ( ,!RMIDOR REMOV$ ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS ADH]5TS2 9 ! NAME ( ! NATION ,BONAP>TE MADE HIMSELF ,EMP]OR ( ! ,FR5*4 

,V]GNIAUD MA9TA9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS 0A ,SATURN :O SWALL[$ HIS [N *ILDR540 ,?IS C\LD BE SAID ) MU* MORE REASON ( ! MY/ICAL PR9CIPLE ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION1 :OSE PRIE/S CON/ANTLY BR\<T NEW SACRIFICES TO IT4 ,9 FACT1 ! NATION BECAME A ,MOLO* :I* C\LD NEV] BE SATISFI$4 ,JU/ AS ) ALL GODS1 H]E1 TOO1 RELIGI\S V5]ATION L$ TO ITS 9EVITABLE RESULT3 ! NATION ALL1 MAN NO?+6 

,EV]Y?+ APP]TA9+ TO ! NATION TOOK ON A SACR$ *>ACT]4 ,9 ! SMALLE/ VILLAGES ALT>S W]E ]ECT$ TO ! FA!RL& & SACRIFICES W]E (F]$4 ,! HOLIDAYS ( ! PATRIOTS CAME TO HAVE ! *>ACT] ( RELIGI\S FEA/S4 ,!RE W]E HYMNS1 PRAY]S1 SACR$ SYMBOLS1 SOLEMN PROCESSIONS1 PATRIOTIC RELICS1 %R9ES ( PILGRIMAGE ALL TO PROCLAIM ! GLORY ( ! FA!RL&4 ,FROM N[ ON ! 0GLORY ( ! NATION0 WAS SPOK5 ( AS =M]LY ! 0GLORY ( ,GOD40 ,ONE DEPUTY SOLEMNLY CALL$ ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN ! 0CATE*ISM ( ! NATION40 ,! ,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL ( ,R\SSEAU BECAME ! 0,BIBLE ( ,LIB]TY40 ,5?USIA/IC BELIEV]S COMP>$ ! ,M\NTA9 ( ! ,CONV5TION ) ,M\NT ,S9AI1 ON :I* ,MOSES RECEIV$ ! SACR$ TABLETS ( ! LAW4 ,! ,M>SEILLAISE BECAME ! ,TE ,DEUM ( ! NEW RELIGION4 ,AN 9TOXICATION ( BELIEF HAD OV]SPREAD ! L&4 ,EV]Y CRITICAL CONSID]ATION WAS SUBM]G$ 9 ! FLOOD ( FEEL+4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #e1 #a#g#i#c1 ,M>IE ,JOSEPH ,*5I]1 BRO!R ( ! UNHAPPY POET1 ,&RE ,*5I]1 SAID TO ! ASSEMBL$ ,CONV5TION3 

,IF Y\ HAVE FRE$ Y\RSELVES FROM ALL PREJUDICES TO PROVE Y\RSELVES ! MORE WOR?Y ( ! ,FR5* NATION1 :OSE REPRES5TATIVES Y\ >E1 !N Y\ KN[ H[ ON ! RU9S ( ! DE?RON$ SUP]/ITIONS CAN BE F\ND$ ! ONE NATURAL RELIGION1 HAV+ NEI!R SECTS NOR MY/]IES4 ,H] PREA*]S >E \R LEGISLATORS1 H] PRIE/S \R EXECUTIVE (FIC]S ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! TEMPLE ( ?IS RELIGION HUMANITY WILL (F] 9C5SE ONLY ON ! ALT> ( \R C\NTRY1 ! MO!R ( US ALL & \R DIV9ITY4 

,9 ! SULTRY ATMOSPH]E ( ?IS NEW FAI? MOD]N NATIONALISM WAS BORN1 & BECAME ! RELIGION ( ! DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,& ! MORE DEEPLY ! CITIZ5 V5]AT$ HIS [N NATION1 ! WID] BECAME ! ABYSS :I* SEP>AT$ IT FROM ALL O!R NATIONS1 ! MORE CONTEMPTU\SLY HE LOOK$ UPON ALL :O W]E NOT SO =TUNATE AS TO BE ( ! ELECT4 ,IT IS ONLY A /EP FROM ! 0NATION0 TO ! 0,GREAT ,NATION0 & ?AT NOT ALONE 9 ,FRANCE4 

,! NEW RELIGION HAD NOT ONLY ITS [N RITUAL1 ITS 9VIOLABLE DOGMAS1 ITS HOLYMISSION1 BUT ALSO ! T]RIBLE OR?ODOXY *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL DOGMATISM1 :I* WILL P]MIT NO OP9ION BUT ! ONE OP9ION TO F9D VOICE2 = ! WILL ( ! NATION IS ! REVELATION ( ,GOD1 9TOL]ANT ( ALL D\BT4 ,HE :O D>ES TO D\BT = ALL ?AT1 & TO PURSUE CONSID]ATIONS CONTR>Y TO ! EXPRESSION ( ! NATIONAL WILL1 IS A SOCIAL LEP] & MU/ BE WE$$ \T FROM ! COMMUNION ( ! FAI?FUL4 ,SA9TLU/ PROCLAIM$ GLOOMILY BE=E ! ,CONV5TION3 

,ONE D>E NOT HOPE ?AT ?+S WILL IMPROVE SO LONG AS ONE FOE ( ,FRE$OM BREA!S4 ,NOT ONLY ! TRAITORS1 BUT ALSO ! LUKEW>M & ! 9DIFF]5T1 EV]YONE :O TAKES NO P>T 9 ! REPUBLIC & MOVES NO F+] = IT4 ,AFT] ! ,FR5* PEOPLE HAS ANN\NC$ ITS WILL EV]Y?+ :I* IS CONTR>Y TO ITS WILL /&S \TSIDE ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION2 & :O /&S \TSIDE ! SOV]EIGN IS HIS 5EMY4 

,! Y\NG FANATIC :O HAD SU* A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ,ROBESPI]RE DID NOT LEAVE OP5 TO D\BT :AT HE MEANT BY ?IS 5MITY0,ONE MU/ RULE ?OSE ) IRON :OM ONE CANNOT RULE ) JU/ICE40 ,BUT ONE C\LD NOT RULE ) JU/ICE OV] M5 :O C\LD SEE ! NATION'S WILL O!RWISE ?AN AS ,ROBESPI]RE & ! ,JACOB9S EXPLA9$ IT4 ,H5CE1 ONE MU/ NE$S RESORT TO IRON4 ,! %>P LOGIC ( ! GUILLOT9E C\LD H>DLY BE JU/IFI$ MORE EXPLICITLY4 

,?IS FANATIC LOGIC ( ,SA9T,JU/ WAS BUT ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( HIS ABSOLUTE FAI? 9 HIS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,EV]Y ABSOLUTISM IS BAS$ ON FIX$ NORMS1 & MU/ = ?AT REASON ACT AS ! SWORN 5EMY ( ANY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :I* OP5S NEW \TLOOKS ON LIFE & CALLS NEW =MS ( ! COMMUNITY 9TO BE+4 ,BEH9D EV]Y ABSOLUTI/ IDEA GR9S ! MASK ( ! 9QUISITOR & ! JUDGE ( H]ETICS4 

,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION MEANS TYRANNY AS SURELY AS DOES ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ,GOD OR ?AT ( ! K+4 ,IF =M]LY OPPOSITION TO ! SACR$ P]SON ( ! MON>* WAS ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE ( ALL CRIMES1 SO N[ ANY OPPOSITION TO ! SACR$ MAJE/Y ( ! NATION BECAME ! S9 AGA9/ ! ,HOLY ,<O/ ( ! COMMON WILL4 ,9 BO? 9/ANCES1 ! HANGMAN WAS ! EXECUTIVE 9/RUM5T ( A DESPOTIC P[] :I* FELT CALL$ UPON TO GU>D ! DEAD DOGMA4 ,BE=E ITS S\LLESS CRUELTY EV]Y CREATIVE ?\<T HAD TO F\ND]1 EV]Y HUMAN FEEL+ BLE$ TO DEA?4 

,ROBESPI]RE1 ( :OM ,CONDORCET MA9TA9S ?AT HE HAD 0NEI!R A ?\<T 9 HIS BRA9 NOR A FEEL+ 9 HIS HE>T10 WAS ! MAN ( ! DEAD =MULA4 ,9 PLACE ( A S\L HE HAD HIS 0PR9CIPLES40 ,PREF]ABLY1 HE W\LD HAVE F\ND$ ! :OLE REPUBLIC ON ! S+LE =MULA ( VIRTUE4 ,BUT ?IS VIRTUE DID NOT HAVE ROOT 9 ! P]SONAL RI<TE\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE2 IT WAS A BLOODLESS PHANTOM HOV]+ OV] M5 LIKE ! SPIRIT ( ,GOD HOV]+ OV] CREATION4 ,NO?+ IS MORE CRUEL & HE>TLESS ?AN VIRTUE1 & MO/ CRUEL & HE>TLESS IS ?AT AB/RACT VIRTUE :I* IS NOT F\ND$ UPON A LIV+ NE$1 BUT HAS ITS ROOTS 9 0PR9CIPLES0 & MU/ BE CONT9UALLY PROTECT$ BY *EMICAL MEANS FROM BECOM+ MO!AT54 

,AL?\< ,JACOB9ISM HAD OV]?R[N MON>*Y1 IT BECAME FANATICALLY 5AMOR$ ( ! MON>*IC IDEA1 :I* IT /R5G!N$ GREATLY BY AN*OR+ IT TO ! POLITICAL !OLOGY ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,R\SSEAU'S DOCTR9E CULM9AT$ 9 ! COMPLETE M]G+ ( MAN 9 0! HI<] NECESSITY0 ( A METAPHYSICAL IDEA4 ,JACOB9ISM HAD UND]TAK5 ! TASK ( TRANSMUT+ ?IS MON/R\S DOCTR9E 9TO LIFE & QUITE LOGICALLY HAD REA*$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! GUILLOT9E2 :I* 9 TURN SMOO!D ! WAY = ! SAB] DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,BONAP>TE :O1 ON HIS P>T1 RISK$ EV]Y?+ 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP ?IS NEW /ATE IDEA TO ITS HI<E/ P]FECTION4 ,MAN A MA*95OT 9 ! S5SE ( ,LA ,METTRIE1 BUT AS ! 5D PRODUCT ( A POLITICAL RELIGION :I* UND]TOOK TO %APE EV]Y?+ HUMAN ACCORD+ TO ! SAME PATT]N1 & 9 ! NAME ( EQUALITY RAIS$ CON=MITY TO A PR9CIPLE4 

,NAPOLEON1 ! LAU<+ HEIR ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 :O HAD TAK5 OV] FROM ! ,JACOB9S ! M&EV\R+ MA*9E ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & ! DOCTR9E ( ! WILL ( ! NATION1 ATTEMPT$ TO DEVELOP ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS 9TO A FLAWLESS SY/EM 9 :I* ACCID5T %\LD HAVE NO PLACE4 ,:AT HE NE$$ WAS NOT M51 BUT *ESSM51 :O W\LD OBEY EV]Y TURN ( HIS :IM & UNCONDITIONALLY SUBMIT TO ?AT 0HI<] NECESSITY01 :OSE EXECUTIVE 9/RUM5TS !Y FELT !MSELVES TO BE4 ,M5 9 ! ORD9>Y S5SE W]E NOT USABLE = ?IS2 ONLY CITIZ5S1 P>TS ( ! MA*9E1 MEMB]S ( ! /ATE4 0,?\<T IS ! RUL]'S *IEF 5EMY01 ,NAPOLEON ONCE SAID1 & ?IS WAS NO *ANCE FIGURE ( SPEE*2 HE UND]/OOD ! TRU? ( ! WORDS 9 !IR DEEPE/ MEAN+4 ,:AT HE NE$$ WAS NOT M5 :O W\LD ?9K1 BUT M5 :O HAVE !IR ?9K+ DONE = !M1 M5 :O (F] !MSELVES UP :5 0DE/9Y0 SPEAKS4 

,NAPOLEON DREAM$ ( A /ATE 9 :I*1 ABOVE ALL1 !RE EXI/$ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! CIVIL & ! MILIT>Y P[]3 ! :OLE NATION AN >MY1 EV]Y CITIZ5 A SOLDI]4 ,9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 ADM9I/RATION1 W]E ONLY CONCEIV$ AS P>TS ( ?IS MI<TY /ATE BODY :I*1 DIVID$ 9TO REGIM5TS & COMM&$ BY (FIC]S1 W\LD OBEY ! SLI<TE/ PRESSURE ( ! IMP]IAL WILL )\T FRICTION1 )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,! TRANSMUTATION ( ! 0,GREAT ,NATION0 9TO A GIGANTIC UNIT 9 :I* ! 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NO LONG] HAD ROOM2 :I* WORK$ ) ! EXACTNESS ( A MA*9E &1 ?ROBB+ ) ! DEAD RHY?M ( ITS [N MOTION1 UNFEEL+LY OBEY$ ! WILL ( HIM :O HAD SET IT 9 MOTION?IS WAS ,NAPOLEON'S POLITICAL AIM4 ,& ) IRON P]SI/5CY HE PURSU$ IT & TRI$ TO GIVE IT LIFE4 ,QUITE OBSESS$ BY ?IS DELUSION1 HE /ROVE TO EXCLUDE EV]Y POSSIBILITY :I* MI<T LEAD TO ! =MATION ( AN 9DEP5D5T OP9ION4 ,H5CE1 HIS BITT] FI<T AGA9/ ! PRESS & ALL O!R MEANS ( EXPRESS+ PUBLIC ?\<T4 ,HE SAID3 0,! PR9T+ PRESS IS AN >S5AL :I* MU/ NOT BE MADE AVAILABLE TO ! G5]ALITY4 ,BOOKS MU/ ONLY BE PR9T$ BY P]SONS :O POSSESS ! CONFID5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T40 

,9 ! BRA9 ( ?IS T]RIBLE MAN EV]Y?+ WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO FIGURES2 ONLY NUMB]S DECIDE2 /ATI/ICS BECOME ! F\NDATION ( ! NEW /ATECRAFT4 ,! EMP]OR DEM&$ ( HIS C\NSELORS NOT ONLY AN1 EXACT /ATEM5T & RECORD ( ALL MAT]IAL & TE*NICAL RES\RCES ( ! :OLE C\NTRY1 HE ALSO DEM&$ ?AT 0/ATI/ICS ( MORALS0 %\LD BE KEPT1 9 ORD] ?AT HE MI<T AT ALL TIMES BE 9=M$ ( ! MO/ FL SECRET AGITATIONS AMONG HIS SUBJECTS4 ,& ,F\*E1 ?AT UNCANNY1 SPECT]-LIKE SNOOP]1 :O SAW ) A ?\S& EYES & HE>D ) A ?\S& E>S1 :OSE S\L WAS JU/ AS ICY AS ?AT ( HIS MA/]1 BECAME ! /ATI/ICIAN ( 0PUBLIC MORALS10 :I* HE REGI/]$ BY POLICE ME?ODS1 BE+ QUITE WELL AW>E ?AT HIS [N MOVEM5TS ALSO W]E WAT*$ BY UNKN[N SPIES & RECORD$ 9 A SEP>ATE REGI/]4 

,?AT ,NAPOLEON C\LD NEV] QUITE ATTA9 ! LA/ AIM ( HIS 9T]NAL POLICY1 ?AT ALL HIS APP>ATUS ( GOV]NM5T WAS WRECK$ AGA9 & AGA9 ON M51 WAS PROBABLY ! BITT]E/ PANG ( HIS P[]LOV+ S\L1 ! GREAT TRAG$Y ( HIS MON/R\S LIFE1 :I* EV5 AT ,/4 ,HEL5A /ILL BURN$ )9 HIM4 ,BUT ! MAD IDEA HE PURSU$ DID NOT DIE ) HIM ,IT IS EV5 TODAY ! BASIS ( ! WILL TO P[]1 :I* APPE>S :]EV] ! LOVE ( M5 HAS DI$ & SACRIFICES PULSAT+ LIFE TO ! %AD[Y1 PALE1 PHANTOM =MS ( TYRANNICAL LU/4 ,= ALL P[] IS LOVELESS1 IS 9HUMAN 9 ! NATURE ( ITS BE+4 ,IT *ANGES ! HE>TS ( ! P[]FUL 9TO WOLFD5S ( HATE & COLD CONTEMPT = HUMANITY1 *OKES ALL HUMAN EMOTION & CAUSES ! DESPOT TO SEE HIS FELL[ MAN ONLY AS AN AB/RACT NUMB] TO BE US$ 9 CALCULAT+ ! EXECUTION ( HIS PLANS4 

,NAPOLEON HAT$ FRE$OM ON PR9CIPLE1 AS DOES EV]Y TYRANT :O HAS BECOME CLE>LY AW>E ( ! NATURE ( P[]4 ,BUT HE ALSO KNEW ! PRICE HE HAD TO PAY = ?IS1 KNEW V]Y WELL ?AT TO MA/] MANK9D HE MU/ SMO!R ! MAN HIDD5 9 HIMSELF4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT HE SAYS ( HIMSELF3 ,I LOVE P[] AS AN >TI/1 AS A VIOL9I/ LOVES HIS VIOL94 ,I LOVE IT 9 ORD] TO COAX FROM IT TONES1 MELODIES1 H>MONIES40 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ?IS SAME MAN1 :O ALMO/ AS A *ILD WAS ALREADY EVOLV+ 9 HIS BRA9 PLANS = P[]1 UTT]$ 9 E>LY Y\? ! OM9\S WORDS3 0,I F9D ?AT LOVE IS DETRIM5TAL TO SOCIETY & TO ! P]SONAL HAPP9ESS ( MAN4 ,IF ! GODS W]E TO FREE ! WORLD FROM LOVE1 IT W\LD BE ! GREATE/ ( BLESS+S4 

,?IS FEEL+ NEV] LEFT HIM1 & :5 9 LAT] YE>S HE LOOK$ BACK ON ! SEP>ATE PHASES ( HIS LIFE1 !RE REMA9$ = HIM ONLY ?IS COM=TLESS KN[L$GE3 

,!RE >E ONLY TWO LEV]S :I* MOVE M51 FE> & SELF9T]E/4 ,LONE IS A /UPID ILLUSION1 BE ASSUR$ ( IT4 ,FRI5D%IP IS AN EMPTY WORD4 ,I LOVE NO ONE1 NOT EV5 MY BRO!RS POSSIBLY ,JOSEPH A LITTLE1 FROM HABIT & BECAUSE HE IS OLD] ?AN ,I4 ,& ,I LOVE ,DUROC2 BUT :Y8 ,BECAUSE HIS *>ACT] PLEASES ME4 ,HE IS E>NE/ & RESOLUTE1 & ,I BELIEVE ! FELL[ HAS NEV] %$ A TE>4 ,I1 = MY P>T1 KN[ ?AT ,I HAVE NO TRUE FRI5DS4 

,H[ EMPTY ?IS HE>T MU/ HAVE BE5 :I* ?R\< ALL ! YE>S PURSU$ A PHANTOM & WAS ANIMAT$ BY ONLY ONE DESIRETO RULE4 ,TO ?IS MADNESS HE SACRIFIC$ ! BODIES & S\LS ( M5 AFT] HAV+ FIR/ ATTEMPT$ TO MAKE !IR SPIRITS FIT 9TO ! DEAD ME*ANISM ( A POLITICAL MA*9E4 ,BUT AT LA/ IT WAS MADE CLE> TO HIM ?AT ! AGE ( ! AUTOMATONS HAD NOT YET >RIV$4 ,ONLY A MAN :OSE S\L WAS A DES]T C\LD SAY3 0,A MAN LIKE ME C>ES NO?+ = ! LIVES ( MILLIONS ( M540 

,NAPOLEON ASS]T$ ?AT HE DESPIS$ M5 & HIS UNCRITICAL ADMIR]S HAVE RAT$ ?IS ALMO/ AS A M]IT4 ,HE MAY 9 9DIVIDUAL CASES HAVE F\ND JU/IFICATION 5\< = IT2 = IT IS BY NO MEANS ! M5 ( HI<E/ WOR? :O CR[D >\ND ! P[]FUL4 ,BUT IF ! MATT] IS PURSU$ MORE DEEPLY ONE GETS ! IMPRESSION ?AT HIS DEMON/RATIVELY DISPLAY$ CONTEMPT ( M5 IS TO A L>GE P>T PRET5SE1 9T5D$ TO IMPRESS HIS CONTEMPOR>IES & PO/]ITY ) ! BRILLIANCE ( HIS [N A*IEVEM5TS4 ,= ?IS APP>5T MISAN?ROPE WAS A FIR/CLASS ACTOR TO :OM ! JUDGM5T ( PO/]ITY WAS NOT A MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE1 :O LEFT NO MEANS UNTRI$ TO 9FLU5CE ! OP9ION ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 :O DID NOT EV5 %R9K FROM ! FALSIFICATION ( WELL-KN[N FACTS 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D4 

,IT WAS NOT 9N] DISGU/ :I* SEP>AT$ HIM FROM M51 BUT HIS UNFA?OMABLE EGOTISM1 :I* KNEW NO SCRUPLES NOR %RANK FROM ANY LIES1 FROM ANY VILLA9Y1 ANY DI%ON\RNOT FROM ! MEANE/ ( CRIMES9 ORD] TO MAKE HIMSELF DOM9ANT4 ,EM]SON RI<TLY REM>KS3 0,BONAP>TE WAS 9 A QUITE UNUSUAL DEGREE DEVOID ( EV]Y HI<HE>T$ EMOTION4444 ,HE DID NOT EV5 POSSESS ! M]IT ( COMMON TRU?FULNESS & HONE/Y40 ,& 9 ANO!R PLACE 9 HIS ESSAY ON ,NAPOLEON HE SAYS3 0,HIS :OLE EXI/5CE WAS AN EXP]IM5T UND] ! BE/ POSSIBLE CONDITIONS TO %[ ( :AT 9TELLECT DIVORC$ FROM CONSCI5CE IS CAPABLE40 ,ONLY AS ISSU+ FROM ! DISCONSOLATE 9N] /ATE ( A MAN 9 :OM HIS [N GRE$ = GLORY HAD UTT]LY DE/ROY$ ALL SOCIAL FEEL+ >E !SE WORDS ( ,NAPOLEON UND]/&ABLE3 0,! SAVAGE1 LIKE ! CIVILIZ$ MAN1 NE$S A LORD & MA/]1 A SORC]] :O KEEPS HIS FANCY 9 *ECK1 SUBJECTS HIM TO /RICT DISCIPL9E1 *A9S HIM1 PREV5TS HIS BIT+ AT ! WRONG TIME1 CLUBS HIM1 LEADS HIM TO ! *ASE4 ,OB$I5CE IS HIS DE/9Y2 HE DES]VES NO?+ BETT] & HAS NO RI<TS40 

,BUT ?IS HE>TLESS CYNIC1 :O 9 HIS Y\? HAD 9TOXICAT$ HIMSELF ) ! ,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL1 RECOGNIZ$ TO ! UTT]MO/ ! :OLE DISA/R\S SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS NEW RELIGION ON :I* 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS HIS RULE WAS F\ND$4 ,?US1 9 ONE ( ?OSE UNGU>D$ MOM5TS ( COMPLETE TRU?FULNESS SO R>E ) HIM1 HE ALL[$ HIMSELF TO BE 5TIC$ 9TO ! /ATEM5T3 0,Y\R ,R\SSEAU IS A MADMAN :O HAS L$ US TO ?IS CONDITION60 ,& ON ANO!R OCCASION1 SOME:AT P5SIVELY1 0,! FUTURE WILL %[ :E!R IT HAD NOT BE5 BETT] = ! WORLD'S PEACE IF NEI!R ,R\SSEAU NOR ,I HAD EV] LIV$40 

.<#a.> ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 OR1 ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,/ATE ,RI<T4 ,BK #a1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I4 

.<#b.> ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT4 ,BK4 #a#a1 ,*AP4 ,V4 

.<#c.> ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT4 ,BOOK #a#a1 ,*AP4 ,VLL4 

.<#d.> ,R\SSEAU1 ,EMILE4 ,FIR/ ,BOOK4 

.<#e.> ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT4 ,BK4 #a#a1 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 

.<#f.> ,FROM A MANUSCRIPT UNCOMPLET$ AT HIS DEA?4 ,G]MAN TRANSLATION BY ,RUDOLF ,S*LOSS] 9 0,FRANKREI*S ,S*ICKSAL IM ,JAHRE #a#h#g40 ,S4 #cd ,RECLAM-,V]LAG4 

.<#g.> ,A4 ,MA?IEZ2 0,LES ,ORIG9ES DES ,CULTES ,REVOLUTIONAIRES10 ,P>IS1 #a#i#d4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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