,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #f 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROMEL ,JAC9TO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! ONLY BRI<T PO9T :I* ,I SAW 9 ! LIFE ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS ! MOVEM5T :I* WAS GO+ ON AMONG ! Y\? ( BO? SEXES4 ,V>I\S CURR5TS JO9$ TO PRODUCE ! MI<TY AGITATION :I* SOON TOOK AN UND]GR\ND & REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 & 5GROSS$ ! ATT5TION ( ,RUSSIA = ! NEXT FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,I %ALL SPEAK ( IT 9 A SUBSEQU5T *APT]2 BUT ,I MU/ M5TION 9 ?IS PLACE ! MOVEM5T :I* WAS C>RI$ ON1 QUITE OP5LY1 BY \R WOM5 = OBTA9+ ACCESS TO HI<] $UCATION4 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS AT ?AT TIME ITS MA9 C5T]4 

,EV]Y AFT]NOON ! Y\NG WIFE ( MY BRO!R1 ON H] RETURN FROM ! WOM5'S P$AGOGICAL C\RSES :I* %E FOLL[$1 HAD SOME?+ NEW TO TELL US AB\T ! ANIMATION :I* PREVAIL$ !RE4 ,S*EMES W]E LAID = OP5+ A M$ICAL ACADEMY & UNIV]SITIES = WOM52 DEBATES UPON S*OOLS OR UPON DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( $UCATION W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! C\RSES1 & HUNDR$S ( WOM5 TOOK A PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 !SE QUE/IONS1 DISCUSS+ !M OV] & OV] AGA9 9 PRIVATE4 ,SOCIETIES ( TRANSLATORS1 PUBLI%]S1 PR9T]S1 & BOOKB9D]S W]E />T$ 9 ORD] ?AT WORK MI<T BE PROVID$ = ! POORE/ MEMB]S ( ! SI/]HOOD :O FLOCK$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 READY TO DO ANY SORT ( WORK1 ONLY TO LIVE 9 ! HOPE ?AT !Y1 TOO1 W\LD SOME DAY HAVE !IR %>E ( HI<] $UCATION4 ,A VIGOR\S1 EXUB]ANT LIFE REIGN$ 9 ?OSE FEM99E C5T]S1 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ TO :AT ,I MET ELSE:]E4 

,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T HAD %[N ITS DET]M9$ 9T5TION NOT TO ADMIT WOM5 TO ! EXI/+ UNIV]SITIES1 !Y HAD DIRECT$ ALL !IR EF=TS T[>D OP5+ UNIV]SITIES ( !IR [N4 ,!Y W]E TOLD AT ! M9I/RY ( $UCATION ?AT ! GIRLS :O HAD PASS$ ?R\< ! GIRLS' GYMNASIA 7! HI< S*OOLS7 W]E NOT PREP>$ TO FOLL[ UNIV]SITY LECTURES4 0,V]Y WELL10 !Y REPLI$1 0P]MIT US TO OP5 9T]M$IATE C\RSES1 PREP>ATORY TO ! UNIV]SITY1 & IMPOSE UPON US ANY PROGRAM Y\ LIKE4 ,WE ASK NO GRANTS FROM ! /ATE4 ,ONLY GIVE US ! P]MISSION1 & IT WILL BE DONE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! P]MISSION WAS NOT GIV54 

,!N !Y />T$ PRIVATE C\RSES & DRAW+-ROOM LECTURES 9 ALL P>TS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,MANY UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! NEW MOVEM5T1 VOLUNTE]$ TO GIVE LECTURES4 ,POOR M5 !MSELVES1 !Y W>N$ ! ORGANIZ]S ?AT ANY M5TION ( REMUN]ATION W\LD BE TAK5 AS A P]SONAL (F5SE4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE EXCURSIONS US$ TO BE MADE EV]Y SUMM] 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 & WOM5 CON/ITUT$ ! BULK ( ! EXCURSIONI/S4 ,9 ! C\RSES = MIDWIVES !Y =C$ ! PR(ESSORS TO TREAT EA* SUBJECT 9 A F> MORE EXHAU/IVE WAY ?AN WAS REQUIR$ BY ! PROGRAM1 OR TO OP5 ADDITIONAL C\RSES4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y POSSIBILITY1 ( EV]Y BREA* 9 ! =TRESS1 TO /ORM IT4 ,!Y GA9$ ADMISSION TO ! ANATOMICAL LABORATORY ( OLD ,DR4 ,GRUB]1 & BY !IR ADMIRABLE WORK !Y WON ?IS 5?USIA/ ( ANATOMY 5TIRELY TO !IR SIDE4 ,IF !Y LE>N$ ?AT A PR(ESSOR HAD NO OBJECTION TO LETT+ !M WORK 9 HIS LABORATORY ON ,SUNDAYS & AT NI<T ON WEEK DAYS1 !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! OPPORTUNITY4 

,AT LA/1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! OPPOSITION ( ! M9I/RY1 !Y OP5$ ! 9T]M$IATE C\RSES1 ONLY GIV+ !M ! NAME ( P$AGOGICAL C\RSES4 ,WAS IT POSSIBLE1 9DE$1 TO =BID FUTURE MO!RS /UDY+ ! ME?ODS ( $UCATION8 ,BUT AS ! ME?ODS ( TEA*+ BOTANY OR MA!MATICS C\LD NOT BE TAU<T 9 ! AB/RACT1 BOTANY1 MA!MATICS1 & ! RE/ W]E SOON 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! CURRICULUM ( ! P$AGOGICAL C\RSES1 :I* BECAME PREP>ATORY = ! UNIV]SITY4 

,/EP BY /EP ! WOM5 ?US WID5$ !IR RI<TS4 ,AS SOON AS IT BECAME KN[N ?AT AT SOME ,G]MAN UNIV]SITY A C]TA9 PR(ESSOR MI<T OP5 HIS LECTURE-ROOM TO A FEW WOM51 !Y KNOCK$ AT HIS DOOR & W]E ADMITT$4 ,!Y /UDI$ LAW & HI/ORY AT ,HEIDELB]G1 & MA!MATICS AT ,B]L9 2 AT ,ZURI*1 MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ GIRLS & WOM5 WORK$ AT ! UNIV]SITY & ! POLYTE*NICUM4 ,!RE !Y WON SOME?+ MORE VALUABLE ?AN ! DEGREE ( ,DOCTOR ( ,M$IC9E2 !Y WON ! E/EEM ( ! MO/ LE>N$ PR(ESSORS1 :O EXPRESS$ IT PUBLICLY SEV]AL TIMES4 ,:5 ,I CAME TO ,ZURI* 9 #a#h#g#b1 & BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) SOME ( ! /UD5TS1 ,I WAS A/ONI%$ TO SEE QUITE Y\NG GIRLS1 :O W]E /UDY+ AT ! POLYTE*NICUM1 SOLV+ 9TRICATE PROBLEMS ( ! !ORY ( HEAT1 ) ! AID ( ! DIFF]5TIAL CALCULUS1 AS EASILY AS IF !Y HAD HAD YE>S ( MA!MATICAL TRA9+4 ,ONE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GIRLS :O /UDI$ MA!MATICS UND] ,WEI]/RASS AT ,B]L91 ,SOPHIE ,KOVALEVSKY1 BECAME A MA!MATICIAN ( HI< REPUTE1 & WAS 9VIT$ TO A PR(ESSOR%IP AT ,/OCKHOLM2 %E WAS1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! FIR/ WOMAN 9 \R C5TURY TO HOLD A PR(ESSOR%IP 9 A UNIV]SITY = M54 ,%E WAS SO Y\NG ?AT 9 ,SW$5 NO ONE WANT$ TO CALL H] BY ANY?+ BUT H] DIM9UTIVE NAME ( ,SONYA4 

,9 SPITE ( ! OP5 HATR$ ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 = $UCAT$ WOM51 - :5 HE MET 9 HIS WALKS A GIRL WE>+ SPECTACLES & A R\ND ,G>IBALDIAN CAP1 HE BEGAN TO TREMBLE1 ?9K+ ?AT %E MU/ BE A NIHILI/ B5T ON %OOT+ AT HIM2 9 SPITE ( ! BITT] OPPOSITION ( ! /ATE POLICE1 :O REPRES5T$ EV]Y WOMAN /UD5T AS A REVOLUTIONI/2 9 SPITE ( ! ?UND]S & ! VILE ACCUSATIONS :I* ,KATK(F DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ALMO/ EV]Y NUMB] ( HIS V5OM\S GAZETTE1 ! WOM5 SUCCE$$1 9 ! TEE? ( ! GOV]NM5T1 9 OP5+ A S]IES ( $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:5 SEV]AL ( !M HAD OBTA9$ M$ICAL DEGREES ABROAD1 !Y =C$ ! GOV]NM5T1 9 #a#h#g#b1 TO LET !M OP5 A M$ICAL ACADEMY ) !IR [N PRIVATE MEANS4 ,& :5 ! ,RUSSIAN WOM5 W]E RECALL$ BY !IR GOV]NM5T FROM ,ZURI*1 TO PREV5T !IR 9T]C\RSE ) ! REVOLUTIONI/ REFUGEES1 !Y =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO LET !M OP5 9 ,RUSSIA F\R UNIV]SITIES ( !IR [N1 :I* SOON HAD NE>LY A ?\S& PUPILS4 ,IT SEEMS ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE1 BUT IT IS A FACT ?AT NOT)/&+ ALL ! PROSECUTIONS :I* ! ,WOM5'S ,M$ICAL ,ACADEMY HAD TO LIVE ?R\<1 & ITS TEMPOR>Y CLOSURE1 !RE >E N[ 9 ,RUSSIA MORE ?AN SIX HUNDR$ & SEV5TY WOM5 PRACTIC+ AS PHYSICIANS4 

,IT WAS C]TA9LY A GR& MOVEM5T1 A/\ND+ 9 ITS SUCCESS & 9/RUCTIVE 9 A HI< DEGREE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT WAS ?R\< ! UNLIMIT$ DEVOTION ( A MASS ( WOM5 9 ALL POSSIBLE CAPACITIES ?AT !Y GA9$ !IR SUCCESSES4 ,!Y HAD ALREADY WORK$ AS SI/]S ( *>ITY DUR+ ! ,CRIMEAN W>2 AS ORGANIZ]S ( S*OOLS LAT] ON2 AS ! MO/ DEVOT$ S*OOLMI/RESSES 9 ! VILLAGES2 AS $UCAT$ MIDWIVES & DOCTORS' ASSI/ANTS AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,!Y W5T AFT]W>DS AS NURSES & DOCTORS 9 ! FEV]-/RICK5 HOSPITALS DUR+ ! ,TURKI% W> ( #a#h#g#h1 & WON ! ADMIRATION ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&]S & ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 HIMSELF4 ,I KN[ TWO LADIES1 BO? V]Y EAG]LY 0WANT$0 BY ! /ATE POLICE1 :O S]V$ AS NURSES DUR+ ! W>1 UND] ASSUM$ NAMES :I* W]E GU>ANTE$ BY FALSE PASSPORTS2 ONE ( !M1 ! GREAT] 0CRIM9AL0 ( ! TWO1 :O HAD TAK5 A PROM95T P>T 9 MY ESCAPE1 WAS EV5 APPO9T$ HEAD NURSE ( A L>GE HOSPITAL = W\ND$ SOLDI]S1 :ILE H] FRI5D NE>LY DI$ FROM TYPHOID FEV]4 ,9 %ORT1 WOM5 TOOK ANY POSITION1 NO MATT] H[ L[ 9 ! SOCIAL SCALE1 & NO MATT] :AT PRIVATIONS IT 9VOLV$1 IF ONLY !Y C\LD BE 9 ANY WAY USEFUL TO ! PEOPLE2 NOT A FEW ( !M1 BUT HUNDR$S & ?\S&S4 ,!Y HAVE CONQU]$ !IR RI<TS 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,ANO!R FEATURE ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ?AT 9 IT ! *ASM BETWE5 ! TWO G5]ATIONS - ! OLD] & ! Y\NG] SI/]S - DID NOT EXI/2 OR1 AT LEA/1 IT WAS BRIDG$ OV] TO A GREAT EXT5T4 ,?OSE :O W]E ! LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T FROM ITS ORIG9 NEV] BROKE ! L9K :I* CONNECT$ !M ) !IR Y\NG] SI/]S1 EV5 ?\< ! LATT] W]E F> MORE ADVANC$ 9 !IR IDEALS ?AN ! OLD] WOM5 W]E4 

,!Y PURSU$ !IR AIMS 9 ! HI<] SPH]ES2 !Y KEPT /RICTLY ALO( FROM ANY POLITICAL AGITATION2 BUT !Y NEV] COMMITT$ ! FAULT ( =GETT+ ?AT !IR TRUE =CE WAS 9 ! MASSES ( Y\NG] WOM51 ( :OM A GREAT NUMB] F9ALLY JO9$ ! RADICAL OR REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES4 ,!SE LEAD]S W]E CORRECTNESS ITSELF1 - ,I CONSID]$ !M TOO CORRECT2 BUT !Y DID NOT BREAK ) ?OSE Y\NG] /UD5TS :O W5T AB\T AS TYPICAL NIHILI/S1 ) %ORT-CROPP$ HAIR1 DISDA9+ CR9OL9E1 & BETRAY+ !IR DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT 9 ALL !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,! LEAD]S DID NOT MIX ) !M1 & OCCASIONALLY !RE WAS FRICTION1 BUT !Y NEV] REPUDIAT$ !M1 - A GREAT ?+1 ,I BELIEVE1 9 ?OSE TIMES ( MADLY RAG+ PROSECUTIONS4 

,!Y SEEM$ TO SAY TO ! Y\NG] & MORE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE3 0,WE %ALL WE> \R VELVET DRESSES & *IGNONS1 BECAUSE WE HAVE TO DEAL ) FOOLS :O SEE 9 A VELVET DRESS & A *IGNON ! TOK5S ( 'POLITICAL RELIABILITY2' BUT Y\1 GIRLS1 REMA9 FREE 9 Y\R TA/ES & 9CL9ATIONS40 ,:5 ! WOM5 :O /UDI$ AT ,ZURI* W]E ORD]$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO RETURN1 !SE CORRECT LADIES DID NOT TURN AGA9/ ! REBELS4 ,!Y SIMPLY SAID TO ! GOV]NM5T3 0,Y\ DON'T LIKE IT8 ,WELL1 !N1 OP5 WOM5'S UNIV]SITIES AT HOME2 O!RWISE \R GIRLS WILL GO ABROAD 9 /ILL GREAT] NUMB]S1 & ( C\RSE WILL 5T] 9TO RELATIONS ) ! POLITICAL REFUGEES40 ,:5 !Y W]E REPROA*$ ) BRE$+ REVOLUTIONI/S1 & W]E M5AC$ ) ! CLOS+ ( !IR ACADEMY & UNIV]SITIES1 !Y RETORT$1 0,YES1 MANY /UD5TS BECOME REVOLUTIONI/S2 BUT IS ?AT A REASON = CLOS+ ALL UNIV]SITIES80 ,H[ FEW POLITICAL LEAD]S HAVE ! MORAL C\RAGE NOT TO TURN AGA9/ ! MORE ADVANC$ W+ ( !IR [N P>TY6 

,! REAL SECRET ( !IR WISE & FULLY SUCCESSFUL ATTITUDE WAS ?AT NONE ( ! WOM5 :O W]E ! S\L ( ?AT MOVEM5T W]E M]E 0FEM9I/S10 DESIR\S TO GET !IR %>E ( ! PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS 9 SOCIETY & ! /ATE4 ,F> FROM ?AT4 ,! SYMPA?IES ( MO/ ( !M W5T ) ! MASSES4 ,I REMEMB] ! LIVELY P>T :I* ,MISS ,/ASOVA1 ! VET]AN LEAD] ( ! AGITATION1 TOOK 9 ! ,SUNDAY S*OOLS 9 #a#h#f#a1 ! FRI5D%IPS %E & H] FRI5DS MADE AMONG ! FACTORY GIRLS1 ! 9T]E/ !Y MANIFE/$ 9 ! H>D LIFE ( !SE GIRLS \TSIDE ! S*OOL1 ! FI<TS !Y F\<T AGA9/ !IR GRE$Y EMPLOY]S4 ,I RECALL ! KE5 9T]E/ :I* ! WOM5 %[$1 AT !IR P$AGOGICAL C\RSES1 9 ! VILLAGE S*OOLS1 & 9 ! WORK ( ?OSE FEW :O1 LIKE ,B>ON ,KORFF1 W]E P]MITT$ = SOME TIME TO DO SOME?+ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 & ! SOCIAL SPIRIT :I* P]MEAT$ ?OSE C\RSES4 ,! RI<TS !Y /ROVE = - BO? ! LEAD]S & ! GREAT BULK ( ! WOM5 - W]E NOT ONLY ! 9DIVIDUAL RI<T TO HI<] 9/RUCTION1 BUT MU* MORE1 F> MORE1 ! RI<T TO BE USEFUL WORK]S AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ! MASSES4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y SUCCE$$ TO SU* AN EXT5T4 

7,S\RCE3 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 ,FIR/ ,$ITION1 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL9 ,COMPANY1 ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #f -- ,ADD$4 

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