,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g1 REPRODUC$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND5 = ! ,VALUE.-(.-,KN[L$GE >*IVE1 #a#i#i#h2 
,PRO($ & CORRECT$3 BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 NEI!R B\RGEOIS NOR ,M>XI/ ?9K]S HAD 
MU* APPRECIATION ( ! FACT ?AT ! RELATION BETWE5 ,M>XISM 
& PHILOSOPHY MI<T POSE A V]Y IMPORTANT !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL 
PROBLEM4  ,= PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY1 ,M>XISM WAS AT BE/ A 
RA!R M9OR SUB-SECTION )9 ! HI/ORY ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY 
PHILOSOPHY1 DISMISS$ AS ',! ,DECAY ( ,HEGELIANISM'4 ,BUT ',M>XI/S' 
AS WELL T5D$ NOT TO LAY GREAT /RESS ON ! 'PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE' 
( !IR !ORY1 AL?\< = QUITE DIFF]5T REASONS4  ,M>X & 
,5GELS1 IT IS TRUE1 (T5 9DICAT$ ) GREAT PRIDE ?AT HI/ORICALLY 
! ,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAD 9H]IT$ ! LEGACY ( CLASSICAL 
,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY 9 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM'4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT 
MEAN BY ?IS ?AT SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM OR COMMUNISM W]E PRIM>ILY 
'PHILOSOPHIES'4  ,!Y RA!R SAW ! TASK ( !IR 'SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM' AS ?AT ( DEF9ITIVELY OV]COM+ & SUP]S$+ 
! =M & CONT5T1 NOT ONLY ( ALL PREVI\S B\RGEOIS IDEALI/ 
PHILOSOPHY1 BUT !REBY ( PHILOSOPHY ALTOGE!R4  ,LAT] ,I %ALL 
HAVE TO EXPLA9 9 MORE DETAIL :AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ORIG9AL 
CONCEPTION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! NATURE ( ?IS SUP]SESSION 
WAS OR WAS 9T5D$ TO BE4  ,= ! MOM5T ,I M]ELY RECORD ?AT 
HI/ORICALLY ?IS ISSUE SIMPLY CEAS$ TO BE A PROBLEM AS F> AS 
MO/ LAT] ,M>XI/S W]E CONC]N$4  ,! MANN] 9 :I* !Y 
DEALT ) ! QUE/ION ( PHILOSOPHY CAN BE/ BE DESCRIB$ 9 
! VIVID T]MS 9 :I* ,5GELS ONCE DESCRIB$ ,FEU]BA*'S ATTITUDE 
TO ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY3 ,FEU]BA* SIMPLY '%OV$' IT 'UNC]EMONI\SLY 
ASIDE'4 ,9 FACT1 V]Y MANY LAT] ,M>XI/S1 APP>5TLY 9 HI<LY 
OR?ODOX COMPLIANCE ) ! MA/]S' 9/RUCTIONS1 DEALT 9 EXACTLY 
! SAME UNC]EMONI\S WAY NOT ONLY ) ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY BUT 
) PHILOSOPHY AS A :OLE4  ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ 
MORE ?AN ONCE LACONICALLY DESCRIB$ HIS [N OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ 
POSITION ON ! QUE/ION ( PHILOSOPHY BY SAY+ ?AT HE ACCEPT$ 
! 'REJECTION ( ALL PHILOSOPHIC FANTASIES' :I* WAS ! PRECONDITION 
= ! MA/]S' 7,M>X & ,5GELS7 IMMORTAL ACCOMPLI%M5TS'4  
,?IS /ATEM5T CAME FROM A MAN :O C\LD ) JU/ICE SAY ?AT 
HE HAD 'CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL ORIG9S ( ,M>X 
& ,5GELS MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN ANYONE ELSE'1 & IT IS EXTREMELY 
SIGNIFICANT = ! G5]ALLY DOM9ANT POSITION ON ALL PHILOSOPHICAL 
PROBLEMS F\ND AMONG ! ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 
7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#a#d74  ,! PROM95T ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS ( ! P]IOD 
REG>D$ CONC]N ) QUE/IONS ?AT W]E NOT EV5 ESS5TIALLY 
PHILOSOPHICAL 9 ! N>R[] S5SE1 BUT W]E ONLY RELAT$ TO 
! G5]AL EPI/EMOLOGICAL & ME?ODOLOGICAL BASES ( ,M>XI/ 
!ORY1 AS AT MO/ AN UTT] WA/E ( TIME & EF=T4  ,( C\RSE1 
:E!R !Y LIK$ IT OR NOT1 !Y ALL[$ DISCUSSION ( SU* 
PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES )9 ! ,M>XI/ CAMP & 9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES 
!Y TOOK P>T !MSELVES4  ,BUT :5 DO+ SO !Y MADE IT QUITE 
CLE> ?AT ! ELUCIDATION ( SU* PROBLEMS WAS TOTALLY IRRELEVANT 
TO ! PRACTICE ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 & W\LD ALWAYS 
HAVE TO REMA9 SO4 ,SU* A CONCEPTION WAS1 H[EV]1 ONLY SELF-EVID5T 
& LOGICALLY JU/IFI$ GIV5 ! PREMISE ?AT ,M>XISM AS A !ORY 
& PRACTICE WAS 9 ESS5CE TOTALLY UNALT]ABLE & 9VOLV$ NO 
SPECIFIC POSITION ON ANY PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS :ATEV]4 

,?IS MEANT ?AT IT WAS NOT REG>D$ AS IMPOSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 
= A LEAD+ ,M>XI/ !ORETICIAN TO BE A FOLL[] ( ,>?UR 
,S*OP5HAU] 9 HIS PRIVATE PHILOSOPHICAL LIFE4 

,DUR+ ?AT P]IOD1 !RE=E1 H[EV] GREAT ! CONTRADICTIONS 
BETWE5 ,M>XI/ & B\RGEOIS !ORY W]E 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS1 
ON ?IS ONE PO9T !RE WAS AN APP>5T AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! 
TWO EXTREMES4  ,B\RGEOIS PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY REASSUR$ EA* 
O!R ?AT ,M>XISM HAD NO PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T ( ITS [N - & 
?\<T !Y W]E SAY+ SOME?+ IMPORTANT AGA9/ IT4 
 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S ALSO REASSUR$ EA* O!R ?AT !IR ,M>XISM 
BY ITS V]Y NATURE HAD NO?+ TO DO ) PHILOSOPHY - & ?\<T 
!Y W]E SAY+ SOME?+ IMPORTANT 9 FAVOR ( IT4  
,!RE WAS YET A ?IRD TR5D ?AT />T$ FROM ! SAME BASIC POSITION2 
& ?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD IT WAS ! ONLY ONE TO CONC]N ITSELF 
SOME:AT MORE ?OR\<LY ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE ( SOCIALISM4 
 ,IT CONSI/$ ( ?OSE 'PHILOSOPHIZ+ SOCIALI/S' ( V>I\S 
K9DS :O SAW !IR TASK AS ?AT ( 'SUPPLEM5T+' ! ,M>XI/ 
SY/EM ) IDEAS FROM ,KULTURPHILOSOPHIE OR ) NOTIONS 
FROM ,KANT1 ,DIETZG5 OR ,MA*1 OR O!R PHILOSOPHIES4  ,YET PRECISELY 
BECAUSE !Y ?\<T ?AT ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM NE$$ PHILOSOPHICAL 
SUPPLEM5TS1 !Y MADE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT 9 !IR EYES TOO ,M>XISM 
9 ITSELF LACK$ PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T4   

,N[ADAYS IT IS RA!R EASY TO %[ ?AT ?IS PURELY NEGATIVE 
CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY1 :I* 
WE HAVE %[N TO BE HELD 9 APP>5T UNANIMITY BY B\RGEOIS S*OL>S 
AS WELL AS BY OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S1 >OSE 9 BO? CASES FROM A V]Y 
SUP]FICIAL & 9COMPLETE ANALYSIS ( HI/ORICAL & LOGICAL 
DEVELOPM5T4  ,H[EV]1 ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y BO? CAME 
TO ?IS CONCLUSION 9 P>T DIV]GE GREATLY1 & SO ,I WANT 
TO DESCRIBE !M SEP>ATELY4  ,IT WILL !N BE CLE> ?AT 9 SPITE 
( ! GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! MOTIVES ON EI!R SIDE1 ! 
TWO SETS ( CAUSES DO CO9CIDE 9 ONE CRUCIAL PLACE4  ,AMONG B\RGEOIS 
S*OL>S 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !RE 
WAS A TOTAL DISREG>D ( ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY1 :I* CO9CID$ ) 
A COMPLETE 9COMPREH5SION ( ! RELATION ( PHILOSOPHY TO REALITY1 
& ( !ORY TO PRACTICE1 :I* CON/ITUT$ ! LIV+ PR9CIPLE 
( ALL PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE 9 ,HEGEL'S TIME4  ,ON ! O!R H& 
,M>XI/S SIMULTANE\SLY T5D$ 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY 
9CREAS+LY TO =GET ! ORIG9AL MEAN+ ( ! DIALECTICAL 
PR9CIPLE4  ,YET IT WAS ?IS ?AT ! TWO Y\NG ,HEGELIANS1 ,M>X 
& ,5GELS1 :5 !Y W]E TURN+ AWAY FROM ,HEGEL 9 ! #a#h#dS1 
HAD QUITE DELIB]ATELY RESCU$ FROM ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY 
& TRANSF]R$ TO ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY4 

,FIR/ ,I %ALL SUMM>IZE ! REASONS :Y1 S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY1 B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S & HI/ORIANS 
HAVE PROGRESSIVELY AB&ON$ ! DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( ! 
HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY2 & :Y !Y HAVE !RE=E BE5 9CAPABLE 
( ADEQUATELY ANALYZ+ & PRES5T+ ! 9DEP5D5T ESS5CE 
( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY & ITS SIGNIFICANCE )9 ! G5]AL 
DEVELOPM5T ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPHY4 

,ONE C\LD P]HAPS >GUE ?AT !RE W]E MU* MORE IMM$IATE REASONS 
= ! DISREG>D & MIS9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY1 
& ?AT !RE IS !RE=E ABSOLUTELY NO NE$ = US TO EXPLA9 
ITS SUPPRESSION BY REF]5CE TO ! AB&ONM5T ( ! DIALECTIC4 
 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY WRIT+ ON ! HI/ORY 
( PHILOSOPHY1 A CONSCI\S CLASS 9/9CT UND5IABLY CONTRIBUT$ 
TO ! P]FUNCTORY TREATM5T ( ,M>XISM1 &1 :AT IS MORE1 TO 
A SIMIL> TREATM5T ( SU* B\RGEOIS 'A!I/S' & 'MAT]IALI/S' 
AS ,DAVID ,FRI$RI* ,/RAUSS1 ,BRUNO ,BAU] & ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*4 
 ,BUT WE W\LD ONLY HAVE A V]Y CRUDE IDEA ( :AT 9 REALITY CON/ITUTES 
A V]Y COMPLEX SITUATION IF WE SIMPLY ACCUS$ B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S 
( HAV+ CONSCI\SLY SUBORD9AT$ !IR PHILOSOPHY1 OR HI/ORY 
( PHILOSOPHY1 TO CLASS 9T]E/4  ,!RE >E ( C\RSE 9/ANCES 
:I* DO CORRESPOND TO ?IS CRUDE !SIS4  ,BUT 9 G5]AL 
! RELATION ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( A CLASS TO 
! CLASS :I* !Y REPRES5T IS A GOOD DEAL MORE COMPLEX4  ,9 
HIS ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ,M>X DEALS SPECIFICALLY ) 9T]CONNECTIONS 
( ?IS K9D4  ,HE SAYS !RE ?AT ! CLASS AS A :OLE CREATES 
& =MS 'AN 5TIRE SUP]/RUCTURE ( DI/9CT & PECULI>LY 
=M$ S5TIM5TS1 ILLUSIONS1 MODES ( ?\<T & VIEWS ( LIFE' 
\T ( ITS 'MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS'4  ,A P>T ( ! SUP]/RUCTURE 
?AT IS 'DET]M9$ BY CLASS' 9 ?IS WAY1 YET IS P>TICUL>LY 
REMOTE FROM ITS 'MAT]IAL & ECONOMIC F\NDATION'1 IS ! PHILOSOPHY 
( ! CLASS 9 QUE/ION4  ,?IS IS MO/ OBVI\S AS REG>DS ITS 
CONT5T2 BUT IT ALSO APPLIES 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE TO ITS =MAL 
ASPECTS4  ,IF WE WANT TO UND]/& ! COMPLETE 9COMPREH5SION 
( ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T ( ,M>XISM ON ! P>T ( B\RGEOIS 
HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY1 & REALLY TO UND]/& IT 9 ,M>X'S 
S5SE ( ! WORD - ?AT IS 'MAT]IALI/ICALLY & !RE=E SCI5TIFICALLY' 
WE MU/ NOT BE CONT5T TO EXPLA9 ?IS PH5OM5ON DIRECTLY & 
IMM$IATELY BY ITS 'E>?LY K]NEL' 7NAMELY CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 
& ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S :I* IT CONCEALS '9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE'74 
 ,\R TASK IS TO %[ 9 DETAIL ! M$IATIONS ( ! PROCESS 
:]EBY EV5 ?OSE B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S & HI/ORIANS :O S9C]ELY 
TRY TO 9VE/IGATE 'PURE' TRU? ) ! GREATE/ 'OBJECTIVITY' 
>E B\ND COMPLETELY TO OV]LOOK ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONT5T ( 
,M>XISM OR >E ONLY ABLE TO 9T]PRET IT 9 AN 9ADEQUATE & 
SUP]FICIAL WAY4  ,= \R PURPOSES ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE 
M$IATIONS IS UND\BT$LY ! FACT ?AT S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY ! :OLE ( B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY1 & ESPECIALLY1 
! B\RGEOIS WRIT+ ( ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY1 HAS = SOCIOECONOMIC 
REASONS AB&ON$ ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY & ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD4 
 ,IT HAS RETURN$ TO A ME?OD ( PHILOSOPHY1 & ( WRIT+ ! 
HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY1 :I* R5D]S IT ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE = 
IT TO MAKE ANY?+ 'PHILOSOPHICAL' \T ( A PH5OM5ON LIKE ,M>X'S 
SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 

,9 ! NORMAL PRES5TATIONS ( ! HI/ORY ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY 
PHILOSOPHY :I* EMANATE FROM B\RGEOIS AU?ORS1 !RE IS A GAP 
AT A SPECIFIC PO9T :I* CAN ONLY BE OV]COME 9 A HI<LY >TIFICIAL 
MANN]1 IF AT ALL4  ,!SE HI/ORIANS WANT TO PRES5T ! DEVELOPM5T 
( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T 9 A TOTALLY IDEOLOGICAL & HOPELESSLY 
UNDIALECTICAL WAY1 AS A PURE PROCESS ( ! 'HI/ORY ( IDEAS'4 
 ,IT IS !RE=E IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE H[ !Y CAN F9D A RATIONAL 
EXPLANATION = ! FACT ?AT BY ! #a#h#eS ,HEGEL'S GR&IOSE PHILOSOPHY 
HAD VIRTUALLY NO FOLL[]S LEFT 9 ,G]MANY & WAS TOTALLY MISUND]/OOD 
SOON AFT]W>DS1 :]EAS AS LATE AS ! #a#h#cS EV5 ITS GREATE/ 
5EMIES 7,S*OP5HAU] OR ,H]B>T7 W]E UNABLE TO ESCAPE ITS OV]P[]+ 
9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE4  ,MO/ ( !M DID NOT EV5 TRY TO PROVIDE 
SU* AN EXPLANATION1 BUT W]E 9/EAD CONT5T TO NOTE 9 !IR 
ANNALS ! DISPUTES FOLL[+ ,HEGEL'S DEA? UND] ! UTT]LY 
NEGATIVE RUBRIC ( ',! ,DECAY ( ,HEGELIANISM'4  ,YET ! CONT5T 
( !SE DISPUTES WAS V]Y SIGNIFICANT & !Y W]E ALSO1 BY 
TODAY'S /&>DS1 ( AN EXTREMELY HI< =MAL PHILOSOPHICAL LEVEL4 
 ,!Y TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ( ,HEGEL'S S*OOL1 
! ,RI<T1 ! ,C5T] & ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES ( ! ,LEFT1 
ESPECIALLY ,/RAUSS1 ,BAU]1 ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS4  ,TO CLOSE 
?IS P]IOD1 !SE HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY SIMPLY SET A K9D 
( ABSOLUTE '5D' TO ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHIC MOVEM5T4  ,!Y 
!N BEG9 ! #a#h#fS ) ! RETURN TO ,KANT 7,HELMHOLTZ1 ,ZELL]1 
,LIEBMANN1 ,LANGE7 :I* APPE>S AS A NEW EPO* ( PHILOSOPHICAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 )\T ANY DIRECT CONNECTION TO ANY?+ ELSE4  
,?IS K9D ( HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY HAS ?REE GREAT LIMITATIONS1 
TWO ( :I* CAN BE REVEAL$ BY A CRITICAL REVISION ?AT ITSELF 
REMA9S MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY )9 ! REALM ( ! HI/ORY 
( IDEAS4  ,9DE$1 9 REC5T YE>S MORE ?OR\< PHILOSOPH]S1 
ESPECIALLY ,DIL!Y & HIS S*OOL1 HAVE CONSID]ABLY EXP&$ 
! LIMIT$ P]SPECTIVE ( NORMAL HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY 9 !SE 
TWO RESPECTS4  ,!SE TWO LIMITS CAN !RE=E BE REG>D$ AS HAV+ 
BE5 OV]COME 9 PR9CIPLE1 AL?\< 9 PRACTICE !Y HAVE SURVIV$ 
TO ?IS DAY & WILL PRESUMABLY CONT9UE TO DO SO = A V]Y LONG 
TIME4  ,! ?IRD LIMIT1 H[EV]1 CANNOT 9 ANY WAY BE SURPASS$ 
FROM )9 ! REALM ( ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS2 CONSEQU5TLY IT 
HAS NOT YET BE5 OV]COME EV5 9 PR9CIPLE BY CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS 
HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE ?REE LIMITS 9 ! B\RGEOIS HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY 
DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ 
AS A 'PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL' ONE4  ,! IDEOLOGUES ( ! TIME DID 
NOT SEE ?AT ! IDEAS CONTA9$ 9 A PHILOSOPHY CAN LIVE ON NOT 
ONLY 9 PHILOSOPHIES1 BUT EQUALLY WELL 9 POSITIVE SCI5CES & 
SOCIAL PRACTICE1 & ?AT ?IS PROCESS PRECISELY BEGAN ON A L>GE 
SCALE ) ,HEGEL'S PHILOSOPHY4  ,! SECOND LIMIT IS A 'LOCAL' 
ONE1 & WAS MO/ TYPICAL ( ,G]MAN PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY 9 
! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY3 !SE WOR?Y ,G]MANS IGNOR$ 
! FACT ?AT !RE W]E O!R PHILOSOPH]S BEYOND ! B\ND>IES 
( ,G]MANY4  ,H5CE1 ) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 !Y QUITE FAIL$ TO 
SEE ?AT ! ,HEGELIAN SY/EM1 AL?\< PRON\NC$ DEAD 9 ,G]MANY 
= DECADES1 HAD CONT9U$ TO FL\RI% 9 SEV]AL =EIGN C\NTRIES1 
NOT ONLY 9 ITS CONT5T BUT ALSO AS A SY/EM & A ME?OD4  ,9 
! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY OV] REC5T DECADES1 
!SE FIR/ TWO LIMITS TO ITS P]SPECTIVE HAVE 9 PR9CIPLE BE5 
OV]COME1 & ! PICTURE PA9T$ ABOVE ( ! /&>D HI/ORIES 
( PHILOSOPHY S9CE #ahe HAS ( LATE UND]GONE CONSID]ABLE IMPROVEM5T4 
 ,H[EV]1 B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH]S & HI/ORIANS >E QUITE UNABLE 
TO OV]COME A ?IRD LIMITATION ON !IR HI/ORICAL \TLOOK1 BECAUSE 
?IS W\LD 5TAIL !SE 'B\RGEOIS' PHILOSOPH]S & HI/ORIANS 
( PHILOSOPHY AB&ON+ ! B\RGEOIS CLASS /&PO9T :I* 
CON/ITUTES ! MO/ ESS5TIAL A PRIORI ( !IR 5TIRE 
HI/ORICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL SCI5CE4  ,= :AT APPE>S AS ! 
PURELY 'IDEAL' DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 
CAN 9 FACT ONLY BE FULLY & ESS5TIALLY GRASP$ BY RELAT+ 
IT TO ! CONCRETE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 
AS A :OLE4  ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS RELATION ?AT B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS 
( PHILOSOPHY1 AT !IR PRES5T /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 >E 9CAPABLE 
( /UDY+ SCRUPUL\SLY & IMP>TIALLY4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y RI<T UP TO ! PRES5T DAY C]TA9 PHASES ( 
! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 
HAVE HAD TO REMA9 'TRANSC5D5T' = !SE B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS 
( PHILOSOPHY4  ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S :Y !RE >E /ILL C]TA9 CURI\S 
'BLANK PAT*ES' ON ! MAPS ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS HI/ORIES 
( PHILOSOPHY 7ALREADY DESCRIB$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! '5D' 
( ! ,HEGELIAN MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#dS & ! EMPTY SPACE AFT] 
IT1 BE=E ! 'REAWAK5+' ( PHILOSOPHY 9 ! #a#h#fS74  ,IT 
ALSO BECOMES 9TELLIGIBLE :Y B\RGEOIS HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY 
TODAY NO LONG] HAVE ANY COH]5T GRASP EV5 ( A P]IOD ( ,G]MAN 
PHILOSOPHY :OSE CONCRETE ESS5CE !Y PREVI\SLY HAD SUCCE$$ 
9 UND]/&+4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 NEI!R ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T AFT] ,HEGEL1 NOR ! PREC$+ EVOLUTION 
( PHILOSOPHY FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL1 CAN BE UND]/OOD AS A M]E 
*A9 ( IDEAS4  ,ANY ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! FULL NATURE & 
MEAN+ ( ?IS :OLE LAT] P]IOD - NORMALLY REF]R$ TO 9 HI/ORY 
BOOKS AS ! EPO* ( ',G]MAN IDEALISM' - WILL FAIL HOPELESSLY 
SO LONG AS C]TA9 CONNECTIONS ?AT >E VITAL = ITS :OLE =M 
& C\RSE >E NOT REGI/]$1 OR >E REGI/]$ ONLY SUP]FICIALLY 
OR BELAT$LY4  ,!SE >E ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! '9TELLECTUAL 
MOVEM5T' ( ! P]IOD & ! 'REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T' ?AT 
WAS CONTEMPOR>Y ) IT4 

,9 ,HEGEL'S ,HI/ORY ( ,PHILOSOPHY & O!R WORKS !RE 
>E PASSAGES DESCRIB+ ! NATURE ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( HIS IMM$IATE 
PR$ECESSORS - ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 & ,S*ELL+ - :I* >E VALID = 
! :OLE P]IOD ( SO-CALL$ ',G]MAN IDEALISM' 9CLUD+ ITS 
CR[N+ 'CONCLUSION'1 ! ,HEGELIAN SY/EM ITSELF4  ,!Y >E ALSO 
APPLICABLE TO ! LAT] CONFLICTS 9 ! #a#h#dS BETWE5 ! V>I\S 
,HEGELIAN T5D5CIES4  ,HEGEL WROTE ?AT 9 ! PHILOSOPHIC SY/EMS 
( ?IS FUNDAM5TALLY REVOLUTION>Y EPO*1 'REVOLUTION WAS LODG$ 
& EXPRESS$ AS IF 9 ! V]Y =M ( !IR ?\<T'4 ,HEGEL'S 
ACCOMPANY+ /ATEM5TS MAKE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT HE WAS NOT TALK+ 
( :AT CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY LIKE TO 
CALL A REVOLUTION 9 ?\<T - A NICE1 QUIET PROCESS ?AT TAKES 
PLACE 9 ! PURE REALM ( ! /UDY & F> AWAY FROM ! CRUDE 
REALM ( REAL /RUGGLES4  ,! GREATE/ ?9K] PRODUC$ BY B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY 9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD REG>D$ A 'REVOLUTION 9 
! =M ( ?\<T' AS AN OBJECTIVE COMPON5T ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL 
PROCESS ( A REAL REVOLUTION4  ,ONLY TWO PEOPLES1 ! ,G]MAN & 
! ,FR5* - DESPITE OR PRECISELY BECAUSE ( !IR CONTRA/S -  
TOOK P>T 9 ?IS GREAT EPO* ( WORLD HI/ORY1 :OSE DEEPE/ ESS5CE 
IS GRASP$ BY ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY4  ,O!R NATIONS TOOK NO 
9W>D P>T 9 IT3 !IR GOV]NM5TS & PEOPLES M]ELY PLAY$ 
A POLITICAL ROLE4  ,?IS PR9CIPLE SWEPT ,G]MANY AS ?\<T1 SPIRIT 
& CONCEPT2 9 ,FRANCE IT WAS UNLEA%$ 9 EFFECTIVE REALITY4 
 ,:AT REALITY !RE WAS 9 ,G]MANY1 H[EV]1 APPE>$ AS A VIOL5T 
RESULT ( EXT]NAL CONDITIONS & AS A REACTION TO !M4  ,A FEW 
PAGES FUR!R ON1 :5 PRES5T+ ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,KANT1 ,HEGEL 
RETURNS TO ! SAME !ME3 

',R\SSEAU ALREADY PLAC$ ! ,ABSOLUTE 
9 ,FRE$OM2 ,KANT POSSESSES ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 ONLY 9 A MORE 
!ORETICAL V]SION4  ,! ,FR5* REG>D IT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW 
( WILL1 = !Y HAVE A PROV]B ',IL A LA TETE PRES 
DU BONNET' 7,HE IS HOT-HEAD$74  ,FRANCE HAS A S5SE ( REALITY1 
( ACCOMPLI%M5T1 BECAUSE IDEAS !RE >E TRANSLAT$ MORE DIRECTLY 
9TO ACTION2 CONSEQU5TLY M5 !RE HAVE APPLI$ !MSELVES PRACTICALLY 
TO REALITY4  ,H[EV] MU* FRE$OM 9 ITSELF IS CONCRETE1 9 ,FRANCE 
IT WAS APPLI$ TO REALITY 9 AN UNDEVELOP$ & AB/RACT =M2 
& TO E/ABLI% AB/RACTION 9 REALITY IS TO DE/ROY ?AT REALITY4 
 ,! FANATICISM ( FRE$OM1 :5 ! PEOPLE TOOK POSSESSION ( 
IT1 BECAME T]RIBLE4  ,9 ,G]MANY ! SAME PR9CIPLE >\S$ ! 
9T]E/ ( CONSCI\SNESS BUT WAS ONLY DEVELOP$ 9 A !ORETICAL 
MANN]4  ,WE HAVE ALL K9DS ( COMMOTIONS )9 US & AB\T US2 
BUT ?R\< !M ALL ! ,G]MAN HEAD PREF]S TO LET ITS SLEEP+ 
CAP SIT QUIETLY :]E IT IS & SIL5TLY C>RIES ON ITS OP]ATIONS 
B5EA? IT - ,IMMANUEL ,KANT WAS BORN 9 ,KONIGSB]G 9 #a#g#b#d01 
& SO ON4   

,!SE PASSAGES FROM ,HEGEL AFFIRM A PR9CIPLE :I* 
R5D]S 9TELLIGIBLE ! 9N]MO/ NATURE ( ?IS GREAT P]IOD 
( WORLD HI/ORY3 ! DIALECTICAL RELATION BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY 
& REALITY4  ,ELSE:]E ,HEGEL =MULAT$ ?IS PR9CIPLE 9 A MORE 
G5]AL WAY1 :5 HE WROTE ?AT EV]Y PHILOSOPHY CAN BE NO?+ 
BUT 'ITS [N EPO* COMPREH5D$ 9 ?\<T4' 
,ESS5TIAL 9 ANY EV5T = A REAL UND]/&+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T 
( PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 ?IS AXIOM BECOMES EV5 MORE RELEVANT 
= A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4  ,9DE$1 IT IS 
EXACTLY ?IS ?AT EXPLA9S ! FATE :I* IRRESI/IBLY OV]TOOK 
! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHY & ! HI/ORICAL /UDY 
( PHILOSOPHY BY ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9 ! N9ETE5? 
C5TURY4  ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ?IS CLASS CEAS$ 
TO BE REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS SOCIAL PRACTICE1 & BY AN 9N] 
NECESSITY IT !REBY ALSO LO/ ! ABILITY TO COMPREH5D 9 ?\<T 
! TRUE DIALECTICAL 9T]RELATION ( IDEAS & REAL HI/ORICAL 
DEVELOPM5TS1 ABOVE ALL ( PHILOSOPHY & REVOLUTION4  ,9 SOCIAL 
PRACTICE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE DECL9$ 
& HALT$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  ,?IS PROCESS 
F\ND ITS IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION 9 ! APP>5T DECL9E & 5D 
( PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ON :I* B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS DWELL 
TO ?IS DAY4  ,A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( ?9K+ IS ! 
COMM5T ( ,UB]WEG & ,HE9ZE1 :O BEG9 ! RELEVANT SECTION 
( !IR BOOK BY SAY+ ?AT PHILOSOPHY F\ND ITSELF AT ?IS TIME 
'9 A /ATE ( G5]AL EXHAU/ION'1 & '9CREAS+LY LO/ ITS 
9FLU5CE ON CULTURAL ACTIVITY'4  ,ACCORD+ TO ,UB]WEG 1 
?IS SAD OCCURR5CE WAS DUE PRIM>ILY TO 'T5D5CIES ( PSY*OLOGICAL 
REVULSION'1 :]EAS ALL 'EXT]NAL MOM5TS' HAD ONLY A 'SECOND>Y 
EFFECT'4  ,?IS FAM\S B\RGEOIS HI/ORIAN ( PHILOSOPHY EXPLA9S 
! *>ACT] ( !SE 'T5D5CIES ( PSY*OLOGICAL REVULSION' 
TO HIMSELF & HIS READ]S AS FOLL[S3 ',PEOPLE BECAME TIR$ ( 
BO? 9FLAT$ IDEALISM & ( METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION 767 & 
WANT$ SPIRITUAL N\RI%M5T ?AT HAD MORE SUB/ANCE TO IT4' ,! 
PHILOSOPHIC DEVELOPM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY APPE> AT ONCE 
9 A TOTALLY DIFF]5T =M 7EV5 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! HI/ORY 
( IDEAS A MORE ADEQUATE ONE7 IF !Y >E TACKL$ RESOLUTELY & 
?OR\<LY ) A DIALECTICAL ME?OD1 EV5 9 ! UNDEVELOP$ 
& ONLY P>TLY CONSCI\S =M 9 :I* ,HEGEL US$ IT - 9 O!R 
WORDS 9 ! =M ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC AS OPPOS$ TO 
,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC4 

,VIEW$ 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! 
REALM ( IDEAS1 RA!R ?AN ABAT+ & F9ALLY CEAS+ 9 ! 
#a#h#dS1 M]ELY UND]W5T A DEEP & SIGNIFICANT *ANGE ( *>ACT]4 
 ,9/EAD ( MAK+ AN EXIT1 CLASSICAL ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 
! IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 MADE A TRANSITION TO A NEW SCI5CE :I* H5CE=W>D 
APPE>$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS AS ! G5]AL EXPRESSION ( 
! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT3 ! !ORY ( 'SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM' FIR/ F\ND$ & =MULAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 
! #a#h#dS4  ,B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE HI!RTO EI!R 
5TIRELY IGNOR$ ?IS ESS5TIAL & NECESS>Y RELATION BETWE5 
,G]MAN IDEALISM & ,M>XISM1 OR !Y HAVE ONLY CONCEIV$ & PRES5T$ 
IT 9ADEQUATELY & 9COH]5TLY4  ,TO GRASP IT PROP]LY1 IT IS 
NECESS>Y TO AB&ON ! NORMAL AB/RACT & IDEOLOGICAL APPROA* 
( MOD]N HI/ORIANS ( PHILOSOPHY = AN APPROA* ?AT NE$ NOT 
BE SPECIFICALLY ,M>XI/ BUT IS JU/ /RAI<T=W>DLY DIALECTICAL1 
9 ! ,HEGELIAN & ,M>XI/ S5SE4  ,IF WE DO ?IS1 WE CAN SEE 
AT ONCE NOT ONLY ! 9T]RELATIONS BETWE5 ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY 
& ,M>XISM1 BUT ALSO !IR 9T]NAL NECESSITY4  ,S9CE ! ,M>XI/ 
SY/EM IS ! !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 
( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY IS ! !ORETICAL 
EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !Y 
MU/ /& 9TELLIG5TLY & HI/ORICALLY 7I4E4 IDEOLOGICALLY7 
9 ! SAME RELATION TO EA* O!R AS ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 
( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS /&S TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 
( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL PRACTICE4 
 ,!RE IS ONE UNIFI$ HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 
9 :I* AN 'AUTONOM\S' PROLET>IAN CLASS MOVEM5T EM]GES FROM 
! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ?IRD E/ATE1 & ! NEW MAT]IALI/ 
!ORY ( ,M>XISM 'AUTONOM\SLY' CONFRONTS B\RGEOIS IDEALI/ 
PHILOSOPHY4  ,ALL !SE PROCESSES AFFECT EA* O!R RECIPROCALLY4 
 ,! EM]G5CE ( ,M>XI/ !ORY IS1 9 ,HEGELIAN-,M>XI/ T]MS1 
ONLY ! 'O!R SIDE' ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! REAL PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T2 IT IS BO? SIDES TOGE!R ?AT COMPRISE ! CONCRETE 
TOTALITY ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 

,?IS DIALECTICAL APPROA* 5ABLES US TO GRASP ! F\R DIFF]5T 
TR5DS WE HAVE M5TION$ - ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 
IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 
MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( 
,M>XISM - AS F\R MOM5TS ( A S+LE HI/ORICAL PROCESS4  ,?IS 
ALL[S US TO UND]/& ! REAL NATURE ( ! NEW SCI5CE1 !ORETICALLY 
=MULAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :I* =MS ! G5]AL EXPRESSION 
( ! 9DEP5D5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 
 ,?IS MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY EM]G$ FROM ! MO/ ADVANC$ SY/EMS 
( REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS IDEALISM2 & IT IS N[ 9TELLIGIBLE 
:Y B\RGEOIS HI/ORIES ( PHILOSOPHY HAD EI!R TO IGNORE IT 
COMPLETELY OR C\LD ONLY UND]/& ITS NATURE 9 A NEGATIVE & 
- LIT]ALLY - 9V]T$ S5SE4 ,! ESS5TIAL PRACTICAL AIMS 
( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T CANNOT BE REALIZ$ )9 B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY & ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4  ,SIMIL>LY1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( 
?IS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS UNABLE TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! 
G5]AL PROPOSITIONS 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! 
PROLET>IAT HAS F\ND ITS 9DEP5D5T & SELF-CONSCI\S EXPRESSION4 
 ,! B\RGEOIS /&PO9T HAS TO /OP 9 !ORY :]E IT HAS TO 
/OP 9 SOCIAL PRACTICE - AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT WANT TO CEASE 
BE+ A 'B\RGEOIS' /&PO9T ALTOGE!R1 9 O!R WORDS1 SUP]S$E 
ITSELF4  ,ONLY :5 ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY SURM\NTS ?IS B>RI] 
DOES SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM CEASE TO BE A TRANSC5D5TAL ',BEYOND' 
& BECOME A POSSIBLE OBJECT ( COMPREH5SION4  ,! PECULI>ITY1 
H[EV]1 ?AT GREATLY COMPLICATES ANY CORRECT UND]/&+ ( 
! PROBLEM ( ',M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY' IS ?IS3 IT APPE>S AS 
IF 9 ! V]Y ACT ( SURPASS+ ! LIMITS ( A B\RGEOIS POSITION 
- AN ACT 9DISP5SABLE TO GRASP ! ESS5TIALLY NEW PHILOSOPHICAL 
CONT5T ( ,M>XISM - ,M>XISM ITSELF AT ONCE SUP]S$$ & ANNIHILAT$ 
AS A PHILOSOPHICAL OBJECT4 

,AT ! \TSET ( ?IS 9VE/IGATION WE /AT$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 
! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 W]E F> FROM WANT+ TO 
CON/RUCT A NEW PHILOSOPHY4  ,9 CONTRA/ TO B\RGEOIS ?9K]S1 
ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E BO? FULLY AW>E ( ! CLOSE HI/ORICAL 
CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR MAT]IALI/ !ORY & B\RGEOIS IDEALI/ 
PHILOSOPHY4  ,ACCORD+ TO ,5GELS1 SOCIALISM 9 ITS CONT5T 
IS ! PRODUCT ( NEW CONCEPTIONS ?AT NECESS>ILY 
>ISE AT A DEF9ITE /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T )9 ! PROLET>IAT 
AS A RESULT ( ITS MAT]IAL SITUATION4  ,BUT IT CREAT$ ITS [N 
SPECIFIC SCI5TIFIC =M 7:I* DI/+UI%ES IT FROM UTOPIAN 
SOCIALISM7 BY ITS L9K ) ,G]MAN IDEALISM1 ESPECIALLY ! PHILOSOPHICAL 
SY/EM ( ,HEGEL4  ,SOCIALISM1 :I* DEVELOP$ FROM UTOPIA TO SCI5CE1 
=MALLY EM]G$ FROM ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY4  ,NATURALLY1 
?IS 7=MAL7 PHILOSOPHICAL ORIG9 DID NOT MEAN ?AT SOCIALISM 
!RE=E HAD TO REMA9 A PHILOSOPHY 9 ITS 9DEP5D5T =M 
& FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4  ,FROM #ahde ONW>DS1 AT ! LATE/1 
,M>X & ,5GELS *>ACT]IZ$ !IR NEW MAT]IALI/ & SCI5TIFIC 
/&PO9T AS NO LONG] PHILOSOPHICAL4  ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ 
H]E ?AT ALL PHILOSOPHY WAS = !M EQUIVAL5T TO B\RGEOIS 
PHILOSOPHY4  ,BUT IT IS PRECISELY ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS EQUATION 
( ALL PHILOSOPHY ) B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY ?AT NE$S TO BE /RESS$4 
 ,= IT 9VOLVES MU* ! SAME RELATION%IP AS ?AT ( ,M>XISM 
& ! ,/ATE4  ,M>X & ,5GELS NOT ONLY COMBAT$ ONE SPECIFIC 
HI/ORICAL =M ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT HI/ORICALLY & MAT]IALI/ICALLY 
!Y EQUAT$ ! ,/ATE AS SU* ) ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & !Y 
!RE=E DECL>$ ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE TO BE ! POLITICAL 
AIM ( COMMUNISM4  ,SIMIL>LY1 !Y W]E NOT JU/ COMBAT+ SPECIFIC 
PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS - !Y WANT$ EV5TUALLY TO OV]COME & 
SUP]S$E PHILOSOPHY ALTOGE!R1 BY SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4  ,IT 
IS H]E ?AT F9D ! MAJOR CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! 'REALI/IC' 
7I4E4 DIALECTICALLY MAT]IALI/7 CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM & ! 
'IDEOLOGICAL HUMBUG ( JURI/S & O!RS' 7,M>X7 *>ACT]I/IC 
( ,LASSALLEANISM & ALL E>LI] & LAT] V]SIONS ( 'VULG> 
SOCIALISM'4  ,! LATT] BASICALLY NEV] SURPASS$ ! 'B\RGEOIS 
LEVEL'1 I4E4 ! /&PO9T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,ANY ?OR\< ELUCIDATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ',M>XISM 
& PHILOSOPHY' MU/ />T FROM ! UNAMBIGU\S /ATEM5TS ( 
,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES ?AT A NECESS>Y RESULT ( !IR NEW 
DIALECTICAL-MAT]IALI/ /&PO9T WAS ! SUP]SESSION1 NOT ONLY 
( B\RGEOIS IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY1 BUT SIMULTANE\SLY ( 
ALL PHILOSOPHY AS SU*4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL NOT TO OBSCURE 
! FUNDAM5TAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS ,M>XI/ ATTITUDE T[>DS 
PHILOSOPHY BY REG>D+ ! :OLE DISPUTE AS A PURELY V]BAL ONE 
- IMPLY+ ?AT ,5GELS SIMPLY BE/[$ A NEW NAME ON C]TA9 EPI/EMOLOGICAL 
PR9CIPLES KN[N 9 ,HEGELIAN T]M9OLOGY AS '! PHILOSOPHICAL 
ASPECT ( SCI5CES'1 :I* W]E1 SUB/ANTIALLY PRES]V$ 9 ! 
MAT]IALI/ TRANS=MATION ( ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC4 ,!RE >E1 
( C\RSE1 SOME =MULATIONS 9 ,M>X & ESPECIALLY ! LAT] 
,5GELS :I* APPE> TO SUGGE/ ?IS4  ,BUT IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT 
PHILOSOPHY ITSELF IS NOT ABOLI%$ BY A M]E ABOLITION ( ITS 
NAME4 ,SU* PURELY T]M9OLOGICAL PO9TS MU/ BE DISMISS$ 9 
ANY S]I\S EXAM9ATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & 
PHILOSOPHY4 ,! PROBLEM IS RA!R H[ WE %\LD UND]/& ! 
ABOLITION ( PHILOSOPHY ( :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS SPOKE - MA9LY 
9 ! #a#h#dS1 BUT ON MANY LAT] OCCASIONS AS WELL4 ,H[ 
%\LD ?IS PROCESS BE ACCOMPLI%$1 OR HAS IT ALREADY BE5 ACCOMPLI%$8 
 ,BY :AT ACTIONS8  ,AT :AT SPE$8  ,& = :OM8  ,%\LD ?IS 
ABOLITION ( PHILOSOPHY BE REG>D$ AS ACCOMPLI%$ SO TO SPEAK 
ONCE & = ALL BY A S+LE 9TELLECTUAL DE$ ( ,M>X & ,5GELS8 
 ,%\LD IT BE REG>D$ AS ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY = ,M>XI/S1 OR = 
! :OLE PROLET>IAT1 OR = ! :OLE ( HUMANITY 8  ,OR %\LD 
WE SEE IT 7LIKE ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE7 AS A V]Y LONG & 
>DU\S REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :I* UNFOLDS ?R\< ! MO/ DIV]SE 
PHASES8  ,IF SO1 :AT IS ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>XISM TO PHILOSOPHY 
SO LONG AS ?IS >DU\S PROCESS HAS NOT YET ATTA9$ ITS F9AL 
GOAL1 ! ABOLITION ( PHILOSOPHY8 

,IF ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>XISM TO PHILOSOPHY IS 
POS$ LIKE ?IS1 IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) 
S5SELESS & PO9TLESS REFLECTIONS ON ISSUES ?AT HAVE LONG BE5 
RESOLV$4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PROBLEM REMA9S ( ! GREATE/ 
!ORETICAL & PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4  ,9DE$1 IT IS ESPECIALLY 
CRUCIAL 9 ! PRES5T /AGE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 
 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S BEHAV$ = MANY DECADES AS IF NO PROBLEM WAS 
9VOLV$ AT ALL1 OR AT MO/ ONLY ONE :I* W\LD ALWAYS REMA9 
IMMAT]IAL TO ! PRACTICE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4  ,IT IS N[ ?IS 
POSITION ITSELF :I* APPE>S HI<LY DUBI\S - ALL ! MORE SO 
9 ! LI<T ( ! PECULI> P>ALLELISM BETWE5 ! TWO PROBLEMS 
( ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY & ,M>XISM & ,/ATE4  ,IT IS WELL KN[N 
?AT ! LATT]1 AS ,L59 SAYS 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 
 'H>DLY CONC]N$ ! MAJOR !ORETICIANS & PUBLICI/S ( ! 
,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL'4  ,?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION3 IF !RE IS 
A DEF9ITE CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ! 
ABOLITION ( ! PHILOSOPHY1 IS !RE ALSO A CONNECTION BETWE5 
! NEGLECT ( !SE TWO PROBLEMS BY ! ,M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL8  ,! PROBLEM CAN BE POS$ MORE EXACTLY4  ,L59'S 
BITT] CRITICISM ( ! DEBASEM5T ( ,M>XISM BY OPPORTUNISM CONNECTS 
! NEGLECT ( ! PROBLEM ( ! ,/ATE BY ! ,M>XI/S ( ! 
,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL TO A MORE G5]AL CONTEXT4  ,IS ?IS CONTEXT 
ALSO OP]ATIVE 9 ! CASE ( ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY8  ,9 O!R 
WORDS1 IS ! NEGLECT ( ! PROBLEM ( PHILOSOPHY BY ! ,M>XI/S 
( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ALSO RELAT$ TO ! FACT ?AT 'PROBLEMS 
( REVOLUTION 9 G5]AL H>DLY CONC]N$ !M'8 

,TO CL>IFY ! MATT]1 WE MU/ MAKE A MORE DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( 
! NATURE & CAUSES ( ! GREATE/ CRISIS ?AT HAS YET OCCURR$ 
9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XI/ !ORY & :I* 9 ! LA/ DECADE 
HAS SPLIT ,M>XI/S 9TO ?REE HO/ILE CAMPS4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! LONG P]IOD ( 
PURELY EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM CAME TO AN 5D1 
& A NEW EPO* ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE BEGAN4  ,BECAUSE ( ?IS 
*ANGE 9 ! PRACTICAL CONDITIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 !RE W]E 
9CREAS+ SIGNS ?AT ,M>XI/ !ORY HAD 5T]$ A CRITICAL PHASE4 
 ,IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT ! EXTRAORD9>ILY BANAL & RUDIM5T>Y 
VULG>-,M>XISM ( ! EPIGONES HAD AN EXTREMELY 9ADEQUATE AW>5ESS 
( EV5 ! TOTALITY ( ITS [N PROBLEMS1 LET ALONE ANY DEF9ITE 
POSITIONS ON A :OLE RANGE ( QUE/IONS \TSIDE !M4  ,! CRISIS 
( ,M>XI/ !ORY %[$ ITSELF MO/ CLE>LY 9 ! PROBLEM ( 
! ATTITUDE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION T[>DS ! ,/ATE4  ,?IS MAJOR 
ISSUE HAD NEV] BE5 S]I\SLY POS$ 9 PRACTICE S9CE ! DEFEAT 
( ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 #a#h#d#h1 & ! 
REPRESSION ( ! REVOLT ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,IT WAS PUT CONCRETELY 
ON ! AG5DA ONCE AGA9 BY ! ,WORLD ,W>1 ! FIR/ & SECOND 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g1 & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S 
9 #a#i#a#h4 ,IT N[ BECAME CLE> ?AT !RE WAS NO UNANIMITY :ATEV] 
)9 ! CAMP ( ,M>XISM ON SU* MAJOR ISSUES ( TRANSITION 
& GOAL AS ! SEIZURE ( ,/ATE P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ! 
'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'1 & ! F9AL 'WI!R+ AWAY 
( ! ,/ATE' 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 NO SOON] 
W]E ALL !SE QUE/IONS POS$ 9 A CONCRETE & UNAVOIDABLE MANN]1 
?AN !RE EM]G$ AT LEA/ ?REE DIFF]5T !ORETICAL POSITIONS 
ON !M1 ALL ( :I* CLAIM$ TO BE ,M>XI/4  ,YET 9 ! PRE-W> 
P]IOD1 ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( !SE ?REE T5D5CIES 
- RESPECTIVELY ,R5N]1 ,KAUTSKY & ,L59 - HAD NOT ONLY BE5 REG>D$ 
AS ,M>XI/S BUT AS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S4  ,= SOME DECADES !RE 
HAD BE5 AN APP>5T CRISIS 9 ! CAMP ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT 
P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL2 ?IS TOOK 
! %APE ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 OR?ODOX ,M>XISM & REVISIONISM4 
,BUT ) ! EM]G5CE ( DIFF]5T SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES OV] 
!SE NEW QUE/IONS1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ?IS APP>5T CRISIS 
WAS ONLY A PROVISIONAL & ILLUSORY V]SION ( A MU* DEEP] RIFT 
?AT RAN ?R\< ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ FRONT ITSELF4  ,ON ONE SIDE 
( ?IS RIFT1 !RE APPE>$ ,M>XI/ NEO-RE=MISM :I* SOON 
MORE OR LESS AMALGAMAT$ ) ! E>LI] REVISIONISM4  ,ON ! 
O!R SIDE1 ! !ORETICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( A NEW REVOLUTION>Y 
PROLET>IAN P>TY UNLEA%$ A /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? ! OLD RE=MISM 
( ! REVISIONI/S & ! NEW RE=MISM ( ! ',C5T]'1 UND] 
! BATTLE-CRY ( RE/OR+ PURE OR REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM4 

,?IS CRISIS ]UPT$ )9 ! ,M>XI/ CAMP AT ! \TBREAK ( 
! ,WORLD ,W>4  ,BUT IT W\LD BE AN EXTREMELY SUP]FICIAL & UNDIALECTICAL 
CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 ?OR\<LY NON-,M>XI/ & 
NON-MAT]IALI/1 9DE$ NOT EV5 ,HEGELIAN-IDEALI/ - TO ATTRIBUTE 
IT M]ELY TO ! C[>DICE1 OR DEFICI5T REVOLUTION>Y CONVICTIONS1 
( ! !ORETICIANS & PUBLICI/S :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?IS 
IMPOV]I%M5T & R$UCTION ( ,M>XI/ !ORY TO ! OR?ODOX 
VULG>-,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4  ,YET IT W\LD BE EQUALLY 
SUP]FICIAL & UNDIALECTICAL TO IMAG9E ?AT ! GREAT POLEMICS 
BETWE5 ,L591 ,KAUTSKY & O!R ',M>XI/S' W]E M]ELY 9T5D$ 
TO RE/ORE ,M>XISM1 BY FAI?FULLY REE/ABLI%+ ! ,M>XI/ 
DOCTR9E4 ,HI!RTO WE HAVE ONLY US$ ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD1 :I* 
,HEGEL & ,M>X 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! /UDY ( HI/ORY1 TO ANALYZE 
! PHILOSOPHY ( ,G]MAN IDEALISM & ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ?AT 
EM]G$ FROM IT4  ,BUT ! ONLY REALLY MAT]IALI/ & !RE=E 
SCI5TIFIC ME?OD 7,M>X7 ( PURSU+ ?IS ANALYSIS IS TO APPLY 
IT TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XISM UP TO ! PRES5T4 
 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WE MU/ TRY TO UND]/& EV]Y *ANGE1 DEVELOPM5T 
& REVISION ( ,M>XI/ !ORY1 S9CE ITS ORIG9AL EM]G5CE - 
FROM ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,G]MAN ,IDEALISM1 AS A NECESS>Y PRODUCT 
( ITS EPO* 7,HEGEL74  ,MORE PRECISELY1 WE %\LD SEEK TO UND]/& 
!IR DET]M9ATION BY ! TOTALITY ( ! HI/ORICO-SOCIAL PROCESS 
( :I* !Y >E A G5]AL EXPRESSION 7,M>X74  ,WE WILL !N BE 
ABLE TO GRASP ! REAL ORIG9S ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ,M>XI/ 
!ORY 9TO VULG>-,M>XISM4  ,WE MAY ALSO DISC]N ! MEAN+ ( 
! PASSIONATE YET APP>5TLY 'IDEOLOGICAL' EF=TS ( ! ,M>XI/ 
!ORI/S ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL TODAY TO RE/ORE ',M>X'S 
G5U9E DOCTR9E'4 

,IF WE ?US APPLY ,M>X'S PR9CIPLE ( DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM TO 
! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM1 WE CAN DI/+UI% ?REE MAJOR /AGES 
( DEVELOPM5T ?R\< :I* ,M>XI/ !ORY HAS PASS$ S9CE 
ITS BIR? - 9EVITABLY SO 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! CONCRETE SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS EPO*4  ,! FIR/ PHASE BEG9S >\ND #a#h#d#c1 
& CORRESPONDS 9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( 
,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T4  ,IT 5DS ) ! ,REVOLUTION 
( #ahdh - CORRESPOND+ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4  ,! 
SECOND PHASE BEG9S ) ! BLOODY SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>ISIAN 
PROLET>IAT 9 ! BATTLE ( ,JUNE #ahdh & ! RESULTANT CRU%+ 
( ALL ! WORK+ CLASS'S ORGANIZATIONS & DREAMS ( EMANCIPATION 
'9 A P]IOD ( FEV]I% 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY1 MORAL DEG5]ATION 
& POLITICAL REACTION'1 AS ,M>X MA/]FULLY DESCRIBES IT 9 HIS 
,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS ( #a#h#f#d4 ,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ H]E ) 
! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ! WORK+-CLASS AS A :OLE1 BUT ONLY ) 
! 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY 9 ITS RELATION TO 
! G5]AL CLASS HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4  ,H5CE ! SECOND 
P]IOD MAY BE SAID TO LA/ APPROXIMATELY TO ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 
LEAV+ \T ALL ! LESS IMPORTANT DIVISIONS 7! F\NDATION & 
COLLAPSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL2 ! 9T]LUDE ( ! ,COMMUNE2 
! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & ,LASSALLEAN]2 ! ,ANTI-SOCIALI/ 
LAWS 9 ,G]MANY2 TRADE UNIONS2 ! F\ND+ ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 
 ,! ?IRD PHASE EXT5DS FROM ! />T ( ?IS C5TURY TO ! 
PRES5T & 9TO AN 9DEF9ITE FUTURE4 

,>RANG$ 9 ?IS WAY1 ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY 
PRES5TS ! FOLL[+ PICTURE4  ,! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( IT 
NATURALLY REMA9$ ESS5TIALLY UN*ANG$ 9 ! M9DS ( ,M>X 
& ,5GELS !MSELVES ?R\<\T ! LAT] P]IOD1 AL?\< 9 
!IR WRIT+S IT DID NOT /AY 5TIRELY UNALT]$4  ,9 
SPITE ( ALL !IR D5IALS ( PHILOSOPHY1 ?IS FIR/ V]SION ( 
! !ORY IS P]MEAT$ ?R\< & ?R\< ) PHILOSOPHICAL 
?\<T4  ,IT IS A !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T SE5 & 
COMPREH5D$ AS A LIV+ TOTALITY2 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 IT IS A 
!ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 COMPREH5D$ & PRACTIC$ 
AS A LIV+ TOTALITY4  ,AT ?IS /AGE !RE IS NO QUE/ION :ATEV] 
( DIVID+ ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL MOM5TS ( 
?IS TOTALITY 9TO SEP>ATE BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 EV5 :ILE 
EV]Y CONCRETE PECULI>ITY ( EA* SEP>ATE MOM5T IS COMPREH5D$ 
ANALYZ$ & CRITICIZ$ ) HI/ORICAL FIDELITY4  ,( C\RSE1 
IT IS NOT ONLY ECONOMICS1 POLITICS & IDEOLOGY1 BUT ALSO ! 
HI/ORICAL PROCESS & CONSCI\S SOCIAL ACTION ?AT CONT9UE TO 
MAKE UP ! LIV+ UNITY ( 'REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE' 7,!SES 
ON ,FEU]BA*74  ,! BE/ EXAMPLE ( ?IS E>LY & 
Y\?FUL =M ( ,M>XI/ !ORY AS ! !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 
IS OBVI\SLY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,IT IS :OLLY UND]/&ABLE FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! MAT]IALI/ 
DIALECTIC ?AT ?IS ORIG9AL =M ( ,M>XI/ !ORY C\LD NOT 
SUBSI/ UNALT]$ ?R\<\T ! LONG YE>S ( ! SECOND HALF 
( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 7:I* WAS 9 PRACTICE QUITE UNREVOLUTION>Y74 
 ,M>X'S REM>K 9 ! ,PREFACE TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ON MANK9D AS A :OLE IS NECESS>ILY ALSO TRUE = ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* WAS !N SL[LY & ANTAGONI/ICALLY 
MATUR+ T[>DS ITS [N LIB]ATION3 ',IT ALWAYS SETS ITSELF ONLY 
SU* PROBLEMS AS IT CAN SOLVE2 S9CE1 LOOK+ AT ! MATT] MORE 
CLOSELY IT WILL ALWAYS BE F\ND ?AT ! PROBLEM ITSELF >ISES 
ONLY :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = ITS SOLUTION >E ALREADY 
PRES5T OR >E AT LEA/ UND]/OOD TO BE 9 ! PROCESS ( EM]G5CE'4 
 ,?IS DICTUM IS NOT AFFECT$ BY ! FACT ?AT A PROBLEM :I* 
SUP]S$ES PRES5T RELATIONS MAY HAVE BE5 =MULAT$ 9 AN ANT]IOR 
EPO*4  ,TO ACCORD !ORY AN AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE \TSIDE ! OBJECTIVE 
MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY W\LD OBVI\SLY BE NEI!R MAT]IALI/ NOR 
DIALECTICAL 9 ! ,HEGELIAN S5SE2 IT W\LD SIMPLY BE AN IDEALI/ 
METAPHYSICS4 ,A DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION COMPREH5DS EV]Y =M )\T 
EXCEPTION 9 T]MS ( ! FL[ ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 & IT NECESS>ILY 
FOLL[S FROM IT ?AT ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 
9EVITABLY UND]W5T CONSID]ABLE *ANGES 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS 
FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4  ,:5 ,M>X 9 #ahfd DRAFT$ ! ,9AUGURAL 
,ADDRESS & ! ,/ATUTES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 
HE WAS P]FECTLY CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT TIME WAS NE$$ 
= ! REAWAK5$ MOVEM5T TO P]MIT ! OLD AUDACITY ( LANGUAGE4 
,?IS IS ( C\RSE TRUE NOT ONLY = LANGUAGE BUT = ALL ! O!R 
COMPON5TS ( ! !ORY ( ! MOVEM5T4  ,!RE=E ! SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM ( ! ,CAPITAL ( #a#h#f#g-#i#d & ! O!R LAT] 
WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS REPRES5T AN EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL 
!ORY ( ,M>XISM1 :I* IS 9 MANY WAYS A DIFF]5T & MORE 
DEVELOP$ ONE 
?AN ?AT ( ! DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM ( ! ,MANIFE/O 
( #a#h#d#g-#h  -  OR = ?AT MATT]1 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 
,! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE & ,! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE4 
 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! C5TRAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ,M>XI/ !ORY 
REMA9S ESS5TIALLY UNALT]$ EV5 9 ! LAT] WRIT+S ( ,M>X 
& ,5GELS4  ,= 9 ITS LAT] V]SION1 AS SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 
! ,M>XISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS REMA9S ! 9CLUSIVE :OLE ( 
A !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,! DIFF]5CE IS ONLY ?AT 9 
! LAT] PHASE ! V>I\S COMPON5TS ( ?IS :OLE1 ITS ECONOMIC1 
POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5TS1 SCI5TIFIC !ORY & SOCIAL 
PRACTICE1 >E FUR!R SEP>AT$ \T4  ,WE CAN USE AN EXPRESSION 
( ,M>X'S & SAY ?AT ! UMBILICAL CORD ( ITS NATURAL COMB9ATION 
HAS BE5 BROK54  ,9 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 H[EV]1 ?IS NEV] PRODUCES 
A MULTIPLICITY ( 9DEP5D5T ELEM5TS 9/EAD ( ! :OLE4  
,IT IS M]ELY ?AT ANO!R COMB9ATION ( ! COMPON5TS ( ! 
SY/EM EM]GES DEVELOP$ ) GREAT] SCI5TIFIC PRECISION & 
BUILT ON ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 
 ,9 ! WRIT+S ( ITS CREATORS1 ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM ITSELF NEV] 
DISSOLVES 9TO A SUM ( SEP>ATE BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 9 SPITE 
( A PRACTICAL & \TW>D EMPLOYM5T ( ITS RESULTS ?AT SUGGE/S 
SU* A CONCLUSION4  ,= EXAMPLE1 MANY B\RGEOIS 9T]PRET]S ( 
,M>X & SOME LAT] ,M>XI/S ?\<T !Y W]E ABLE TO DI/+UI% 
BETWE5 ! HI/ORICAL & ! !ORETICO-ECONOMIC MAT]IAL 9 
,M>X'S MAJOR WORK ,CAPITAL2 BUT ALL !Y PROV$ BY ?IS 
IS ?AT !Y UND]/OOD NO?+ ( ! REAL ME?OD ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE 
( POLITICAL ECONOMY4  ,= IT IS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL SIGNS ( 
HIS DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ ME?OD ?AT ?IS DI/9CTION DOES 
NOT EXI/ = IT2 IT IS 9DE$ PRECISELY A !ORETICAL COMPREH5SION 
( HI/ORY4  ,MOREOV]1 ! UNBREAKABLE 9T]CONNECTION ( !ORY 
& PRACTICE1 :I* =M$ ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC SIGN ( ! 
FIR/ COMMUNI/ V]SION ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALISM1 WAS 9 NO WAY ABOLI%$ 
9 ! LAT] =M ( HIS SY/EM4  ,IT IS ONLY TO ! SUP]FICIAL 
GLANCE ?AT A PURE !ORY ( ?\<T SEEMS TO HAVE DISPLAC$ ! 
PRACTICE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WILL4  ,?IS REVOLUTION>Y WILL IS 
LAT5T1 YET PRES5T1 9 EV]Y S5T5CE ( ,M>X'S WORK & ]UPTS 
AGA9 & AGA9 9 EV]Y DECISIVE PASSAGE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FIR/ 
VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ! FAM\S SEV5? 
SECTION ( ,*APT] #bd ON ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS TO BE SAID ?AT ! SUPPORT]S & FOLL[]S 
( ,M>X1 DESPITE ALL !IR !ORETICAL & ME?ODOLOGICAL AV[ALS 
( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 9 FACT DIVID$ ! !ORY ( SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION 9TO FRAGM5TS4  ,! CORRECT MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION 
( HI/ORY1 UND]/OOD !ORETICALLY 9 A DIALECTICAL WAY & 
PRACTICALLY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) SEP>ATE 
BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE ?AT >E ISOLAT$ & AUTONOM\S1 & ) 
PURELY !ORETICAL 9VE/IGATIONS ?AT >E SCI5TIFICALLY OBJECTIVE 
9 DISSOCIATION FROM REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4  ,YET LAT] ,M>XI/S 
CAME TO REG>D SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM MORE & MORE AS A SET ( 
PURELY SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATIONS1 )\T ANY IMM$IATE CONNECTION 
TO ! POLITICAL OR O!R PRACTICES ( CLASS /RUGGLE4  ,SUFFICI5T 
PRO( ( ?IS IS ONE WRIT]'S ACC\NT ( ! RELATION BETWE5 
,M>XI/ SCI5CE & POLITICS1 :O WAS 9 ! BE/ S5SE A REPRES5TATIVE 
,M>XI/ !ORETICIAN ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4  ,9 ,DECEMB] 
#a#i#i1 ,RUDOLPH ,HILF]D+ PUBLI%$ HIS ,F9ANCE ,CAPITAL :I* 
ATTEMPTS TO 'UND]/& SCI5TIFICALLY' ! ECONOMIC ASPECTS  
( ! MO/ REC5T DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 'BY 9S]T+ !SE 
PH5OM5A 9TO ! !ORETICAL SY/EM ( CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY'4 
 ,9 ! 9TRODUCTION HE WROTE3 

',H]E IT NE$ ONLY BE SAID ?AT 
= ,M>XISM ! /UDY ( POLITICS ITSELF AIMS ONLY AT ! DISCOV]Y 
( CAUSAL CONNECTIONS4  ,KN[L$GE ( ! LAWS GOV]N+ A SOCIETY 
( COMMODITY PRODUCTION REVEALS AT ONCE ! DET]M9ANTS ( ! 
WILL ( ! CLASSES ( ?IS SOCIETY4  ,= A ,M>XI/1 ! TASK 
( SCI5TIFIC POLITICS - A POLITICS :I* DESCRIBES CAUSAL CONNECTIONS 
- IS TO DISCOV] !SE DET]M9ANTS ( ! WILL ( CLASSES4  ,M>XI/ 
POLITICS1 LIKE ,M>XI/ !ORY1 IS FREE ( VALUE-JUDGM5TS4  ,IT 
IS !RE=E FALSE SIMPLY TO ID5TIFY ,M>XISM ) SOCIALISM1 
AL?\< IT IS V]Y COMMON = ,M>XI/S & NON-,M>XI/S TO DO 
SO4  ,LOGICALLY ,M>XISM1 SE5 ONLY AS A SCI5TIFIC SY/EM & !RE=E 
AP>T FROM ITS HI/ORICAL EFFECTS1 IS ONLY A !ORY ( ! LAWS 
( MOTION ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 
=MULAT$ 9 G5]AL1 :ILE ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS HAS APPLI$ IT 
TO ! AGE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4  ,! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM IS 
A RESULT ( T5D5CIES ?AT DEVELOP 9 A SOCIETY ?AT PRODUCES 
COMMODITIES4  ,BUT 9SI<T 9TO ! CORRECTNESS ( ,M>XISM1 :I* 
9CLUDES 9SI<T 9TO ! NECESSITY ( SOCIALISM1 IS 9 NO WAY 
A RESULT ( VALUE JUDGM5TS & HAS NO IMPLICATIONS = PRACTICAL 
BEHAVIOR4  ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO ACKN[L$GE A NECESSITY & QUITE 
ANO!R TO PLACE ONESELF AT ! S]VICE ( ?IS NECESSITY4  ,IT 
IS MORE ?AN POSSIBLE ?AT A MAN MAY BE CONV9C$ ( ! F9AL 
VICTORY ( SOCIALISM1 & YET DECIDES TO FI<T AGA9/ IT4  ,! 
9SI<T 9TO ! LAWS ( MOTION ( SOCIETY PROVID$ BY ,M>XISM 
5SURES SUP]IORITY TO :OEV] HAS MA/]$ !M4  ,! MO/ DANG]\S 
OPPON5TS ( SOCIALISM >E UND\BT$LY ?OSE :O HAVE PR(IT$ 
MO/ FROM ITS EXP]I5CE4' 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HILF]D+1 ,M>XISM IS 
A !ORY :I* IS LOGICALLY 'A SCI5TIFIC1 OBJECTIVE & FREE 
SCI5CE1 )\T VALUE JUDGM5TS'4  ,HE HAS NO DIFFICULTY 9 EXPLA9+ 
! REM>KABLE FACT ?AT PEOPLE SO (T5 ID5TIFY IT ) ! 
/RUGGLE = SOCIALISM BY 9VOK+ ! '9SUP]ABLE RELUCTANCE 
( ! RUL+ CLASS TO ACCEPT ! RESULTS ( ,M>XISM' & !RE=E 
TO TAKE ! 'TR\BLE' TO /UDY SU* A 'COMPLICAT$ SY/EM'4  ',ONLY 
9 ?IS S5SE IS IT ! SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! OPPON5T 
( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 S9CE IT O!RWISE HOLDS UNFL9*+LY 
TO ! CLAIM MADE BY EV]Y SCI5CE ( ! OBJECTIVE & G5]AL 
VALIDITY ( ITS CONCLUSIONS'4 ,?US ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION 
( HI/ORY1 :I* 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS ESS5TIALLY A DIALECTICAL 
ONE1 EV5TUALLY BECOME SOME?+ QUITE UNDIALECTICAL 9 !IR 
EPIGONES4  ,= ONE T5D5CY1 IT HAS *ANG$ 9TO A K9D ( HEURI/IC 
PR9CIPLE ( SPECIALIZ$ !ORETICAL 9VE/IGATION4  ,= ANO!R1 
! FLUID ME?ODOLOGY ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC FREEZES 
9TO A NUMB] ( !ORETICAL =MULATIONS AB\T ! CAUSAL 9T]CONNECTION 
( HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A 9 DIFF]5T >EAS ( SOCIETY - 9 O!R 
WORDS IT BECAME SOME?+ ?AT C\LD BE/ BE DESCRIB$ AS A G5]AL 
SY/EMATIC SOCIOLOGY4  ,! =M] S*OOL TREAT$ ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ 
PR9CIPLE AS M]ELY A SUBJECTIVE BASIS = REFLECTIVE JUDGM5T 
9 ,KANT'S S5SE1 :ILE ! LATT] DOGMATICALLY REG>D$ ! TEA*+S 
( ,M>XI/ 'SOCIOLOGY' PRIM>ILY AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM1 OR EV5 
A GEOGRAPHICAL & BIOLOGICAL ONE4 ,ALL !SE DE=MATIONS & 
A R[ ( O!R LESS IMPORTANT ONES W]E 9FLICT$ ON ,M>XISM BY 
ITS EPIGONES 9 ! SECOND PHASE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & !Y 
CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ONE ALL-9CLUSIVE =MULATION3 A UNIFI$ 
G5]AL !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS *ANG$ 9TO CRITICISMS 
( ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC ORD]1 ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 ( ! 
B\RGEOIS SY/EM ( $UCATION1 ( B\RGEOIS RELIGION1 >T1 SCI5CE 
& CULTURE4  ,!SE CRITICISMS NO LONG] NECESS>ILY DEVELOP BY 
!IR V]Y NATURE 9TO REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICES !Y CAN EQUALLY 
WELL DEVELOP1 9TO ALL K9DS ( ATTEMPTS AT RE=M1 :I* 
FUNDAM5TALLY REMA9 )9 ! LIMITS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & 
! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 & 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE USUALLY DID SO4  ,?IS 
DI/ORTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E ( ,M>XISM ITSELF - 9TO 
A PURELY !ORETICAL CRITIQUE ?AT NO LONG] LEADS TO PRACTICAL 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 OR DOES SO ONLY HAPHAZ>DLY - IS V]Y CLE> 
IF ONE COMP>ES ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O OR EV5 
! #ahfd ,/ATUTES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL DRAWN UP BY 
,M>X1 TO ! PROGRAMS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TIES ( ,C5TRAL & 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & 
ESPECIALLY TO ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4  ,IT 
IS WELL KN[N H[ BITT]LY CRITICAL ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ( ! 
FACT ?AT ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MADE ALMO/ 5TIRELY RE=MI/ 
DEM&S 9 ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL 
FIELDS 9 !IR ,GO?A 7#a#h#g#e7 & ,]FURT 7#a#h#i#a7 PROGRAMS4  ,!SE 
DOCUM5TS CONTA9$ NOT A :IFF ( ! G5U9E MAT]IALI/ & 
REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE 9 ,M>XISM4  ,9DE$1 T[>DS ! 5D ( 
! C5TURY ?IS SITUATION L$ TO ! ASSAULTS ( REVISIONISM 
ON OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4  ,EV5TUALLY1 AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? 
C5TURY1 ! FIR/ SIGNS ( ! APPROA*+ /ORM H]ALD$ A NEW 
P]IOD ( CONFLICTS & REVOLUTION>Y BATTLES1 & !REBY L$ 
TO ! DECISIVE CRISIS ( ,M>XISM 9 :I* WE /ILL F9D \RSELVES 
TODAY4 

,BO? PROCESSES MAY BE SE5 AS NECESS>Y PHASES ( A TOTAL IDEOLOGICAL 
& MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T - ONCE IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT ! DECL9E 
( ! ORIG9AL ,M>XI/ !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9TO A !ORETICAL 
CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY )\T ANY REVOLUTION>Y CONSEQU5CES IS 
= DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM A NECESS>Y EXPRESSION ( P>ALLEL 
*ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL PRACTICE ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4  ,REVISIONISM 
APPE>S AS AN ATTEMPT TO EXPRESS 9 ! =M ( A COH]5T !ORY 
! RE=MI/ *>ACT] ACQUIR$ BY ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( 
! TRADE UNIONS & ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
P>TIES1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ALT]$ HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 
 ,! SO-CALL$ OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ?IS P]IOD 7N[ A M]E VULG>-,M>XISM7 
APPE>S L>GELY AS AN ATTEMPT BY !ORETICIANS1 WEI<$ D[N BY 
TRADITION1 TO MA9TA9 ! !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* =M$ 
! FIR/ V]SION ( ,M>XISM1 9 ! %APE ( PURE-!ORY4  ,?IS 
!ORY WAS :OLLY AB/RACT & HAD NO PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES - 
IT M]ELY S\<T TO REJECT ! NEW RE=MI/ !ORIES1 9 :I* 
! REAL *>ACT] ( ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T WAS !N EXPRESS$ 
AS UN-,M>XI/4  ,?IS IS PRECISELY :Y1 9 A NEW REVOLUTION>Y 
P]IOD1 IT WAS ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 
:O W]E 9EVITABLY ! LEA/ ABLE TO COPE ) SU* QUE/IONS 
AS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 
 ,! REVISIONI/S AT LEA/ POSSESS$ A !ORY ( ! RELATION%IP 
( ! 'WORK+ PEOPLE' TO ! ,/ATE1 AL?\< ?IS !ORY WAS 
9 NO WAY A ,M>XI/ ONE4  ,!IR !ORY & PRACTICE HAD LONG S9CE 
SUB/ITUT$ POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL RE=MS )9 ! 
B\RGEOIS ,/ATE = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD SEIZE1 SMA% 
& REPLACE IT BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4  ,! OR?ODOX 
,M>XI/S W]E CONT5T TO REJECT ?IS SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS 
( ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD AS A VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( 
,M>XISM4  ,YET ) ALL !IR OR?ODOX OBSESSION ) ! AB/RACT 
LETT] ( ,M>XI/ !ORY !Y W]E UNABLE TO PRES]VE ITS ORIG9AL 
REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]4  ,!IR SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ITSELF HAD 
9EVITABLY CEAS$ TO BE A !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,OV] A 
LONG P]IOD1 :5 ,M>XISM WAS SL[LY SPREAD+ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 
IT HAD 9 FACT NO PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y TASK TO ACCOMPLI%4 
 ,!RE=E PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION HAD CEAS$1 EV5 9 !ORY1 
TO EXI/ AS PROBLEMS ( ! REAL WORLD = ! GREAT MAJORITY 
( ,M>XI/S1 OR?ODOX AS WELL AS REVISIONI/4  ,AS F> AS ! RE=MI/S 
W]E CONC]N$ !SE PROBLEMS HAD DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY4  ,BUT 
EV5 = ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S !Y HAD :OLLY LO/ ! IMM$IACY 
) :I* ! AU?ORS ( ! ,MANIFE/O HAD CONFRONT$ 
!M1 & REC$$ 9TO A DI/ANT & EV5TUALLY QUITE TRANSC5D5TAL 
FUTURE4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD PEOPLE BECAME US$ TO PURSU+ 
H]E & N[ POLICIES ( :I* REVISIONISM MAY BE SE5 AS ! 
!ORETICAL EXPRESSION4  ,(FICIALLY CONDEMN$ BY P>TY CONGRESSES1 
?IS REVISIONISM WAS 9 ! 5D ACCEPT$ NO LESS (FICIALLY BY 
! TRADE UNIONS4  ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 A NEW P]IOD 
( DEVELOPM5T PUT ! QUE/ION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION BACK ON ! 
AG5DA AS A REALI/IC & T]RE/RIAL QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS VITAL 
DIM5SIONS4  ,!RE) PURELY !ORETICAL OR?ODOX ,M>XISM - TILL 
! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W> ! (FICIALLY E/ABLI%$ V]SION 
( ,M>XISM 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL - COLLAPS$ COMPLETELY 
& DIS9TEGRAT$4  ,?IS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 AN 9EVITABLE RESULT 
( ITS LONG 9T]NAL DECAY4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS EPO* ?AT WE CAN SEE 
9 MANY C\NTRIES ! BEG9N+S ( ?IRD P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T1 ABOVE ALL REPRES5T$ BY 
,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S1 & (T5 DESCRIB$ BY ITS MAJOR REPRES5TATIVES 
AS A 'RE/ORATION' ( ,M>XISM4 

,?IS TRANS=MATION & DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY HAS BE5 
EFFECT$ UND] ! PECULI> IDEOLOGICAL GUISE ( A RETURN TO ! 
PURE TEA*+ ( ORIG9AL OR TRUE ,M>XISM4  ,YET IT IS EASY TO 
UND]/& BO? ! REASONS = ?IS GUISE & ! REAL *>ACT] 
( ! PROCESS :I* IS CONCEAL$ BY IT4  ,:AT !ORETICIANS LIKE 
,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,G]MANY & ,L59 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE DONE1 & >E 
DO+1 9 ! FIELD ( ,M>XI/ !ORY IS TO LIB]ATE IT FROM ! 
9HIBIT+ TRADITIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ( ! SECOND P]IOD4 
 ,!Y !REBY ANSW] ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y 
/AGE ( PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 = !SE TRADITIONS WEI<$ 
'LIKE A NI<TM>E' ON ! BRA9 ( ! WORK+ MASSES :OSE OBJECTIVELY 
REVOLUTION>Y SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION NO LONG] CORRESPOND$ TO 
!SE EVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9ES4 ,! APP>5T REVIVAL ( ORIG9AL 
,M>XI/ !ORY 9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL IS SIMPLY A RESULT ( 
! FACT ?AT 9 A NEW REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD NOT ONLY ! WORK]S' 
MOVEM5T ITSELF1 BUT ! !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS ( COMMUNI/S 
:I* EXPRESS IT1 MU/ ASSUME AN EXPLICITLY REVOLUTION>Y =M4 
 ,?IS IS :Y L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM1 :I* SEEM$ 
VIRTUALLY =GOTT5 9 ! F9AL DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 
HAVE N[ COME TO LIFE AGA94  ,IT ALSO EXPLA9S :Y ! LEAD] 
( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION C\LD WRITE A BOOK A FEW MON?S BE=E 
,OCTOB] 9 :I* HE /AT$ ?AT HIS AIM WAS '9 ! FIR/ PLACE 
TO RE/ORE ! CORRECT ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! ,/ATE'4  ,EV5TS 
!MSELVES PLAC$ ! QUE/ION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 
ON ! AG5DA AS A PRACTICAL PROBLEM4  ,:5 ,L59 PLAC$ ! SAME 
QUE/ION !ORETICALLY ON ! AG5DA AT A DECISIVE MOM5T1 ?IS 
WAS AN E>LY 9DICATION ?AT ! 9T]NAL CONNECTION ( !ORY 
& PRACTICE )9 REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM HAD BE5 CONSCI\SLY 
REE/ABLI%$4  ,A FRE% EXAM9ATION ( ! PROBLEM ( ,M>XISM 
& PHILOSOPHY W\LD ALSO SEEM TO BE AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ?IS 
RE/ORATION4  ,A NEGATIVE JUDGM5T IS CLE> FROM ! />T4  ,! 
M9IMIZATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS BY MO/ ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS 
( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ONLY A P>TIAL EXPRESSION 
( ! LOSS ( ! PRACTICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( ! 
,M>XI/ MOVEM5T :I* F\ND ITS G5]AL EXPRESSION 9 
! SIMULTANE\S DECAY ( ! LIV+ PR9CIPLES ( DIALECTICAL 
MAT]IALISM 9 ! VULG>-,M>XISM ( ! EPIGONES4  ,WE HAVE ALREADY 
M5TION$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES ALWAYS D5I$ ?AT SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM WAS ANY LONG] A PHILOSOPHY4  ,BUT IT IS EASY TO %[ 
IRREFUTABLY1 BY REF]5CE TO ! S\RCES1 ?AT :AT ! REVOLUTION>Y 
DIALECTICIANS ,M>X & ,5GELS MEANT BY ! OPPOSITE ( PHILOSOPHY 
WAS SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT IT MEANT TO LAT] VULG>-,M>XISM4  ,NO?+ 
WAS FUR!R FROM !M ?AN ! CLAIM TO IMP>TIAL1 PURE1 !ORETICAL 
/UDY1 ABOVE CLASS DIFF]5CES1 MADE BY ,HILF]D+ & MO/ ( 
! O!R ,M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 CORRECTLY UND]/OOD1 /&S 9 
F> GREAT] CONTRA/ TO !SE PURE SCI5CES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 
7ECONOMICS1 HI/ORY OR SOCIOLOGY7 ?AN IT DOES TO ! PHILOSOPHY 
9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ONCE F\ND 
ITS HI<E/ !ORETICAL EXPRESSION4  ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ONE CAN ONLY 
WOND] AT ! 9SI<T ( MORE REC5T ,M>XI/S :O HAVE BE5 MISL$ 
BY A FEW ( ,M>X'S WELL-KN[N EXPRESSIONS & BY A FEW ( ! 
LAT] ,5GELS1 9TO 9T]PRET+ ! ,M>XI/ ABOLITION ( PHILOSOPHY 
AS ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS PHILOSOPHY BY A SY/EM ( AB/RACT 
& UNDIALECTICAL POSITIVE SCI5CES4  ,! REAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 
,M>X'S SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM & ALL B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY & 
SCI5CES CONSI/S 5TIRELY 9 ! FACT ?AT SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 
IS ! !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 :I* 
WILL 5D ) ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( !SE B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHIES 
& SCI5CES1 TOGE!R ) ! ABOLITION ( ! MAT]IAL RELATIONS 
?AT F9D !IR IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION 9 !M4  

,A REEXAM9ATION ( ! PROBLEM ( ,M>XISM & PHILOSOPHY IS !RE=E 
V]Y NECESS>Y1 EV5 ON ! !ORETICAL LEVEL1 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE 
! CORRECT & FULL S5SE ( ,M>X'S !ORY1 D5ATUR$ & BANALIZ$ 
BY ! EPIGONES4  ,H[EV]1 JU/ AS 9 ! CASE ( ,M>XISM & 
! ,/ATE1 ?IS !ORETICAL TASK REALLY >ISES FROM ! NE$S 
& PRESSURES ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4  ,9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y 
TRANSITION1 AFT] ITS SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ ACCOMPLI% 
DEF9ITE REVOLUTION>Y TASKS 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL FIELD1 NO LESS 
?AN 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC FIELDS - TASKS :I* CON/ANTLY 
9T]ACT ) EA* O!R4  ,! SCI5TIFIC !ORY ( ,M>XISM MU/ 
BECOME AGA9 :AT IT WAS = ! AU?ORS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,MANIFE/O - NOT AS A SIMPLE RETURN BUT AS 
A DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T3 A !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 
?AT COMPRISES ALL >EAS ( SOCIETY AS A TOTALITY4  ,!RE=E 
WE MU/ SOLVE 9 A DIALECTICALLY MAT]IALI/ FA%ION NOT ONLY 
'! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( ! ,/ATE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION 
& ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO ! ,/ATE' 7,L5971 BUT ALSO ! 'QUE/ION 
( ! RELATION%IP ( IDEOLOGY TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ( SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION TO IDEOLOGY'4  ,TO AVOID !SE QUE/IONS 9 ! P]IOD 
BE=E ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION LEADS TO OPPORTUNISM & CREATES 
A CRISIS )9 ,M>XISM1 JU/ AS AVOIDANCE ( ! PROBLEM ( ,/ATE 
& REVOLUTION 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL L$ TO OPPORTUNISM 
& 9DE$ PROVOK$ A CRISIS 9 ! CAMP ( ,M>XISM4  ,TO EVADE 
A DEF9ITE /& ON !SE IDEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ( ! TRANSITION 
CAN HAVE DISA/R\S POLITICAL RESULTS 9 ! P]IOD AFT] ! 
PROLET>IAN SEIZURE ( ,/ATE P[]1 BECAUSE !ORETICAL VAGU5ESS 
& DIS>RAY CAN S]I\SLY IMP$E A PROMPT & 5]GETIC APPROA* 
TO PROBLEMS ?AT !N >ISE 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL FIELD4  ,! MAJOR 
ISSUE ( ! RELATION ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO IDEOLOGY 
WAS NO LESS NEGLECT$ BY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT !ORETICIANS ?AN 
! POLITICAL PROBLEM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4  ,CONSEQU5TLY 9 ?IS NEW REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ( 
/RUGGLE IT MU/ BE POS$ ANEW & ! CORRECT - DIALECTICAL & 
REVOLUTION>Y - CONCEPTION ( ORIG9AL ,M>XISM MU/ BE RE/OR$4 
 ,?IS TASK CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY FIR/ 9VE/IGAT+ ! PROBLEM 
:I* L$ ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ! QUE/ION ( IDEOLOGY3 H[ IS 
PHILOSOPHY RELAT$ TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 
& H[ IS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT RELAT$ TO 
PHILOSOPHY8  ,AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION IS 9DICAT$ BY ,M>X & 
,5GELS !MSELVES & MAY BE D$UC$ FROM ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ DIALECTICS4 
 ,IT WILL LEAD US ON TO A L>G] QUE/ION3 H[ IS ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM 
RELAT$ TO IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL8 

,:AT IS ! RELATION ( ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 
TO PHILOSOPHY8  ',NONE'1 REPLIES VULG>-,M>XISM4  ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE 
IT IS PRECISELY ! NEW MAT]IALI/ & SCI5TIFIC /&PO9T 
( ,M>XISM :I* HAS REFUT$ & SUP]S$$ ! OLD IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHICAL 
/&PO9T4  ,ALL PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS & SPECULATIONS >E !REBY 
%[N TO BE UNREAL - VACU\S FANTASIES :I* /ILL HAUNT A FEW 
M9DS AS A K9D ( SUP]/ITION1 :I* ! RUL+ CLASS HAS A 
CONCRETE MAT]IAL 9T]E/ 9 PRES]V+4  ,ONCE CAPITALISM IS 
OV]?R[N ! REMA9S ( !SE FANTASIES WILL DISAPPE> AT ONCE4 

,ONE HAS ONLY TO REFLECT ON ?IS APPROA* TO PHILOSOPHY 9 ALL 
ITS %ALL[NESS1 AS WE HAVE TRI$ TO DO1 TO REALIZE AT ONCE ?AT 
SU* A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( PHILOSOPHY HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON 
) ! SPIRIT ( ,M>X'S MOD]N DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM4  ,IT 
BELONGS TO ! AGE 9 :I* ?AT 'G5IUS ( B\RGEOIS /UPIDITY'1 
,J]EMY ,B5?AM1 EXPLA9$ '_?#h#b#a#f2,RELIGION' 9 HIS ,5CYCLOP$IA ) 
! RUBRIC 'CRUDE SUP]/ITI\S OP9IONS'4 ,IT IS P>T ( AN ATMOSPH]E 
:I* WAS CREAT$ 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 
& :I* 9SPIR$ ,EUG5 ,DUHR+ TO WRITE ?AT 9 A FUTURE 
SOCIETY1 CON/RUCT$ ACCORD+ TO HIS PLANS1 !RE W\LD BE NO 
RELIGI\S CULTS - = A CORRECTLY UND]/OOD SY/EM ( SOCIABILITY 
W\LD SUPPRESS ALL ! APP>ATUS NE$$ = SPIRITUAL SORC]Y1 
& ) IT ALL ! ESS5TIAL COMPON5TS ( !SE CULTS4 ,! \TLOOK 
) :I* MOD]N OR DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM - ! NEW & ONLY 
SCI5TIFIC VIEW ( ! WORLD ACCORD+ TO ,M>X & ,5GELS - CONFRONTS 
!SE QUE/IONS IS 9 COMPLETE CONTRA/ TO ?IS %ALL[1 RATIONALI/ 
& NEGATIVE APPROA* TO IDEOLOGICAL PH5OM5A SU* AS RELIGION 
& PHILOSOPHY4  ,TO PRES5T ?IS CONTRA/ 9 ALL ITS BLUNTNESS ONE CAN SAY3  
IT IS ESS5TIAL = MOD]N DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM  
TO GRASP  
PHILOSOPHIES & O!R IDEOLOGICAL SY/EMS 9 !ORY AS REALITIES1  
& TO TREAT !M 9 PRACTICE AS SU*4  ,9 !IR E>LY P]IOD ,M>X & ,5GELS  
BEGAN !IR :OLE REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY BY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! REALITY ( PHILOSOPHY2  
& IT WILL BE %[N ?AT1 AL?\< LAT] !Y DID RADICALLY ALT] !IR  
VIEW ( H[ PHILOSOPHICAL IDEOLOGY WAS RELAT$ TO O!R =MS )9  
IDEOLOGY AS A :OLE1 !Y ALWAYS TREAT$ IDEOLOGIES - 9CLUD+ PHILOSOPHY -  
AS CONCRETE REALITIES & NOT AS EMPTY FANTASIES4 

,9 ! #a#h#dS ,M>X & ,5GELS BEGAN ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 
- 9ITIALLY ON A !ORETICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL PLANE = ! EMANCIPATION 
( ! CLASS :I* /&S 'NOT 9 P>TIAL OPPOSITION TO ! CONSEQU5CES1 
BUT 9 TOTAL OPPOSITION TO ! PREMISES' ( EXI/+ SOCIETY AS 
A :OLE4  ,!Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W]E !REBY ATTACK+ 
AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT P>T ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4  ,9 
! $ITORIAL ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG 9 #a#h#d#b1 ,M>X HAD 
ALREADY /AT$ ?AT 'PHILOSOPHY DOES NOT /& \TSIDE ! WORLD1 
JU/ AS ! BRA9 DOES NOT /& \TSIDE MAN M]ELY BECAUSE IT 
IS NOT 9 HIS /OMA*'4  ,HE REPEATS ?IS LAT] 9 ! ,9TRODUCTION 
TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T3 ',PREVI\S 
PHILOSOPHY ITSELF BELONGS TO ?IS WORLD & IS ITS1 ALBEIT IDEALI/1 
ELABORATION4  ,?IS IS ! WORK ( :I* FIFTE5 YE>S LAT]1 9 
! ,PREFACE TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,M>X 
SAID ?AT 9 IT HE DEF9ITIVELY ACCOMPLI%$ ! TRANSITION TO 
HIS LAT] MAT]IALI/ POSITION4  ,PRECISELY :5 ,M>X1 ! DIALECTICIAN1 
EFFECT$ ?IS TRANSITION FROM ! IDEALI/ TO ! MAT]IALI/ 
CONCEPTION1 HE MADE IT QUITE EXPLICIT ?AT ! PRACTICALLY ORI5T$ 
POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,G]MANY AT ! TIME1 :I* REJECT$ 
ALL PHILOSOPHY1 WAS MAK+ AS BIG A MI/AKE AS ! !ORETICALLY 
ORI5T$ POLITICAL P>TY1 :I* FAIL$ TO CONDEMN PHILOSOPHY 
AS SU*4  ,! LATT] BELIEV$ ?AT IT C\LD COMBAT ! REALITY 
( ! ,G]MAN WORLD FROM A PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T1 ?AT 
IS1 ) PROPOSITIONS ?AT W]E D]IV$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R 
FROM PHILOSOPHY 7MU* AS ,LASSALLE WAS LAT] TO DO BY 9VOK+ 
,FI*TE74  ,IT =GOT ?AT ! PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T ITSELF WAS 
P>T ( ?IS DOM9ANT ,G]MAN WORLD4  ,BUT ! PRACTICALLY ORI5T$ 
POLITICAL P>TY WAS BASICALLY TRAPP$ BY ! SAME LIMITATION BECAUSE 
IT BELIEV$ ?AT ! NEGATION ( PHILOSOPHY 'CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ 
BY TURN+ ONE'S BACK ON PHILOSOPHY1 LOOK+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION 
& MUMBL+ SOME IRRITABLE & BANAL REM>KS AB\T IT'4  ,IT TOO 
DID NOT REG>D 'PHILOSOPHY AS P>T ( ,G]MAN REALITY'4  ,! !ORETICALLY 
ORI5T$ P>TY ]RONE\SLY BELIEV$ ?AT 'IT C\LD REALIZE PHILOSOPHY 
9 PRACTICE )\T SUP]S$+ IT 9 !ORY'4  ,! PRACTICALLY 
ORI5T$ P>TY MADE A COMP>ABLE MI/AKE BY TRY+ TO SUP]S$E 
PHILOSOPHY 9 PRACTICE )\T REALIZ+ IT 9 !ORY - 9 O!R 
WORDS1 )\T GRASP+ IT AS A REALITY4 

,IT IS CLE> 9 :AT S5SE ,M>X 7& ,5GELS :O UND]W5T AN ID5TICAL 
DEVELOPM5T AT ! SAME TIME - AS HE & ,M>X (T5 LAT] EXPLA9$7 
HAD N[ REALLY SURPASS$ ! M]ELY PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T 
( HIS /UD5T DAYS2 BUT ONE CAN ALSO SEE H[ ?IS PROCESS ITSELF 
/ILL HAD A PHILOSOPHICAL *>ACT]4  ,!RE >E ?REE REASONS 
:Y WE CAN SPEAK ( A SURPASSAL ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T4 
 ,FIR/1 ,M>X'S !ORETICAL /&PO9T H]E IS NOT JU/ P>TIALLY 
OPPOS$ TO ! CONSEQU5CES ( ALL EXI/+ ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 
BUT IS 9 TOTAL OPPOSITION TO ITS PREMISES2 7= BO? ,M>X & 
,5GELS ?IS PHILOSOPHY WAS ALWAYS MORE ?AN SUFFICI5TLY REPRES5T$ 
BY ,HEGEL74  ,SECOND1 ,M>X IS OPPOS$ NOT JU/ TO PHILOSOPHY1 :I* 
IS ONLY ! HEAD OR IDEAL ELABORATION ( ! EXI/+ WORLD1 BUT 
TO ?IS WORLD AS A TOTALITY4  ,?IRD1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS 
OPPOSITION IS NOT JU/ !ORETICAL BUT IS ALSO PRACTICAL & ACTIVE4 
 ',! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ONLY 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD1 \R TASK IS 
TO *ANGE IT'1 ANN\NCES ! LA/ ( ! ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*4 
 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS G5]AL SURPASSAL ( ! PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL 
/&PO9T /ILL 9CORPORATES A PHILOSOPHICAL *>ACT]4  ,?IS 
BECOMES CLE>1 ONCE ONE REALIZES H[ LITTLE ?IS NEW PROLET>IAN 
SCI5CE DIFF]S FROM PREVI\S PHILOSOPHY 9 ITS !ORETICAL *>ACT]1 
EV5 ?\< ,M>X SUB/ITUTES IT = B\RGEOIS IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY 
AS A SY/EM RADICALLY DI/9CT 9 ITS ORI5TATION & AIMS4  ,G]MAN 
IDEALISM HAD CON/ANTLY T5D$1 EV5 ON ! !ORETICAL LEVEL1 
TO BE MORE ?AN JU/ A !ORY OR PHILOSOPHY4  ,?IS IS COMPREH5SIBLE 
9 ! LI<T ( ITS RELATION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( 
! B\RGEOISIE 7DISCUSS$ ABOVE71 & WILL BE /UDI$ FUR!R 
9 A LAT] WORK4  ,?IS T5D5CY WAS TYPICAL ( ,HEGEL'S PR$ECESSORS 
- ,KANT1 ,S*ELL+ & ESPECIALLY ,FI*TE4  ,AL?\< ,HEGEL HIMSELF 
TO ALL APPE>ANCES REV]S$ IT1 HE TOO 9 FACT ALLOTT$ PHILOSOPHY 
A TASK ?AT W5T BEYOND ! REALM ( !ORY & BECAME 9 A C]TA9 
S5SE PRACTICAL4  ,?IS TASK WAS NOT ( C\RSE TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 
AS IT WAS = ,M>X1 BUT RA!R TO RECONCILE ,REASON AS A SELF-CONSCI\S 
,SPIRIT ) ,REASON AS AN ACTUAL ,REALITY1 BY MEANS ( CONCEPTS 
& COMPREH5SION4   ,G]MAN IDEALISM FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL DID NOT 
CEASE TO BE PHILOSOPHICAL :5 IT AFFIRM$ ?IS UNIV]SAL ROLE 
7:I* IS ANYWAY :AT IS COLLOQUIALLY ?\<T TO BE ! ESS5CE 
( ANY PHILOSOPHY74  ,SIMIL>LY IT IS 9CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ,M>X'S 
MAT]IALI/ !ORY IS NO LONG] PHILOSOPHICAL M]ELY BECAUSE IT 
HAS AN AIM ?AT IS NOT SIMPLY !ORETICAL BUT IS ALSO A PRACTICAL 
& REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM 
( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE A PHILOSOPHY ?R\< 
& ?R\<1 AS =MULAT$ 9 ! ELEV5? !SIS ON ,FEU]BA* 
& 9 O!R PUBLI%$ & UNPUBLI%$ WRIT+S ( ! P]IOD4 
 ,IT IS A REVOLUTION>Y PHILOSOPHY :OSE TASK IS TO P>TICIPATE 
9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES WAG$ 9 ALL SPH]ES ( SOCIETY 
AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ! EXI/+ ORD]1 BY FI<T+ 9 ONE SPECIFIC 
>EA - PHILOSOPHY4  ,EV5TUALLY1 IT AIMS AT ! CONCRETE ABOLITION 
( PHILOSOPHY AS P>T ( ! ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL REALITY 
AS A :OLE1 ( :I* IT IS AN IDEAL COMPON5T4  ,9 ,M>X'S WORDS3 
',PHILOSOPHY CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ )\T BE+ REALIZ$4' ,?US 
JU/ :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E PROGRESS+ FROM ,HEGEL'S DIALECTICAL 
IDEALISM TO DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ABOLITION 
( PHILOSOPHY DID NOT MEAN = !M ITS SIMPLE REJECTION4  ,EV5 
:5 !IR LAT] POSITIONS >E UND] CONSID]ATION1 IT IS ESS5TIAL 
TO TAKE IT AS A CON/ANT />T+ PO9T ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E 
DIALECTICIANS BE=E !Y W]E MAT]IALI/S4  ,! S5SE ( !IR 
MAT]IALISM IS DI/ORT$ 9 A DISA/R\S & IRREP>ABLE MANN] 
IF ONE =GETS ?AT ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM WAS DIALECTICAL FROM ! 
V]Y BEG9N+4 ,IT ALWAYS REMA9$ A HI/ORICAL & DIALECTICAL 
MAT]IALISM1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,FEU]BA*'S AB/RACT-SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM 
& ALL O!R AB/RACT MAT]IALISMS1 :E!R E>LI] OR LAT]1 
B\RGEOIS OR VULG>-,M>XI/4  ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS A MAT]IALISM 
:OSE !ORY COMPREH5D$ ! TOTALITY ( SOCIETY & HI/ORY1 
& :OSE PRACTICE OV]?REW IT4  ,IT WAS !RE=E POSSIBLE = 
PHILOSOPHY TO BECOME A LESS C5TRAL COMPON5T ( ! SOCIO-HI/ORICAL 
PROCESS = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T 
( MAT]IALISM1 ?AN IT HAD SEEM$ AT ! />T4  ,?IS DID 9 FACT 
OCCUR4  ,BUT NO REALLY DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 
7C]TA9LY NOT ?AT ( ,M>X & ,5GELS7 C\LD CEASE TO REG>D 
PHILOSOPHICAL IDEOLOGY1 OR IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL1 AS A MAT]IAL 
COMPON5T ( G5]AL SOCIO-HI/ORICAL REALITY - ?AT IS1 A REAL 
P>T :I* HAD TO BE GRASP$ 9 MAT]IALI/ !ORY & OV]?R[N 
BY MAT]IALI/ PRACTICE4 

,9 HIS ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA* ,M>X CONTRA/S HIS NEW MAT]IALISM 
NOT ONLY TO PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM1 BUT JU/ AS =CEFULLY TO 
EV]Y EXI/+ MAT]IALISM4  ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ALL !IR LAT] 
WRIT+S1 ,M>X & ,5GELS EMPHASIZ$ ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 
!IR DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM & ! NORMAL1 AB/RACT & UNDIALECTICAL 
V]SION ( MAT]IALISM4  ,!Y W]E ESPECIALLY CONSCI\S ?AT ?IS 
CONTRA/ WAS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ANY !ORETICAL 9T]PRETATION 
( SO-CALL$ M5TAL OR IDEOLOGICAL REALITIES1 & !IR TREATM5T 
9 PRACTICE4  ,DISCUSS+ M5TAL REPRES5TATIONS 9 G5]AL1 & 
! ME?OD NECESS>Y = A CONCRETE & CRITICAL HI/ORY ( RELIGION 
9 P>TICUL>1 ,M>X /ATES3 

0,IT IS 9 FACT MU* EASI] TO UNCOV] ! E>?LY K]NEL )9 NEBUL\S RELIGI\S IDEAS1 ?R\< ANALYSIS1 ?AN IT IS TO DO ! OPPOSITE1 TO SEE H[ !SE HEAV5LY =MS DEVELOP \T ( ACTUAL CONCRETE RELATIONS40 

,! LATT] IS ! ONLY 
MAT]IALI/ & !RE=E SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 ,A !ORETICAL ME?OD 
:I* WAS CONT5T 9 GOOD ,FEU]BA*IAN FA%ION TO R$UCE ALL IDEOLOGICAL 
REPRES5TATIONS TO !IR MAT]IAL & E>?LY K]NEL W\LD BE 
AB/RACT & UNDIALECTICAL4  ,A REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE CONF9$ 
TO DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! T]RE/RIAL K]NEL ( NEBUL\S RELIGI\S 
IDEAS1 & UNCONC]N$ ) OV]?R[+ & SUP]S$+ !SE 
IDEOLOGIES !MSELVES1 W\LD BE NO LESS SO4  ,:5 VULG>-,M>XISM 
ADOPTS ?IS AB/RACT & NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TO ! REALITY ( IDEOLOGIES1 
IT MAKES EXACTLY ! SAME MI/AKE AS ?OSE PROLET>IAN !ORETICIANS1 
PA/ & PRES5T1 :O USE ! ,M>XI/ !SIS ( ! ECONOMIC DET]M9ATION 
( LEGAL RELATIONS1 /ATE =MS & POLITICAL ACTION1 TO >GUE 
?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN & %\LD CONF9E ITSELF TO DIRECT ECONOMIC 
ACTION ALONE4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ,M>X /RONGLY ATTACK$ T5D5CIES 
( ?IS K9D 9 HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ,PR\DHON & O!RS4  ,9 
DIFF]5T PHASES ( HIS LIFE1 :]EV] HE CAME ACROSS VIEWS LIKE 
?IS1 :I* /ILL SURVIVE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SYNDICALISM1 ,M>X ALWAYS 
EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?IS 'TRANSC5D5TAL UND]E/IMATION' ( ! ,/ATE 
& POLITICAL ACTION WAS COMPLETELY UNMAT]IALI/4  ,IT WAS !RE=E 
!ORETICALLY 9ADEQUATE & PRACTICALLY DANG]\S4  

,?IS DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION%IP ( ECONOMICS TO POLITICS BECAME SU* AN UNALT]ABLE P>T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY 
?AT EV5 ! VULG>-,M>XI/S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W]E 
UNABLE TO D5Y ?AT ! PROBLEM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION 
EXI/$1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 AL?\< !Y IGNOR$ ! 
PROBLEM 9 PRACTICE4  ,NO OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ C\LD EV5 9 
PR9CIPLE HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT A !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONC]N 
) POLITICS WAS UNNECESS>Y = ,M>XISM4  ,?IS WAS LEFT TO ! 
SYNDICALI/S1 SOME ( :OM 9VOKE ,M>X1 BUT NONE ( :OM HAVE 
EV] CLAIM$ TO BE OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S4  ,H[EV]1 MANY GOOD ,M>XI/S 
DID ADOPT A !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL POSITION ON ! REALITY 
( IDEOLOGY :I* WAS ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ! SYNDICALI/S4  
,!SE MAT]IALI/S >E ) ,M>X 9 CONDEMN+ ! SYNDICALI/ 
REFUSAL ( POLITICAL ACTION & 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 
MU/ 9CLUDE ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T4  ,!Y (T5 >GUE AGA9/ 
AN>*I/S ?AT EV5 AFT] ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 
& 9 SPITE ( ALL ! *ANGES UND]GONE BY ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 
POLITICS WILL LONG CONT9UE TO BE A REALITY4  ,YET !SE V]Y PEOPLE 
FALL /RAI<T 9TO ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 'TRANSC5D5TAL UND]E/IMATION' 
( IDEOLOGY :5 !Y >E TOLD ?AT 9TELLECTUAL /RUGGLE 
9 ! IDEOLOGICAL FIELD CANNOT BE REPLAC$ OR ELIM9AT$ BY ! 
SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( PROLET>IAT ALONE1 OR BY ITS SOCIAL & POLITICAL 
MOVEM5TS COMB9$4  ,EV5 TODAY MO/ ,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS CONCEIVE 
( ! EFFICACY ( SO-CALL$ 9TELLECTUAL PH5OM5A 9 A PURELY 
NEGATIVE1 AB/RACT & UNDIALECTICAL S5SE1 :5 !Y %\LD ANALYZE 
?IS DOMA9 ( SOCIAL REALITY ) ! MAT]IALI/ & SCI5TIFIC 
ME?OD MOLD$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4  ,9TELLECTUAL LIFE %\LD BE 
CONCEIV$ 9 UNION ) SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE1 & SOCIAL 
BE+ & BECOM+ 79 ! WIDE/ S5SE1 AS ECONOMICS1 POLITICS 
OR LAW7 %\LD BE /UDI$ 9 UNION ) SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 
ITS MANY DIFF]5T MANIFE/ATIONS1 AS A REAL YET ALSO IDEAL 7OR 
'IDEOLOGICAL'7 COMPON5T ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS 9 G5]AL4 
 ,9/EAD ALL CONSCI\SNESS IS APPROA*$ ) TOTALLY AB/RACT 
& BASICALLY METAPHYSICAL DUALISM1 & DECL>$ TO BE A REFLECTION 
( ! ONE REALLY CONCRETE & MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS1 
ON :I* IT IS COMPLETELY DEP5D5T 7EV5 IF RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T1 
/ILL DEP5D5T 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE74 

,GIV5 ?IS SITUATION1 ANY !ORETICAL ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE :AT 
,M>X REG>D$ AS ! ONLY SCI5TIFIC1 DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ 
CONCEPTION & TREATM5T ( IDEOLOGICAL REALITIES1 9EVITABLY 
5C\NT]S EV5 GREAT] !ORETICAL OB/ACLES ?AN AN ATTEMPT 
TO RE/ORE ! CORRECT ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4  ,! DI/ORTION 
( ,M>XISM BY ! EPIGONES 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! ,/ATE 
& POLITICS M]ELY CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! MO/ 
PROM95T !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL NEV] DEALT 
CONCRETELY 5\< ) ! MO/ VITAL POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION4  ,H[EV]1 !Y AT LEA/ AGRE$ 9 AB/RACT1 
& EMPHASIZ$ /RONGLY 9 !IR LONG /RUGGLES AGA9/ AN>*I/S 
& SYNDICALI/S ?AT1 = MAT]IALISM1 NOT ONLY ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 :I* UND]LAY ALL O!R 
SOCIO-HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A1 BUT ALSO ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL 
SUP]/RUCTURE ( ,LAW & ! ,/ATE W]E REALITIES4  ,CONSEQU5TLY1 
!Y C\LD NOT BE IGNOR$ OR DISMISS$ 9 AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 
FA%ION3 !Y HAD TO BE OV]?R[N 9 REALITY BY A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 
 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 MANY VULG>-,M>XI/S TO ?IS DAY HAVE NEV]1 
EV5 9 !ORY1 ADMITT$ ?AT 9TELLECTUAL LIFE & =MS ( SOCIAL 
CONSCI\SNESS >E COMP>ABLE REALITIES4  ,QUOT+ C]TA9 /ATEM5TS 
BY ,M>X & ESPECIALLY ,5GELS !Y SIMPLY EXPLA9 AWAY ! 9TELLECTUAL 
7IDEOLOGICAL7 /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY AS A M]E PSEUDO-REALITY 
:I* ONLY EXI/S 9 ! M9DS ( IDEOLOGUES - AS ]ROR1 IMAG9ATION 
& ILLUSION1 DEVOID ( A G5U9E OBJECT4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ?IS IS 
SUPPOS$ TO BE TRUE = ALL ! SO-CALL$ 'HI<]' IDEOLOGIES4 
 ,= ?IS CONCEPTION1 POLITICAL & LEGAL REPRES5TATIVES MAY 
HAVE AN IDEOLOGICAL & UNREAL *>ACT]1 BUT !Y >E AT LEA/ 
RELAT$ TO SOME?+ REAL - ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,LAW & ! ,/ATE1 
:I* COMPRISE ! SUP]/RUCTURE ( ! SOCIETY 9 QUE/ION4 
 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 'HI<]' IDEOLOGICAL REPRES5TATIONS 7M5'S 
RELIGIONS1 ES!TIC & PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS7 CORRESPOND 
TO NO REAL OBJECT4  ,?IS CAN BE =MULAT$ CONCISELY1 ) ONLY 
A SLI<T C>ICATURE1 BY SAY+ ?AT = VULG>-,M>XISM !RE >E 
?REE DEGREES ( REALITY3 7I7 ! ECONOMY1 :I* 9 ! 
LA/ 9/ANCE IS ! ONLY OBJECTIVE & TOTALLY NON-IDEOLOGICAL 
REALITY2 7#b7 ,LAW & ! ,/ATE1 :I* >E ALREADY SOME:AT LESS 
REAL BECAUSE CLAD 9 IDEOLOGY1 & 7#c7 PURE IDEOLOGY :I* IS 
OBJECTLESS & TOTALLY UNREAL 7'PURE RUBBI%'74 

,TO RE/ORE A G5U9E DIALECTICALLY MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( 9TELLECTUAL 
REALITY1 IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO MAKE A FEW MA9LY T]M9OLOGICAL 
PO9TS4  ,! KEY PROBLEM TO SETTLE H]E IS H[ 9 G5]AL TO APPROA* 
! RELATION%IP ( CONSCI\SNESS TO ITS OBJECT4  ,T]M9OLOGICALLY1 
IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ,M>X & ,5GELS TO DESCRIBE 
SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE M]ELY AS IDEOLOGY4 
 ,IDEOLOGY IS ONLY A FALSE CONSCI\SNESS1 9 P>TICUL> ONE ?AT 
MI/AK5LY ATTRIBUTES AN AUTONOM\S *>ACT] TO A P>TIAL PH5OM5A 
( SOCIAL LIFE4  ,LEGAL & POLITICAL REPRES5TATIONS :I* CONCEIVE 
,LAW & ! ,/ATE TO BE 9DEP5D5T =CES ABOVE SOCIETY >E CASES 
9 PO9T4 ,9 ! PASSAGE :]E ,M>X IS MO/ PRECISE AB\T HIS 
T]M9OLOGY1 HE SAYS EXPLICITLY ?AT )9 ! COMPLEX ( MAT]IAL 
RELATIONS ?AT ,HEGEL CALL$ CIVIL SOCIETY1 0! SOCIAL RELATIONS 
( PRODUCTION 444 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY =MS ! REAL 
F\NDATION ON :I* >ISE JURIDICAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURES 
& TO :I* DET]M9ATE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS CORRESPOND04 
 ,9 P>TICUL>1 !SE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS :I* >E 
NO LESS REAL ?AN ,LAW & ! ,/ATE1 9CLUDE COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 
! CONCEPT ( VALUE1 & O!R ECONOMIC REPRES5TATIONS D]IV$ 
FROM !M4  ,M>X & ,5GELS ANALYZ$ !SE 9 !IR CRITIQUE ( 
POLITICAL ECONOMY4  ,:AT IS /RIK+LY *>ACT]I/IC ( !IR 
TREATM5T IS ?AT !Y NEV] REF] TO ?IS BASIC ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY 
( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS AN IDEOLOGY4  ,9 !IR T]M9OLOGY ONLY 
0! LEGAL1 POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 ES!TIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL =MS 
( CONSCI\SNESS0 >E IDEOLOGICAL4  ,EV5 !SE NE$ NOT BE SO 9 
ALL SITUATIONS1 BUT BECOME SO ONLY UND] SPECIFIC CONDITIONS :I* 
HAVE ALREADY BE5 /AT$4  ,! SPECIAL POSITION N[ ALLOTT$ TO 
=MS ( ECONOMIC CONSCI\SNESS M>KS ! NEW CONCEPTION ( PHILOSOPHY 
:I* DI/+UI%ES ! FULLY MATUR$ DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM 
( ! LAT] P]IOD FROM ITS UNDEVELOP$ E>LI] V]SION4  ,! 
!ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CRITICISMS ( PHILOSOPHY IS H5CE=W>D 
RELEGAT$ TO ! SECOND1 ?IRD1 F\R? OR EV5 LA/ BUT ONE PLACE 
9 !IR CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY4  ,! 'CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY' :I* 
! ,M>X ( ! ,DEUTS*-,FRANZOSIS*E ,JAHRBU*] SAW 
AS HIS ESS5TIAL TASK BECAME A MORE RADICAL CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY1 
:I* W5T TO ! ROOTS ( IT ?R\< A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL 
ECONOMY4  ,M>X ONCE SAID ?AT A CRITIC C\LD '/>T FROM ANY 
=M ( PHILOSOPHICAL & PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS & 
DEVELOP FROM ! SPECIFIC =MS ( EXI/5T REALITY1 ITS TRUE 
REALITY & F9AL 5D'4  ,BUT HE LAT] BECAME AW>E ?AT NO JURIDICAL 
RELATIONS1 CON/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES OR =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS 
CAN BE UND]/OOD 9 !MSELVES OR EV5 9 ,HEGELIAN OR PO/-,HEGELIAN 
T]MS ( ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN ,SPIRIT4  ,= !Y 
>E ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AT =M 
'! MAT]IAL BASIS & SKELETON' ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS A 
:OLE4   ,A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CAN NO LONG] 
/>T FROM 'ANY' =M ( !ORETICAL OR PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS 
:ATEV]1 AS ,M>X ?\<T AS LATE AS #a#h#d#c4  ,IT MU/ />T FROM 
! P>TICUL> =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* HAVE F\ND !IR SCI5TIFIC 
EXPRESSION 9 ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  ,CONSEQU5TLY 
! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY 
! FIR/ PRIORITY4  ,YET EV5 ?IS DEEP] & MORE RADICAL V]SION 
( ,M>X'S REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY NEV] CEASES TO BE 
A CRITIQUE ( ! :OLE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & SO ( 
ALL ITS =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS4  ,IT MAY SEEM AS IF ,M>X 
& ,5GELS W]E LAT] TO CRITICIZE PHILOSOPHY ONLY 9 AN OCCASIONAL 
& HAPHAZ>D MANN]4  ,9 FACT1 F> FROM NEGLECT+ ! SUBJECT1 
!Y ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ !IR CRITIQUE ( IT 9 A MORE PR(\ND 
& RADICAL DIRECTION4  ,= PRO(1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO REE/ABLI% 
! FULL REVOLUTION>Y MEAN+ ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL 
ECONOMY1 AS AGA9/ C]TA9 MI/AK5 IDEAS AB\T IT :I* >E 
COMMON TODAY4  ,?IS MAY ALSO S]VE TO CL>IFY BO? ITS PLACE 9 
! :OLE SY/EM ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( SOCIETY1 & ITS RELATION 
TO HIS CRITIQUE ( IDEOLOGIES LIKE PHILOSOPHY4 

,IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 
 - ! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL COMPON5T ( ! 
,M>XI/ !ORY ( SOCIETY - 9CLUDES NOT ONLY A CRITIQUE ( ! 
MAT]IAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ EPO* BUT ALSO 
( ITS SPECIFIC =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS4  ,EV5 ! PURE 
& IMP>TIAL 'SCI5TIFIC SCI5CE' ( VULG>-,M>XISM ACKN[L$GES 
?IS4  ,HILF]D+ ADMITS ?AT SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( ! ECONOMIC 
LAWS ( A SOCIETY IS ALSO A 'SCI5TIFIC POLITICS' 9 SO F> AS 
IT %[S '! DET]M9ANT FACTORS :I* DEF9E ! WILL ( 
! CLASSES 9 ?IS SOCIETY'4  ,DESPITE ?IS RELATION ( ECONOMICS 
TO POLITICS1 H[EV]1 9 ! TOTALLY AB/RACT & UNDIALECTICAL 
CONCEPTION ( VULG>-,M>XISM1 ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 
HAS A PURELY !ORETICAL ROLE AS A 'SCI5CE'4  ,ITS FUNCTION IS 
TO CRITICIZE ! ]RORS ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 CLASSICAL OR VULG>4 
 ,BY CONTRA/1 A PROLET>IAN POLITICAL P>TY USES ! RESULTS ( 
CRITICAL & SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION = ITS PRACTICAL 5DS - 
ULTIMATELY ! OV]?R[ ( ! REAL ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY & ( ITS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 7,ON OCCASION1 ! 
RESULTS ( ?IS ,M>XISM CAN ALSO BE US$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAN 
P>TY ITSELF1 AS BY ,SIMKHOVIT* OR ,PAUL ,L5S*47 

,! MAJOR WEAKNESS ( VULG> SOCIALISM IS ?AT1 9 ,M>XI/ T]MS1 
IT CL+S QUITE 'UNSCI5TIFICALLY' TO A NAIVE REALISM - 9 :I* 
BO? SO-CALL$ COMMON S5SE1 :I* IS ! 'WOR/ METAPHYSICIAN'1 
& ! NORMAL POSITIVI/ SCI5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 DRAW A 
%>P L9E ( DIVISION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & ITS OBJECT4  
,NEI!R >E AW>E ?AT ?IS DI/9CTION HAD CEAS$ TO BE COMPLETELY 
VALID EV5 = ! TRANSC5D5TAL P]SPECTIVE ( CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 
& HAS BE5 COMPLETELY SUP]S$$ 9 DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY4 
,AT BE/1 !Y IMAG9E ?AT SOME?+ LIKE ?IS MI<T BE TRUE ( 
,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC4  ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS1 !Y ?9K1 
?AT CON/ITUTES ! 'MY/IFICATION' :I* ! DIALECTIC ACCORD+ 
TO ,M>X1 'SUFF]$ AT ,HEGEL'S H&S'4  ,IT FOLL[S !RE=E = 
!M ?AT ?IS MY/IFICATION MU/ BE COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ FROM 
! RATIONAL =M ( ! DIALECTIC3 ! MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC 
( ,M>X4  ,9 FACT1 WE %ALL %[1 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E V]Y F> 
FROM HAV+ ANY SU* DUALI/IC METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTION ( ! 
RELATION%IP ( CONSCI\SNESS TO REALITY - NOT ONLY 9 !IR FIR/ 
7PHILOSOPHICAL7 P]IOD BUT ALSO 9 !IR SECOND 7POSITIVE-SCI5TIFIC7 
P]IOD4  ,IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO !M ?AT !Y C\LD BE MISUND]/OOD 
9 ?IS DANG]\S WAY4  ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS1 !Y SOMETIMES 
DID PROVIDE CONSID]ABLE PRETEXTS = SU* MISUND]/&+S 9 
C]TA9 ( !IR =MULATIONS 7AL?\< !SE CAN EASILY BE CORRECT$ 
BY A HUNDR$ TIMES AS MANY O!R =MULATIONS74  ,= ! CO9CID5CE 
( CONSCI\SNESS & REALITY *>ACT]IZES EV]Y DIALECTIC1 
9CLUD+ ,M>X'S DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM4  ,ITS CONSEQU5CE IS 
?AT ! MAT]IAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ EPO* 
ONLY >E :AT !Y >E 9 COMB9ATION ) ! =MS 9 :I* 
!Y >E REFLECT$ 9 ! PRE-SCI5TIFIC & B\RGEOIS-SCI5TIFIC 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! P]IOD2 & !Y C\LD NOT SUBSI/ 9 REALITY 
)\T !SE =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS4  ,SETT+ ASIDE ANY PHILOSOPHICAL 
CONSID]ATIONS1 IT IS !RE=E CLE> ?AT )\T ?IS 
CO9CID5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS & REALITY1 A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL 
ECONOMY C\LD NEV] HAVE BECOME ! MAJOR COMPON5T ( A 
!ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,! CONV]SE FOLL[S4  ,?OSE 
,M>XI/ !ORETICIANS = :OM ,M>XISM WAS NO LONG] ESS5TIALLY 
A !ORY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION C\LD SEE NO NE$ = ?IS DIALECTICAL 
CONCEPTION ( ! CO9CID5CE ( REALITY & CONSCI\SNESS3 IT 
WAS B\ND TO APPE> TO !M AS !ORETICALLY FALSE & UNSCI5TIFIC4 

,9 ! DIFF]5T P]IODS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 ,M>X 
& ,5GELS SPEAK ( ! RELATION%IP ( CONSCI\SNESS TO REALITY 
AT ! ECONOMIC LEVEL1 OR ! HI<] LEVELS ( POLITICS & LAW1 
OR ON ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( >T1 RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY4  ,IT 
IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y TO ASK 9 :AT DIRECTION !SE REM>KS >E 
AIM$ 7!Y >E NE>LY ALWAYS1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! LATE P]IOD1 ONLY 
REM>KS674  ,= !IR IMPORT IS V]Y DIFF]5T1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R 
!Y >E AIM$ AT ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ & SPECULATIVE ME?OD OR AT 
'! ORD9>Y ME?OD'1 ESS5TIALLY ,WOLFF'S METAPHYSICAL ME?OD1 
:I* HAS BECOME FA%IONABLE ONCE AGA94  ,AFT] ,FEU]BA* HAD 
'DISPAT*$ SPECULATIVE CONCEPTS'1 ! LATT] REEM]G$ 9 ! 
NEW NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM ( ,BU*N]1 ,VOGT & ,MOLES*OTT 
& 'EV5 B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S WROTE L>GE RAMBL+ BOOKS' 9SPIR$ 
BY IT4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD TO CL>IFY !IR POSITION 
ONLY ) REG>D TO ! FIR/1 ,HEGELIAN ME?OD4  ,!Y NEV] D\BT$ 
?AT !Y HAD ISSU$ FROM IT4  ,!IR ONLY PROBLEM WAS H[ TO *ANGE 
! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC FROM A ME?OD PROP] TO A SUP]FICIALLY 
IDEALI/1 BUT SECRETLY MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD 9TO 
! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( AN EXPLICITLY MAT]IALI/ VIEW ( HI/ORY 
& SOCIETY4 ,HEGEL HAD ALREADY TAU<T ?AT A PHILOSOPHICO-SCI5TIFIC 
ME?OD WAS NOT A M]E =M ( ?\<T :I* C\LD BE APPLI$ 9DISCRIM9ATELY 
TO ANY CONT5T4  ,IT WAS RA!R '! /RUCTURE ( ! :OLE PRES5T$ 
9 ITS PURE ESS5CE'4  ,M>X MADE ! SAME PO9T 9 AN E>LY WRIT+3 
',=M HAS NO VALUE IF IT IS NOT ! =M ( ITS CONT5T4'  ,AS 
,M>X & ,5GELS SAID1 IT !N BECAME A  LOGICAL & ME?ODOLOGICAL 
QUE/ION ( '/RIPP+ ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD ( ITS IDEALI/ 
%ELL & PRES5T+ IT 9 ! SIMPLE =M 9 :I* IT BECOMES 
! ONLY CORRECT =M ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T'4  ,M>X & 
,5GELS W]E CONFRONT$ ) ! AB/RACT SPECULATIVE =M 9 :I* 
,HEGEL BEQUEA!D ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD & :I* ! DIFF]5T 
,HEGELIAN S*OOLS HAD DEVELOP$ 9 AN EV5 MORE AB/RACT & =MAL 
WAY4  ,!Y !RE=E MADE VIGOR\S C\NT]-/ATEM5TS1 SU* AS3 
ALL ?\<T IS NO?+ BUT ! 'TRANS=MATION ( P]CEPTIONS 
& REPRES5TATIONS 9TO CONCEPTS'2 EV5 ! MO/ G5]AL CATEGORIES 
( ?\<T >E ONLY 'AB/RACT1 UNILAT]AL RELATIONS ( A LIV+ 
TOTALITY ?AT IS ALREADY GIV5'2 AN OBJECT :I* ?\<T COMPREH5DS 
AS REAL 'REMA9S AS BE=E1 9DEP5D5T & EXT]NAL TO ! M9D4 
,NEV]!LESS1 ALL !IR LIVES !Y REJECT$ ! UNDIALECTICAL 
APPROA* :I* C\NT]POSES ! ?\<T1 OBS]VATION1 P]CEPTION 
& COMPREH5SION ( AN IMM$IATELY GIV5 REALITY TO ?IS REALITY1 
AS IF ! =M] W]E !MSELVES ALSO IMM$IATELY GIV5 9DEP5D5T 
ESS5CES4  ,?IS IS BE/ %[N BY A S5T5CE FROM ,5GELS' ATTACK 
ON ,DUHR+1 :I* IS D\BLY CONCLUSIVE BECAUSE IT IS WIDELY 
BELIEV$ ?AT ! LAT] ,5GELS DEG5]AT$ 9TO A ?OR\<LY NATURALI/IC-MAT]IALI/ 
VIEW ( ! WORLD BY CONTRA/ TO ,M>X1 HIS MORE PHILOSOPHICALLY 
LIT]ATE COMPANION4  ,IT IS PRECISELY 9 ONE ( HIS LA/ WRIT+S 
?AT ,5GELS1 9 ! SAME BREA? AS HE DESCRIBES ?\<T & CONSCI\SNESS 
AS PRODUCTS ( ! HUMAN BRA9 & MAN HIMSELF AS A PRODUCT ( 
NATURE1 ALSO UNAMBIGU\SLY PROTE/S AGA9/ ! :OLLY 'NATURALI/IC' 
\TLOOK :I* ACCEPTS CONSCI\SNESS & ?\<T 'AS SOME?+ 
GIV51 SOME?+ /RAI<T=W>DLY OPPOS$ TO ,BE+ & TO ,NATURE'4 
 ,! ME?OD ( ,M>X & ,5GELS IS NOT ?AT ( AN AB/RACT MAT]IALISM1 
BUT ( A DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM3 IT IS !RE=E ! ONLY SCI5TIFIC 
ME?OD4  ,= ,M>XISM1 PRE-SCI5TIFIC1 EXTRA-SCI5TIFIC & SCI5TIFIC 
CONSCI\SNESS NO LONG] EXI/ OV] & AGA9/ ! NATURAL & 
7ABOVE ALL7 SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL WORLD4  ,!Y EXI/ )9 ?IS WORLD 
AS A REAL & OBJECTIVE COMPON5T ( IT1 IF ALSO AN 'IDEAL' ONE4 
 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ SPECIFIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! MAT]IALI/ 
DIALECTIC ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/ DIALECTIC4 
 ,HEGEL SAID ?AT ! !ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 
C\LD NOT 'LEAP OV]' HIS [N EPO*1 ! WORLD ( HIS TIME4  ,NEV]!LESS 
HE 9S]T$ ! WORLD 9TO PHILOSOPHY F> MORE ?AN HE DID PHILOSOPHY 
9TO ! WORLD4  ,?IS FIR/ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,HEGELIAN & 
,M>XI/ DIALECTIC IS V]Y CLOSELY RELAT$ TO A SECOND ONE4  ,AS 
E>LY AS #ahdd ,M>X WROTE 9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY3 

',COMMUNI/ WORK]S WELL KN[ ?AT PROP]TY1 CAPITAL1 MONEY1 WAGE-LABOR & 
SU* LIKE1 F> FROM BE+ IDEALI/ FANTASIES >E HI<LY PRACTICAL 
& OBJECTIVE PRODUCTS ( !IR [N ALI5ATION2 !Y MU/ BE TRANSC5D$ 
9 A PRACTICAL & OBJECTIVE WAY SO ?AT MAN CAN BECOME MAN1 NOT 
ONLY 9 ?\<T & 9 CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT 9 HIS 7SOCIAL7 ,BE+ 
& 9 HIS LIFE4' 

,?IS PASSAGE /ATES ) FULL MAT]IALI/ CL>ITY 
?AT1 GIV5 ! UNBREAKABLE 9T]CONNECTION ( ALL REAL PH5OM5A 
9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ITS =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT 
BE ABOLI%$ ?R\< ?\<T ALONE4  ,!SE =MS CAN ONLY BE ABOLI%$ 
9 ?\<T & CONSCI\SNESS BY A SIMULTANE\S PRACTICO-OBJECTIVE 
OV]?R[ ( ! MAT]IAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES1 
:I* HAVE HI!RTO BE5 COMPREH5D$ ?R\< !SE =MS4  ,?IS 
IS ALSO TRUE ( ! HI<E/ =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 SU* 
AS RELIGION1 & ( M$IUM LEVELS ( SOCIAL BE+ & CONSCI\SNESS1 
SU* AS ! FAMILY4  ,?IS CONSEQU5CE ( ! NEW MAT]IALISM IS 
IMPLI$ 9 ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T1 & IS EXPLICITLY & COMPREH5SIVELY DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA* :I* ,M>X WROTE 9 #ahde TO CL>IFY HIS [N IDEAS4 

',! QUE/ION ( :E!R OBJECTIVE TRU? CORRESPONDS TO HUMAN ?\<T IS NOT A !ORETICAL QUE/ION BUT A PRACTICAL ONE4  ,MAN MU/ PROVE ! TRU? - ?AT IS1 ! REALITY1 ! P[]1 & ! IMMAN5CE ( HIS ?\<T1 9 PRACTICE4  ,! DISPUTE AB\T ! REALITY OR UNREALITY ( ?\<T ?\<T ISOLAT$ FROM PRACTICE IS PURELY S*OLA/IC4' 

,IT W\LD BE A DANG]\S MISUND]/&+ TO ?9K ?AT ?IS MEANS ?AT CRITICISM 9 PRACTICE M]ELY REPLACES CRITICISM 9 !ORY4  ,SU* AN IDEA M]ELY REPLACES ! PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTION ( PURE !ORY ) AN OPPOSITE ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTION ( AN EQUALLY PURE PRACTICE4  ,IT IS NOT 9 'HUMAN PRACTICE' ALONE1 BUT ONLY '9 HUMAN PRACTICE & 9 ! COMPREH5SION ( ?IS PRACTICE' ?AT ,M>X AS A DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ LOCATES ! RATIONAL SOLUTION ( ALL MY/]IES ?AT 'LURE !ORY 9TO MY/ICISM'4  ,! TRANSLATION ( ! DIALECTICS FROM ITS MY/IFICATION BY ,HEGEL TO ! 'RATIONAL =M' ( ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/ DIALECTIC ESS5TIALLY MEANS ?AT IT HAS BECOME ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( A S+LE !ORETICAL-PRACTICAL & CRITICAL-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4  ,IT IS A 'ME?OD ?AT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y'4  

,EV5 9 ,HEGEL '! !ORETICAL WAS ESS5TIALLY CONTA9$ 9 ! PRACTICAL'4  ',ONE MU/ NOT IMAG9E ?AT MAN ?9KS ON ! ONE H& & WILLS ON ! O!R1 ?AT HE HAS ,?\<T 9 ONE POCKET & ,WILL 9 ANO!R2 ?IS W\LD BE A VACU\S NOTION'4  ,= ,HEGEL1 ! PRACTICAL TASK ( ! ,CONCEPT 9 ITS '?9K+ ACTIVITY' 79 O!R WORDS1 PHILOSOPHY7 DOES NOT LIE 9 ! DOMA9 ( ORD9>Y 'PRACTICAL HUMAN & S5SU\S ACTIVITY' 7,M>X74  ,IT IS RA!R 'TO GRASP :AT IS1 = ?AT :I* IS1 IS ,REASON'40 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,M>X CONCLUDES ! SELF-CL>IFICATION ( HIS [N DIALECTICAL ME?OD ) ! ELEV5? ,!SIS ON ,FEU]BA*3  

',! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE ONLY 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD1 IT IS N[ A QUE/ION ( *ANG+ IT4'  

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 AS ! EPIGONES IMAG9E1 ?AT ALL PHILOSOPHY IS %[N TO BE M]E FANTASY4  ,IT ONLY EXPRESSES A CATEGORICAL REJECTION ( ALL !ORY1 PHILOSOPHICAL OR SCI5TIFIC1 ?AT IS NOT AT ! SAME TIME PRACTICE - REAL1 T]RE/RIAL IMMAN5T1 HUMAN & S5SU\S PRACTICE1 & NOT ! SPECULATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEA ?AT BASICALLY DOES NO?+ BUT COMPREH5D ITSELF4  ,!ORETICAL CRITICISM & PRACTICAL OV]?R[ >E H]E 9SEP>ABLE ACTIVITIES1 NOT 9 ANY AB/RACT S5SE BUT AS A CONCRETE & REAL ALT]ATION ( ! CONCRETE & REAL WORLD ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  ,SU* IS ! MO/ PRECISE EXPRESSION ( ! NEW MAT]IALI/ PR9CIPLE ( ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,WE HAVE N[ %[N ! REAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ 
PR9CIPLE = A ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION%IP ( CONSCI\SNESS 
TO REALITY4  ,BY ! SAME TOK51 WE HAVE %[N ! ]ROR ( ALL 
AB/RACT & UNDIALECTICAL CONCEPTIONS F\ND AMONG V>I\S K9DS 
( VULG>-,M>XI/S 9 !IR !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL ATTITUDES 
TO SO-CALL$ 9TELLECTUAL REALITY4  ,M>X'S DICTUM IS TRUE NOT 
JU/ ( =MS ( ECONOMIC CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! N>R[] S5SE1 
BUT ALL =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS3 !Y >E NOT M]E *IM]AS1 
BUT 'HI<LY OBJECTIVE & HI<LY PRACTICAL' SOCIAL REALITIES & 
CONSEQU5TLY 'MU/ BE ABOLI%$ 9 A PRACTICAL & OBJECTIVE MANN]'4 
 ,! NAIVELY METAPHYSICAL /&PO9T ( S\ND B\RGEOIS COMMON 
S5SE CONSID]S ?\<T 9DEP5D5T ( BE+ & DEF9ES TRU? 
AS ! CORRESPOND5CE ( ?\<T TO AN OBJECT ?AT IS EXT]NAL 
TO IT & 'MIRROR$' BY IT4  ,IT IS ONLY ?IS \TLOOK ?AT CAN 
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ECONOMIC CONCEPTIONS ( A PRE-SCI5TIFIC & UNSCI5TIFIC CONSCI\SNESS1 
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BECAUSE !Y CORRESPOND TO A REALITY 7! MAT]IAL RELATIONS ( 
PRODUCTION :I* !Y COMPREH5D7 :]EAS ALL HI<] =MS ( 
REPRES5TATION >E M]ELY OBJECTLESS FANTASIES :I* WILL AUTOMATICALLY 
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ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY1 & ! ABOLITION ( ITS JURIDICAL 
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TOTALITY4  ,?IS TOTALITY ALSO CONTA9S POLITICAL & LEGAL REPRES5TATIONS 
& !IR APP>5T OBJECTS1 :I* B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS & JURI/S 
- ! 'IDEOLOGUES ( PRIVATE PROP]TY' 7,M>X7 - TREAT 9 AN IDEOLOGICALLY 
9V]T$ MANN] AS AUTONOM\S ESS5CES4  ,F9ALLY1 IT ALSO 9CLUDES 
! HI<] IDEOLOGIES ( ! >T1 RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY ( B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY4  ,IF IT SEEMS ?AT !RE >E NO OBJECTS :I* !SE REPRES5TATIONS 
CAN REFLECT1 CORRECTLY OR 9CORRECTLY1 ?IS IS BECAUSE ECONOMIC1 
POLITICAL OR LEGAL REPRES5TATIONS DO NOT HAVE P>TICUL> OBJECTS 
:I* EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY EI!R1 ISOLAT$ FROM ! O!R PH5OM5A 
( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  ,TO C\NT]POSE SU* OBJECTS TO !SE REPRES5TATIONS 
IS AN AB/RACT & IDEOLOGICAL B\RGEOIS PROC$URE4  ,!Y M]ELY 
EXPRESS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS A TOTALITY 9 A P>TICUL> WAY1 JU/ 
AS DO >T1 RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY4  ,!IR 5SEMBLE =MS ! 
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TO ITS ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 JU/ AS ITS LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE 
CORRESPONDS TO ?IS SAME BASIS4  ,ALL !SE =MS MU/ BE SUBJECT$ 
TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL CRITICISM ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 
:I* EMBRACES ! :OLE ( SOCIAL REALITY4  ,!Y MU/ BE CRITICIZ$ 
9 !ORY & OV]?R[N 9 PRACTICE1 TOGE!R ) ! ECONOMIC1 
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,ON ! CONTR>Y IT MU/ BE C>RI$ ?R\< TO ! 5D 9 !ORY 
& PRACTICE1 AS REVOLUTION>Y SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM & AGITATIONAL 
WORK BE=E ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 & 
AS SCI5TIFIC ORGANIZATION & IDEOLOGICAL DICTATOR%IP AFT] 
! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4  ,IF ?IS IS VALID = 9TELLECTUAL 
ACTION AGA9/ ! =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* DEF9E B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY 9 G5]AL1 IT IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( PHILOSOPHICAL ACTION4 
 ,B\RGEOIS CONSCI\SNESS NECESS>ILY SEES ITSELF AS AP>T FROM 
! WORLD & 9DEP5D5T ( IT1 AS PURE CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY & 
IMP>TIAL SCI5CE1 JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & B\RGEOIS ,LAW 
APPE> TO BE ABOVE SOCIETY4  ,?IS CONSCI\SNESS MU/ BE PHILOSOPHICALLY 
F\<T BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MAT]IALI/IC DIALECTIC1 :I* IS 
! PHILOSOPHY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4  ,?IS /RUGGLE WILL ONLY 
5D :5 ! :OLE ( EXI/+ SOCIETY & ITS ECONOMIC BASIS 
HAVE BE5 TOTALLY OV]?R[N 9 PRACTICE1 & ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 
HAS BE5 TOTALLY SURPASS$ & ABOLI%$ 9 !ORY4 -- ',PHILOSOPHY 
CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ )\T BE+ REALIZ$4' 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM & ,PHILOSOPHY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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