,=EWORD BY ,C>L ,LEVY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

,=EWORD BY ,C>L ,LEVY 

,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b7 WAS BORN 9 ,SANTA ,M>IA ,CAPUA ,VET]E NE> TO ,NAPLES4 ,HIS FAMILY W]E MIDDLE-CLASS TANN]Y [N]S1 & HE WAS NOT1 AS ! PRESS W\LD HAVE IT1 A C\NT :O CONSPIR$ ) O!R >I/OCRATS SU* AS ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,MALATE/A LIV$ BETWE5 ! ]A ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,HE KNEW ,BAKUN9 & ,MUSSOL9I & WAS KN[N & APPRECIAT$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y 7AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY7 BY ,VLADIMIR ,L594 ,AL?\< ! Y\NG ,MALATE/A WAS A KEY FIGURE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,ITALY & ELSE:]E1 HIS PRES5CE 9 ,ITALY WAS MA9LY BETWE5 #ahhe & #a#i#a#i1 :5 HIS REAPPE>ANCES OCCURR$ DUR+ P]IODS ( POPUL> UNRE/3 ! #a#h#i#c-#i#d ,FASCI ,SICILIANI1 ! RIS+S ( #a#h#i#g-#i#h1 ,LA ,SETTIMANA ,ROSSA 7,! ,R$ ,WEEK7 ( #a#i#a#d1 & F9ALLY ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO 7,R$ ,BI5NIUM7 ( #a#i#a#i-#b4.<#a.> 

,= A L>GE P>T ( HIS ADULT LIFE1 ,MALATE/A WAS AN EXILE & SP5T NE>LY ?IRTY YE>S 9 ,LONDON1 !N ! 0CAPITAL0 ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4.<#b.> ,HE IS AN EXEMPL> ( ! COSMOPOLITAN NOMADIC RADICAL :O CIRCULAT$ ?R\< ! CIRCUITS ( WORLD IMP]IALISM1 TRANSPORT+ AN ALT]NATIVE MOD]NITY TO ?AT ( ! ,GATL+ GUN1 ! ,HOLY ,BIBLE1 & ! IMP]IALI/ IRON REGIME ( ! M9E1 ! PLANTATION & ! FACTORY4 ,MALATE/A LIV$1 ORGANIZ$1 & F\<T 9 ,EGYPT1 ! ,LEVANT1 ! ,BALKANS1 ,SPA91 ,>G5T9A1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,CUBA1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,FRANCE4 ,! MO/ EXCIT+ REC5T WORK ON AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM BE=E #aiad IS N[ FOCUS$ ON ! DISSEM9ATION & RECEPTION ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ REP]TOIRES ( ACTION1 ?\<T1 & CULTURE 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? AS WELL AS ! TRAC+ ( TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS ( LIB]T>IAN DIASPORAS 9 PORT CITIES & ELSE:]E4.<#c.> ,MALATE/A'S LIFE IS EMBLEMATIC ( ?IS PROCESS ?AT ALL[$ AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/ CURR5TS TO HAVE F> GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON ! GLOBAL ,LEFT ?AN M]E NUMB]S W\LD SUGGE/4 ,A SOCIOLOGY ( !SE NETWORKS REVEALS SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1.<#d.> ,FRANCESCO ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1.<#e.> & ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1.<#f.> :O W]E IDEOLOGICAL COMRADES & S\ND+ BO>DS = HIS IDEAS1 & SEV]AL G5]ATIONS ( SELF-TAU<T WORK]S & >TISANS FROM ! AN>*I/ SE$B$S ( ,LIGURIA1 ,TUSCANY1 ,UMBRIA1 ! ,M>*ES1 & ,ROME :O KEPT HIS PRES5CE ALIVE 9 ,ITALY EV5 IF HE R>ELY SET FOOT 9 HIS NATIVE L&4.<#g.> ,& ONE ( !SE SELF-TAU<T AN>*I/S WAS ,EMIDIO ,REC*IONI1 ! FA!R ( ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ! AU?OR & $ITOR ( ?IS V]Y BOOK4.<#h.> ,MALATE/A NEV] F9I%$ HIS M$ICAL DEGREE AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NAPLES & BECAME AN >TISAN3 HE TRA9$ AS A GAS-FITT] & ELECTRICIAN1 & BETWE5 HIS /9TS AS AN ORGANIZ] & RADICAL NEWSPAP] $ITOR HE ALWAYS RETURN$ TO HIS TRADES1 EV5 9 OLD AGE 9 ,ROME DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN POPULI/S HE S\<T TO DECLASS HIMSELF & GO TO ! PEOPLE1 & HE FE>$ & DETE/$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CLASS ( LEFT-W+ PR(ESSIONAL J\RNALI/S1 ORATORS1 & POLITICIANS :O F$ (F ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & BETRAY$ !IR PR9CIPLES4 

,MALATE/A LIV$ 9 A MOD]N1 GLOBALIZ$ WORLD ( ! /EAM%IP1 ! RAILROAD1 ! TELEGRAPH1 & DYNAMITE4.<#i.> ,& AL?\< HE F\<T A BRAVE BATTLE AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ T]RORISM & EXPROPRIATION 9SPIR$ BY ,RAVA*OL & ,H5RY 9 ! #a#h#iS OR 9 ! NEW C5TURY ( ,P>ISIAN TRAGIC B&ITS & ,LATVIAN REVOLUTION>IES TURN$ ROBB]S CONSUM$ 9 ! FIRES ( ! ,SIEGE ( ,SIDNEY ,/REET1 HE NEV] 5DORS$ PACIFISM1 WROTE LONG >TICLES AGA9/ ! FOLL[]S ( ,TOL/OY1 & REMA9$ A REVOLUTION>Y 9SPIR$ BY1 ?\< CRITICAL (1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,MAZZ9I DUR+ ! ,RISORGIM5TO4 ,LIKE MANY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S ( HIS G5]ATION1 HIS POLITICAL APPR5TICE%IP WAS =G$ 9 ! DISAPPO9T+ AFT]MA? ( ! ,ITALIAN /RUGGLE = UNIFICATION & 9DEP5D5CE4.<#a.> ,AL?\< HE R5\NC$ ,MAZZ9I & ! ,REPUBLICANS :5 ! OLD NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION>Y DISAV[$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE = ITS A!ISM & PROMOTION ( CLASS W>1 ,MALATE/A ALWAYS RETA9$ DEEP E?ICAL & VOLUNT>I/ /RA9S 9 HIS ?\<T & POLITICAL ACTION1 MA9TA9$ A FRUITFUL DIALOGUE ) ! ,ITALIAN ,REPUBLICANS1 & 9DE$ =M$ AN ALLIANCE ?R\< A MUTUAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,SAVOY DYNA/Y4 ,?US 9 #aiad ?IS ALLIANCE ( AN>*I/S1 ANTI-MILIT>I/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 REPUBLICANS1 & MAV]ICK SOCIALI/S NE>LY BR\<T ! REGIME TO A CRISIS BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> RE>RANG$ ! POLITICAL FIELD4 ,BUT EV5 AFT] ! W>1 DUR+ ! ,BI5NIO ,ROSSO & ! YE>S LEAD+ TO ! CREATION ( ,MUSSOL9I'S DICTATOR%IP 7#a#i#b#b-#b#f71 ,MALATE/A S\<T ALLIANCES ) ! MAV]ICK LEFT & ! REPUBLICANS TO PREV5T OR OV]?R[ ! GR[+ P[] ( ! NEW ,FASCI/ MOVEM5T & ITS 9/ALLATION 9 P[] ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,SAVOY>D K+ 9 ,ROME4.<#a#a.> 

,MALATE/A ADVOCAT$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NATIONAL F$]ATION ( AN>*I/ GR\P+S--9T]NATIONALI/S1 AN>*I/ SOCIALI/S1 & !N PLA9 AN>*I/S--9 ,ITALY FROM ! #a#h#gS TO ! #a#i#bS1 & = ?IS HE RECEIV$ /RONG CRITICISM & 9DE$ ABUSE FROM ! 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,/IRN]ITES1 & ! AFF9ITY GR\P AN>*O-COMMUNI/ AN>*I/S ASSOCIAT$ ) HIS OLD COMRADE ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI4.<#a#b.> ,BUT HE WAS NOT AN ADVOCATE ( AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION AS SU*4 ,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD BE GUID$ BY SMALL-'A' AN>*I/ ME?ODS BUT AN AN>*I/ P>TY W\LD NOT BE ! 9VISIBLE PILOT BEH9D ITS SUCCESS4 ,?AT IS :Y HE LAT] LOOK$ BACK ON ! QU>RELS BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & FELT !M BO? TO BE 9 ! WRONG4 ,HE >GU$ ) ,MAHKNO & ! ,PLAT=MI/S 9 ! #a#i#bS BECAUSE !Y SEEM$ TO BE ADVOCAT+ AN AN>*I/ =M ( ,L59ISM4 ,! D5\EM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION DID NOT SURPRISE HIM4 ,LIKE ,BAKUN91 HE PR$ICT$ ?AT A ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION W\LD RESULT 9 A DICTATOR%IP ( A ,NEW ,CLASS ( EX-WORK]S1 9TELLECTUALS1 & POLITICOS4 ,ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS MI<T BE PREY TO AN 0IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y10 AS ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS T]M$ IT4 ,ALBEIT1 ,MALATE/A TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! CONCEPT ( 0IRON LAWS0 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE2 ?US HE OBJECT$ TO HIS FELL[ ,LONDON EXILE ,KROPOTK9'S M>RIAGE ( BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS ( MUTUAL AID ) ! OP5-5D$ BUS9ESS ( HUMAN POLITICS4 ,HE F\<T ALL DET]M9ISMS & 9DE$ =E%AD[$ ! CRITIQUE ( MANY REC5T PO/-AN>*I/S :O HAVE LAMBA/$ 0CLASSICAL AN>*ISM0 = ITS DET]M9ISM1 ESS5TIALISM1 & ,:IGGI% TELEOLOGY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,MALATE/A >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS W\LD BE PREY TO ! SAME MALADIES AS ! MOD]ATE1 SOCIALI/1 OR COMMUNI/ ONES4 ,! ONLY REM$Y WAS = AN>*I/S TO WORK 9 0G+] GR\PS0 9 ALL TRADE UNIONS & PROMOTE LIB]T>IAN ME?ODS3 RANK & FILE CONTROL1 CIRCULATION ( LEAD]%IP1 & L[ SAL>IES = !SE TEMPOR>Y LEAD]S4.<#a#c.> 

,TRADE UNIONS W]E IMPORTANT = ,MALATE/A4 ,AL?\< HE NEV] R5\NC$ ! ROLE ( 9SURRECTION 9 MAK+ ! REVOLUTION1 BY ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS1 ) ! MASSIVE ,LONDON ,DOCK ,/RIKE ( #ahhi 9 M9D1 HE ADVOCAT$ A SYNDICALI/ /RATEGY TO ! FIR/ G5]ATION SYNDICALI/ ,FR5* AN>*I/ EXILES 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ! #a#h#iS4 ,:5 SYNDICALISM GREW WORLDWIDE 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY HE PO9T$ \T ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL WEAKNESSES ( ITS WORK]ISM 7! REVOLUTION WAS BROAD] ?AN ?AT7 & ! FACT ?AT A PEACEFUL G5]AL /RIKE W\LD M]ELY RESULT 9 ! />VATION ( ! URBAN WORK+ CLASSES & ! COLLAPSE ( ! /RIKE IF IT WASN'T BR\<T TO A QUICK] T]M9ATION BY ! ,/ATE'S >M$ =CES & VIGILANTE GR\PS4 ,:5 ! FACTORIES ( NOR!RN ,ITALY W]E OCCUPI$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 ,MALATE/A SUGGE/$ ?AT ! WORK]S RECOMM5CE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION L9KS & NOT AWAIT EV5TS OR NEGOTIATIONS4 ,! MOD]N CITY HAD TO BE RE/>T$ BY ! REVOLUTION>IES ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE IF ! OCCUPATION WAS NOT TO FALT] & LEAD TO AN 9CONSEQU5TIAL NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T4.<#a#d.> 

,BUT ,MALATE/A DID NOT IGNORE ! C\NTRYSIDE &1 LIKE ,BAKUN91 SAW ! TREM5D\S REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 9 ! PEASANTRY1 & SOME ( HIS MO/ WIDELY READ PAMPHLETS W]E AIM$ AT L&LESS LABOR]S & SMALLHOLD]S4 ,UNLIKE ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 #a#i#a#i-#b1 HE W>N$ AGA9/ ! PROMOTION ( ! RAPID SOCIALIZATION ( ! L& :I* DROVE ! SMALLHOLD]S 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,FASCI/S4 ,A CLASS W> BETWE5 ! L&LESS LABOR]S & ! SMALLHOLD]S WAS A W> BETWE5 ! POOR & ! POORE/ & ALL[$ ,FASCISM TO SWEEP AWAY ! ,R$ ,ZONES >\ND ,BOLOGNA & ,F]R>A 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#a2 />T+ A RAPID PROCESS TO ALL[ ! =M] & L>GELY DISCR$IT$ RADICAL SOCIALI/ ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I 9 #a#i#a#i1 ASC5D TO PRIME M9I/] BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b#b4.<#a#e.> 

,MALATE/A ALSO >GU$ ?AT SMALL-'A' AN>*ISM WAS ! ONLY ME?OD BY :I* ! RE=MI/S HAD WON !IR DUBI\S VICTORIES3 ! EXPANSION ( ! SUFFRAGE TO ! MALE ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS OR ! /RUGGLE = FEMALE SUFFRAGE 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,BRITA91 :I* ,MALATE/A WITNESS$ & HAD KN[N MANY ( ! KEY P]SONALITIES 9 ! FI<T1 HAD BE5 WON FROM ! RUL+ CLASSES ?R\< DIRECT ACTION NOT PEACEFUL PETITION & RALLIES1 HE >GU$1 OV] & OV] AGA94 ,BUT HE WAS NOT AV]SE ON OCCASION TO =M+ ALLIANCES ) MOD]ATE SOCIALI/S1 ANTI-CL]ICALS1 & EV5 LIB]ALS IF ! ,/ATE ?REAT5$ ! SPACE ( CIVIL SOCIETY 9 :I* ! AN>*I/S C\LD ORGANIZE & MAKE !IR CASE4 ,?US HE 5DORS$ SU* BROAD ALLIANCES 9 ,ITALY :5 CIVIL LIB]TIES W]E ?REAT5$ DUR+ ! #a#h#iS1.<#a#f.> DUR+ ! ROAD TO ,FASCISM 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & UND] ! ,FASCI/ REGIME FROM HIS CONDITION ( NE>-H\SE >RE/ 9 ,ROME FROM #aibf TO HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#c#b4 ,BUT ,MALATE/A W\LD UND] NO CONDITIONS /& AS A PROTE/ ELECTORAL C&IDATE AS SUGGE/$ BY ! =M] AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUAL & ACTIVI/ ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 :O BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY 5DORS$ A MAV]ICK =M ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,( C\RSE ,MALATE/A WAS NOT NAIVE3 HE WAS NO ADMIR] ( LIB]AL POLITICIANS1 SU* AS ,LLOYD ,GEORGE1 :OM HE T]M$ A HYPOCRITE4 ,HE UND]/OOD ! REALITIES ( ! REPUBLICAN ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! ,GILD$ ,AGE3 9DU/RIAL WELF>E1 LYN* LAW1 NATIVISM1 & ! UNBRIDL$ RACI/ J+OISM ( ! ,SPANI%- ,AM]ICAN W> W]E COMM5T$ ON BY ,MALATE/A1 :O HAD SP5T #a#i-#a#i#a 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ COLONY ( ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 & 9 ,U4,S4 OCCUPI$ ,HAVANA4 ,HE KNEW FULL WELL ?AT HIS NE>-DEPORTATION FROM ,LONDON 9 #aiab WAS PREV5T$ BY A UNIT$ FRONT /RET*+ FROM ,M,PS SU* AS ,RAMSAY ,MAC,DONALD & ,KEIR ,H>DIE 9 ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY1 TRADE UNIONI/S BO? MOD]ATE & SYNDICALI/1 ,RADICAL ,LIB]ALS & LESS RADICAL LIB]ALS ( ! BROAD%EET PRESS1 & EV5 HIS NEI<BORHOOD ,ISL+TON'S 0FREE-BORN ,5GLI%MAN0 7SIC7 ,FAIR-,TRADE ,UNIONI/ 7,TORY7 NEWSPAP]4 ,BUT A UNIT$ FRONT :I* 9VOLV$ A C>EFUL CALIBRATION ( DIRECT ACTION :5 ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T WAS ?REAT5$ BY 9DU/RIAL UNRE/1 ! TR\BLES 9 ,IREL& & ! SUFFRAGETTES AS WELL AS ! PRESSURE ( RADICAL & LIB]AL ELITE NETWORKS 79DE$ ONE MI<T ADD 0OLD BOY'S NETWORKS071 :I* WORK$ TO ,MALATE/A'S ADVANTAGE4.<#a#g.> 

,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BR\<T A MAJOR SPLIT AMONG ! MO/ FAM\S P]SONAGES ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM1 ESPECIALLY A FI]CE DEBATE AGA9/ ,KROPOTK91 :O NOT ONLY 5DORS$ ! ,5T5TE & ,ALLIES BUT BECAME A BITT]-5D] & DEM&$ A CONT9UATION ( ! W> 9 #a#i#a#f1 EV5 :5 SOME S5IOR ,BRITI% ,TORIES W]E DEM&+ A TRUCE & A NEGOTIAT$ SETTLEM5T4 ,MALATE/A REMA9$ OPPOS$ TO ! W> & WITNESS$ H[ ! W> REACTIVAT$ ! 9DU/RIAL RADICALISM ( PRE-W> SYNDICALISM 9 ! FACTORY C\NCIL MOVEM5TS & FREE SOVIETS ( ,ITALY & ! WID] WORLD4.<#a#h.> ,HE FELT 9 #aiag ?AT ! EXPELL$ ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S ( ! ,LONDON CONGRESS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#h#i#f1.<#a#i.> 9 :I* HE F\<T ON ! AN>*I/ SIDE1 HAD BE5 V9DICAT$ AS W>TIME & 7LAT]7 PO/W> SOCIALI/ & 9DU/RIAL RADICALISM SEEM$ TO BE ADOPT+ OR P]HAPS ADAPT+ PRE-W> AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ POSITIONS4 ,BUT BY ! #a#i#bS & ! TRIUMPH ( ,FASCISM & ,BOL%EVISM & ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM 9 MANY ( ITS =M] /RON<OLDS1 ,MALATE/A RETURN$ TO ! BASICS & 5GAG$ 9 SOME ( HIS MO/ P5ETRAT+ J\RNALISM ON !MES ( ! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM1 AN>*ISM & VIOL5CE1 & ! ROLE ( LIB]ALISM & SPACES = AN>*ISM 9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,:5 CLASSICAL 9SURRECTIONAL AN>*ISM FAD$ AFT] #a#i#d#e1 ,MALATE/A'S LEGACY ( AN OP5-5D$ & NON-SCI5TI/IC AN>*ISM WAS ADAPT$ BY 0RE=MI/0 AN>*I/S SU* AS ,COL9 ,W>D4.<#b.> ,ONE ( ,W>D'S CLOSE/ COMRADES 9 ! PO/-#a#i#d#e ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS ,V]NON ,RI*>DS4 

,V]O ,B5EV5TO ,CON/ANT9O ,REC*IONI WAS BORN 9 ,LONDON 9 #aiae & LAT] ANGLICIZ$ HIS NAME TO ,V]NON ,RI*>DS4.<#b#a.> ,AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 ,EMIDIO ,REC*IONI HAD BE5 AN ACTIVE AN>*I/ MA9LY 9 ,ANCONA BE=E HIS >RIVAL 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#i#i1 :I* HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY HIS IMPRISONM5T ON ! P5AL ISL& ( ,PANTELL]IA :]E HE MADE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 A FELL[ PRISON]4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#iS ,EMIDIO HAD BE5 EMPLOY$ ) ! ,ITALIAN RAILROADS1 & ?IS FACILITAT$ EASY ACCESS TO O!R COMRADES ?R\<\T ! AN>*I/ SE$B$S ( C5TRAL ,ITALY4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#iS HE MAY HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 AN ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN PRIME M9I/] ,FRANCESCO ,CRISPI4 ,9 ,LONDON HE QUICKLY OP5$ A NOT$ ,ITALIAN DELICATESS51 ,K+ ,BOMBA1 :I* BECAME A MEET+ PLACE = TWO G5]ATIONS ( AN>*I/S & RADICALS1 9CLUD+ ,MALATE/A'S 9N] CIRCLE :5 !Y VISIT$ ,LONDON & ! LOCAL ,MALATE/AN AN>*I/S1 & LAT] 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/1 :OSE P>TN]1 ,SILVIO ,CORIO1 WAS ANO!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ EXILE 9 ,LONDON1 & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,GEORGE ,ORWELL4 ,! F9ANCIAL SUCCESS ( ! %OP ALL[$ ,REC*IONI TO HELP F9ANCE ,MALATE/A'S MAJOR NEWSPAP]S 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#a#c-#a#e 7,VOLONTA71 #a#i#a#i-#b#b 7,UMANITA NOVA71 #a#i#b#d-#b#f 7,P5SI]O E ,VOLONTA71 & LAT] FUND$ SEV]AL ATTEMPTS ON ,MUSSOL9I'S LIFE4.<#b#b.> ,UND] ! P5-NAME 0,NEMO10 ,REC*IONI WAS AN AVID CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PRESS & TO ,FRE$OM1 ! NEWSPAP] F\ND$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#h#f4 ,HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! NEWSPAP] >E /ILL ( GREAT 9T]E/1 ESPECIALLY AN >TICLE 9 #aiae 9 :I* HE PR$ICT$ A NEW =M ( RADICALISM 9 A PO/W> ,EUROPE1 RA!R CLOSE TO ! C\NCIL COMMUNISM & MILITANT FACTORY %OP /EW>DS MOVEM5TS ( ! P]IOD #a#i#a#g-#b BE=E !Y W]E UND]M9$ BY ! RISE ( ,L59I/ COMMUNISM & SUPPRESS$ BY ! RE/ORATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4.<#b#c.> ,HE DI$ 9 #a#i#c#d1 BUT HIS SON ,V]O C>RI$ ON ! FAMILY POLITICS4 

,V]NON ,RI*>DS RECEIV$ HIS $UCATION AT ,EMMANUEL S*OOL 9 ,W&SWOR? & !N GRADUAT$ 9 CIVIL 5G9E]+ FROM ,K+'S ,COLLEGE ,LONDON 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,9 HIS Y\? HE WAS AN ACCOMPLI%$ VIOL9I/ BUT LAT] LET ?IS LAPSE4 ,9 #aicd HE BECAME ACTIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FASCI/ REGIME ( ,MUSSOL9I & WAS DEPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE :]E HE FELL 9 LOVE ) ! DAU<T] ( ! AN>*I/ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ,M>IE-,L\ISE4 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I WAS FROM ! NEXT G5]ATION ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S AFT] ,LUIGI ,FABBRI & HELP$ MOD]NIZE ITS SCOPE ) IMPORTANT WORKS ON 9T]-W> ANTI-,SEMITISM1 A CRITIQUE ( 0WORK]-WOR%IP0 & ! ADAPTATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( MASS SOCIETY1 PSY*OANALYSIS1 & TOTALIT>IANISM = UND]/&+ ! RISE & /R5G? ( ,FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,HE WAS MURD]$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 MO/ PROBABLY BY ,/AL9I/ AG5TS DISGUIS$ AS ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN ,GU>DS4 ,B]N]I HAD CRITICIZ$ ! POLICIES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I3 ! JO9+ ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 ! LACK ( A GU]RILLA W>1 ! SACRIFICE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION = A MILIT>IZ$ W> EF=T & ! LACK ( A CAMPAIGN TO UND]M9E ,MOROCCO1 ! ORIG9AL BASE ( ! ,NATIONALI/S & ! ,>MY ( ,AFRICA1 BY 5GAG+ 9 ANTI-IMP]IALI/ AGITATION 9 ! ,SPANI%-CONTROLL$ PORTION ( ?AT C\NTRY4.<#b#d.> ,!SE CRITIQUES W\LD REAPPE> 9 ONE ( ,V]NON ,RI*>DS'S MO/ CIT$ WORKS1 ,! ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#e#c4.<#b#e.> ,BE=E HIS DEA? ,EMIDIO HAD HELP$ ,B]N]I'S V>I\S PLOTS AGA9/ ,FASCI/ & ,ROYAL LUM9>IES4 ,V]O_/,V]NON WAS DEPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE 9 #aice BUT NOT BE=E A JO9T COLLABORATION ) ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I & ,M>IE-,L\ISE ,B]N]I ON ! ANTI-,FASCI/1 NEWSPAP]1 ,FREE ,ITALY_/,ITALIA ,LIB]A4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN 9 #a#i#c#f1 HE COLLABORAT$ ) VET]ANS ( ,FRE$OM1 :I* HAD CEAS$ EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION 9 #a#i#c#b1 ) ! NEW =TNI<TLY1 ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 :I* !N BECAME ,REVOLT61 BE=E BECOM+ ! RA!R POPUL> ,W> ,COMM5T>Y DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>3 9 #aide ! TITLE REV]T$ TO ,FRE$OM4 

,9 #aide ,V]NON1 ,M>IE-,L\ISE1 ,PHILIP ,SANSOM1 & ,JOHN ,HEWETSON W]E *>G$ ) TRY+ TO DISAFFECT MEMB]S ( ! >M$ =CES & W]E DEF5D$ BY A CAMPAIGN :I* 9CLUD$ ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 ,MI*AEL ,TIPPETT1 ,T4,S4 ,ELIOT1 & ,B5JAM9 ,BRITT54 ,V]NON1 ,SAMSON1 & ,HEWETSON W]E CONVICT$ & S]V$ N9E MON?S 9 JAIL1 :]EAS ,M>IE WAS ACQUITT$ ON A TE*NICALITY4 ,AFT] S]V+ HIS S5T5CE1 9/EAD ( PURSU+ A C>E] AS A CIVIL 5G9E]1 HE RAN ! FAMILY BUS9ESS1 :I* WAS SOLD 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,HE !N WORK$ AS A FREELANCE PHOTOGRAPH]1 :I* 9CLUD$ A S]IES ( FAM\S E>LY PHOTOGRAPHS ( ,ORWELL 9 HIS ,ISL+TON FLAT4.<#b#f.> ,LAT] HE BECAME AN ORGANIC G>D5] & A TRAVEL C\RI]4 ,= ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ( HIS LIFE HE LIV$ 9 A SMALLHOLD+ 9 ,SUFFOLK4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#dS ! SMALL BUT DYNAMIC ,FRE$OM GR\P 9CLUD$ ! LIKES ( ,COL9 ,W>D1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 & ,ALEX ,COM=T4 ,AT ! HEI<T ( HIS FAME1 ONE ! F\ND]S ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,>TS & ! GUIDE TO ! GREAT ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC ON ,SURREALISM1 ,CUBISM1 & ALL ?+S MOD]N 9 >T1 ,H]B]T ,READ1 WAS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO ,FRE$OM'S PUBLICATION H\SE1 :I* OV] ! DECADES PUBLI%$ A =MIDABLE >RAY ( BOOKS & PAMPHLETS4.<#b#g.> ,M>IE-,L\ISE DI$ ( A VIRAL 9FECTION 9 #aidi %ORTLY AFT] LOS+ A *ILD AT BIR?1.<#b#h.> BUT %E LEFT BEH9D A LIT]>Y LEGACY1 MO/ NOTABLY A F9E /UDY ( UTOPIAS1 :I* IS /ILL A WOND]FUL READ4.<#b#i.> 

,FROM #aiea ,V]NON $IT$ ,FRE$OM AS A WEEKLY BUT QUIT AS $ITOR 9 #aifd ONLY TO RESUME ! $ITOR%IP SPORADICALLY = MANY YE>S TO COME4 ,HE /OPP$ WRIT+ = ! NEWSPAP] 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,HE WAS A DIFFICULT P]SON TO WORK )3 MO/ ( HIS CLOSE/ COLLEAGUES SU* AS ,SANSOM1 ,HEWETSON1 & ,WOODCOCK W]E NOT ON SPEAK+ T]MS AT !IR DEA?S1 & HIS FAM\S LONG/&+ QU>REL ) ! =M] CONTRIBUTOR TO ,FRE$OM1 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ]1 WAS LEG5D>Y4 ,AL?\< 5DORS$ BY ,FRE$OM1 ,COL9 ,W>D'S #a#i#fS ,AN>*Y TRI$ TO MAKE AN>*ISM & ITS ME?OD RELEVANT TO ! NEW] G5]ATION ( ! WELF>E_/W>F>E /ATE1 5GAG+ ) SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 >*ITECTS1 & DESIGN]S & OP5+ UP TO UNIV]SITY /UD5TS :O W\LD BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! SOCIAL & RADICAL CURR5TS ( #a#i#f#h'S ,NEW ,LEFT4.<#c.> 

,AL?\< ONE MI<T ASSUME ?AT ,EMIDIO WAS ! KEY 9FLU5CE 9 ,V]O'S POLITICS1 IT WAS 9 FACT ,MALATE/A :O WAS ! C5TRAL FIGURE 9 HIS POLITICAL LIFE4 ,V]O KNEW HIM P]SONALLY & TOLD ME ?AT AS A T9Y *ILD HE SAT ON ,MALATE/A'S %\LD]S WAT*+ ! 0ZEPPS0 7! ,G]MAN ZEPPEL9S7 BOMB+ ,LONDON4.<#c#a.> ,MALATE/A NEV] WROTE A BOOK OR MEMOIR4 ,HIS WRITT5 WORK CONSI/$ ( J\RNALISM & IMPORTANT PAMPHLETS4 ,RI*>DS TRANSLAT$ SEV]AL ( ! PAMPHLETS & MO/ IMPORTANTLY TWO COLLECTIONS ( HIS NEWSPAP] >TICLES4.<#c#b.> ,! SECOND COLLECTION FOCUS$ ON HIS WRIT+S FROM #aibd TO #a#i#c#a4.<#c#c.> ,! COLLECTION H]E IS COMPIL$ NOT 9 A *RONOLOGICAL S5SE BUT UND] TW5TY-SEV5 TOPICS D]IV$ FROM TRANSLAT$ SECTIONS ( >TICLES TAK5 FROM ?R\<\T HIS LIFE SU* AS 0,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*Y10 0,5DS & ,MEANS10 0,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION10 0,AN>*I/S & ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,MOVEM5TS10 0,WORK]S & ,9TELLECTUALS10 0,AN>*ISM & ,SCI5CE10 ETC4 ,?IS IS FOLL[$ BY NOTES ON A BIOGRAPHY & ,MALATE/A'S RELEVANCE = AN>*I/S TODAY4 ,N[ SURELY MU* ( ! 9TRODUCTORY & CONCLUD+ MAT]IAL IS RA!R OLD HAT1 ) AN ANNOY+ SECT>IAN PO9T-SETTL+ AIR TO PROCE$+S1 9CLUD+ A RA!R UN*>ITABLE DIG AT MY TEA*] ,JAMES ,JOLL1.<#c#d.> & A RA!R CURI\S1 DAT$ MUSEUM-PIECE POLEMIC ) ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK OV] :E!R OR NOT AN>*ISM WAS DEAD AS HE HAD ANN\NC$ 9 ! FIR/ $ITION ( HIS HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM ( #a#i#f#b4 ,WOODCOCK'S TIM+ WAS POOR3 SMALL-'A' AN>*ISM 9=M$ MU* ( ! E>LY P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRATIC ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT & ,CIVIL ,RI<TS MOVEM5TS1 & NE>LY DE/ROY$ ! ,GALLIC ,GAULLI/ ,/ATE 9 A FEW HEADY WEEKS 9 ,MAY #a#i#f#h1 SOME?+ ,WOODCOCK ADMITT$ 9 LAT] $ITIONS ( HIS POPUL> HI/ORY4.<#c#e.> 

,! VALUE ( ?IS COLLECTION IS ! PI?Y OV]VIEW ( ,MALATE/A'S ?\<T & ALSO ! APP5DICES1 :I* REPRODUCE AMONG O!R ?+S1 ,MALATE/A'S LONGI% ESSAY ( ASSESSM5T & MEMORIES ( ,KROPOTK9 WRITT5 A YE> JU/ BE=E ! DEA? ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/4 ,9 ?IS COLLECTION1 ONE GETS AN EXCELL5T FEEL = ! NONSECT>IAN1 OP5-5D$1 & ?\<TFUL CONSI/5CY ( ,MALATE/A'S AN>*ISM4 ,BUT ?IS VOLUME CAN BE SUPPLEM5T$ ) ! VOLUME ( ,MALATE/A'S WRIT+ $IT$ BY ,DAVIDE ,TURCATO1 ,! ,ME?OD ( ,FRE$OM 7#b#a#d71 :I* REPRODUCES A SELECTION ( >TICLES 9 A *RONOLOGICAL FA%ION )9 ! V>I\S PHASES ( HIS POLITICAL MILITANCY4 ,RI*>DS'S $ITION GIVES ! READ] A S5SE ( ,MALATE/A'S POLITICAL IDEAS1 :]EAS ,TURCATO'S VOLUME IS AN ,5GLI% OV]VIEW ( HIS MAJOR PROJECT TO REPRODUCE ALL HIS WRIT+1 9T]VIEWS1 & CORRESPOND5CE 9 T5 VOLUMES1 ( :I* ?REE HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,ITALIAN4.<#c#f.> ,) ,RI*>DS'S PIONE]+ EF=TS & ) ,TURCATO'S OV]VIEW ( HIS ONGO+ MASSIVE1 DEF9ITIVE1 S*OL>LY1 & HI/ORICALLY CONTEXTUAL PROJECT1 ! ,5GLI% READ] WILL N[ APPRECIATE ! ,MALATE/AN 0ME?OD ( FRE$OM0 9 ALL ITS CL>ITY & GOOD S5SE4 

,5DNOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,=EWORD BY ,C>L ,LEVY -- ,ADD$4 

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