,P>T #g1 ,*APT] #a 
,K>L ,M>X AS ,FRI5D & ,FOE 

#ahigahig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] 

,TEXT 3 

,K>L ,M>X AS ,FRI5D & ,FOE4 

.<,LIB]TY1 ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#h#h#c4.> 

,BY ! DEA? ( ,K>L ,M>X ! CAUSE ( LABOR HAS LO/ ONE ( ! MO/ FAI?FUL FRI5DS IT EV] HAD4 ,LIB]TY SAYS ?US MU* 9 HE>TY TRIBUTE TO ! S9C]ITY & HE>TY /EADFA/NESS ( ! MAN :O1 P]HAPS TO A GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ANY O!R1 REPRES5T$1 BY NATURE & BY DOCTR9E1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :I* WE LIVE TO COMBAT4 ,AN>*ISM KNEW 9 HIM ITS BITT]E/ 5EMY1 & YET EV]Y ,AN>*I/ MU/ HOLD HIS MEMORY 9 RESPECT4 ,/RANGELY M+L$ FEEL+S ( ADMIRATION & ABHORR5CE >E SIMULTANE\SLY 9SPIR$ 9 US BY CONTEMPLATION ( ?IS GREAT MAN'S C>E]4 ,T[>D ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! REVOLUTION ( TO-DAY HE OCCUPI$ AN EXACTLY CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDE4 ,9T5SE AS WAS HIS LOVE ( EQUALITY1 NO LESS SO WAS HIS HATR$ ( LIB]TY4 ,! =M] F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ONE ( ! MO/ MA/]LY EXPOSITIONS ( ! 9FAM\S NATURE & (FICE ( CAPITAL EV] PUT 9TO PR9T2 ! LATT] 9 A SWEEP+ S*EME ( ,/ATE SUPREMACY & ABSORPTION1 9VOLV+ A PRACTICAL ANNIHILATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 5ORM\S S]VICE DONE BY ! ONE WAS WELL-NI< NEUTRALIZ$ BY ! 9JURI\S EFFECTS RESULT+ FROM HIS ADVOCACY ( ! O!R4 ,= ,K>L ,M>X1 ! EGALITAIRE1 WE FEEL ! PR(\NDE/ RESPECT2 AS = ,K>L ,M>X1 ! AUTORITAIRE1 WE MU/ CONSID] HIM AN 5EMY4 ,LIB]TY SAID AS MU* 9 ITS FIR/ ISSUE1 & SEES NO REASON TO *ANGE ITS M9D4 ,HE WAS AN HONE/ MAN1 A /RONG MAN1 A HUMANIT>IAN1 & ! PROMULGATOR ( MU* VITALLY IMPORTANT TRU?1 BUT ON ! MO/ VITAL QUE/ION ( POLITICS & ECONOMY HE WAS P]SI/5TLY & IRRETRIEVABLY MI/AK547#a#f#e 8 #a7  

,WE CANNOT1 !N1 JO9 9 ! ?\<TLESS1 9DISCREET1 & 9DISCRIM9ATE LAUDATION ( HIS MEMORY 9DULG$ 9 SO G5]ALLY BY ! LABOR PRESS & ON ! LABOR PLAT=M4 ,P]HAPS1 H[EV]1 WE MI<T PASS IT BY )\T PROTE/1 DID IT NOT 9VOLVE 9JU/ICE & +RATITUDE TO O!R & GREAT] M54 ,! EXTRAVAGANT CLAIM ( PREC$5CE AS A RADICAL POLITICAL ECONOMI/ PUT =W>D = ,K>L ,M>X BY HIS FRI5DS MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO OV]%AD[ ! WORK ( HIS SUP]IORS4 ,WE GIVE AN 9/ANCE ( ?IS CLAIM1 TAK5 FROM ! RESOLUTIONS PASS$ UNANIM\SLY BY ! GREAT ,COOP] ,UNION MEET+ HELD 9 HONOR ( ,M>X3 ,9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMIC SOCIAL SCI5CE HE WAS ! FIR/ TO PROVE BY /ATI/ICAL FACTS & BY REASON+ BAS$ UPON UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ?AT CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION MU/ NECESS>ILY LEAD TO ! MONOPOLIZ+ & CONC5TRAT+ ( ALL 9DU/RY 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW1 & ?US1 BY ROBB+ ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! FRUITS ( !IR TOIL1 R$UCE !M TO ABSOLUTE SLAV]Y & DEGRADATION4 ,!SE WORDS W]E READ TO ! AUDI5CE 9 ,5GLI% BY ,PHILIP ,VAN ,PATT5 & 9 ,G]MAN BY \R WOR?Y COMRADE1 ,JU/US ,S*WAB4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT !SE M5 >E SO UTT]LY UNACQUA9T$ ) ! LIT]ATURE ( ,SOCIALISM ?AT !Y DO NOT KN[ ?IS /ATEM5T TO BE FALSE1 & ?AT ! T5D5CY & CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION REF]R$ TO W]E DEMON/RAT$ TO ! WORLD TIME & AGA9 DUR+ ! TW5TY YE>S PREC$+ ! PUBLICATION ( ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 ) A WEAL? ( LE>N+1 A COG5CY & SUBTLETY ( REASON+1 & AN >DOR ( /YLE TO :I* ,K>L ,M>X C\LD NOT SO MU* AS PRET5D8 ,9 ! NUM]\S WORKS ( ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON1 PUBLI%$ BETWE5 #ahd & #a#h#f1 ?IS NOTABLE TRU? WAS TURN$ OV] & OV] & 9SIDE \T UNTIL WELL-NI< EV]Y PHASE ( IT HAD BE5 PRES5T$ TO ! LI<T47#a#f#e 8 #b7  

,:AT WAS ! ECONOMIC !ORY DEVELOP$ BY ,K>L ,M>X8 ,?AT WE MAY NOT BE ACCUS$ ( /AT+ IT UNFAIRLY1 WE GIVE BEL[ AN ADMIRABLE \TL9E ( IT DR[N BY ,B5OIT ,MALON1 A PROM95T ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/1 9 SYMPA?Y ) ,M>X'S ?\<T4 ,ASIDE FROM ! SPECIAL PURPOSE :I* WE HAVE 9 QUOT+ IT1 IT IS 9 ITSELF WELL WOR? ! SPACE :I* IT REQUIRES1 BE+ 9 ! MA9 A SUCC9CT & CONCISE /ATEM5T ( ! TRUE PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY37#a#f#e 8 #c7 

,ALL SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE EXI/$ ?US F> 9 HI/ORY HAVE ONE COMMON *>ACT]I/IC1--! /RUGGLE ( CLASSES4 ,REVOLUTIONS HAVE *ANG$ ! CONDITIONS ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 BUT HAVE NOT SUPPRESS$ IT4 ,?\< ! B\RGEOISIE HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( FEUDALISM1 :I* WAS ITSELF ! SUCCESSOR ( ! OLD PATRICIAN ORD]1 & ?\< SLAV]Y & S]FDOM HAVE BE5 SUCCE$$ BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ! SITUATION HAS RETA9$ !SE TWO DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS1--! M]CILESS OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ! 9F]IOR CLASS BY ! DOM9ANT CLASS1 & ! /RUGGLE1 EI!R OP5 OR CONCEAL$1 BUT DEADLY & CON/ANT1 ( ! CLASSES ?US CONFRONT+ EA* O!R47#a#f#e 8 #d7  

,! B\RGEOISIE1 TO OBTA9 P[]1 HAD TO 9VOKE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIB]TY4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! LATT]1 :I* IT HAS FALSIFI$1 & AID$ BY SCI5TIFIC & 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS1 IT HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ PRODUCTION & 9AUGURAT$ ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION UND] :I* ALL WEAL? APPE>S AS AN IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( M]*&ISE =M$ ELEM5T>ILY UPON AN ISOLAT$ QUANTITY ( ?AT WEAL?47#a#f#e 8 #e7  

,EV]Y?+ DE/9$ = ! SATISFACTION ( A HUMAN NE$ HAS A VALUE ( UTILITY2 AS M]*&ISE IT HAS A VALUE ( EX*ANGE4 ,VALUE ( EX*ANGE IS ! QUANTITATIVE RELATION GOV]N+ ! EQUIVAL5CE & EX*ANGEABILITY ( USEFUL OBJECTS47#a#f#e 8 #f7  

,AS ! MO/ EM95T ECONOMI/S HAVE %[N1 NOTABLY ,RIC>DO1 ?IS QUANTITATIVE RELATION1 ?IS MEASURE ( VALUE1 IS TIME SP5T 9 LABOR4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 CAN REF] ONLY TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y UPON AN AV]AGE & P]=M$ ) AV]AGE SKILL1 ME*ANICAL FACILITIES1 & 9DU/RY UND] ! NORMAL 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS ( ! DAY47#a#f#e 8 #g7  

,IT SEEMS1 !RE=E1 ?AT EV]Y ONE %\LD BE ABLE TO BUY1 9 RETURN = HIS LABOR1 AN AM\NT ( UTILITIES & EX*ANGEABLE VALUES EQUIVAL5T TO ?OSE PRODUC$ BY HIM47#a#f#e 8 #h7  

,NEV]!LESS1 SU* IS NOT ! CASE4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? AT ONE ( ! POLES ( SOCIETY KEEPS PACE ) ! ACCUMULATION1 AT ! O!R POLE1 ( ! MIS]Y1 SUBJECTION1 & MORAL DEGRADATION ( ! CLASS FROM :OSE PRODUCT CAPITAL IS BORN47#a#f#e 8 #i7  

,H[ HAPP5S ?IS8 ,BECAUSE1 BY A S]IES ( ROBB]IES :I*1 ?\< SOMETIMES LEGAL1 >E NONE ! LESS REAL1 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 AS FA/ AS !Y HAVE COME 9TO PLAY1 HAVE BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY PRIVILEG$ P]SONS :O1 ?ANKS TO ?IS 9/RUM5TUM REGNI1 CONTROL LABOR & EXPLOIT LABOR]S47#a#f#e 8 #a7  

,TO-DAY HE :O IS DE/9$ TO BECOME A CAPITALI/ GOES 9TO ! M>KET FURNI%$ ) MONEY4 ,HE FIR/ BUYS TOOLS & RAW MAT]IALS1 & !N1 9 ORD] TO OP]ATE !M1 BUYS ! WORK+MAN'S P[] ( LABOR1 ! SOLE S\RCE ( VALUE4 ,HE SETS !M TO WORK4 ,! TOTAL PRODUCT GOES 9TO ! CAPITALI/'S H&S1 :O SELLS IT = MORE ?AN IT CO/ HIM4 ,( ! PLUS-VALUE CAPITAL IS BORN2 IT 9CREASES 9 PROPORTION TO ! QUANTITY ( PLUS-VALUE OR LABOR NOT PAID =4 ,ALL CAPITAL1 !N1 IS AN ACCUMULATION ( ! SURPLUS LABOR ( ANO!R1 OR LABOR NOT PAID = 9 WAGES47#a#f#e 8 #a#a7  

,= ?IS S+UL> /ATE ( ?+S 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT TO BE HELD RESPONSIBLE2 IT IS ! RESULT ( \R CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY1 = ALL EV5TS1 ALL 9DIVIDUAL ACTS >E BUT ! PROCESSUS ( 9EVITABLE =CES SL[LY MODIFIABLE1 S9CE1 :5 A SOCIETY HAS SUCCE$$ 9 DISCOV]+ ! PA? ( ! NATURAL LAW :I* GOV]NS ITS MOM5T1 IT CAN NEI!R CLE> IT AT A LEAP NOR ABOLI% BY DECREE ! PHASES ( ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT IT CAN %ORT5 ! P]IOD ( GE/ATION & LESS5 ! PA9S ( DELIV]Y47#a#f#e 8 #a#b7  

,WE CANNOT1 !N1 GO AGA9/ ! T5D5CIES ( A SOCIETY1 BUT ONLY DIRECT !M T[>D ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,SO CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY GOES ON IRRESI/IBLY CONC5TRAT+ CAPITAL47#a#f#e 8 #a#c7  

,TO ATTEMPT TO /OP ?IS MOVEM5T W\LD BE PU]ILE2 ! NECESS>Y /EP IS TO PASS FROM ! 9EVITABLE MONOPOLIZATION ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION TO !IR NATIONALIZATION1 & ?AT BY A S]IES ( LEGAL MEASURES RESULT+ FROM ! CAPTURE ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASSES47#a#f#e 8 #a#d7  

,9 ! MEANTIME ! EVIL WILL GR[4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! LAW ( WAGES ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR BY ! P]FECT+ ( MA*9]Y 9CREASES ! FREQU5CY ( DULL SEASONS & MAKES POV]TY MORE G5]AL BY DIM9I%+ ! DEM& = & AUGM5T+ ! SUPPLY ( LABOR]S47#a#f#e 8 #a#e7  

,?AT IS EASILY UND]/OOD47#a#f#e 8 #a#f7  

,= ! NATURAL PRODUCTION ( VALUES ( UTILITY DET]M9$ & REGULAT$ BY REAL OR FANCI$ NE$S1 :I* WAS 9 VOGUE UNTIL ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 IS SUB/ITUT$ ! M]CANTILE PRODUCTION ( VALUES ( EX*ANGE1--A PRODUCTION )\T RULE OR MEASURE1 :I* RUNS AFT] ! BUY] & /OPS 9 ITS HEADLONG C\RSE ONLY :5 ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD >E GORG$ TO OV]FL[+4 ,!N MILLIONS \T ( ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PROLETAIRES :O HAVE BE5 5GAG$ 9 ?IS PRODUCTION >E ?R[N \T ( WORK & !IR RANKS >E ?9N$ BY HUNG]1 ALL 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! SUP]ABUNDANCE CREAT$ BY AN UNREGULAT$ PRODUCTION47#a#f#e 8 #a#g7  

,! NEW ECONOMIC =CES :I* ! B\RGEOISIE HAS APPROPRIAT$ HAVE NOT COMPLET$ !IR DEVELOPM5T1 & EV5 N[ ! B\RGEOIS 5VELOPE ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION CAN NO LONG] CONTA9 !M4 ,JU/ AS 9DU/RY ON A SMALL SCALE WAS VIOL5TLY BROK5 D[N BECAUSE IT OB/RUCT$ PRODUCTION1 SO CAPITALI/IC PRIVILEGES1 BEG9N+ TO OB/RUCT ! PRODUCTION :I* !Y DEVELOP$1 WILL BE BROK5 D[N 9 !IR TURN2 = ! CONC5TRATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR >E REA*+ A PO9T :I* R5D]S !M 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/IC 5VELOPE47#a#f#e 8 #a#h7  

,AT ?IS PO9T ! PROLET>IAT1 LIKE ! B\RGEOISIE1 WILL SEIZE POLITICAL P[] = ! PURPOSE ( ABOLI%+ CLASSES & SOCIALIZ+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION 9 ! SAME ORD] ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY CAPITALI/IC FEUDALISM47#a#f#e 8 #a#i7 
  

,! =EGO+ IS AN ADMIRABLE >GUM5T1 & ,LIB]TY 5DORSES ! :OLE ( IT1 EXCEPT+ A FEW PHRASES CONC]N+ ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY & ! ASSUMPTION ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE2 BUT IT CONTA9S LIT]ALLY NO?+ 9 SUB/ANTIATION ( ! CLAIM MADE = ,M>X 9 ! ,COOP] ,9/ITUTE RESOLUTIONS4 ,PR\DHON WAS YE>S BE=E ,M>X ) NE>LY EV]Y L9K 9 ?IS LOGICAL *A94 ,WE /& READY TO GIVE VOLUME1 *APT]1 & PAGE ( HIS WRIT+S = ! HI/ORICAL P]SI/5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLES 9 SUCCESSIVE MANIFE/ATIONS1 = ! B\RGEOISIE'S APPEAL TO LIB]TY & ITS 9FIDELITY !RETO1 = ! !ORY ?AT LABOR IS ! S\RCE & MEASURE ( VALUE1 = ! LABOR]'S 9ABILITY TO REPUR*ASE HIS PRODUCT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! PRIVILEG$ CAPITALI/'S PRACTICE ( KEEP+ BACK A P>T ( IT FROM HIS WAGES1 & = ! PROCESS ( ! MONOPOLI/IC CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ITS DISA/R\S RESULTS4 ,! VITAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,PR\DHON & ,M>X IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! RESPECTIVE REM$IES :I* !Y PROPOS$4 ,M>X W\LD NATIONALIZE ! PRODUCTIVE & DI/RIBUTIVE =CES2 ,PR\DHON W\LD 9DIVIDUALIZE & ASSOCIATE !M4 ,M>X W\LD MAKE ! LABOR]S POLITICAL MA/]S2 ,PR\DHON W\LD ABOLI% POLITICAL MA/]%IP 5TIRELY4 ,M>X W\LD ABOLI% USURY BY HAV+ ! ,/ATE LAY VIOL5T H&S ON ALL 9DU/RY & BUS9ESS & CONDUCT IT ON ! CO/ PR9CIPLE2 ,PR\DHON W\LD ABOLI% USURY BY DISCONNECT+ ! ,/ATE 5TIRELY FROM 9DU/RY & BUS9ESS & =M+ A SY/EM ( FREE BANKS :I* W\LD FURNI% CR$IT AT CO/ TO EV]Y 9DU/RI\S & DES]V+ P]SON1 & ?US PLACE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION )9 ! REA* ( ALL4 ,M>X BELIEV$ 9 COMPULSORY MAJORITY RULE2 ,PR\DHON BELIEV$ 9 ! VOLUNT>Y PR9CIPLE4 ,9 %ORT1 ,M>X WAS AN AUTORITAIRE2 ,PR\DHON WAS A *AMPION ( ,LIB]TY47#a#f#e 8 #b7  

,CALL ,M>X1 !N1 ! FA!R ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 IF Y\ WILL2 BUT WE DISPUTE HIS PAT]NITY ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMY ON :I* ALL S*OOLS ( ,SOCIALISM AGREE4 ,TO BE SURE1 IT IS NOT ( ! GREATE/ CONSEQU5CE :O WAS ! FIR/ ) !SE DOCTR9ES4 ,AS ,PR\DHON HIMSELF ASKS3 ,DO WE EULOGIZE ! MAN :O FIR/ P]CEIVES ! DAWN8 ,BUT IF ANY DISCRIM9ATION IS TO BE MADE1 LET IT BE A JU/ ONE4 ,!RE IS MU*1 V]Y MU* ?AT CAN BE TRULY SAID 9 HONOR ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,LET US BE SATISFI$ ) ?AT1 !N1 & NOT ATTEMPT TO MAGNIFY HIS GR&EUR BY D5Y+1 BELITTL+1 OR IGNOR+ ! S]VICES ( M5 GREAT] ?AN HE47#a#f#e 8 #b#a7 

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